dr. william allan kritsonis, phd dissertation advisory committee for jennifer renee trombley -...

8/20/2019 Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Advisory Committee for Jennifer Renee Trombley - Title: THE KANSAS …

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THE KANSAS CITY YOUTH PEACEMAKING CIRCLE PROJECT (KCYPCP) - THE

POTENTIAL TO REDUCE VIOLENCE AND PROVIDE HEALING WITH A

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PEACEMAKING CIRCLE

A Dissertati !

"#

JENNI$ER RENEE TROM%LEY

S&"'itte t t e O**i+e * Gra &ate St& ies *

Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#

i! /artia0 *&0*i00'e!t * t e re1&ire'e!ts * r t e e2ree *

DOCTOR O$ PHILOSOPHY

De+e'"er 3453

Ma6 r S&"6e+t7 J&.e!i0e J&sti+e



2

THE KANSAS CITY YOUTH PEACEMAKING CIRCLE PROJECT (KCYPCP) - THE

POTENTIAL TO REDUCE VIOLENCE AND PROVIDE HEALING WITH A

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PEACEMAKING CIRCLE

A Dissertati ! "#

JENNI$ER RENEE TROM%LEY

S&"'itte t t e O**i+e * Gra &ate St& ies * Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#

i! /artia0 *&0*i00'e!t * t e re1&ire'e!ts * r t e e2ree *

DOCTOR O$ PHILOSOPHY

A//r .e as t st#0e a! + !te!t "#7 88888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888

O9 E0e+ i Ca'i00e Gi"s ! (C air * C ''ittee) (Me'"er)

88888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888 M#r!a Ci!tr ! Wi00ia' Krits !is

(Me'"er) (Hea * De/art'e!t) (Me'"er)

88888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888 S eri0 M rris Wi00ie $: Tr tt#

(Dea! * C 00e2e) (Dea!; Gra &ate S+ 0)

De+e'"er 3453

Ma6 r S&"6e+t7 J&.e!i0e J&sti+eA%STRACT

T e Ka!sas Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t (KCYPCP) - T e P te!tia0 t Re &+e

Vi 0e!+e a! Pr .i e Hea0i!2 ,it a Rest rati.e J&sti+e Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e: (De+e'"er;

3453)Je!!i*er Re!ee Tr '"0e#; %:A:; U!i.ersit# * Miss &ri < Ka!sas Cit#= M:S:; U!i.ersit#

* Miss &ri < Ka!sas Cit#: C air * A .is r# C ''ittee7 Dr: O9 E0e+ i

Vi 0e!+e is a / ,er*&0 * r+e t at +a! /r &+e e.astati!2 e**e+ts: Tee!a2ers a!

# &!2 a &0ts e>/erie!+e t e i2 est rates * .i 0e!t .i+ti'i?ati ! a! A*ri+a!-A'eri+a!

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3

# &t e>/erie!+e si2!i*i+a!t .i+ti'i?ati !: A++ r i!2 t t e Ce!ter * r Disease C !tr 0;

'i+i e is t e se+ ! 0ea i!2 +a&se * eat a' !2 # &t ; a! it is t e 0ea i!2 +a&se *

eat a' !2 %0a+9 # &t a2es 54 t 3@ #ears 0 (CDC; 3454): Resear+ is 6&st

"e2i!!i!2 t +0ari*# t e + sts a! + !se1&e!+es * r + ''&!ities t at e>/erie!+e i2

rates * .i 0e!+e; a! ' re s/e+i*i+a00# , 9! ,0e 2e * t ese e.e!ts i'/a+t # &t

2r ,i!2 &/ i! t ese +ir+&'sta!+es: C&rre!t ata s , t at e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e is t e ' st /re.a0e!t * r' * .i+ti'i?ati ! t at # &t e>/erie!+e; ,it :

'i00i ! # &t e>/ se t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a!!&a00# i! t e U:S: (Ki0/atri+9; Sa&! ers;

S'it ; 344B):C !siste!t /re i+t rs * r rates * e>/ s&re i!+0& e ra+e; 2e! er; a2e; a! s +i -

e+ ! 'i+ stat&s: O0 er A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! 'a0e tee!s a! # &!2 a &0ts 0i.i!2 i! 0 ,er

s +i -e+ ! 'i+ &se 0 s a! !ei2 " r s are at 2reatest ris9 * r " t ire+t a!

i! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati ! * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e , e! + '/are t t eir /eers (%&9a et a0:;

3445= Se0!er-O Ha2a! et a0:; 5 = Stei! et a0:; 344B= Ue ara et a0:; 5 ): E>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e is 9! ,! t +a&se a st * + !se1&e!+es i!+0& i!2 /s#+ 0 2i+a0

a! e' ti !a0 + '/0i+ati !s; i!+reases i! PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2#; as ,e00 as / #si+a0 a!

*i!a!+ia0 e**e+ts; s&+ as a22ressi ! a! ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: Rea+ti !s +a!

i!+0& e " t i!ter!a0i?i!2 a! e>ter!a0i?i!2 s#'/t 's a! a0s i!. 0.e + rre0ati !a0

re0ati !s i/s ,it i2 ris9 "e a.i rs 0i9e /r 'is+& &s se>&a0 "e a.i r; r&2 a! a0+ 0

a"&se; a! t e &se * .i 0e!+e a! t er +ri'i!a0 "e a.i r:T e +&rre!t st& # &ti0i?e a 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0 esi2! t test t e e**e+ti.e!ess *

a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t t re &+e t e ar' ass +iate ,it 0i.i!2 i! areas

+ ara+teri?e "# i2 0e.e0s * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; s/e+i*i+a00# PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2#

a! t e ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: % t 1&a!titati.e a! 1&a0itati.e 'et s ,ere

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4

&ti0i?e &ri!2 t is /r 6e+t; a! t e st& # i00&'i!ates + !si era"0e / i!ts * i!terest:

Re+ ''e! ati !s * r *&t&re resear+ a! /r 2ra''i!2 i!itiati.es are + !si ere a!

&se*&0 / 0i+# s&22esti !s are a0s is+&sse :

T e Ka!sas Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t (KCYPCP) - T e P te!tia0 t Re &+e

Vi 0e!+e a! Pr .i e Hea0i!2 ,it a Rest rati.e J&sti+e Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e: (De+e'"er;

3453)

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5

FC /#ri2 t 3453; Je!!i*er Re!ee Tr '"0e#

DEDICATION

$ r a00 * t e # &t , i!s/ire t is , r9; a! ' st es/e+ia00# t t e 9i s * t eKa!sas Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t; t a!9 # & * r /r .i i!2 ire+ti !; 0i2 t;a! e!+ &ra2e'e!t: I a' i''e!se0# 2rate*&0 * r " t t e i! i.i &a0 a! + 00e+ti.e+ !tri"&ti !s # & a.e a00 'a e t t is /r 6e+t: Wit &t # &r e0/ t is , r9 , &0 !e.er

a.e "ee! / ssi"0e: T a!9 # & a0,a#s:

Kee/ Pea+e A0i.e

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6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I , &0 0i9e t a+9! ,0e 2e 'a!# * t e /e /0e , a.e e0/e t 'a9e t eKa!sas-Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t / ssi"0e:

$irst; I , &0 0i9e t es/e+ia00# t a!9 t e e!tire C ristia! $e00 ,s i/ %a/tistC &r+ *a'i0#; Se!i r Past r Sta! Ar+ ie; a! t e 'a!# . 0&!teers , ,e!t &t * t eir,a# t e0/ t is /r 6e+t s&++ee : A0s ; '# ' t er; Pa' C0ar9 a! '# a&2 ter; Desta!ee$ ster; " t * , ' + !tri"&te t eir .a0&a"0e s&// rt; I t a!9 # &:

T t e 'a!# 2r &/s; r2a!i?ati !s; a! i! i.i &a0s i! Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri ,'a e t e'se0.es a.ai0a"0e i! s&// rt * t e /r 6e+t: T is i!+0& es7 A!t !# J r a! * r.a0&a"0e ire+ti ! ! !&'er &s ++asi !s; a! T#r !e $0 ,ers * r ti'e0#e!+ &ra2e'e!t: $ r s 'e i!itia0 ire+ti !; Ari+9 West; Presi e!t * Ka!sas Cit# Miss &riS+ 0 % ar : S/e+ia0 t a!9s t t e , 0e KK$I; Ja,s * J&sti+e *a'i0#: T e %0a+9A2e! a Gr &/; es/e+ia00# Ms: R sa Ja'es: T e Ka!sas Cit# Rest rati.e J&sti+e

Net, r9i!2 Gr &/; ,it s/e+ia0 t a!9s t R se M+Lar!e# ,it t e Ma# r s C ''issi !! Vi 0e!+e a! Dia!e K#ser *r ' t e C ''&!it# Me iati ! Ce!ter: A0s ; *r ' t e

C ''&!it# Me iati ! Ce!ter; D ! I.a!s; a! Me0a!ie %a9er *r ' t e C ''&!it# *C rist C &r+ :

$ r t eir s&// rt; Ge!esis Pr 'ise A+a e'#; Pri!+i/a0 * r E &+ati ! Dr: P i0i/Hi+9'a! a! E>e+&ti.e Dire+t r Pa'e0a Pears !: E.er# !e .er at %r&s Cree9C ''&!it# Ce!ter; Pat C0ar9e; E>e+&ti.e Dire+t r * PAC 34; a! a00 * t e 0a ies atT:%: Wat9i!s P&"0i+ H &si!2: A0s ; Mr: A0 %r 9s *r ' t e A H + Gr &/ a2ai!st Cri'ea! a00 * t e 9e# + ''&!it# 'e'"ers , /arti+i/ate i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t ,itKa!sas-Cit# # &t :

T ere are 'a!# ' re !a'es I + &0 a *r ' t e Ka!sas-Cit# + ''&!it#; "&te.e! t &2 ! t s/e+i*i+a00# 0iste I tr&0# a//re+iate a00 * t se , 'a e + !tri"&ti !st t e &! erta9i!2 * t is /r 6e+t:

T is /r 6e+t ,as s&// rte t r &2 a Pr *essi !a0 De.e0 /'e!t A,ar ; /rese!te "# t e Ass +iati ! * D +t ra0 Pr 2ra's i! Cri'i! 0 2# a! Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e: T is ,astr&0# !ee e a! 2reat0# a//re+iate a! ,e!t a 0 !2 ,a# i! 'a9i!2 t is /r 6e+t / ssi"0e:

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$i!a00#; I , &0 0i9e t a+9! ,0e 2e t e s&// rt a! 2&i a!+e t at I a.ere+ei.e *r ' '# /r *ess rs &ri!2 t is 6 &r!e#: S/e+ia0 t a!9s t '# C ''ittee C air;Dr: O9 E0e+ i; * r **eri!2 &!,a.eri!2 s&// rt; 2&i a!+e; a! ire+ti ! &ri!2 t isti'e: I a' 2rate*&0 t 'e'"er Dr: Ca'i00e Gi"s ! * r er + !ti!&a0 ,i00i!2!ess t+ !tri"&te er e it ria0 e>/ertise t '# ,riti!2 e! ea. r; a! * r t e /atie!+e a! s&// rt

/r .i e "# + ''ittee 'e'"er Dr: M#r!a Ci!tr !: A0s ; I a+9! ,0e 2e t e s&// rt *+ ''ittee 'e'"er Dr: Wi00ia' Krits !is; a! Dr: J ! S re!se! * r is , r9 ,it 'e&ri!2 t is /r 6e+t:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa2e

A%STRACT iiiDEDICATION : .iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS :: :: .iiTA%LE O$ CONTENTS : .iiiLIST O$ $IGURES :: ::: >LIST O$ TA%LES :: >i

CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION 5

P&r/ se * St& # :: BC&rre!t St& # ::: Pr 6e+t O"6e+ti.es ::::::: U! ersta! i!2 t e Pr +ess * Cir+0e ::::::::::

Li'itati !s : ::: 5

Or2a!i?ati ! 5

II LITERATURE REVIEW : 5

C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e 5 C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e a! De*i!iti !s ::::::::: 5 C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e a! Rates * E>/ s&re : 35 Y &t a! Ris9 $a+t rs * r E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e : 3B E**e+ts a! C !se1&e!+es * E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e 3

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8

Ps#+ 0 2i+a0 a! E' ti !a0 E**e+ts * C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e 3 P #si+a0 a! $i!a!+ia0 E**e+ts * C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e: B5

T e Cir+&0ar Nat&re * Vi 0e!+e : : B@C&rre!t Res/ !ses t E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e BRest rati.e J&sti+e a! Pea+e'a9i!2 Cri'i! 0 2# : @4

Pea+e'a9i!2 Cri'i! 0 2# ::::::::::: @5 T e Rest rati.e J&sti+e Para i2' : @@Rest rati.e J&sti+e Pr 2ra''i!2 : @

Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0es : @Sit&ati!2 Cir+0es * r Setti!2 ::: 4

Di.ersit# i! Cir+0e Pr 2ra''i!2 :: 3

S&''ar# @

Pa2e

III METHODS :

Resear+ Desi2! : T e Prese!t St& # :: Des+ri/ti ! * Treat'e!t Gr &/ : 4Pr 6e+t Des+ri/ti ! : 4Meas&res a! Data C 00e+ti ! 5Data A!a0#sis :: @

&a!titati.e Resear+ :::::::: @ &a0itati.e Resear+ ::

Li'itati !s ::

IV RESULTS : ::

&a!titati.e A!a0#sis : :: Des+ri/ti.e Statisti+s ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Pre P st Test Di**ere!+es @&a0itati.e $i! i!2s :: ::

V CONCLUSIONS AND $UTURE WORK: :: 554

S&''ar# 554

Re+ ''e! ati !s : 55@ Resear+ a! Pr 2ra''i!2 Re+ ''e! ati !s :: 55@

P 0i+# Re+ ''e! ati !s : 55

C !+0&si ! ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55

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RE$ERENCES : 535

APPENDICES 5B

VITA :: 5

LIST O$ $IGURES

$IGURE Pa2e

5: Ge! er Varia"0e :: 42. A2e Varia"0e : 53. Gra e Varia"0e : 54. Ra+e Varia"0e 3

LIST O$ TA%LES

Ta"0e Pa2e

5: Paire Sa'/0e; Wi00i!2!ess t Use Vi 0e!+e Varia"0e < C '"i!e Gr &/ 3: Paire Sa'/0e; Wi00i!2!ess t Use Vi 0e!+e Varia"0e - Treat'e!t Gr &/ : B: Paire Sa'/0e; PTSD S#'/t ' 0 2# Varia"0e < C '"i!e Gr &/

@: Paire Sa'/0e; PTSD S#'/t ' 0 2# Varia"0e < Treat'e!t Gr &/

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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

Vi 0e!+e +arries a! &!s/ea9a"0e e!er2# t at *te! 0ea.es 0itt0e "&t e.astati ! i!

its /at : A' !2 a00 a2e 2r &/s; tee!s a! # &!2 a &0ts e>/erie!+e t e i2 est rates *

.i 0e!t .i+ti'i?ati ! a! A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t e>/erie!+e t e 2reatest ris9 *

.i+ti'i?ati !: T e Ce!ter * r Disease C !tr 0 as ! te t at 'i+i e is t e se+ !

0ea i!2 +a&se * eat a' !2 # &t ; "&t it is t e 0ea i!2 +a&se * eat a' !2 %0a+9

# &t a2es 54 t 3@ #ears 0 (CDC; 3454): Resear+ is 6&st "e2i!!i!2 t +0ari*# t e

+ !se1&e!+es a! + 00atera0 a'a2e * r + ''&!ities t at e>/erie!+e a+ts * .i 0e!+e;

a! ' re s/e+i*i+a00# , 9! ,0e 2e * t ese e.e!ts i'/a+t # &t 2r ,i!2 &/ i! areas

e>/erie!+i!2 i2 rates * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:E>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e is t e ' st /re.a0e!t * r' * .i+ti'i?ati ! t at

# &t e>/erie!+e; ,it : 'i00i ! # &t e>/ se t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a!!&a00# i! t e

U!ite States (Ki0/atri+9; Sa&! ers; S'it ; 344B): Re+e!t0#; t ere as "ee! a s&r2e *

i!terest i! t is area; s/e+i*i+a00# e>a'i!i!2 t e e**e+ts * 2r ,i!2 &/ a! 0i.i!2 i!

+ ''&!ities + ara+teri?e "# i2 rates * .i 0e!+e a! .i+ti'i?ati !: A + '/re e!si.e

re.ie, * t e 0iterat&re s&22ests t at it is ! t !0# ire+t .i+ti'i?ati ! t at /r &+es

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11

!e2ati.e + !se1&e!+es * r # &t ; "&t se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! (t r &2 .er"a0 r .is&a0

9! ,0e 2e * .i 0e!t e.e!ts) t at i!+&rs s +ia0 + sts as ,e00:K! ,0e 2e * .i 0e!+e a! ,it!essi!2 .i 0e!+e are " t si2!i*i+a!t0# ass +iate

,it a! i!+rease i! i2 -ris9 "e a.i rs (A0"&s; Weist; Pere?-S'it ; 344@): I! ee ;T is issertati ! * 00 ,s t e st#0e * Criminology.

ire+t a! i! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati ! * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +a! i! &+e s#'/t 's * / st-

tra&'ati+-stress is r er a! +a! i!+rease ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: Va&2 !; H ,ar ;

a! Har/er-C a!2 (344 ) a.e + !*ir'e t at /ri r tra&'a a! .i+ti'i?ati ! a' !2

# &t si2!i*i+a!t0# i!+rease ris9s * r ,ea/ ! +arr#i!2:Ma!# /r 2ra's a.e "ee! e.e0 /e ; *&! e ; a! i'/0e'e!te .er t e 0ast

+e!t&r# t atte! t t e +a&ses a! + rre0ates * # &t .i 0e!+e; * +&si!2 " t !

/re.e!ti ! a! treat'e!t: Yet; strate2ies s/e+i*i+a00# * +&se ! re &+i!2 t e e**e+ts *

e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e are rarer a! *e, a.e "ee! * &! t "e si2!i*i+a!t0# e**e+ti.e i! a

'&0tit& e * setti!2s: T ere see's t "e 0itt0e + !siste!+# a+r ss 0 +a0; state; a! !ati !a0

/r 2ra''i!2 e** rts * r re &+i!2 a! res/ ! i!2 t t e ar' +a&se "# t ese e! e'i+

0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e t at 'a!# # &t e>/erie!+e i! t eir + ''&!ities: Yet; t is is es/e+ia00#

/r "0e'ati+ i! 0i2 t * t e e>te!si.e resear+ +&'e!ti!2 t e e0eteri &s i'/a+t t ese

e>/erie!+es +a! a.e t r &2 &t a 0es+e!+e:Rest rati.e 6&sti+e is !e i ea t at is 2ai!i!2 ' 'e!t&' i! a+a e'ia "e+a&se *

its a"i0it# t /r .i e a ' re 0isti+ *ra'e, r9 * r res/ ! i!2 t a ,i e ra!2e * &'a!

a! s +ia0 /r "0e's: Pea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es **er a rest rati.e /r +ess t at +a! "e

e.e0 /e t *it t e !ee s * t e 2r &/: I! J&0# 3454; t e De/art'e!t * J&sti+e ste aTri"a0 Y &t S&''it: I!+0& e i! t is e.e!t ,as a Liste!i!2 t t e V i+es * Tri"a0 Y &t

Cir+0e sessi !; , ere # &t *r ' tri"a0 + ''&!ities ,ere a00 ,e t s are t eir + !+er!s

,it i2 0e.e0 *e era0 **i+ia0s , ,ere /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e +ir+0e (O**i+e * J&.e!i0e

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12

J&sti+e a! De0i!1&e!+# Pre.e!ti !; 3455): T ese a//r a+ es are "ei!2 &ti0i?e /ri'ari0#

t r &2 t e e** rts * /ra+titi !ers , "e2i! a . +ati!2 * r t eir &se a*ter /ers !a00#

,it!essi!2 t e / ,er * rest rati.e /ra+ti+es:

I! sear+ i!2 t e 0iterat&re &ri!2 a! e>a'i!ati ! * t e &se * /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0es a' !2 # &t e!2a2i!2 i! r e>/erie!+i!2 i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e it is ! te t at

a!# /eer re0ate 6 &r!a0 arti+0es ! t is t /i+ are esse!tia00# ! !e>iste!t: C !ta+ts i! t e

*ie0 /r .i e s 'e i!si2 t i!t a *e, i! i.i &a0s r 2r &/s &ti0i?i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2

/ra+ti+es * r t is /&r/ se; "&t t e e'/iri+a0 resear+ !ee e t s&// rt t e .ia"i0it# *

t ese /ti !s sti00 es ! t e>ist: T is resear+ see9s t a ress t at + !+er!:

PURPOSE O$ STUDYS 'e +ities are + ara+teri?e "# t eir i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e: Ka!sas Cit#;

Miss &ri is !e s&+ +it#: A! area + !sisti!2 * B5B s1&are 'i0es a! a / /&0ati ! *

@@ ;B4 ; t e ' st ! ta"0e 1&a0it# a//are!t *r ' Ce!s&s %&rea& ata is t e +0ear

i+ t '# "# ra+e t at e>ists t erei!: W ite resi e!ts 'a9e &/ 4: * t e / /&0ati !;

%0a+9s 'a9e &/ B5:3 ; a! t e re'ai!i!2 :5 are a + '"i!e 2r &/ * His/a!i+;

Asia!; Nati.e A'eri+a!; a! %ira+ia0 resi e!ts (U:S: Ce!s&s %&rea&; 3455):M re ! ta"0e is t e +it# s re/&tati ! as a a!2er ? !e: T e +it# is e.e! re*erre t

as FKi00a Cit# "# 'a!# # &t a! # &!2 a &0ts: A 1&i+9 G 20e sear+ .eri*ies t is *a+t

as Ya A!s,ers s ,s t at t e 1&esti ! as "ee! as9e a! res/ ! e t .er t e

#ears F, # is Ka!sas Cit# +a00e Ki00a Cit# ; a! t e sear+ ter' a0s a//ears ! t e

,e"site Ur"a! Di+ti !ar# ,it re*ere!+es t t e .i 0e!t !at&re * Ka!sas Cit# s streets

(Ur"a! Di+ti !ar#; 3455= Ya A!s,ers; 3455): A 0 +a0 i! e/e! e!t re+ r 0a"e0 0i9e

t e ' !i9er s '&+ t at it &se it i! its !a'e; Ki00a Cit# Re+ r s

( tt/7 ,,,:*ree,e"s:+ '; 3455):A++ r i!2 t a re+e!t $ r"es Re/ rt; Ka!sas Cit# ra!9e t as t e ' st

a!2er &s +it# i! , i+ t 0i.e; a! t e Vi 0e!+e P 0i+# Ce!ter * &! t at Miss &ri a

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13

t e i2 est %0a+9 .i+ti' 'i+i e rate i! t e U!ite States: T is is + !si era"0# i2 er

t a! t e !e>t ra!9e state * Pe!!s#0.a!ia (B : 4 .s: B5:4 ) (Le.#; 3454= Vi 0e!+e P 0i+#

Ce!ter; 3455): A! e>a'i!ati ! * t e Ka!sas Cit# s 1&arter0# 'i+i e statisti+s s ,s

t at &ri!2 t e *irst 1&arter * 3455 t e 'i+i e rate is ! tra+9 t sta# at si'i0ar a!!&a0

0e.e0s * /re.i &s #ears a! t at %0a+9 'a0es + !ti!&e t 'a9e &/ t e 2reatest /r / rti !

* " t .i+ti's a! 9! ,! **e! ers (KCMPD; 3455):C ''&!it# 'e'"ers a! 0ea ers are i!tereste i! *i! i!2 'et s * r

a//r a+ i!2 a! res/ ! i!2 t t ese i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e: T e !e,0# e0e+te Ma# r *

t e +it#; S0# Ja'es; as i! i+ate is + ''it'e!t t t e iss&e "# &t0i!i!2 se.era0

i!itiati.es s rt0# a*ter ta9i!2 **i+e t at * +&s ! sa*er + ''&!ities (9+' : r2): Ma# r

Ja'es 2re, &/ i! !e * t e !ei2 " r s i! Ka!sas Cit# e>/erie!+i!2 e! e'i+ 0e.e0s

* .i 0e!+e a! e as e>/resse is + ''it'e!t t e0/i!2 'a9i!2 / siti.e + a!2es

('i ,est e' +ra+#/r 6e+t: r2; 3455):T is resear+ er 'et t e Ma# r at a re+e!t 2at eri!2 * +i.i+ 0ea ers at t e C &!t#

C0&" P0a?a: T e 'eeti!2 ,as i!itia00# +a00e as a ,a# t a ress t e risi!2 !&'"er *

A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t , a.e 2at ere at t e P0a?a ! $ri a# a! Sat&r a# !i2 ts

&ri!2 t e ,ee9e! a! t a ress + !+er!s *r ' "&si!ess ,!ers a! t eir /atr !s i!

t e area: T e C &!tr# C0&" P0a?a is a t &rist attra+ti ! t at " asts &/s+a0e s //i!2 a!

i!i!2 a! t e s&rr &! i!2 areas are 'e t s 'e * t e ,ea0t iest resi e!ts * Ka!sas

Cit#: T e P0a?a area is ,e00 9! ,! * r a.i!2 t e ' st e>/e!si.e /r /ert# .a0&es 0 +ate

i! t e +it#:T e i!*0&> * # &t t t is s //i!2 istri+t is see! as arisi!2 *r ' a 0a+9 *

// rt&!ities * r t er a+ti.ities i! areas * t e +it# , ere ' st * t ese # &t 0i.e: T ere

are ! ' .ie t eatres; s9ati!2 ri!9s; s //i!2 'a00s; r t er a+ti.ities t at +a! "e

e!6 #e "# t ese # &t i! t eir ,! !ei2 " r s: Yet; t e e.e!i!2 * t e 2at eri!2 "#

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14

+i.i+ 0ea ers , &0 ! t 2 as /0a!!e : I! atte! a!+e ,as a .ast arra# * + ''&!it#

r2a!i?ati !s a! s&// rters a0t &2 t e 2at eri!2 ,as s 'e, at s'a00: A0.i! %r 9s;

a se!i r 0ea er a! res/e+te + ''&!it# 'e'"er , esta"0is e t e M .e-U/

r2a!i?ati ! ,as i! atte! a!+e as ,as t e Ai' * r Pea+e 2r &/; a ! t-* r-/r *it 2r &/

, a.e "ee! , r9i!2 i! Ka!sas Cit# * r t e 0ast se.era0 #ears i! i'/0e'e!ti!2 a

.i 0e!+e /re.e!ti ! /r 2ra' ' e0e a*ter Cease*ire s /r 6e+t a+ti.ities i! C i+a2 :T e e.e!i!2 ,as s/e!t ,a09i!2 t r &2 t e P0a?a area a! ta09i!2 t t e # &t

t at a 2at ere * r t e e.e!i!2: Ma!#; i!+0& i!2 Ma# r Ja'es 1&esti !e , # /are!ts

, &0 "e a00 ,i!2 # &t ; 'a!# * t e' # &!2er tee!a2ers; t "e &t "# t e'se0.es i!

t e *irst /0a+e: T is resear+ er; a0 !2 ,it t e ire+t r * Ai' * r Pea+e a! se.era0 *

t eir 'e'"ers ! ti+e # &t is+&ssi!2 a /0a!!e *i2 t t ta9e /0a+e a! # &t ' .i!2 i!

i**ere!t ire+ti !s a//are!t0# 0 9i!2 * r t e *i2 t: A0s ,it!esse ,as a # &!2 2ir0

re+ei.i!2 a / !e +a00 a" &t a *e'a0e *rie! t at a "ee! 9i00e ! a! t er si e * t ,!

"# a tee!a2e " # t at sa'e e.e!i!2:T e 2at eri!2 ,as ,i! i!2 ,! * r t e e.e!i!2 a! t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers a

"e2&! 'a9i!2 t eir ,a# "a+9 t t e /ar9 , ere t eir ,a09 "e2a!: T e# ,ere a "0 +9

a,a# *r ' t eir starti!2 / i!t , e! s ts ra!2 &t: A++ r i!2 t se.era0 !e,s re/ rts;

Ma# r Ja'es ,as /&s e t t e 2r &! "# is " #2&ar ; a! se.era0 0ea ers 'e!ti !e

&+9i!2 a! r&!!i!2 i! t e 'a# e': S t ,ere t ree # &t ; a2es 55-5 ; "&t ! !e * t e

i!6&ries ,ere 0i*e t reate!i!2 (KM%C:+ '; 3455): T e /r / se s 0&ti ! as "ee! a !e,

+&r*e, t at as a0rea # ,e!t i!t e**e+t i+tati!2 stri+ter ti'e 0i'its * r # &t t "e i!si e

&ri!2 t e s&''er &rs:Yet; , i0e + ''&!it# 'e'"ers a! 0ea ers a.e e>/resse t eir + !+er! a!

e.e0 /e /r 2ra's t + '"at t e iss&e * .i 0e!+e; a! , i0e t e# a.e + !ti!&e t

e"ate " t +a&ses a! s 0&ti !s t t e .i 0e!+e; rare0# is t e // rt&!it# ta9e! t tr&0#

14



15

e!2a2e # &t i! t e /r +ess * + '"atti!2 t e s +ia0 iss&es t e# '&st *te! + !*r !t *irst

a! O!e 'a6 r i'/et&s * r t e +&rre!t st& # is a /re.i &s 1&a0itati.e st& # + ! &+te

"# t is resear+ er ,it # &t i! !e i2 -+ri'e !ei2 " r i! Ka!sas Cit#:

W i0e t at st& # * +&se ! r&2 &se a' !2 # &t 'a!# * t e /arti+i/ati!2

# &t as9e i* t e iss&e * .i 0e!+e t at t e# ,ere e>/erie!+i!2 + &0 "e e>a'i!e : T e#

. i+e t at t e# i ! t 'i! /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e st& # &! er i!.esti2ati !; "&t s&22este

t at t eir !ee s , &0 "e "etter a resse "# e0/i!2 t *i! s 0&ti !s t t e iss&e *

.i 0e!+e t at t e# ,ere e!+ &!teri!2; *te! ! a ai0# "asis: Rest rati.e 6&sti+e

/r 2ra''i!2 a! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es /r .i e t is / ssi"i0it#:

T ere are t, #/ t eses &! er i!.esti2ati ! &ri!2 t is st& #: T e# i!+0& e7 H1 – Youth who have participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience

significant reductions in levels of post-traumatic-stress-disorder symptomology when

compared to their peers receiving no treatment ; a! H - Youth who have participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience

significant reductions in their willingness to utili!e violence in future events when

compared to their peers receiving no treatment :

CURRENT STUDYPr 6e+t O"6e+ti.es

T is /r 6e+t ,as esi2!e t test t e e**e+ti.e!ess * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es i!

re &+i!2 t e ar' ass +iate ,it e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t t r &2 re &+i!2

t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re a' !2 # &t a! "# re &+i!2 t e ,i00i!2!ess * /arti+i/ati!2

# &t t e!2a2e i! .i 0e!+e i! t e *&t&re: T is st& # e'/0 #e a 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0

esi2! "e+a&se it is ! te t "e t e ' st a//r /riate 'et * r e>a'i!i!2 t e ire+t

e**e+ts * /arti+i/ati ! "# + '/ari!2 t se i!. 0.e i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e ,it # &t

, a.e ! t "ee! s&"6e+t t t e sa'e treat'e!t:Parti+i/a!ts ,ere re+r&ite t r &2 re*erra0s as ,e00 as / ste *0#ers a! a ra i

a .ertise'e!t ! t e 0 +a0 + ''&!it# ra i stati ! as ,e00 as a++i e!ta0 a! s! ,"a00

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16

sa'/0i!2 'et s; a! a t ta0 * NQ 4 /arti+i/a!ts ,ere re+r&ite * r t is st& # ,it

ra! ' se0e+ti ! &se t assi2! /arti+i/a!ts t eit er t e + !tr 0 r t e treat'e!t 2r &/:

U! ersta! i!2 t e Pr +ess * Cir+0e

T e /r +ess * +ir+0e is + ara+teri?e "# &!i1&e sta2es a! "# t e i!tr &+ti ! *

se.era0 9e# /ie+es t at +0ear0# isti!2&is it *r ' t er 2r &/ /r +ess , r9: T e

&! er0#i!2 .a0&es * rest rati.e 6&sti+e a! /ea+e'a9i!2 +a! /r .i e t e *ra'e, r9 * r a

/r +ess * ia0 2&e a! + ''&!i+ati ! t at , r9s t "ri!2 ea0i!2 a! tra!s* r'ati ! t

iss&es * +ri'e a! + !*0i+t: T e +ir+0e /r +ess as "ee! a a/te t *it 'a!# i**ere!t

areas * i.erse /r 2ra''i!2 !ee s "&t t e /r +ess *te! re'ai!s tr&e t t e

isti!2&is i!2 + ara+teristi+s t at are ta&2 t i! trai!i!2s * r &ti0i?i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess:

Ea+ +ir+0e &ti0i?es isti!2&is i!2 'ar9ers i!+0& i!2 t e &se * +ere' !#; a

ta09i!2 /ie+e; a 9ee/er r 2r &/ *a+i0itat r; +ir+0e .a0&es a! 2&i e0i!es; a! t e &se *

+ !se!s&s e+isi ! 'a9i!2: T is se+ti ! es+ri"es t e t#/i+a0 + '/ !e!ts * a

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess , i0e ra,i!2 ! i!* r'ati ! "tai!e &ri!2 a /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e trai!i!2 0e "# Ka# Pra!is; as ,e00 as t, te>ts; "he #ittle $ook of Circle

%rocesses& (Pra!is; 344 ); a! %eacemaking Circles –'rom Crime to Community&

(Pra!is; St&art; We 2e; 344B):Pea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es a.e "ee! es+ri"e as a.i!2 a! &ter *ra'e a! a! i!!er

*ra'e: T e i!!er *ra'e * t e +ir+0e /r +ess ea0s ,it t e *ra'e, r9 /r .i e "# t e

.a0&es a! /ri!+i/0es * /ea+e'a9i!2: W i0e a! i! i.i &a0 +ir+0e ,i00 eter'i!e t eir

,! .a0&es a! 2&i e0i!es; resear+ a! e>/erie!+e a.e s ,! t at / siti.e .a0&es are

&!i.ersa0 a! a0,a#s * +&s ! se.era0 9e# + !+e/ts:T ese i!+0& e i ea0s * res/e+t; !est#; tr&st; &'i0it#; s ari!2; i!+0&si.it#;

+ &ra2e; e'/at #; * r2i.e!ess; a! 0 .e a! t ese + !+e/ti !s * s/e+i*i+ .a0&es are

a0,a#s "r &2 t i!t t e +ir+0e t r &2 t e /arti+i/a!ts t e'se0.es a0t &2 t e# 'a#

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17

a.e i! i.i &a0 i**ere!+es i! t e ,a# t e# e>/ress r e!.isi ! t e .a0&es a! "# t e

, r s t e# &se t 2i.e es+ri/ti ! a! 'ea!i!2 t t ese i ea0s:T e &ter *ra'e * t e +ir+0e ea0s ' re s/e+i*i+a00# ,it t e /r +ess: T e *irst

*e, sta2es i! "ri!2i!2 t 2et er a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e a//e! /ri r t t e +ir+0es *irst

'eeti!2: T e *irst ste/ "e2i!s ,it assessi!2 t e s&ita"i0it# * r t e +ir+0e /r +ess 2i.e!

t e sit&ati ! at a! : T is i!+0& es as9i!2 1&esti !s a" &t t e e>/e+te r esire res&0ts

a! i* t e 9ee/er is 'ere0# /&s i!2 a! a2e! a r is a+t&a00# /e! t eari!2 a!

res/e+ti!2 /ers/e+ti.es t at are ! t is er ,!:T e t /i+ '&st a0s "e i'/ rta!t t / te!tia0 /arti+i/a!ts a! t e /arti+i/a!ts

s &0 "e rea # a! ,i00i!2 t "e a /art * t e +ir+0e: T ere '&st a0s "e t e i!te!t t "eres/e+t*&0 t a00 /arti+i/a!ts i!. 0.e i! t e +ir+0e: Ot er 1&esti !s i!+0& e iss&es *

sa*et#; ti'e a! 2e 2ra/ i+a0 + !strai!ts: I! 'a!# +ases; t ere is a0,a#s t e a iti !a0

1&esti ! * , et er t ere ,i00 "e i!stit&ti !a0 s&// rt * r t e +ir+0e /r +ess:O!e * t e *irst t i!2s *a+i0itat rs are ta&2 t i! +ir+0e trai!i!2 is t at t e# '&st "e

,i00i!2 t + !ti!&a00# e>a'i!e t e'se0.es: T is i!+0& es /a#i!2 atte!ti ! t t eir

e' ti !s; t &2 ts; a! *ee0i!2s re2ar i!2 t e sit&ati ! at a! a! "ei!2 a"0e t +e!ter

t e'se0.es i! a /ea+e*&0 state "e* re t e +ir+0e "e2i!s: $a+i0itat rs 'a# e+i e t ta9e a

,a09 i! !at&re; e!2a2e i! 'e itati ! r /ra#er; &se "reat i!2 e>er+ises r t e# 'a# 6&st

0iste! t s *t +a0'i!2 '&si+: Re2ar 0ess * , 9ee/ers rea+ t e state * "ei!2 it is

/arti+&0ar0# i'/ rta!t t at t e# e!ter t e +ir+0e i! a /ea+e*&0 state: T is is !e * t e

reas !s t at it is s&22este t at t e +ir+0e &ti0i?e t, 9ee/ers r *a+i0itat rs * r t e /r +ess

i!stea * !e:T e !e>t ste/ * t e +ir+0e /r +ess is /re/arati ! * r t e e.e!t: T is i!+0& es

esta"0is i!2 9ee/ers * r t e +ir+0e a! e+i i!2 ! , s &0 "e t e /arti+i/a!ts:

S 'eti'es e/e! i!2 ! t e +ir+&'sta!+es * t e +ase t ese e+isi !s 'a# "e .er# +0ear

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18

*r ' t e !set; "&t t er,ise it re1&ires t &2 t: O* + &rse t e 9ee/er '&st &! ersta!

t e /ri!+i/0es * rest rati.e 6&sti+e a! t e +ir+0e /r +ess: Ne>t it is i'/ rta!t t + !si er a ate a! ti'e t at e.er# !e ,i00 "e a.ai0a"0e t

'eet a! it 'a# "e ,ise t 2 a ea a! i!.ite 9e# /arti+i/a!ts *irst t 'a9e s&re t at

s+ e &0i!2 arra!2e'e!ts are 'a e ,it e.er# !e s !ee s i! 'i! : Ea+ /arti+i/a!t !ee s

t "e * r'a00# i!.ite a! t is /r +ess s &0 a0s i!+0& e e>/0ai!i!2 t e /ri!+i/0es *

rest rati.e 6&sti+e; /ea+e'a9i!2; a! t e +ir+0e /r +ess: At t is ti'e; arra!2e'e!ts s &0

"e + !*ir'e * r t e setti!2 , ere t e +ir+0e ,i00 ++&r:T e !e>t ste/ i! t e /re/arati ! sta2e i!. 0.es /0a!!i!2 * r t e a+t&a0 /r +ess a!

!e * t e *irst ite's t a ress i!+0& es + si!2 !e r ' re ta09i!2 /ie+es: It iss&22este t at 9ee/ers t i!9 a" &t t eir + i+e a! tr# t *i! a ta09i!2 /ie+e t at as

si2!i*i+a!+e a! .a0&e t t e +ir+0e /r +ess i! 2e!era0 a! i* / ssi"0e; ' re s/e+i*i+a00# t

t e 2r &/ /arti+i/ati!2 r t at , i+ is s#'" 0i+ t t e t /i+ "ei!2 + .ere i! t e

'eeti!2:T e ta09i!2 /ie+e is a .er# si2!i*i+a!t /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! re/rese!ts t e

.a0i it# * e.er# /arti+i/a!t s . i+e i! t e /r +ess * ia0 2&e: T e se0e+ti ! * t e /ie+e

s &0 "e * +&se ! e!+ &ra2i!2 0iste!i!2 a! s/ea9i!2 t at is res/e+t*&0 t /arti+i/a!ts

as ,e00 as t t e /r +ess itse0*: T e ta09i!2 /ie+e is a t 0 t at 'a!# /arti+i/a!ts a.e

! te as "ei!2 a! i'/ rta!t a! i!te2ra0 as/e+t * t eir e>/erie!+e:D&ri!2 t e /0a!!i!2 * t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! /e!i!2 +ere' !# '&st "e esi2!e

as ,e00 as a +0 si!2 +ere' !#: O/e!i!2 +ere' !ies 'a# i!+0& e '&si+; rea i!2s; r ee/

"reat i!2 e>er+ises: It is ! te t at t e /e!i!2 a! +0 si!2 +ere' !ies e0/ t +0ear0#

i e!ti*# t e "e2i!!i!2 * t e 2r &/ a! t e e! * t e 2r &/:T is /r +ess +a! "e .er"a0 r ! !.er"a0 a! +a! i!+ r/ rate t e &se * e0e'e!ts

i!+0& i!2 ,ater; eart ; a! *ire: T is /r +ess e0/s i! e*i!i!2 t e sa+re !ess * t e

+ir+0e; a! +a! e0/ * +&s a! +e!ter t e 2r &/ as ,e00 as /r .i i!2 a se!se *

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19

i!+0&si.e!ess t a00 /arti+i/a!ts: I+e "rea9ers +a! "e &se &ri!2 t e /e!i!2 +ere' !#

a! e!+ &ra2es /arti+i/ati ! * a00 'e'"ers * t e +ir+0e , i0e ai i!2 i! +reati!2

+ '' ! e>/erie!+e:

T e +0 si!2 +ere' !# re1&ires /0a!!i!2: I'/ rta!t + !si erati !s i!+0& e

e0/i!2 /arti+i/a!ts tra!siti ! *r ' "ei!2 i! a sa*e /0a+e t "ei!2 "a+9 i! rea0it#: T e

+0 si!2 +ere' !# +a! i!+0& e t e'es * +e0e"rati !; /assi!2 t e /ea+e; +at arsis; +0 s&re;

a! ' .i!2 * r,ar : It is e!+ &ra2e t at *a+i0itat rs t i!9 +reati.e0# a" &t t eir + i+es

"&t it is a0s i'/ rta!t t at t e# are + !si erate * a!# '&0ti-+&0t&ra0 i**ere!+es r

se!siti.ities a' !2 t e +ir+0e /arti+i/a!ts: T e +0 si!2 +ere' !# is a0s a + a!+e t

! r t e + ''&!it# * /arti+i/a!ts a! t e /r +ess * +ir+0e: $ 'a# "e s are as a

,a# * "&i0 i!2 s +ia0 +a/ita0 a! /r ' ti!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 ia0 2&e a! t is +a! "e !e

at eit er t e "e2i!!i!2 r t e e! * t e +ir+0e s t is s &0 a0s "e + !si ere &ri!2 t e

/0a!!i!2 / ase:Ce!ter/ie+es are *te! &se i! +ir+0es a! +a! i!+0& e /ie+es * *a"ri+; "6e+ts *

si2!i*i+a!+e t t e 2r &/ r t /i+; *0 ,ers; r t er e0e'e!ts * eart ; *ire; r ,ater: T e

9ee/er ,i00 ,a!t t + !si er , et er r ! t e s e ,i00 + se t &se a +e!ter/ie+e a! i*

s , at ,i00 "e i!+0& e : T e *i!a0 / rti ! * t e /0a!!i!2 sta2e * r t e /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e i!. 0.es /0a!!i!2 1&esti !s * r t e 2r &/ t at ,i00 e0/ /arti+i/a!ts t "e+ 'e

a+1&ai!te ,it ea+ t er a! t at +a! e0/ /r ' te t e /r +ess * ia0 2&e:Kee/ers are e!+ &ra2e t i!+0& e /arti+i/a!ts i! t is /r +ess * /re/arati ! a!

'a# arra!2e a ea * ti'e * r +ertai! /arti+i/a!ts t 0ea t e /e!i!2 r +0 si!2

+ere' !#; arra!2e * r a! /r .i e re*res 'e!ts; + ! &+t i!tr &+t r# r &! s; a!

e>/0ai! 2&i e0i!es: Pers !a0 + ara+teristi+s * 9ee/ers s &0 i!+0& e *air!ess; i!te2rit#;

e'/at #; &'i0it#; /atie!+e; a! 9! ,0e 2e * t e + ''&!it#:

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20

T e t ir sta2e * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i!. 0.es + !.e!i!2 t e +ir+0e: $a+i0itat rs

s &0 arri.e ear0# t t e 'eeti!2 /0a+e a! "e2i! t set &/ * r t e +ir+0e: A +e!ter/ie+e;

i* "ei!2 &se ; s &0 "e set i! t e 'i 0e * t e +ir+0e a! + airs s &0 "e arra!2e i!

t e * r'ati ! * a +ir+0e: It is "etter ! t t a.e a ta"0e r a!# t er *&r!it&re i! t e

'i 0e * t e +ir+0e as e'/t# s/a+e r +0ear s/a+e see's t /r .i e t e "est res&0ts:I* re*res 'e!ts are "ei!2 /r .i e "e* re r a*ter t e +ir+0e /r +ess t is is t e

ti'e t 'a9e s&re t e# are set &/ r /re/are : T e 9ee/er s &0 ta9e a *e, ' 'e!ts t

'a9e s&re t e s/a+e is !eat a! as /0easa!t a! at' s/ ere as / ssi"0e: Yet; t is s &0

!e.er "e a is1&a0i*ier si!+e 'a!# tra!s* r'i!2 +ir+0es a.e ta9e! /0a+e i! /ris !s , ere

t e a++ '' ati !s are 0ess t a! esira"0e:T e 9ee/er s &0 2reet /arti+i/a!ts as t e# arri.e a! a*ter e.er# !e is /rese!t

,e0+ 'e t e' a! e!+ &ra2e t e' t ta9e a seat: T e seati!2 * /arti+i/a!ts +a! "e

/re eter'i!e a! + -*a+i0itat rs ,i00 *te! sit s/a+e a0*-,a# t r &2 t e +ir+0e: T is

e!s&res a.i!2 s 'e !e a0*,a# t r &2 at a!# / i!t t at +a! e0/ steer t e 2r &/ "a+9

t t e t /i+ i* t ere is t '&+ e.iati !:T e 9ee/er ,i00 ,a!t t reiterate t e /&r/ se * t e s/e+i*i+ +ir+0e /r +ess "ei!2

+a00e a! 'a# a0s ,a!t t &t0i!e i!* r'ati ! ! /ri!+i/0es * /ea+e'a9i!2; rest rati.e

6&sti+e; a! +ir+0e /r +ess i! 2e!era0: T e i!te!ti !s * t e +ir+0e 'a# a0s "e is+&sse :

D&ri!2 a +ir+0e t ere is ! stat&s ierar+ #; ! r &se * tit0es: T is is a0s is+&sse &ri!2

t e "e2i!!i!2 * t e +ir+0e /r +ess:T e !e>t ste/ i! t is /r +ess is t e i!tr &+ti ! * t e ta09i!2 /ie+e: T e *&!+ti !

* t e ta09i!2 /ie+e is t "e e>/0ai!e as ,e00 as t e si2!i*i+a!+e * t e + se! /ie+es:

Cir+0es /r +ess t &2 r &! s as t e ta09i!2 /ie+e is /asse *r ' !e i! i.i &a0 t t e

!e>t: Parti+i/a!ts 'a# 0ea r &! s a! it is t e 0ea er * t e r &! , as t e a"i0it# t

+ se t e ta09i!2 /ie+e t "e &se i* ' re t a! !e is a.ai0a"0e:

20



21

T e ta09i!2 /ie+e is t "e res/e+te at a00 ti'es ,it i! t e +ir+0e a! !0# t e

/ers ! , 0 s t e /ie+e as t e *0 r t s/ea9; "&t it is a0s e>/resse t /arti+i/a!ts

t at t e# a0s a.e t e / ,er t ! t ta09 a! t 6&st 0 t e /ie+e * r a ' 'e!t r t e#

+a! + se t si'/0# /ass: Eit er ,a# it is t e .a0&e t at is 2i.e! t ea+ i! i.i &a0 i! t e

+ir+0e; t t eir i eas; t eir *ee0i!2s a! /ers/e+ti.es; a! i! *a+t; t t eir .er# /rese!+e

t at 'a9es t e ta09i!2 /ie+e s&+ a / ,er*&0 t 0 i! t e /r +ess * ia0 2&e:D&ri!2 t is /r +ess t e 9ee/er * t e +ir+0e is t e !0# i! i.i &a0 , 'a#

i!terr&/t s 'e !e , as t e ta09i!2 /ie+e a! t is s &0 !0# "e !e , e! it is

!e+essar# t /reser.e t e ea0t * t e +ir+0e: I* t ere are 0i'itati !s ! t e ti'e t at is

a00 ,e * r t e +ir+0e /r +ess t e! t is s &0 "e a!! &!+e t t e 2r &/ a! e.er# !e

s &0 "e e!+ &ra2e t "e res/e+t*&0 * t e ti'e a.ai0a"0e: T e ta09i!2 /ie+e re'i! s

e.er# !e; , et er 0iste!i!2 r s/ea9i!2; t re'ai! + !s+ie!ti &s a! res/e+t*&0 * t e

+ir+0e s/a+e: A*ter t ese /re0i'i!aries a.e ta9e! /0a+e it is ti'e * r t e *irst r &! * t e

+ir+0e /r +ess t + ''e!+e:T e *irst r &! * t e +ir+0e /r +ess s &0 * +&s ! esta"0is i!2 t e 2&i e0i!es

t at ,i00 "e &se t s a/e t e /r +ess: T e ta09i!2 /ie+e is /asse as ea+ /arti+i/a!t

i e!ti*ies s/e+i*i+ 2&i e0i!es t at t e# /er+ei.e ,i00 "e i'/ rta!t: T e *a+i0itat r s &0

arra!2e t a.e a 0ar2e *0i/ + art r ! te /a ("0a+9" ar s +a! a0s "e &se*&0) t re+ r

t e s&22este 2&i e0i!es: A*ter t e *irst r &! ; t e s&22este 2&i e0i!es are rea "a+9 a!

t e! t e ta09i!2 /ie+e is /asse ar &! t e +ir+0e a2ai! t e!s&re t at e.er# !e +a! a2ree

t a00 * t ese 2&i e0i!es: I* t ere is a!# !e , +a!! t a2ree r t ere is a!#

isa2ree'e!t ! a!# * t e 2&i e0i!es; t e ta09i!2 /ie+e ,i00 + !ti!&e t "e /asse &!ti0

+ !se!s&s is rea+ e :T e !e>t r &! ,i00 i!. 0.e e.er# !e i!tr &+i!2 t e'se0.es a! 'a# i!+0& e

a!s,eri!2 a 1&esti ! esi2!e t * ster i!+0&si.it# a! t e0/ /e /0e t 2et t 9! , ea+

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22

t er: T e 1&esti ! s &0 "e !e t at t e 9ee/er + !si ere &ri!2 /re/arati ! a!

s &0 "e * +&se ! *i! i!2 + '' !a0ities a! s &0 ! t "e t se!siti.e r /ers !a0

i! !at&re 2i.e! t at t is is !0# t e "e2i!!i!2 * t e /r +ess:

T e 9ee/er s &0 s are *irst i! t is r &! as a ,a# * ' e0i!2 t e t#/e *

s ari!2 t at ,i00 "e e!+ &ra2e *r ' t e t er /arti+i/a!ts: T e !e>t r &! ,i00 "e2i! t

* +&s ! t e t /i+ at a! r t e reas ! t at t e +ir+0e as "ee! "r &2 t t 2et er: W i0e

e.er# !e is &s&a00# a,are * t e +ir+&'sta!+es; it is sti00 !e+essar# t /ass t e ta09i!2

/ie+e a! 2i.e /arti+i/a!ts t e // rt&!it# t s are t eir t &2 ts a! *ee0i!2s ! t e

t /i+: I! t is r &! it is &s&a00# "est i* t e *a+i0itat r ,aits a! s ares 0ast:

T is /r +ess * r &! s ,it i! t e +ir+0e ,i00 + !ti!&e as ia0 2&e "e2i!s te'er2e: I* t ere is a /arti+&0ar a2e! a /0a!!e * r t e +ir+0e s&+ as trai!i!2; e.e0 /i!2

ree!tr# /0a!s; r esi2!i!2 se!te!+i!2 /0a!s; t is ,i00 "e !e ,it i! t e r &! s * t e

+ir+0e /r +ess: I*; at a!# ti'e /e /0e "e2i! ta09i!2 &t * t&r!; e!2a2e i! +r ss-ta09; r are

isres/e+t*&0 t e ta09i!2 /ie+e s a00 "e s&s/e! e , i0e t e 9ee/er re* +&ses t e 2r &/:

T e 2&i e0i!es , &0 t e! "e re.isite a! e.er# !e , &0 "e as9e t r &2 /assi!2 *

t e ta09i!2 /ie+e i* a!# * t e 2&i e0i!es !ee t "e ,it ra,! r re.ise i! r er t

e!s&re t at e.er# !e +a! a2ree t + !ti!&e i! t e /r +ess "# * 00 ,i!2 t e +ir+0e

2&i e0i!es:Ti'e s &0 "e sa.e "e* re t e e! i!2 * t e +ir+0e t /ass t e ta09i!2 /ie+e a!

a00 , /arti+i/a!ts ti'e t e>/ress a!# +0 si!2 + ''e!ts t e# 'a# a.e re2ar i!2 t e

is+&ssi ! r as it re0ates t t eir e>/erie!+e ,it i! t e +ir+0e: A*ter /arti+i/a!ts a.e a

a *i!a0 + a!+e t ta09; it is t e 9ee/er s res/ !si"i0it# t s&''ari?e t e /r +ess * t e

2r &/ *r ' t eir /ers/e+ti.e a! t ta9e a *e, ' 'e!ts t re0ate t e &t+ 'e "a+9 t t e

i!te!t * t e +ir+0e as ,e00 as , at a "ee! a++ '/0is e a! , at ,as 0ear!e *r ' t e

e>/erie!+e:

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23

T e *a+i0itat r s &0 ta9e ti'e t t a!9 a00 * t e /arti+i/a!ts * r e!2a2i!2 i! t e

/r +ess a! +a! "e2i! ,it t e +0 si!2 +ere' !#: T e +0 si!2 +ere' !# 'ar9s t e e! *

t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! s &0 * +&s ! / siti.e as/e+ts * &'a! / te!tia0 a!

i!ter+ !!e+te !ess:De/e! i!2 ! t e t#/e * +ir+0e "ei!2 + ! &+te t ere 'a# "e !ee * r /r +ess

* 00 ,-&/: T is is sta2e @ a! + !stit&tes t e *i!a0 sta2e * a!# +ir+0e: S 'e e>a'/0es *

* 00 ,-&/ 'i2 t i!+0& e s&r.e#s t 2a&2e t e rea+ti !s a! e>/erie!+es * /arti+i/a!ts

a! /ers !a0 re*0e+ti ! a! e"rie*i!2 a' !2 + -*a+i0itat rs s &0 ++&r at t is ti'e:

W i0e 'a!# ta09i!2 +ir+0es 'a# ! t re1&ire t is sta2e i! t eir +ir+0e /r +ess t ere are

se.era0 i!sta!+es , e! +ir+0es re1&ire * 00 ,-&/:T is i!+0& es t e &se * se!te!+i!2 +ir+0es a! ree!tr# +ir+0es ,it i! t e +ri'i!a0

6&sti+e s#ste' , ere * 00 , &/ is *te! !e+essar# a! +ir+0es +a! t e! *te! "e &se i!

+ '"i!ati ! ,it t er ser.i+es .er s 'e /eri * ti'e: T is 2i.es t e **e! er a! t e

+ ''&!it# * s&// rt !2 i!2 // rt&!ities t a 6&st a! ree.a0&ate 2 a0s a!

"6e+ti.es as ,e00 as /r .i i!2 s&// rt a! s&/er.isi ! * r t ese /arti+i/a!ts t r &2 t e

+ir+0e /r +ess:It is i'/ rta!t t at /arti+i/a!ts &! ersta! t at t is /r +ess is ! t !e+essari0# eas#

a! +a! a+t&a00# "e 1&ite i**i+&0t as ,e00 as e' ti !a00# t 00i!2; es/e+ia00# * r **e! ers

str&220i!2 ,it iss&es * tra!s* r'ati !: I! a re+e!t trai!i!2 ! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es; Ka#

Pra!is (344 ) ! te a! e>a'/0e * a # &!2 'a0e , +a'e t +ir+0e a*ter "ei!2 + ar2e

* r a.i!2 a *irear': A*ter !i!e ' !t s * +ir+0e , r9 i! , i+ /arti+i/a!ts 'et e.er#

t, ,ee9s t is # &t as9e t "e se!t t 6ai0 "e+a&se * r i' t e /r +ess a t&r!e &t

t "e '&+ ar er t a! e /er+ei.e i!+ar+erati ! , &0 "e: T is is a testa'e!t t t e

*a+t t at t e tra!s* r'ati ! t at ta9es /0a+e t r &2 t is /r +ess * ia0 2&e is a!

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24

e' ti !a00# e'a! i!2 e>/erie!+e t at *te!ti'es re1&ires 2reat /atie!+e a! e! &ra!+e

*r ' /arti+i/a!ts:T is is , # *r ' t e !set * t e +ir+0e /arti+i/a!ts '&st e>/ress a 2e!&i!e

,i00i!2!ess t tr# t e'"ra+e a! a ere t t e 2&i i!2 /ri!+i/0es * +ir+0e , i+ are

"ase ! t e * &! ati ! /r .i e "# /ea+e'a9i!2 a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e: O*te!ti'es it is

!0# t ese 2&i i!2 /ri!+i/0es t at Fsa.e t e /r +ess *r ' "ei!2 is*i2&re a! e* r'e

"# t e &'a! e>iste!+e * + a s t at /e /0e 2e!era00# +arr# ,it t e': T e a iti ! *

t e ta09i!2 /ie+e; t e /e!i!2 a! +0 si!2 +ere' !ies; a! t e '&t&a00# a2ree &/ !

2&i e0i!es * r t e 2r &/ a a 'eas&re * + !+rete!ess t t e e>/erie!+e * t e /r +ess

t at see's t /r ' te t e tra!s* r'i!2 a"i0it# * ia0 2&e t r &2 +ir+0e:

LIMITATIONSI! a re+e!t 0e+t&re; Latessa (3454) ! te t at /r 2ra''i!2 * r ' erate ris9

**e! ers s &0 "e a//r >i'ate0# 544 &rs t "e e**e+ti.e: Le!2t * treat'e!t is a

+ !ti!&a0 + a00e!2e * r 'a!# /r 2ra's a! t is /r 6e+t ,as ! e>+e/ti !: W i0e ! t

a ressi!2 +ri'i!a0 **e! i!2 &ri!2 t is /arti+&0ar /r 6e+t; ! t rea+ i!2 t at 544 &r

re1&ire'e!t 2i.e! 0 2isti+a0 0i'itati !s is ! te as a s rt+ 'i!2 * t is st& #:

ORGANI ATIONT is resear+ is r2a!i?e i!t *i.e + a/ters: C a/ter I is+&sses t e /r "0e' *

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t a! /r .i es t e !ee * r t e +&rre!t

st& #: C a/ter II /r .i es a re.ie, * t e 0iterat&re ! e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e;

i!+0& i!2 /re.a0e!+e rates; ris9 a! + rre0ati !s; as ,e00 as e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t : Rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es a! /ea+e'a9i!2

+ri'i! 0 2# are a0s e>a'i!e "e+a&se t e# 0a# t e * &! ati ! * r t is /r 6e+t; a! ' re

s/e+i*i+a00#; /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es are etai0e : C a/ter III + .ers t e 'et 0 2# * t e

st& #; i!+0& i!2 t e resear+ esi2!; ata + 00e+ti ! /r +e &res; a! statisti+a0 a!a0#sis:

24



25

C a/ter IV re! ers t e *i! i!2s: T e *i!a0 + a/ter; C a/ter V; **ers a + !+0&si ! a!

i2 0i2 ts re+ ''e! ati !s * r / 0i+# a! resear+ :

CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEW

A re.ie, * t e 0iterat&re i! t ree s/e+i*i+ areas /r .i es ire+ti ! * r t e st& #:

$irst; a! e>a'i!ati ! * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e i!+0& i!2 t e s+ /e * t e /r "0e'; ris9s

a! + rre0ati !s * r e>/ s&re; e**e+ts a! + !se1&e!+es * e>/ s&re; a! +&rre!t

a//r a+ es t a! 0i!2 t e /r "0e':Se+ ! ; Pea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2# a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e are is+&sse as t e#

/r .i e a t e reti+a0 * &! ati ! * r t e &se * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es a! t e 'ai! te!ets

a! t e'es i! ere!t i! t e i e 0 2#: T ir ; a re.ie, * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es i! 2e!era0 is

/rese!te ,it a * +&s ! t e / te!tia0 * its /r +esses * r re &+i!2 t e ar' t at + 'es

*r ' + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:

COMMUNITY VIOLENCEU! ersta! i!2 t e !at&re a! t e *&00 + '/0e>it# * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +a!; i!

a! * itse0*; "e+ 'e a! ar & &s tas9 * r a!# resear+ er i''ersi!2 i' erse0* i! t e

/&rs&it: W i0e i!* r'ati ! ! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !s is rea i0# a.ai0a"0e; + '/i0e

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26

a!!&a00#; a! statisti+a00# /rese!te * r e.e! t e ' st 2e!era0 + !s&'er t easi0# 0 +ate

,it t a# s te+ ! 0 2i+a0 res &r+es; t e sa'e +a!! t "e sai i! re2ar t t e s+ /e * t e

/r "0e' * se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati !; r e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: T is se+ti ! *

t e 0iterat&re re.ie, e>a'i!es t ese iss&es; as ,e00 as ris9s a! + rre0ati !s; e**e+ts a!

+ !se1&e!+es; a! +&rre!t res/ !ses * r ea0i!2 ,it t e &t+ 'es * + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e:

C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e a! De*i!iti !sVi 0e!+e as "ee! a! + !ti!&es t "e a +e!tra0 + !+er! * r 'a!# # &t 2r ,i!2

&/ i! A'eri+a: T eir 0i.es are /er'eate "# a +&0t&re * .i 0e!+e t at as s,e00e .er

t e 0ast *e, e+a es &!0eas i!2 a e.astati!2 estr&+ti ! ! e.er#t i!2 i! its /at a! it

as !ear0# estr #e 'a!# i!!er-+it# + ''&!ities i! t e /r +ess: Ma!# US +ities a.e

+ 'e t rese'"0e e.e0 /i!2 + &!tries , ere 0 +a0 ,ars a! .i 0e!+e are a /re.a0e!t

t e'e i! t e 0i.es * resi e!ts:Pra+titi !ers a! a+a e'i+s i! t e *ie0 * +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e a.e &!ti0 re+e!t0#

0ar2e0# i2! re t is t /i+ a! its i'/ rta!+e i! +ri'i! 0 2#; "&t .er t e 0ast e+a e t e

iss&e * # &t e>/ se t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as i!+reasi!20# "e+ 'e a! e'er2i!2 a!

i'/ rta!t + !si erati ! "ei!2 &! erta9e! ,it i! resear+ i!itiati.es ($i!9e0 r; T&r!er;

Or'r ; Ha'"#; Kra+9e; 344 ): T is tre! is 0e "# /ri r resear+ ! + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e t at ,as i!itiate i! t e ea0t +are *ie0 a! i!+0& es resear+ *r ' t e *ie0 s *

/s#+ 0 2# a! + i0 e.e0 /'e!t (C &!2; East /e; $ar'er; Werrett; C &!2; 344B=

G&ter'a!; Ca'er ! Sta00er; 3444= Mar2 0i! G r is; 344@= Pri+e Ma 0'es;

344 = S+ar/a O00e! i+9; 344B= Stei!; Ja#+ >; Kata 9a; R es; Vesta0; 344B): T ese

*ie0 s + !ti!&e t + !tri"&te t e ' st t t e 9! ,0e 2e "ase ! t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t :

26



27

T ere is ! &!i.ersa0 /erati !a0 e*i!iti ! t at is &se + !siste!t0# ,it i! t e

e>ta!t 0iterat&re ! + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (Tri+9ett; D&ra!; H r!; 344B): A re.ie, * t e

resear+ *i! s t at + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as "ee! e*i!e i! .ari &s ,a#s a! i!+0& es

i**ere!t /erati !a0 e*i!iti !s &ti0i?e ,it i! st& ies: Wit .ari &s e*i!iti !s *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +ir+&0ati!2 t r &2 &t t e 0iterat&re; + !+rete 'eas&re'e!t * t e

.aria"0e is + '/r 'ise : As Tri+9ett et a0: (344B) ! te t is 'a9es a+r ss st& #

+ '/aris !s a! t e ri?i!2 i**i+&0t: T e# ar2&e * r a e*i!iti ! t at i!+0& es !0# t at

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e , i+ i!*0&e!+es + i0 e.e0 /'e!t a! ! te t at t, *a+t rs are

re0e.a!t i! t is es+ri/ti !; + ''&!it# a! .i 0e!+e:H ,e.er; t e Nati !a0 Ce!ter * r C i0 re! E>/ se t Vi 0e!+e; e*i!es

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as e>/ s&re t a+ts * i!ter/ers !a0 .i 0e!+e + ''itte "#

i! i.i &a0s , are ! t i!ti'ate0# re0ate t t e .i+ti' (NCCEV: r2; 344 ): T eir

e*i!iti ! !e2ates t e .aria"0e * e>/ s&re "# i!+0& i!2 it i! t eir e*i!iti ! *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; a! it e*i!es t e /ara'eter * t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! t e

i! i.i &a0s i!. 0.e : H ,e.er; 'a!# st& ies , &0 ta9e ai' ,it t e Ce!ter s + i+e *

e>+0& i!2 t se ,it /ers !a0 re0ati !s i/s t t e .i+ti' si!+e t e# are i!+0& e i! t eir

,! e*i!iti !s * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (G&ter'a!; Ca'er !; Sta00er;

3444):G&ter'a!; et a0: (3444); a.e / i!te &t !&'er &s .ariati !s a' !2 resear+ ers

* r i!+0&si ! r e>+0&si ! * .aria"0es ,it i! st& ies ' st0# +e!tere ! t e isti!+ti !s

'a e "et,ee! .i 0e!+e t at ++&rre ,it i! t e 'e a! .i 0e!+e ++&rri!2 i! s+ 0s:

A! t er i'/ rta!t isti!+ti ! + &0 "e 'a e "et,ee! /ri'ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! a!

se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! a0t &2 'a!# st& ies i!+0& e " t * t ese .aria"0es: H ,e.er;

&se * t e ter' Fse+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! is re0ati.e0# rare:

27



28

A st& # * + ''&!it# resi e!ts as se+ ! ar# .i+ti's i! E!20a! +&'e!te t e

e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t a trai! ,re+9: D&ri!2 t at st& # it ,as ! te t at /ri r e*i!iti !s

* se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! a 0i'ite t e ter' t *a'i0# a! *rie! s * t e /ri'ar#

.i+ti' "&t a0s i!+0& e res+&e r +risis , r9ers as ,e00 as /s#+ t era/ists (C &!2 et

a0:; 344B) I! t at st& #; t e resear+ ers /e!e &/ t eir e*i!iti ! * se+ ! ar# .i+ti's t

i!+0& e + ''&!it# resi e!ts; "&t t is as #et "ee! re/0i+ate i! t e area * + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e: I!stea ; Fe>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as see'e t "e+ 'e a +at+ -a00

/ rase t at ' st *te! re*ers t " t /ri'ar# a! se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! t r &2

i!+i e!ts * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:A e*i!iti ! t at e>+0& es ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !s; "&t i!+0& es .i 0e!+e ,it!esse

r 9! ,! a" &t; re2ar 0ess * re0ati !s i/ ,it .i+ti' r **e! er see's ' st

a//r /riate: T is ' st rese'"0es t e e*i!iti ! /r .i e "# Tri+9ett et a0: (344B) a!

* +&ses ! t e e**e+ts * i! ire+t .i 0e!+e ' st 0i9e0# t i!*0&e!+e # &t e.e0 /'e!t:

C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e a! Rates * E>/ s&reT e Nati !a0 I!stit&te * J&sti+e re/ rts t at t e ' st /re.a0e!t * r' *

.i+ti'i?ati ! a' !2 # &t is e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e: T e# ! te t at : 'i00i ! # &t

a!!&a00# re/ rte Ft at t e# a see! s 'e !e e0se "ei!2 s t; sta""e ; se>&a00#

assa&0te ; / #si+a00# assa&0te ; r t reate!e ,it a ,ea/ ! (Ki0/atri+9; Sa&! ers;

S'it ; 344B; /: 5): T e O**i+e * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e a! De0i!1&e!+# Pre.e!ti ! re+e!t0#

re0ease a "&00eti! i2 0i2 ti!2 ata + 00e+te &ri!2 t e C i0 re! s E>/ s&re t

Vi 0e!+e7 A C '/re e!si.e Nati !a0 S&r.e#; a /r 6e+t s/ !s re "# OJJDP a!

s&// rte "# t e Ce!ter * r Disease C !tr 0 a! Pre.e!ti ! i! 344 : T e# * &! t at

.er 4 * # &t a "ee! e>/ se t .i 0e!+e; eit er ire+t0# r i! ire+t0#; i! t e 0ast

#ear a0 !e ($i!9e0 r et a0:; 344 ):

28



29

T e resear+ ! e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +a! "e e>a'i!e "# 0 9i!2 at

t e rates * e>/ s&re a' !2 .ari &s 2r &/s +r ss-se+ti !a00# r 0 !2it& i!a00# a! "#

0i*e-ti'e /re.a0e!+e rates: As e>/e+te ; rates * e>/ s&re i!+rease +&'&0ati.e0# as

i! i.i &a0s 2et 0 er; ,it t e .er# # &!2est a.i!2 t e 0east /re.a0e!+e * e>/ s&re a!

'&+ 0i9e ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !; a!!&a0 e>/ s&re rates /ea9 i! 'i -t -0ate a 0es+e!+e

(Ma0i9; 344 = S+ar/a; 344B= Se0!er-O Ha2a!; Ki! 0 !; %&9a; Ra& e!"&s ; Ear0s;

5 = Ta#0 r; % ris; He00er; Ri+e ea!a ; 344 ):%e* re st& e!ts rea+ 'i 0e s+ 0; st& ies s , t at e.e! a' !2 0 ,-ris9

sa'/0es; 3 - 4 a.e e>/erie!+e s 'e * r' * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e

(Ce"a00 ; Da 0; Areta9is; Ra'ire?; 3445= Mar2 0i!; Vi+9er'a!; Ra' s; Serra! ;

G r is; 344 ): A' !2 i2 -ris9 sa'/0es; t e !&'"ers are e.e! i2 er: O!e st& # *

A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! 'i 0e a! i2 s+ 0 st& e!ts atte! i!2 /&"0i+ s+ 0 i! i2 +ri'e

!ei2 " r s * &! a0' st 4 a ,it!esse s 'e !e t e# /ers !a00# 9!e, "ei!2

.i 0e!t0# .i+ti'i?e (Ue ara; C a0'ers; Je!9i!s; S a9 r; 5 ): I! a! t er st& #

+ ! &+te ! a i2 -ris9 sa'/0e; * t e # &t a "ee! e>/ se t s 'e * r' *

.i 0e!+e i! t eir 0i*eti'e ,it .er a0* * res/ ! e!ts i! i+ati!2 '&0ti/0e e>/ s&res a!

t eir a!!&a0 e>/ s&re rates ,ere e1&a00# + '/ara"0e ,it :B re/ rti!2 e>/ s&re

,it i! t e 0ast #ear a! re/ rti!2 '&0ti/0e e>/ s&res (S ei ,; G r'a!-S'it ;

T 0a!; He!r#; 3445):W e! 0 9i!2 at 0i*eti'e /re.a0e!+e rates * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e

se.era0 resear+ ers a.e &ti0i?e sa'/0es * &! er2ra &ate &!i.ersit# st& e!ts a! t#/i+a0

0 ,-ris9 sa'/0es *i! rates ra!2i!2 "et,ee! 3- (R se!t a0; 3444= S+ar/a; H&r0e#;

S &'ate; Ha e!; 344 = S+ar/a; $i9ret 20&; % ,ser; H&r0e#; Pa//ert; R 'er ; Va!

V ees; 3443): Yet; t ere is reas ! t "e0ie.e t at # &t 2r ,i!2 &/ i! i2 -ris9

29



30

!ei2 " r s 'a# a.e e.e! i2 er 0i*eti'e /re.a0e!+e rates * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e: A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t 2r ,i!2 &/ i! i2 +ri'e areas; a! # &t i!. 0.e i!

.i 0e!+e as **e! ers are ' re 0i9e0# t e>/erie!+e e>/ s&re at i2 er rates t a! t eir

/eers (%&9a; Sti+ i+9; %ir t ist0e; Ear0s; 3445= Se0!er-O Ha2a! et a0:; 5 = V isi!;

344 ):

Y &t a! Ris9 $a+t rs * r E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+eAs ! te ear0ier; t ere are s/e+i*i+ + ara+teristi+s t at are 9! ,! t i!+rease t e

ris9 * r e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: Resear+ + !siste!t0# +&'e!ts t at A*ri+a!-

A'eri+a! # &t are ' re 0i9e0# t "e i!. 0.e i! .i 0e!t e.e!ts; " t as .i+ti's a!

**e! ers; a! t at t e 0ea i!2 +a&se * eat a' !2 t ese # &t ; a2es 54-3@ #ears- 0 is

'i+i e (%JS; 344 = CDC; 3454): A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t are a0s si2!i*i+a!t0# ' re

0i9e0# t "e e>/ se t .i 0e!+e , e! + '/are t t eir /eers:Ra+e; 2e! er; a2e; a! s +i -e+ ! 'i+ stat&s are a00 + !siste!t /re i+t rs * r rates

* e>/ s&re a' !2 # &t : Ma0es e>/erie!+e 2reater e>/ s&re t a! *e'a0es; 0 er # &t

e>/erie!+e ' re ris9 t a! .er# # &!2 + i0 re!; A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t e>/erie!+e

i2 er 0e.e0s t a! " t W ite a! His/a!i+ # &t ; a! # &t 0i.i!2 i! 0 ,er s +i -

e+ ! 'i+ &se 0 s a! !ei2 " r s are at 2reater ris9 * r " t ire+t a! i! ire+t

.i+ti'i?ati ! * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e , e! + '/are t t eir /eers (%&9a et a0:; 3445=

Se0!er-O Ha2a! et a0:; 5 = Stei! et a0:; 344B= Ue ara et a0:; 5 ):W e! 0 9i!2 * r t er /re i+t rs * e>/ s&re rates * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e

!ei2 " r *a+t rs a.e "e+ 'e a + '' ! t e'e i! t e resear+ : Nei2 " r

isa .a!ta2e a! i2 er + !+e!trati !s * i''i2ra!ts a.e "ee! tie t i2 er rates *

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t (Gi"s !; M rris; %ea.er; 344 ): Y &t

, e>/ress 2reater !ei2 " r a**i0iati ! a.e e>/erie!+e 2reater rates * e>/ s&re

e.e! a*ter resear+ ers + !tr 00e * r a2e; 2e! er; 0e!2t * resi e!+e; a! e' ti !a0 a!

30



31

"e a.i ra0 i**i+&0ties (Pere?-S'it ; A0"&s; Weist; 3445): T ere is a0s e.i e!+e t

s&// rt t e i ea t at # &t , 0i.e i! t ese !ei2 " r s a! a /t Ft e C e * t e

Street as a 'ea!s t /r te+t a2ai!st .i+ti'i?ati ! a+t&a00# i!+rease t eir ,! ris9 * r

.i+ti'i?ati ! a! e>/ s&re t seri &s .i 0e!+e (Ste,art; S+ re+9; Si' !s; 344 =

Ste,art Si' !s; 344 ):T e 0iterat&re is +0ear t at .i 0e!+e a! e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e s are a '&t&a00#

re+i/r +a0 re0ati !s i/: T is + !+e/t is e.i e!+e "# t e ata t at .er, e0'i!20#

is/0a#s t e *a+t t at &se * .i 0e!+e /re i+ts ris9 * e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e a! i!+rease

ris9s * r &se * .i 0e!+e; , i0e e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e i!+reases t e ris9 * r i!+rease

e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e a! i!+rease ris9 * r &se * .i 0e!+e (Mar2 0i! et a0:; 344 =

S ei , et a0:; 3445= S/a! ; Ri.era; % 00a! ; 344 = Ta#0 r et a0:; 344 ): T ese

*i! i!2s are + !siste!t ,it t e i ea t at t ere are .er0a/s i! iss&es * .i 0e!+e a' !2

# &t a! t at t e e+isi !s t e!2a2e i! .i 0e!+e "# # &t are '&0ti i'e!si !a0

/r +esses a! *te! /re i+ate ! /ast e>/erie!+es * e>/ s&re ,it + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:I! i.i &a0 a! *a'i0ia0 + ara+teristi+s a.e a0s "ee! e>a'i!e as / te!tia0

/re i+t rs * r ris9 * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! t ere is e.i e!+e t s&// rt t e

i ea t at t ese *a+t rs i!*0&e!+e ris9 0e.e0s * r e>/ s&re rates: I! a st& # ! ris9 * r

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; La'"ert; Ia0 !2 ; % # ; C 0e# (344 ); * &! t at

" #s ,it 0 , /are!ta0 ' !it ri!2 a! i2 rates * a22ressi ! "&t 0 , rates * a!>iet#

e>/erie!+e 2reater ris9 * r e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e a! " #s ,it i2 e/ressi.e s#'/t 's

+ '"i!e ,it i!+rease a22ressi ! ,ere a0s at 2reater ris9 * r ,it!essi!2 + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e:W i0e i! i.i &a0 *a+t rs see' t 0 2reater statisti+a0 / ,er t a! *a'i0ia0

*a+t rs i! 2e!era0; /are!ti!2 /ra+ti+es +a! 'e iate ris9 i! a .ariet# * * r'ats: Resear+

s ,s t at !e2ati.e /are!ti!2 as a! i! ire+t e**e+t ! rates * e>/ s&re a' !2 # &t

31



32

t r &2 t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! e0i!1&e!t *rie! s a! i! i.i &a0 + i0 "e a.i r

(Sa0?i!2er; N2-Ma9; $e0 'a!; Ka'; R sari ; 344 ): Ne2ati.e /are!ti!2 /ra+ti+es s&+

as a"&se; !e20e+t a! .i 0e!+e i! t e 'e +a! ire+t0# i'/a+t ris9 t r &2 a .ariet# *

&t0ets: O!e *i! i!2 is t at # &t ,it t ese e>/erie!+es at 'e are ' re 0i9e0# t s/e!

ti'e a! e.e! e! &/ 0i.i!2 i! t e streets , e! + '/are t t eir + &!ter/arts a! t is

0i*est#0e 2&ara!tees t at /arti+i/ati!2 # &t are ' re 0i9e0# t "e i!+reasi!20# .i+ti'i?e

a! e>/ se t i2 er rates * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (%ar !; 344B):

E**e+ts a! C !se1&e!+es * E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+eU!ti0 re+e!t0#; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as a0' st e>+0&si.e0# * +&se !

ire+t .i+ti's * .i 0e!+e a! i ! t i!+0& e t e e**e+ts e>/erie!+e "# se+ ! ar#

.i+ti's: I! *a+t; t e e**e+ts * r se+ ! ar# .i+ti's * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as a t /i+ i! t e

+ri'i! 0 2i+a0 0iterat&re as "ee! &! erstate ; &! erst& ie ; a! its i'/ rta!+e ,it i!

+ ''&!ities 0ar2e0# i2! re : Vi 0e!+e i! ee a**e+ts 'a!# /e /0e i! 'a!# i**ere!t

,a#s; a! t ere are a st * 1&esti !s 0e*t &!a!s,ere a" &t its e**e+ts ! + ''&!it#

resi e!ts ($eeri+9 Pri!?; 344B):Yet; t ere are 'a!# reas !s t "e0ie.e t at + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a**e+ts /e /0e:

Hi2 + !+e!trati !s * .i 0e!+e +a! 0ea.e t se , 0i.e a! , r9 i! t se + ''&!ities

*ee0i!2 .&0!era"0e a! e>/erie!+i!2 a '#ria * + !se1&e!+es re0ate t t eir 0i.i!2

+ ! iti !s i!+0& i!2 t e e' ti !a0; / #si+a0; /s#+ 0 2i+a0; a! *i!a!+ia0 e**e+ts t e#

'a# a.e t *a+e:Resear+ s ,s /s#+ 0 2i+a0 tra&'a ass +iate ,it se+ ! ar# .i+ti'i?ati ! *

a &0ts .i+ari &s0# a**e+te "# e.astati!2 e.e!ts a! t e ass +iate s#'/t 's * tra&'a

sti00 "ei!2 /rese!te ' !t s a*ter t e e.e!t ++&rre (C &!2 et a0:; 344B): I! a si'i0ar

st& # e>a'i!i!2 t e .i+ari &s .i+ti'i?ati ! * *err# , r9ers a*ter a isaster ++&rre at

sea it is ! te t at a si2!i*i+a!t / rti ! * , r9ers , ' a ! ire+t + !!e+ti ! ,it

32



33

t e *err# isaster /rese!te t t e 'e!ta0 ea0t +0i!i+ ,it s#'/t 's * / st-tra&'ati+

stress is r er (Di> !; 5 5):Di> ! (5 5); / i!te &t t at .i+ari &s .i+ti'i?ati ! ,as '&+ ' re 0i9e0# t

++&r , e! t e se+ ! ar# .i+ti's *e0t t at a it ! t "ee! * r + a!+e r 0&+9 t e#

t e'se0.es + &0 a.e easi0# "ee! a /ri'ar# .i+ti': T is 'a# a0s "e a! i'/ rta!t

+ !si erati ! , e! t i!9i!2 a" &t t e tra&'a t at + ''&!it# resi e!ts e>/erie!+e , e!

0i.i!2 ,it i2 rates * !ei2 " r .i 0e!+e: T ere is + !si era"0e reas ! t "e0ie.e

t at i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e a**e+ts resi e!ts * a00 a2es; /e /0e , r9i!2 i! t e

+ ''&!ities; a! e.e! t e /ra+titi !ers t at ser.e t e resi e!ts * t ese !ei2 " r s

(Os *s9#; %ar*ie 0; Si'/s !; M+A0ister-Gr .es; 5 3): Yet; t e e**e+ts * r a 0es+e!ts

2r ,i!2 &/ i! t ese areas are + '/ &! e "# t e !at&re * t eir a2e a! t e "i 0 2i+a0

e.e0 /'e!t /r +esses t at are ++&rri!2 i! t eir 0i*e:O.er t e 0ast *e, e+a es t e resear+ ! t e e**e+ts * r # &t as se+ ! ar#

.i+ti's i! re0ati ! t t eir e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as 2r ,! e>/ !e!tia00#:

St& ies * +&se ! s&r.e#i!2 t e 0iterat&re *i! !&'er &s + !se1&e!+es * e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t t at a.e "ee! +&'e!te i!+0& i!2 " t

i!ter!a0i?i!2 a! e>ter!a0i?i!2 /r "0e's: S 'e * t ese e**e+ts i!+0& e tra&'a re0ate

s#'/t 's s&+ as e/ressi ! a! a!>iet#; as ,e00 as i2 er rates * / st-tra&'ati+ stress

is r er; s&"sta!+e a"&se; e.ia!t "e a.i r a! re &+e e &+ati !a0 &t+ 'es i!+0& i!2

/ r a+a e'i+ a+ ie.e'e!t a! 0 ,er 2ra &ati ! rates (Aise!"er2 Herre!9 0; 344 =

L#!+ ; 344B= V isi!; 344 ):

%sychological and (motional (ffects of (xposure to Community )iolence.

Resear+ s ,s t e + !se1&e!+es * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t

/rese!ts a '&0tit& e * /s#+ 0 2i+a0 s#'/t 's i!+0& i!2 / sttra&'ati+ stress a! t er

33



34

a!>iet# is r ers (Stei! et a0:; 344B): It s &0 ! t "e s&r/risi!2 t at 'a!# # &t

e>/erie!+e e' ti !a0 stress as se+ ! ar# .i+ti's * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: Wit!essi!2 r

e>/erie!+i!2 e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +a! 2 a2ai!st a ee/ i!!er i!sti!+t *

&! ersta! i!2 r&0es * r s&r.i.a0 a! a.e t e / te!tia0 t i!*0&e!+e a /ers ! s ,!

*ee0i!2s * sa*et# a! se+&rit#:S+ar/a (344B) ! te t at Fe>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as e'er2e as a!

i! e/e! e!t ris9 *a+t r * r /r "0e's s&+ as e/ressi !; a!>iet#; a! a22ressi ! i!

# &t (/: 35 ): R se!t a0 (3444); e>a'i!e t e e**e+ts * ,it!essi!2 .ari &s 0e.e0s *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 t e *res 'e! +0ass at a! &r"a! + 00e2e a! *i! ' erate

+ rre0ati !s "et,ee! e>/ s&re a! s#'/t 's * /s#+ 0 2i+a0 tra&'a i!+0& i!2 a!2er;

a!>iet#; e/ressi !; a! iss +iati !: I! t eir st& #; !ear0# a00 res/ ! e!ts a "ee!

e>/ se t .i 0e!+e at 0east !+e t r &2 /ers !a00# ,it!essi!2 s 'e !e e0se s

.i+ti'i?ati ! ( ); a! t e st& # +0ear0# s ,e a / siti.e + rre0ati ! "et,ee!

i!+reases i! .i 0e!+e e>/ s&re a! i!+reases i! 0e.e0s * /rese!ti!2 s#'/t 's:Si'i0ar0#; L& ,i2 a! Warre! (344 ) * &! i!+reasi!2 0e.e0s * re/ rte

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e e.e!ts / siti.e0# ass +iate ,it i!+reases i! 0e.e0s *

i!ter!a0i?i!2 a! e>ter!a0i?i!2 /s#+ 0 2i+a0 s#'/t 's a' !2 a sa'/0e * 'a0e a!

*e'a0e i2 s+ 0 st& e!ts a2es 5@-5 : I! a re+e!t st& # a' !2 'a0treate # &t i! t e

* ster +are s#ste'; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e s ,s 2reater /re i+ti.e / ,er * r

t e e.e0 /'e!t * /s#+ 0 2i+a0 tra&'a s#'/t 's + '/are t e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e i!

t e *a'i0# a! i!+0& e t e *i! i!2 t at 0ar2er 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re ,ere ass +iate ,it

i!+rease &se * !e2ati.e + /i!2 strate2ies (Garri ; C&0 a!e; Ra.i.; Ta&ssi2; 3454):Ma0i9 (344 ) * &! e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e is a 2reater /re i+t r *

i!ter!a0i?i!2 tra&'ati+ s#'/t 's t a! e>/ s&re t 'esti+ .i 0e!+e ,it i! t e 'e:

T at resear+ s&22ests t at *ee0i!2s * sa*et# a! se!se * se+&rit# a' !2 a 0es+e!t

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35

# &t 'a# "e i!*0&e!+e ' re "# t e e!.ir !'e!t ,it i! + ''&!ities t a! t e

e!.ir !'e!t ,it i! 'es: Resear+ s ,s t at *ee0i!2s * sa*et# a! se+&rit# +a! "e

2reat0# 'i!i'i?e r e.e! + '/0ete0# i'i!is e a' !2 # &t 0i.i!2 i! !ei2 " r s

+ ara+teri?e "# i2 rates * .i 0e!+e: &a0itati.e i!ter.ie,s i! i+ate + !siste!t t e'es

a' !2 # &t re0ate t t eir se!se * i!se+&rit# a! + !+er! .er t e sa*et# * t eir ,!

+ ''&!ities (H ,ar ; Ka06ee; Ja+9s !; 5 = Tr '"0e#; 344 ):E>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! / st-tra&'ati+ stress is r er a.e a

statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t + !!e+ti ! (De!!is; et a0:; 344 = L&t ra et a0:; 344 = Pa>t ! et a0:;

344@= S+ar/a et a0:; 3443= S+ar/a et a0:; 344 = S+ tt; 344 ): S+ar/a et a0: (3443) e>a'i!e

a sa'/0e * 0 ,-ris9 &!i.ersit# st& e!ts a! * &! i2 /re.a0e!+e rates * r e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; " t t r &2 ,it!essi!2 e.e!ts ( B ); a! t r &2 ire+t

.i+ti'i?ati ! ( ): Uti0i?i!2 a !e-,a# a!a0#sis * .aria!+e (ANOVA) t e>a'i!e

i**ere!+es "et,ee! 0 ,; ' erate; a! i2 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re; t ese a&t rs * &! t at

i2 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re; " t t r &2 ,it!essi!2 a! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !; ,ere

si2!i*i+a!t0# re0ate t i!ter/ers !a0 /r "0e's ass +iate ,it /ers !a0it# is r er;

e/ressi !; a22ressi !; a! PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2#:S+ar/a et a0: (344 ) e>a'i!e a 0 ,-ris9 sa'/0e + !sisti!2 /ri'ari0# * W ite

*e'a0e + 00e2e st& e!ts a! * &! t at e>/ s&re t r &2 eari!2 a" &t .i 0e!+e +0 se t

'e ,as a + '' ! ++&rre!+e: T e# * &! t at eari!2 a" &t s 'e !e "ei!2 + ase

+0 se t 'e ,as si2!i*i+a!t0# re0ate t i!+rease PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2# , i0e rates *

e/ressi ! i!+rease * r t se eari!2 a" &t s 'e !e "ri!2i!2 a 9!i*e r 2&! t s+ 0

e.e!ts: A0t &2 t is st& # ,as + '/0ete ,it a re0ati.e0# 0 ,-ris9 sa'/0e; t e

i'/0i+ati !s * r # &!2 a &0ts 2r ,i!2 &/ i! i2 -ris9 !ei2 " r s are e.i e!t:I! a re+e!t st& # * +&se ! a i2 -ris9 sa'/0e * A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! a 0es+e!t

'a0es it ,as * &! t at e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e ,as si2!i*i+a!t0# re0ate t " t

35



36

e/ressi ! a! PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2# (Pa>t !; R "i!s !; S a ; S+ e!#; 344@): I!

t at st& #; re2ressi ! a!a0#sis /er* r'e * &! t at e>/ s&re t r &2 ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !

,as ' st /re i+ti.e * " t PTSD a! e/ressi ! s#'/t 's: T is s&// rts a 2e!era0

*i! i!2 i! t e 0iterat&re t at i!+rease rates r 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re; ' .i!2 *r ' 0 , t

' erate a! i2 0e.e0 e>/ s&re rates are + !siste!t0# re0ate t i!+reases i! e.i e!+e *

/s#+ 0 2i+a0 istress:S+ tt (344 ) e>a'i!e t e i'/a+t * '&0ti/0e tra&'as; i!+0& i!2 e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; a' !2 a sa'/0e ra,! *r ' re*erra0s *r ' " t +0i!i+a0 a! ! !-

+0i!i+a0 setti!2s a! *i! t at i!+reases i! a' &!t * tra&'a e>/erie!+e a! PTSD

s#'/t 'at 0 2# 2reat0# /re i+te +0i!i+a0 re*erre res/ ! e!ts: A0s ; i!+reasi!20#

e>/erie!+i!2 e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e /r ! &!+es 2reater ris9 * r t e e.e0 /'e!t * 'e!ta0

ea0t ia2! sis:De!!is et a0: (344 ) /rese!te si'i0ar *i! i!2s i! t eir e.a0&ati ! * t e

a++&'&0ati ! * tra&'a e>/erie!+es a' !2 a sa'/0e * , 'e! s&**eri!2 *r ' PTSD a!

e/ressi !: T e# * &! t at i!+reasi!2 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re ,ere si2!i*i+a!t0# + rre0ate

,it ' re se.ere 0e.e0s * PTSD; a0t &2 # &t .i 0e!+e ,as ' re statisti+a00#

+ rre0ate ,it 0e.e0s * a22ressi !: T is is a! t er i'/ rta!t + !si erati ! t at as

"e+ 'e a//are!t i! t e 0iterat&re < t e +ir+&0ar !at&re * .i 0e!+e itse0*:L&t ra et a0: (344 ) **er i!teresti!2 i!si2 t *r ' t eir st& # * &r"a! + i0 re! a!

a 0es+e!ts: T e# * &! t at i!+reases i! PTSD ,ere si2!i*i+a!t * r eari!2 a" &t

tra&'ati+ !e,s + '/are ,it ,it!essi!2 r a+t&a00# "ei!2 a .i+ti' !ese0*: I! t eir

st& #; t e .aria"0e * eari!2 tra&'ati+ !e,s ' st *te! i!. 0.e t e eat * a 0 .e

!e: T is e!+r a+ es ! a + !+er! t at 'a!# # &t , 0i.e i! i2 ris9 + ''&!ities

a.e e>te! e *a'i0ies a! t at , e! a!# 'e'"er * t e *a'i0# r e>te! e *a'i0# is

i!. 0.e i! + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e t ere are '&0ti/0e i! i.i &a0s t at 'a# "e

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37

/s#+ 0 2i+a00# a**e+te : Yet; /s#+ 0 2i+a0 istress is ! t t e !0# 9! ,! + !se1&e!+e

* e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:

%hysical and 'inancial (ffects of (xposure to Community )iolence. T e *i!a!+ia0

e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a.e ! t "ee! e>a'i!e t r &2 0#: Yet; it is

eas# t i'a2i!e , t ese + sts 'a# "e i!+&rre "# t se .i+ti'i?e "# i2 rates *

e>/ s&re: E+ ! 'i+ 0 ss ++&rs i! a//r >i'ate0# 5 &t * @ .i 0e!t .i+ti'i?ati !s

a!!&a00# (NVAA; C a/ter ; 3443): Vi 0e!t +ri'e +a! a0s a**e+t &!t 0 !&'"ers

*i!a!+ia00# t r &2 t e /s#+ 0 2i+a0 e**e+ts * e>/ s&re:Li9e /ri'ar# .i+ti's t is 0 ss 'a# ++&r i! t e * r' * 'e i+a0 e>/e!ses r 0 ss

* i!+ 'e , i+ +a! "e attri"&te t t e .i+ti'i?ati !: $i!a!+ia0 + !si erati !s as

+ !se1&e!+es * e>/ s&re +a! a0s "e a *a+t r * r "&si!esses a! *a'i0ies , 'a# *ee0

is/0a+e , e! .i 0e!t +ri'e its t +0 se t 'e a! t e# *ee0 + '/e00e t ' .e t

sa*er 0 +ati !s: Yet; t ere are *e, *i!a!+ia0 res &r+es 2eare t ,ar s e0/i!2 resi e!ts *

i2 .i 0e!+e !ei2 " r s r + ''&!ities ea0 ,it t e + !se1&e!+es t e# *a+e:A! t er i'/ rta!t * +&s ! t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re i!+0& es a+a e'i+

a+ ie.e'e!t a! /er* r'a!+e: T ere is e.i e!+e t s&22est t at e>/ s&re t i2 rates *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e , i0e i! i2 s+ 0 +a! a**e+t a+a e'i+ a+ ie.e'e!t a!

/er* r'a!+e #ears 0ater , e! t e st& e!t is i! + 00e2e: R se!t a0 a! Wi0s ! (344B)

* &! t at /s#+ 0 2i+a0 istress ,as si2!i*i+a!t0# + rre0ate ,it 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re a!

t at /s#+ 0 2i+a0 istress ,as si2!i*i+a!t0# re0ate t a+a e'i+ /ersiste!+e ('eas&re "#

e!r 00'e!t * r B + !ti!& &s se'esters): Si'i0ar0#; Patt ! a! J !s ! (344 -3454)

s&22est t at i2 rates * e>/ s&re a' !2 'i! rit# # &t ire+t0# a**e+ts a++ess t s +ia0

s&// rt a! i!stit&ti !a0 re+ &rses , i0e i! i2 s+ 0 , i+ i! t&r! +a! a**e+t + 00e2e

/0a+e'e!t a! attai!'e!t 0e.e0s:

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38

T ese *i! i!2s s&22est t e / ssi"i0it# * i''eas&ra"0e !e2ati.e e+ ! 'i+ a!

+areer i'/0i+ati !s * r t se # &t resi i!2 i! !ei2 " r s + ara+teri?e "# i2 rates

* .i 0e!+e * r #ears t + 'e; e.e! * r t se # &t , ' .e a,a# t 2 t + 00e2e:

W i0e 'a!# * t e + !se1&e!+es * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e i!itia00# i! i+ate e' ti !a0 a!

/s#+ 0 2i+a0 /r "0e's it is a//are!t t at t ese iss&es i! t&r! i!*0&e!+e a00 areas * a!

i! i.i &a0 s e>iste!+e a! +a! 2reat0# a**e+t 1&a0it# * 0i*e:T e 0iterat&re e>a'i!i!2 t e / #si+a0 + !se1&e!+es * r se+ ! ar# .i+ti's *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as /re 'i!ate0# * +&se ! t e e**e+ts t 'e!ta0 ea0t ; #et it is

&! erst t at e' ti !a0 ,e00-"ei!2 e.e!t&a00# i'/a+ts / #si+a0 ea0t : P #si+a0

s#'/t 's +a! res&0t *r ' t e e' ti !a0 a! /s#+ 0 2i+a0 /r "0e's ass +iate ,it

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! t is **ers 'a!# i'/0i+ati !s * r t e ea0t * t ese

a 0es+e!ts as ,e00 as t se res/ !si"0e * r +ari!2 * r t e' (Os *s9# et a0:; 5 3): T ere

is a0s e.i e!+e t s&22est t at "i 0 2i+a0 a! / #si+a0 /r +esses i! a 0es+e!+e 'a# "e

i!*0&e!+e "# e>/ s&re a! t at i!+reases i! t e 0e.e0 * e**e+ts 'a# "e /re i+ate !

"i 0 2i+a0 + ara+teristi+s (K0ie,er; 344 = S+ar/a O00e! i+9; 344B= S+ ia. !e; 344 ):$ r e>a'/0e; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as "ee! + '' !0# 0i!9e t

i!+reases i! s&"sta!+e &se a! t er ris9# "e a.i rs: T e Nati !a0 Vi+ti' Assista!+e

A+a e'# (3443) re/ rte t at # &t , ,it!esse .i 0e!+e ,ere t ree ti'es ' re

0i9e0# t e.e0 / + e'i+a0 e/e! e!+ies a! s&"sta!+e &se is r ers: Ver'eire! et a0:

(344B) &ti0i?e a +r ss-se+ti !a0 st& # ,it a! i!ter!ati !a0 sa'/0e * 5@-5 #ear- 0 s

a! * &! t at i! a00 B + &!tries rates * s&"sta!+e &se * a00 .arieties e>a'i!e

(+i2arettes; a0+ 0; 'ari6&a!a; a! ar r&2s) ,ere / siti.e0# ass +iate ,it e>/ s&re

t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:A0"&s; Weist; a! Pere?-S'it (344@) e>a'i!e a sa'/0e * /re 'i!a!t0#

A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! i2 -s+ 0 st& e!ts a! * &! e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e

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39

si2!i*i+a!t0# + rre0ate ,it s&"sta!+e &se a! ris9# se>&a0 "e a.i r: Resear+ a0s

re.ea0e t at a0+ 0 a! s&"sta!+e a"&se +a! "e i'/ rta!t /re i+t rs * r .i+ti'i?ati !;

, i+ +a! !0# e>a+er"ate t e /r "0e's a' !2 # &t e>/ se t i2 0e.e0s *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (Te,9s"&r# Pe r ; 344B):Re+e!t0#; a 0ar2e +r ss-se+ti !a0 s&r.e# * 'i 0e-s+ 0 st& e!ts i! Te>as

re.ea0e t at # &t e>/ se t i2 0e.e0s * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e ,ere si2!i*i+a!t0#

' re 0i9e0# t &se 'ari6&a!a a! t "e i!. 0.e i! "i!2e ri!9i!2 (%arr s et a0:; 344 ):

T at st& # a0s i! i+ate t at t ese # &t ,ere si2!i*i+a!t0# ' re 0i9e0# t "e i!. 0.e i!

a 2a!2; +arr# a a! 2&!; a! t "e i!6&re &ri!2 a *i2 t: T e 2reatest / #si+a0 t reat

*r ' e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e , &0 a.e t "e t e i!+reases i! a22ressi ! a!

*&t&re &se * .i 0e!+e; , i+ i!-t&r! i!+reases ris9 * r *&rt er .i+ti'i?ati !s (" t

i! ire+t a! ire+t): T is is i! i+ati.e * t e +ir+&0ar !at&re * .i 0e!+e:

T e Cir+&0ar Nat&re * Vi 0e!+eAt t e eart * .i 0e!+e 0ies .i 0e!+e: It is a0' st a0,a#s a "#-/r &+t * itse0*: It

'&tates a! re/0i+ates; '&0ti/0#i!2 r2a!is's "re *r ' !e i! i.i &a0 a+t: A re.ie, *

t e 0iterat&re *i! s t is tr&t &! e!ia"0e: Vi 0e!+e is *te! +ir+&0ar i! !at&re; 'aster*&00#

/r &+i!2 ' re .i 0e!+e: Resear+ s ,s t at # &t , are e>/ se t i2 0e.e0s *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e are at i!+rease ris9 * r is/0a#i!2 a22ressi.e "e a.i rs; "e+ 'i!2

i!. 0.e i! 2a!2s a! +arr#i!2 ,ea/ !s; as ,e00 as &si!2 .i 0e!+e t e'se0.es a! "ei!2

.i+ti'i?e "# + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e &ri!2 *&t&re e.e!ts: A 0 !2it& i!a0 e>a'i!ati ! *

t e e.e0 /'e!ta0 /at ,a#s a' !2 a sa'/0e * i2 -ris9 a 0es+e!t # &t * &! t at

# &t , a "ee! e>/ se t i2 0e.e0s * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e ,ere B5: ti'es ' re

0i9e0# t e!2a2e i! + r !i+ .i 0e!t "e a.i r i! t e *&t&re (S/a! ; Ri.era; % 00a! ;

3454): T at resear+ ! te e>te!si.e st& ies +&'e!ti!2 t e + rre0ati !s "et,ee!

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40

.i+ti'i?ati ! a! **e! i!2; "&t t eir st& # a e t t e 0iterat&re "# i!+0& i!2 .i+ari &s

.i+ti'i?ati ! a! * &! t at it ,as a si2!i*i+a!t /re i+t r * .i 0e!t **e! i!2:Eit0e a! T&r!er (3443) * &! t at e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e ,as

si2!i*i+a!t0# re0ate t se.era0 i**ere!t 0e.e0s * +ri'i!a0 **e! i!2 a! t at re+ei.i!2

tra&'ati+ !e,s a! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !s e>a+er"ate t e &t+ 'e: Se.era0 st& ies s ,

s&// rt * r t e + !+0&si ! t at e>/ s&re t i2 0e.e0s * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e +a!

i!+rease t e &se r is/0a# * a22ressi ! a' !2 # &t (%arr s et a0:; 344 = G r'a!-

S'it T 0a!; 5 = M+Ma ! et a0:; 344 = Mi00er et a0:; 5 = Pat+ i! et a0:; 344 =

Sa0?i!2er; R sari ; $e0 'a!; N2-Ma9 344 ):

G r'a!-S'it a! T 0a! (5 ) s/e+i*i+a00# &ti0i?e a sa'/0e * i2 -ris9 " #sa! eter'i!e t at i!+rease e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e e**e+ti.e0# /re i+te

i!+reases i! e/ressi ! a! a22ressi.e "e a.i rs .er a !e-#ear /eri : I! a st& #

e>a'i!i!2 s/e+i*i+ + 2!iti.e 'e iat rs i! t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! a22ressi ! it ,as ! te t at i!+reases i! e>/ s&re 0e t ' re

reta0iat r# "e0ie*s a' !2 # &t , i+ a+t&a00# s&// rte t e &se * a22ressi ! a!

e+rease # &t s a"i0it# t res/ ! ,it a0ter!ati.es t .i 0e!+e (M+Ma !; $e0i>;

Ha0/ert; Petr / &0 s; 344 ):C&'&0ati.e e>/erie!+es * .i 0e!+e +a! "e+ 'e ! r'ati.e * r i! i.i &a0s ,it

i2 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re a! .i+ti'i?ati ! a! t is i!+reases t e ris9 * r .i 0e!t **e! i!2

/atter!s i! t e *&t&re (Ha,9i!s et a0:; 3444= Ta#0 r et a0:; 344 ): Ue ara et a0: (5 )

e>a'i!e t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! ,it!essi!2 .i 0e!+e; ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !; a!

/arti+i/ati ! i! .i 0e!t e.e!ts a! * &! a' !2 t eir sa'/0e * i2 -ris9 # &t a i2

/re.a0e!+e rate * r a00 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e a! a0s ! te + !si era"0e .er0a/ a' !2 t e

2r &/s; s&22esti!2 t at t ese e!+ &!ters ,it .i 0e!+e ,ere ! t ra! '; "&t t at t e#

++&rre ,it F+&'&0ati.e i!te!sit# (/: ):

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41

E>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e as a0s "ee! 0i!9e t ,ea/ ! +arr#i!2; a! ,ea/ !

+arr#i!2 as "ee! tie t ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e a! a22ressi !: A++ r i!2 t a

re/ rt iss&e "# t e Nati !a0 I!stit&te * J&sti+e J &r!a0 i! 3444; A'eri+a! # &t are ! t

s/e+i*i+a00# ' re .i 0e!t t a! t er # &t ; "&t t r &2 t e a.ai0a"i0it# a! a++ess *

*irear's i! t e U!ite States; # &t .i 0e!+e i! t is + &!tr# is ' re 0et a0 (Stei!"er2;

3444): T e Nati !a0 I!stit&te * J&sti+e as ! te t at a' !2 # &t 0i.i!2 i!

isa .a!ta2e !ei2 " r s t se t at ! t *ee0 sa*e are ' re 0i9e0# t +arr# *irear's

t e'se0.es; i!+reasi!2 t eir ,! ris9 * r e>/ s&re t *irear' .i 0e!+e; , i+ i! t&r!

2reat0# i!+reases t eir ris9 * r + ''itti!2 *irear' .i 0e!+e (Li"er'a!; 344 ):Pat+ i!; H&e"!er; M+C0&s9#; Vara! ; %#!&'; (344 ) &ti0i?e a sa'/0e * i2 -

ris9 # &t a! * &! t at e.e! a*ter + !tr 00i!2 * r !ei2 " r str&+t&ra0 .aria"0es;

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e e**e+ti.e0# /re i+te ,ea/ ! +arr#i!2 a! assa&0ti.e

"e a.i rs: Resear+ ! a sa'/0e * # &!2 **e! ers s ,e t at a' !2 t is 2r &/; , i0e

e>/ s&re t tra&'a a! .i+ti'i?ati ! /re i+te ,ea/ ! +arr#i!2; / 0#s&"sta!+e &se a!

2a!2 *i2 ti!2 s ,e 2reater i!*0&e!+e (Va&2 ! et a0:; 344 ):T ese *i! i!2s a.e re.ea0e a + '/0e> re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! a! i! i.i &a0 s

t ta0it# * e>/erie!+es a! t eir ,i00i!2!ess t " t +arr# a ,ea/ ! a! &se t at ,ea/ !

i! .i 0e!t e.e!ts: Wi09i!s ! a! Carr (344 ) &ti0i?e a 0ar2e sa'/0e * .i 0e!t # &t t

e>a'i!e t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! t e .i 0e!t e.e!t a! e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e i! t e

+ ''&!it#: T eir *i! i!2s re.ea0e t at t ere ,as a + '/0e> re0ati !s i/ "et,ee!

sit&ati !a0 *a+t rs; i! i.i &a0 + ara+teristi+s a! /ri r .i 0e!t e>/erie!+es r e>/ s&res:

S/e+i*i+a00#; " t .er"a0 a! ! !.er"a0 +&es ,ere i!ter/rete a! a+te &/ ! "ase !

i! i.i &a0 a! /ast + ara+teristi+s:T e reti+a0 e>/0a!ati !s * t e re0ati !s i/ "et,ee! e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e a! i!. 0.e'e!t i! .i 0e!t **e! i!2 a.e /arti+&0ar0# * +&se ! t, s+ 0s;

41



43

"ei!2 i!. 0.e i! .i 0e!+e a! .i+ti'i?ati !: Yet; t e# a0s * &! t at a*ter t, #ears;

"ei!2 raise i! a Fstreet *a'i0# ,as ! t + rre0ate ,it se0*-re/ rte .i 0e!t "e a.i r:

T ese *i! i!2s s&22est " t i!s&0ati!2 a! /r te+ti.e .aria"0es i! a /ti!2 t e + e *

t e street:Pere?-S'it ; A0"&s; Weist (3445) &ti0i?e a sa'/0e * a 0es+e!t # &t

resi i!2 i! i2 -ris9 !ei2 " r s a! * &! t at !ei2 " r a**i0iati ! a!

atta+ 'e!t ,as a si2!i*i+a!t /re i+t r * e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e: Sa0?i!2er et a0:; (344 );

e>a'i!e t e + 2!iti.e "e!e*its * r # &t , a /t t e + e * t e street a! * &! t at

# &t , &ti0i?e a22ressi.e "e a.i rs i! a! atte'/t t /r te+t t e'se0.es *r ' .i 0e!+e

are at 2reater ris9 * r e.e0 /i!2 se0*-re/ rte !e2ati.e se0*-estee' a! a**e+ti.e states:Ste,art; S+ re+9; a! Si' !s; (344 ) re/ rt t at # &t , a.e a /te t e

+ e * t e street are si2!i*i+a!t0# ' re 0i9e0# t "e .i+ti'i?e t r &2 + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e: T e res&0ts *r ' t ese st& ies s&22est t at at 0east i! s 'e res/e+ts; a /ti!2

t e + e * street , r9s t " t i!s&0ate # &t *r ' e!2a2i!2 i! .i 0e!+e; "&t at t e sa'e

ti'e +a! 0ea t i!+reases i! 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re t .i 0e!t e.e!ts: Ste,art a! Si' !s

(344 ) a si'i0ar *i! i!2s t /re.i &s st& ies; a! s&22este t at ra+ia0 is+ri'i!ati !

.aria"0es +a! ire+t0# i!*0&e!+e # &t .i 0e!+e t r &2 t e strai! .aria"0e * a!2er:

C&rre!t Res/ !ses t E>/ s&re t C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+eT e 'e i+a0 + ''&!it# i!+0& i!2 !&rse /ra+titi !ers a! 'e!ta0 ea0t

a . +ates; a.e + !ti!&a00# s&22este a !ee * r ' re res/ !si.e /ra+ti+es * r t se ,

a.e "ee! ire+t0# .i+ti'i?e "# + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (% ! er'a!; 3445= Ke00#; Merri00;

S &',a#; A0.i re?; % ++e00ari; 3454= Sie2er; R 6as-Vi0+ es; M+Ki!!e#; Re!9;

344@= Wa00 Le.#; 344 ): Yet; , e! e>a'i!i!2 resear+ i! areas * .i 0e!+e /re.e!ti !

a! treat'e!t e** rts * r # &t ,it i2 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; it

a//ears t at e'/iri+a00# "ase /r 2ra''i!2 a! / 0i+# a+ti !s are re0ati.e0# !e,: T ere

43



44

is a +0ear ist r# * *e era00# *&! e /r 2ra's * +&se ! /re.e!ti ! "# a re &+ti ! i!

ris9 t r &2 0a, e!* r+e'e!t e** rts * r re &+i!2 2&! a.ai0a"i0it# a! i00e2a0 &se "#

a 0es+e!ts a! # &!2 a &0ts: T ere is a0s a ,i e ra!2e * ser.i+es ai'e at /r .i i!2

/ #si+a0 a! 'e!ta0 ea0t treat'e!t * r ire+t .i+ti's * .i 0e!+e:Stei!"er2 (3444) ar2&e t at 2&! a.ai0a"i0it# is t e si!20e ' st si2!i*i+a!t *a+t r

i! t e rates * 'i+i e a' !2 # &t i! t e U!ite States , e! + '/are t 0 er a &0ts:

It as "ee! ! te "# resear+ t at *irear's i! t e 'e i!+rease *a'i0# 'e'"ers ris9 * r

" t 'i+i e a! s&i+i e (Ke00er'a!!; 5 ): G&! &se "# # &t "e+a'e * 2reat

+ !+er! &ri!2 t e 0ate 5 4s a! t e ear0# 5 4s: A*ter t e 5 4 s resear+ ; / 0i+#; a!

/ra+ti+e * +&se ! re &+i!2 2&! .i 0e!+e 2re, e>te!si.e0#:Si!+e t at ti'e *e era0 a! state a2e!+ies a.e + !siste!t0# + 00a" rate ,it

0 +a0 0a, e!* r+e'e!t e** rts * r re &+i!2 *irear' a.ai0a"i0it# a! i00e2a0 2&! &se "#

a 0es+e!ts a! # &!2 a &0ts (Ke00er'a!!; $&1&a-W it0e# Parra' re; 344 = Kra+9e;

3445= Li? tte S e//ar ; 3445= S e//ar ; Gra!t; R ,e; Ja+ "s; 3444): T ese

/r 2ra's a! /ra+ti+es a.e i!. 0.e a '&0tit& e * strate2ies * r re &+i!2 # &t s ris9

* e>/ s&re t r &2 a ire+t re &+ti ! * *irear' .i 0e!+e i! i2 ris9 !ei2 " r s:$ar,e00 a! C 0e (3445) ar2&e t at i! i.i &a0i?e treat'e!t a//r a+ es are ! t

s&**i+ie!t , e! ea0i!2 ,it e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e .aria"0es "e+a&se * 'ass i'/a+t !

+ ''&!it# 'e'"ers: Rat er ear0# i!ter.e!ti !s e** rts s &0 "e 'a! at r# * r + i0 re!

e>/ se t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e (%er9 ,it?; 344B): A0s ; '&0ti0e.e0 a//r a+ es are

!e+essar# * r re &+i!2 t e e**e+ts ! # &t , a.e "ee! e>/ se t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e e.e!ts ($ ,0er %ra+is?e,s9i; 344 ):Resear+ s&22ests t at ' st .i+ti's * / #si+a0 .i 0e!+e ! t re/ rt t e

i!+i e!t **i+ia00# a! 'a# !0# te00 *rie! s a! *a'i0# e/e! i!2 ! , ' t e# are ' st

+ '* rta"0e ta09i!2 ,it (T '/s ! La!20e#; 344@): I! iss&es * i! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !

44



45

t r &2 e>/ s&re t ere is 2 reas ! t "e0ie.e t at 'a!# # &t 'a# ! t "e ta09i!2 t

a!# !e t er t a! *rie! s a! +0 se *a'i0# 'e'"ers a" &t t eir e>/erie!+es; i* t e# are

ta09i!2 at a00: I!ter.e!ti ! e** rts are t e! 'a e e.e! ' re + '/0i+ate a' !2 t is

/ /&0ati !:

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND PEACEMAKING CRIMINOLOGYT e te!ets * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2# a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e +a! "e &se as t e

* &! ati ! * r /r 2ra''i!2 * +&se ! rest ri!2 t e ar' t at is +reate "# + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e: It /r .i es a i**ere!t *ra'e, r9 * r t i!9i!2 a" &t s 0&ti !s t t e /r "0e' *

.i 0e!+e t at +&rre!t0# e!.e0 /es 'a!# + ''&!ities: T e sit&ati ! t at 'a!# # &t *a+e

i! t eir + ''&!ities is e! e'i+ * , at 0i*e as "ee! 0i9e 2r ,i!2 &/ i! i!!er-+it#

+ ''&!ities * r t e 0ast se.era0 e+a es:Yet; ! s#ste'ati+ a! + !siste!t + a!2es a.e ta9e! /0a+e; ! r /r 2ra's r

/ 0i+ies i'/0e'e!te ; t at a.e "ee! a"0e t a00e.iate t ese +ir+&'sta!+es: A *ra'e, r9

&ti0i?i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2# + !+e/ts a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es /r .i es a

.ia"0e a0ter!ati.e t a .a!+e res/ !ses t e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: T is; i! t&r!

+a! 'a9e rea0 a! s&stai!a"0e tra!s* r'ati !s i! t e 0i.es * e.er# a# # &t :

Pea+e'a9i!2 Cri'i! 0 2#A /ea+e'a9i!2 /ers/e+ti.e i! +ri'i! 0 2# as e.e0 /e .er t e 0ast 34 #ears

0ar2e0# &e t t e i!*0&e!+es * Har 0 Pe/i!s9# a! Ri+ ar &i!!e# , e ite t e

" 9 Criminology *s %eacemaking (5 5): T e " 9 0ai t e * &! ati ! * r *&t&re , r9

! t is /ers/e+ti.e: I! a 1&a0itati.e st& # * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2ists W ?!ia+ (3444);

* &! t at t is " 9 ,as t e ' st +ite s &r+e * i!s/irati ! a' !2 t e +ri'i! 0 2ists e

st& ie : &i!!e# (5 5) e*i!e , at /ea+e'a9i!2 'ea!t * r t e *ie0 , e! e set * rt

!i!e "ser.ati !s , i+ 0ai t e * &! ati ! * r &! ersta! i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2#:

T e# are as * 00 ,s7

45



46

(5) T &2 t * t e Wester! rati !a0 ' e is + ! iti !a0; 0i'iti!2 9! ,0e 2e t , atis a0rea # 9! ,!: (3) T e tr&t * rea0it# is e'/ti!ess= a00 t at is rea0 is "e# ! &'a!+ !+e/ti !: (B) Ea+ 0i*e is a s/irit&a0 6 &r!e# i!t t e &!9! ,! a! t e &!9! ,a"0e;

"e# ! t e e2 +e!tri+ se0*: (@) H&'a! e>iste!+e is + ara+teri?e "# s&**eri!2= +ri'e is s&**eri!2= a! t e s &r+es * s&**eri!2 are ,it i! ea+ * &s: ( ) T r &2 0 .e a!

+ '/assi !; "e# ! t e e2 +e!tri+ se0*; ,e +a! e! s&**eri!2 a! 0i.e i! /ea+e; /ers !a00# a! + 00e+ti.e0#: ( ) T e e! i!2 * s&**eri!2 +a! "e attai!e i! a 1&ieti!2 * t e 'i! a! * t e /e!i!2 * t e eart; i! "ei!2 a,are: ( ) Cri'e +a! "e e! e !0#

,it t e e! i!2 * s&**eri!2; !0# , e! t ere is /ea+e- t r &2 t e 0 .e a!+ '/assi ! * &! i! a,are!ess: ( ) U! ersta! i!2; ser.i+e; 6&sti+e7 a00 * t ese *0 ,!at&ra00# *r ' 0 .e a! + '/assi !; *r ' 'i! *&0 atte!ti ! t t e rea0it# * a00 t at is;

ere a! ! ,: ( ) A +ri'i! 0 2# * /ea+e'a9i!2; t e ! !.i 0e!t +ri'i! 0 2# *+ '/assi ! a! ser.i+e; see9s t e! s&**eri!2 a! t ere"# e0i'i!ate +ri'e ( &i!!e#;5 5; /: @):

$ r 'a!# +ri'i! 0 2ists a"stra+t i eas s&+ as t ese /er/0e> a! + !*&se; #et * r

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2ists t e iss&es are .er# +0ear: R te i! t e rea0it# * a +&0t&re *

.i 0e!+e t e A'eri+a! +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste' r &ti!e0# a//r a+ es +ri'e a! +ri'i!a0

**e! ers i! t e sa'e .i 0e!t 'a!!er: T e /ra+ti+e * &ti0i?i!2 .er!a+&0ar + ara+teristi+

* ,ar 'i!ates t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste'; i!+0& i!2 ' st s/e+i*i+a00# t e ter' F+ri'e

*i2 ters t + ara+teri?e re/rese!tati.es * 6&sti+e; a! ter's 0i9e F*i2 ti!2 t e F,ar !

r&2s a! t e F,ar ! +ri'e : T is *ra'es +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e as a! i! ere!t0# .i 0e!t

e!ter/rise:Resear+ as s&22este t at at t e + re * t is .i 0e!+e 0a#s t e iss&e * / ,er

a! &! ersta! i!2 t e &se * s&+ / ,er as a! i! ere!t0# .i 0e!t a+t "e+ 'es i!te2ra0 i!

&r &! ersta! i!2 t ,ar /ea+e'a9i!2 (S&00i.a! Ti**t; 5 ): Pea+e'a9i!2 "# !at&re

t ere* re /r "es i!t t e + sts ass +iate ,it t e .i 0e!+e t at is /er/et&ate ! a s +ia0

str&+t&ra0 0e.e0: It is ! se+ret t at 'i! rities are i!+ar+erate ,it i! t e U!ite States at

a '&+ i2 er rate t a! W ites a! at t e sa'e ti'e t e / r a! 0 ,er-+0asses ' st

*te! see' t "e t e a**e+te tar2ets * s +ia0 + !tr 0 'e+ a!is's (C 0e; 5 = Mi00er;

5 = Rei'a!; 5 ):

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47

Ta#0 r (3445) ! te t at t is * r' * Fs+a/e2 ati!2 is + '' !/0a+e i! US

+&0t&re a! +a! "e see! t r &2 se.era0 e>a'/0es: W i0e .i 0e!+e is a ,i es/rea s +ia0

iss&e; / 0i+ies te! t * +&s ! i! i.i &a0 **e! ers; es/e+ia00# 'i! rities; i!stea *

i!.esti2ati!2 r e0i'i!ati!2 t e /er.asi.e !at&re * .i 0e!+e ,it i! t e U!ite States: I!

'i 0e-+0ass A'eri+a i! i.i &a0s are e!+ &ra2e t "0a'e &! er/ri.i0e2e a!

isa .a!ta2e /ers !s * r ar s i/s , i+ are *te! e>/erie!+e as t e res&0t *

e+isi !s 'a e "# e0ite / 0i+# 'a9ers (Ta#0 r; 3445): Wit i! t e /ers/e+ti.e *

/ea+e'a9i!2 t ese ar's are re+ 2!i?e as i!*0&e!tia0 * r's * s&**eri!2 a**e+ti!2

s +iet# a! a /r +ess * r /ea+e'a9i!2 e!+ &ra2es t e re+ti*i+ati ! * t ese *ai0&res:I! a re+e!t0# /&"0is e te>t ! e0i!1&e!+# a! 6&.e!i0e 6&sti+e; S e0 ! (344 )

re/ rte t at as 2et t &2 / 0i+ies a! &se * i'/ris !'e!t a.e i!+rease 'a!#

6&.e!i0es a.e *a+e se.ere +ases * a"&se at t e a! s * t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste':

M re s/e+i*i+a00# t is resear+ +&'e!te t e +ase * a 5B #ear- 0 2ir0 , ,as

etai!e * r ,ee9s * r t e / ssessi ! * re2a! as ,e00 as a st& # + ! &+te "#

A'!est# I!ter!ati !a0 , i+ * &! t at &'a! ri2 ts .i 0ati !s a2ai!st t ese 6&.e!i0es

!&'"ere i! t e t &sa! s (as +ite i! S e0 e!; 344 ): C !siste!t ,it /re.i &s resear+

t ese a"&ses ,ere ' st *te! * &! ++&rri!2 a' !2 / r a! 'i! rit# # &t (S e0 e!;

344 ):I ea00#; t e s&**eri!2 * a!# !e '&st "e+ 'e &!a++e/ta"0e t e.er# !e; i! r er t

a00e.iate t e /ai! t at is "ei!2 +a&se i! ere!t0# t r &2 t e /er/et&ati ! * .i 0e!+e at

a00 0e.e0s * t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste': Pe/i!s9# (344 ) ! te t at e'/at # is a!

i'/ rta!t /art * t e /ea+e'a9i!2 a//r a+ ; a! t at !e * t e "i22est "sta+0es t

i'/0e'e!ti!2 a /ea+e'a9i!2 /ers/e+ti.e i! +ri'i! 0 2# is &r i!a"i0it# r re0&+ta!+e t

*ee0 e'/at # * r ea+ t er: E'/at # is e>/resse as t e // site * !ar+issis' a! "#

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48

t e a"i0it# it /r &+es t /&t !ese0* i! a! t er s s es a! t "e a"0e t s are a se!se *

, at t e t er *ee0s: Yet; i! t e U!ite States it is ! t F! r'a0 t e>/ress e'/at # * r

**e! ers; t +are a" &t , t e# 'a# *ee0 r , at t e# 'a# a.e s&**ere :

Cri'i!a0 6&sti+e / 0i+ies &s&a00# te! t set t eir * +&s ! e>tra+ti!2 ' re /ai!

*r ' t e **e! er .ers&s a00e.iati!2 a!# /ai! t at t e **e! er 'a# a.e e>/erie!+e -

re2ar 0ess * t e +a&se * t e /ai!: It is i'/erati.e t at i! i.i &a0s re+ 2!i?e t at t is

* r' * F/&!is 'e!t ; , e! ! t r te i! 0 .e a! + '/assi !; +a! !0# , r9 t 'a9e a

s +iet# ' re .i 0e!t a! #s*&!+ti !a0: Pea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2# is a" &t * +&si!2 !

! t !0# t e ar' +reate "# +ri'e "&t a0s t at ar' , i+ is e>/resse t r &2 +ri'e:

T e /ra+ti+e * ! !.i 0e!+e i! t e /&rs&it * /ea+e is ! t a !e, + !+e/t: Great0ea ers; s&+ as Ma at'a Ga! i a! Marti! L&t er Ki!2 Jr: &se t ese strate2ies

s&++ess*&00# i! str&220es t at ,ere i'/ rta!t t t e' (Na20er; 5 ): A! a"i0it# t ,it!ess

a ! !-.i 0e!t a//r a+ t t e A'eri+a! +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste' ,i00 re1&ire rasti+

+ a!2es; "&t as state "e* re t ese + a!2es '&st "e 'a e *irst i! t e earts a! 'i! s *

t e A'eri+a! /e /0e:I! i.i &a0 + a!2e re2ar i!2 i!tera+ti !s a' !2 ea+ t er s &0 "e * +&se !

0ear!i!2 , t "e ' re !&rt&ri!2; + '/assi !ate; e'/at eti+; a0tr&isti+; a! ! !-

6& 2'e!ta0: T ese i! i.i &a0 + a!2es ,i00 F/a.e t e r a * r "r a er s +ia0 a!

e+ ! 'i+ str&+t&ra0 + a!2es , i+ i! t e e! ,i00 0ea t /ea+e (K0ei! Va! Ness;

3443): O!e a.e!&e t i'/0e'e!ti!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 a! /ea+e9ee/i!2 ,it i! t e +ri'i!a0

6&sti+e s#ste' is t r &2 t e &se * /r 2ra''i!2 * +&se ! rest rati.e 6&sti+e

/ri!+i/0es:

T e Rest rati.e J&sti+e Para i2'Rest rati.e 6&sti+e is a! a0ter!ati.e t t a# s * r'a0 +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste'; a! it

as "ee! i!te2rate i!t 'a!# i**ere!t as/e+ts * t e +ri'i!a0 a! 6&.e!i0e 6&sti+e

48



49

s#ste'; as ,e00 as s+ 0s; + 00e2es; &!i.ersities; a! a .ariet# * /&"0i+ a! /ri.ate

a2e!+ies a! r2a!i?ati !s: T is is a /ers/e+ti.e t at a+9! ,0e 2es t e i'/ rta!+e * t e

.i+ti'; t e + ''&!it#; a! t e **e! er i! t e /r +ess * rest ri!2 6&sti+e: e r (3443)

! tes t at Frest rati.e 6&sti+e is a /r +ess t i!. 0.e; t t e e>te!t / ssi"0e; t se ,

a.e a sta9e i! a s/e+i*i+ **e!se a! t + 00e+ti.e0# i e!ti*# a! a ress ar's; !ee s;

a! "0i2ati !s; i! r er t ea0 a! /&t t i!2s as ri2 t as / ssi"0e (/:B ): T ese

/ri!+i/0es are i!str&'e!ta0 i! /r .i i!2 2&i a!+e , e! e.e0 /i!2 t e * &! ati ! * r

rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2:A "r a e!e + !+e/t * rest rati.e 6&sti+e i!+0& es i e!ti*#i!2 a! re/airi!2 t e

ar' !e "# +ri'e; i!. 0.i!2 a00 sta9e 0 ers i! t e e+isi ! 'a9i!2 /r +ess; "a0a!+i!2

a++ &!ta"i0it#; + '/ete!+# e.e0 /'e!t; a! /&"0i+ sa*et# , i0e at t e sa'e ti'e

res a/i!2 t e .ie, * +ri'e as !e t at re+ 2!i?es its ar' t /e /0e; re0ati !s; a!

+ ''&!it# a! ! t 6&st as a .i 0ati ! * stat&tes (U:S: De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; OJJDP;

3455): %ARJ < a! a+r !#' * r %a0a!+e A//r a+ a! Rest rati.e J&sti+e as "ee! &se

, e! *&rt eri!2 is+&ssi !s * rest rati.e 6&sti+e; a! i!+0& es a + '"i!ati ! * t e

/ri!+i/0es * ea+ 7 a "a0a!+e a//r a+ a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e e** rts: T e "a0a!+e

a//r a+ i! rest rati.e 6&sti+e e'/ asi?es + ''&!it# /r te+ti !; a++ &!ta"i0it#;

+ '/ete!+# e.e0 /'e!t; i! i.i &a0i?ati !; a! "a0a!+e (T r"et T 'as; 5 ):O!e * t e ' st i'/ rta!t + !si erati !s is t at rest rati.e 6&sti+e s &0 a0,a#s

"e i'/0e'e!te strate2i+a00# ,it + ''&!it# /ri rities "ei!2 2i.e! +are*&0

+ !si erati !: It is a .ise t at rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 ! t "e e.e0 /e ,it

t e i ea * F+ 9ie +&tter re/0i+ati !s; "&t i!stea rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 '&st

"e a"0e t e>/ress *0&i it# a! *0e>i"i0it# i! esi2! s t at ea+ /r 2ra' is a"0e t

&!i1&e0# *it t e !ee s * t e s&rr &! i!2 + ''&!it#: I! ee ; it as "ee! ! te t at t e

49



50

i'/0e'e!tati ! * /r 2ra''i!2 0i9e t e /r +ess itse0* '&st "e ire+te "# t e !ee s *

t se ' st 0i9e0# t "e a**e+te ( e r; 3443):

+estorative ,ustice %rogramming. Pr 2ra''i!2 &ti0i?i!2 t e + !+e/ts /rese!te "#

rest rati.e 6&sti+e i!itia00# ar se as / ssi"0e a0ter!ati.es ,it i! t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e

s#ste'; a! i!+0& es 'a!# i**ere!t /ra+ti+es s&+ as .i+ti'- **e! er 'e iati !; *a'i0#

2r &/ + !*ere!+i!2; +ir+0e /r +esses a! i**ere!t t#/es * + ''&!it# /a!e0s: Vari &s

i!itiati.es e>ist; "&t a + '' !a0it# * t ese /r 2ra's is t at t e# +e!ter ! a /r +ess *

ta9i!2 t ta0 + !tr 0 *r ' t e 2 .er!'e!t a! tra!s*erri!2 s 'e + !tr 0 "a+9 t t e

.i+ti'; **e! er; *a'i0#; *rie! s a! t e + ''&!it# (K&r9i; 344B): T is i**ersra'ati+a00# *r ' t e +&rre!t s#ste'; "&t as **ere rea0 /r 'ise t t e /r +ess *

/ea+e'a9i!2 ,it i! sit&ati !s * +ri'e a! + !*0i+t:O!e * t e *irst states t e!a+t 0e2is0ati ! re1&iri!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e

/r 2ra''i!2 ,as t e state * Pe!!s#0.a!ia: I! 5 ; it /asse t e J&.e!i0e A+t t i!+0& e

A+t BB; , i+ state t e i'/ siti ! * a++ &!ta"i0it# a' !2 6&.e!i0e **e! ers as ,e00 as

'a9i!2 res/ !si"i0it# * r + '/ete!+# e.e0 /'e!t i! 6&.e!i0e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 a

'a! at r# re1&ire'e!t ,it i! t e state s 6&.e!i0e 6&sti+e s#ste' (Se#9 ; 3445): I!

A00e2 e!# C &!t# t is 0e t t e ,i es/rea i'/0e'e!tati ! * + !te'/ rar#

/r 2ra''i!2 * +&se ! t e 2 a0s * rest rati.e 6&sti+e:Ver' !t is &!/ara00e0e i! its i!! .ati.e atte'/ts t i! &+t rest rati.e 6&sti+e

/r 2ra''i!2 i!t its +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste': Ver' !t s rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2

is state,i e a! i!+0& es " ar s 'a e &/ * r i!ar# +iti?e!s , eter'i!e /&!is 'e!t

* r **e! ers *r ' t eir + ''&!it# (Ha!se!; 5 ): T is is a! e!+ &ra2i!2 /r 2ra' t at

**ers a00 'e'"ers * t e + ''&!it# a! // rt&!it# t "e i!. 0.e i! t e /r +ess *

50



51

6&sti+e a! 0ea s t e!+ &ra2i!2 a /ea+e'a9i!2 a//r a+ i! t e atte'/t t a+ ie.e

6&sti+e:Rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 /r .i es t e / ssi"i0it# * r e>te! e "e!e*its * r

a00 /arties i!. 0.e : %ras,e00; $&00er; a! L ? ** (3445) e*i!e , at a//e!s &ri!2 t e

/r +ess as a F/ers !a0 tra!s* r'ati ! , ere ee/; 2e!&i!e; /ers !a0; a! s/irit&a0

tra!s* r'ati ! "e2i!s t ta9e /0a+e (/:@ ): Pers !a0 tra!s* r'ati ! * r t e **e! er

s &0 re &+e t e + a!+es * re+i i.is'; a! as i! i.i &a0s tra!s* r' at e.er# 0e.e0;

.i+ti'; **e! er; a! t e + ''&!it#; t e // rt&!it# * r a * &! ati ! t "e "&i0t * r t e

/r &+ti ! * /ea+e i! s +iet# 'a# "e2i! t "e rea0i?e :

W i0e /ea+e'a9i!2 a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e a.e 0e t t e e.e0 /'e!t * /r 2ra''i!2 s&+ as se!te!+i!2 +ir+0es a! .i+ti'- **e! er 'e iati !; t e# are ! t

+ !si ere t e ries; /er se; a! t ere* re a.e !e.er "ee! s&"6e+te t e'/iri+a0 tests; i!

t e ,a# t at 'a!# t e ries &ti0i?e i! t e s +ia0 s+ie!+es are: I!stea ; se.era0 st& ies

a.e * +&se ! e>a'i!i!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e "ase /r 2ra''i!2: Vi+ti' **e! er

'e iati ! is !e area * /r 2ra''i!2 t at see's t a.e attra+te t e ' st atte!ti ! a!

, i+ as /r .i e .a0&a"0e i!* r'ati ! ! t e e**e+ti.e!ess * rest rati.e 6&sti+e

i!itiati.es:Vi+ti'- **e! er 'e iati ! i! /arti+&0ar; as "ee! t e ' st ,i e0# st& ie &se *

rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 a! t ere is + !si era"0e e'/iri+a0 s&// rt 0e! i!2

+re i"i0it# t t e a//0i+a"i0it# * t is a//r a+ : Vi+ti' **e! er 'e iati ! "e2a! i! t e

U!ite States i! 5 ; s rt0# a*ter "ei!2 i!tr &+e i! Kitt+ !er; O!tari ; Ca!a a as a!

e>/eri'e!t: T ere are a" &t B34 .i+ti' **e! er 'e iati ! /r 2ra's /erati!2 i! t e

U!ite States (Stri+90a! ; 344@):A0t &2 t ese /r 2ra's are re0ati.e0# !e, t e + !+e/t "e i! t e' is ! t:

Vi+ti's a! **e! ers *te! res 0.e t eir iss&es t r &2 i!* r'a0 sett0e'e!ts a' !2

51



52

t e'se0.es "e* re t e a .a!+e /r *essi !a0i?ati ! * 6&sti+e (Va! Ness Str !2; 3443):

T is is; i! its ' st "asi+ * r'; , at .i+ti' **e! er 'e iati ! rea00# is:Vi+ti'- **e! er 'e iati ! is t e /r +ess "# , i+ .i+ti's a! **e! ers s are

ia0 2&e a! res 0.e + !*0i+t: FT is ia0 2&e a resses e' ti !a0 a! i!* r'ati !a0

!ee s * .i+ti's t at are +e!tra0 " t t t eir ea0i!2 a! t e.e0 /'e!t * .i+ti'

e'/at # i! t e **e! er; , i+ +a! 0ea t 0ess +ri'i!a0 "e a.i &r i! t e *&t&re

(U'"reit; 3445; /: >0): Resear+ +&'e!ts t at as .i+ti's ear *r ' **e! ers t e

/r +ess +a! "e ea0i!2 a! **e! ers 'a# "e2i! t &! ersta! t e ar' t e# a.e +a&se

as t e# 0iste! t .i+ti's s are t eir /ai! (Kar/; 3445):

D&ri!2 t e /r +ess * 'e iati ! .i+ti's a! **e! ers are e!+ &ra2e t s are, t ese +ri'es 'a# a.e a**e+te t eir 0i.es a! t e "&r e! it as +a&se : Stra!2

(3443) / i!te &t t at ' re t a! a!#t i!2 .i+ti's ,a!t a! !ee s 'e * r' * a!

a/ 0 2# a! e' ti !a0 rest rati !: S 'e .i+ti's 'a# *a0se0# "e0ie.e t e# a.e "ee!

s/e+i*i+a00# tar2ete a! 'a!# **e! ers ! t + '/re e! , '&+ a'a2e t e# 'a#

a.e !e: T e /r +ess * 'e iati ! a00 ,s * r a00 * t ese iss&es t "e re+ 2!i?e a!

a resse t r &2 t e &se * /r &+ti.e ia0 2&e "et,ee! t e /arti+i/a!ts , i+ is

a0' st + '/0ete0# // site t t e +&rre!t * r'a0 s#ste' * 6&sti+e i! t e U!ite States:$r ' a /ers/e+ti.e * /ea+e'a9i!2 t ese + ''&!i+ati !s +a! a.e 0 !2 0asti!2

a! / siti.e res&0ts * r a00 /arties i!. 0.e : I! a st& # assessi!2 t e i'/a+t * .i+ti'

**e! er 'e iati ! .er t, e+a es t e resear+ ers ! te t at /arti+i/a!ts re/ rte i2

0e.e0s * +0ie!t satis*a+ti !; +0ie!ts *e0t t e 'e iati ! /r +ess ,as *air; a! **e! ers ,ere

' re 0i9e0# t "e r ere t /a# restit&ti ! a! t *&0*i00 t se re1&ire'e!t (U'"reit;

C ates; V s; 344 ): U'"reit; C ates V s; (344 ); a0s ! te t at t eir st& # re.ea0e

t at 'a!# /r 2ra's s ,e re &+e re+i i.is' rates * r **e! ers , /arti+i/ate i!

'e iati ! a! t at ta>/a#er ' !e# + &0 "e sa.e "# &ti0i?i!2 t is /ti ! * 6&sti+e: A

52



53

* 00 ,-&/ st& # re.ea0e t at t e ' a0 reas ! * r /arti+i/ati ! a' !2 .i+ti's ,as t "e

* e0/ t t e **e! er: Reas !s * r /arti+i/ati ! a' !2 **e! ers i!+0& e ,a!ti!2 t

ta9e ire+t res/ !si"i0it# * r t e +ri'e; t a.e a + a!+e t a/ 0 2i?e * r t eir "e a.i r;

t /a# restit&ti !; a! t "asi+a00# 2et t e e>/erie!+e "e i! t e' (U'"reit; et a0:; 344@):

T ese are + !siste!t t e'es *te! /rese!te "# /arti+i/a!ts * .i+ti'- **e! er 'e iati !:I! ' re re+e!t resear+ ; %ra s a,; R se" r &2 ; a! U'"reit (344 ) + ! &+te

a 'eta-a!a0#sis * 5 e'/iri+a0 st& ies ,it " t 1&a!titati.e a! 1&a0itati.e ata !

.i+ti'- **e! er 'e iati ! /r 2ra''i!2 a! * &! si2!i*i+a!t e**e+ts i! t e re &+e

re+i i.is' rates * 6&.e!i0e **e! ers , /arti+i/ate i! t ese t#/es * /r +esses: W i0e

se.era0 st& ies a.e e'/iri+a00# a resse t e e**e+ti.e!ess * .i+ti'- **e! er 'e iati !

/r 2ra''i!2 t r &2 re+i i.is' rates t is is ! t re*0e+te as str !20# i! t e resear+ !

t er * r's * rest rati.e 6&sti+e i!itiati.es:

%eacemaking Circles. Pea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es rese'"0e /ra+ti+es a! tra iti !s *

a!+ie!t +i.i0i?ati !s t at i!+0& e "ri!2i!2 i! i.i &a0s a! 2r &/s t 2et er * r a /r +ess *

ia0 2&e t at i! ere!t0# res/e+ts t e .a0&es a! ri2 ts * ea+ /arti+i/a!t: T e "ea&t# *

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es is t eir a a/ta"i0it# t 'eet t e &!i1&e !ee s * a0' st a!# sit&ati !

a! t r &2 its /r +ess +a! /r .i e a .ast arra# * res&0ts e/e! i!2 ! t e !ee s a!

esires * t e /arti+i/a!ts:

ituating Circles for etting. T ere are 'a!# a//0i+ati !s * r /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es

i!+0& i!2 s&// rti!2 a! assisti!2 .i+ti's * +ri'e; s&// rt a! ' !it ri!2 * **e! ers;

+ri'i!a0 se!te!+i!2 a! rei!te2rati ! * **e! ers: Cir+0es +a! "e &se as a ,a# *

/r .i i!2 s&// rt * r *a'i0ies i! a .ariet# * + !te>ts; i!+0& i!2 * r t se a++&se *

a"&se; res 0.i!2 *a'i0ia0 + !*0i+t; a! 2rie.i!2 0 ss: Cir+0es +a! "e &se * r e.e0 /i!2

53



54

'issi ! state'e!ts; !e, /r 2ra's; strate2i+ /0a!!i!2 a! tea'-"&i0 i!2 a! sta**

re!e,a0 e** rts ,it i! a2e!+ies:Resear+ ! t e &se * +ir+0e /r +ess s ,s t at +ir+0es are "ei!2 &se i! a ,i e

.ariet# * + !te>ts a00 es+ri"e &! er t e ter' /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es; a! i!+0& e t e &se

* ta09i!2 +ir+0es; &! ersta! i!2 +ir+0es; ea0i!2 +ir+0es; se!te!+i!2 +ir+0es; s&// rt

+ir+0es; + ''&!it#-"&i0 i!2 +ir+0es; + !*0i+t +ir+0es; rei!te2rati ! +ir+0es a! +e0e"rati !

+ir+0es (Pra!is; 344 ): Pra!is (344 ) a 0ea i!2 e>/ert ! t e t /i+ * +ir+0e /r +esses as

+&'e!te t e 'a!# &ses * t e +ir+0e /r +ess: Ta09i!2 +ir+0es are &se as a ,a# * r

a00 ,i!2 /arti+i/a!ts t ia0 2&e a" &t a! iss&e r t /i+; a0t &2 it is ! t a" &t rea+ i!2

+ !se!s&s a! &! ersta! i!2 +ir+0es * +&s ! "ri!2i!2 &! ersta! i!2 a" &t s 'e + !*0i+t

r i**i+&0t sit&ati ! , i0e rea+ i!2 + !se!s&s is a0s ! t a! i!te!ti ! * t is +ir+0e:Hea0i!2 +ir+0es +a! /r .i e a /0a+e a! // rt&!it# t ia0 2&e i! t e a*ter'at

* a /ai!*&0 r e.e! tra2i+ e>/erie!+e: T is +ir+0e 'a# i!+0& e a /0a! * s&// rt * r a

/arti+i/a!t "&t t is 'a# ! t a0,a#s "e t e +ase: S&// rt +ir+0es are &se t e0/ "ri!2

/e /0e t r &2 i**i+&0t ti'es; a! +e0e"rati ! r ! ri!2 +ir+0es are &se t re+ 2!i?e

i! i.i &a0s r 2r &/s: C !*0i+t +ir+0es are a" &t res 0.i!2 is/&tes a! t e &se *

+ ''&!it#-"&i0 i!2 +ir+0es +a! e0/ "&i0 re0ati !s i/s a! +reate " ! s a' !2 /e /0e

, i0e s&// rti!2 + 00e+ti.e a+ti !: Cir+0e /r +esses ' st + '' ! t t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e

s#ste' i!+0& e se!te!+i!2 +ir+0es a! t e &se * rei!te2rati ! +ir+0es:A se!te!+i!2 +ir+0e is !e i! /art!ers i/ ,it s 'e "ra!+ * t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e

a2e!+# "&t is *te! i!te! e t "e a + ''&!it# ire+te /r +ess: I! a0i2! ,it rest rati.e

6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es; t e se!te!+i!2 +ir+0e *te! "ri!2s t 2et er t e .i+ti'; **e! er; a! t e

+ ''&!it# i! t e /r +ess * tr#i!2 t /r &+e rea0 rest rati.e 6&sti+e: T is is !e

t r &2 a /0a! t at is esta"0is e ,it i! t e +ir+0e * +&si!2 ! t e **e! er s

res/ !si"i0it# i! rest ri!2 t e ar' +a&se "# t e +ri'e: D&ri!2 t is t#/e * +ir+0e a /0a!

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55

'a# a0s sti/&0ate , t e + ''&!it# r + rre+ti !a0 s#ste' ,i00 ai t e **e! er i!

a++ '/0is i!2 is r er /r / se /0a!:D&ri!2 t e se!te!+i!2 +ir+0e t e is+&ssi ! ,i00 * +&s ! t e i!+i e!t t at

++&rre ; , at t e reas !s "e i! t e i!+i e!t ,ere; , at t e i'/a+t * t is i!+i e!t ,as;

i!+0& i!2 , ,as a**e+te a! ,; a! *i!a00# , at is !ee e t re/air t e ar' a!

/re.e!ti ! strate2ies * r t e *&t&re s &0 a0s "e is+&sse : Pra!is (344 ) a0s ! te t at

+ir+0es * &! ersta! i!2 'a# "e arra!2e i! a iti ! t t e se!te!+i!2 +ir+0e * r t se

, a.e + ''itte t e ar'; a! ea0i!2 +ir+0es 'a# "e i!itiate * r .i+ti's * t e

i!+i e!t i!+0& i!2 t se , a+9! ,0e 2e "ei!2 ar'e i! s 'e ,a# "# t e i!+i e!t: I!

s 'e i!sta!+es t is 'a# i!+0& e , 0e + ''&!ities , a.e "ee! !e2ati.e0# a**e+te

"# a tra2i+ e.e!t ,it i! t eir area; es/e+ia00# , e! !e,s * t e e.e!t as "ee!

,i es/rea :Rei!te2rati ! +ir+0es are a * r&' * r assisti!2 a! estra!2e i! i.i &a0 i!

ree!teri!2 a + ''&!it#: T e +ir+0e /r +ess +a! /r .i e i' r er ,it s&// rt a!

e!+ &ra2e'e!t as t e# tr# t a 6&st "a+9 i!t s +iet#: O*te!ti'es t ese +ir+0es ,i00

i!+0& e e.e0 /i!2 a /r / se /0a! * r rei!te2rati ! * t e i! i.i &a0: Gi.e! t at 'a!#

ti'es **e! ers ,i00 *ai0 ,it &t s&// rt ser.i+es; t is /0a! s &0 s/e! s 'e ti'e

* +&si!2 ! /r .isi !s re0ati!2 t , + rre+ti !a0 a2e!+ies r + ''&!it# 'e'"ers ,i00

s&// rt t e rei!te2rati ! /r +ess: T is t#/e * +ir+0e /r +ess + &0 "e i!str&'e!ta0 i! t e

rei!te2rati ! * t e 0ar2e !&'"er * /ris !ers ,e a.e ret&r!i!2 t t eir + ''&!ities

e.er# a# i! A'eri+a:Wit i! t e *ie0 * e &+ati ! +ir+0es a.e "ee! a! +a! "e &se * r 'a!a2i!2

+ !*0i+t; a! 0i!2 s+ 0 is+i/0i!e; tea+ i!2 +0asses i!+0& i!2 t e &se * +ir+0es * r

is+&ssi !s a' !2 &!i.ersit# st& e!ts e!r 00e i! + &rses; a! e.e0 /i!2 e &+ati !

/0a!s * r s/e+ia0 e &+ati ! st& e!ts: C ''&!ities 'a# &se /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es * r t e

55



56

/&r/ se * a ressi!2 !ei2 " r + !*0i+t; 2rie.i!2 0 ss; a! *a+i0itati!2

+ ''&!i+ati ! "et,ee! i**ere!t 2r &/s; i!+0& i!2 ri.a0 2a!2s (Pra!is; 344 ): W i0e t is

is "# ! 'ea!s a! e> a&sti.e 0ist it +&'e!ts t e a.ai0a"i0it# * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es t

res/ ! i! a .ariet# * + !te>ts t a .ast arra# * + !+er!s:

iversity in Circle %rogramming. A re.ie, * t e 0iterat&re s&22ests t ere is ,i e

i.ersi*i+ati ! i! t e &se * +ir+0e /r 2ra''i!2: T ese /r 2ra's i!+0& e t e &se *

+iti?e! +ir+0es t e0/ ,it + ''&!it# ree!tr# i! t e state * O i ; t e &se * +ir+0es i! a

*ait -"ase r'it r# i! a 'a>i'&'-se+&rit# /ris ! i! A0a"a'a; a! i! Ha,aii;

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es are "ei!2 &se i! a /i0 t /r 6e+t t trai! **e! ers i! rest rati.e

6&sti+e /ra+ti+es as ,e00 as i! a ree!tr# /r 2ra' * r i!'ates ret&r!i!2 'e *r ' /ris !:

T ese /r 2ra's i2 0i2 t s 'e * t e &ses ,it a &0t / /&0ati !s:Pr 2ra's are a0s "ei!2 &se i! s+ 0s; + rre+ti !a0 setti!2s; a! i! t e

+ ''&!it# ,it 6&.e!i0e / /&0ati !s: I! E!20a! a "e a.i ra0 s+ 0 * r a 0es+e!t " #s

as s&++ess*&00# &ti0i?e +ir+0es i! t e /r +ess * +reati!2 r2a!i?ati !a0 + a!2e; a!

+ir+0es a.e a0s "ee! s&++ess*&00# i!te2rate i!t t e /ra+ti+es * a! a i+ti ! re+ .er#

i2 -s+ 0: I! t e C '' !,ea0t * Massa+ &setts; ROCA; I!+: as "ee! &si!2 +ir+0e

/r 2ra''i!2 as a t 0 * r , r9i!2 ,it at-ris9 # &t i! t e + ''&!it#: Se.era0 * t ese

i!itiati.es ,i00 "e e>a'i!e ,it i! t is /a/er:I! t e state * O i +iti?e!s +ir+0es are "ei!2 &se ,it i! t e + ''&!it# t e0/

ai i! **e! er ree!tr# e** rts: T e e.e0 /'e!t * +iti?e! +ir+0es i! O i as "ee! 0e "#

a + ''&!it# 6&sti+e +a"i!et +reate i! 5 t i'/r .e +iti?e! satis*a+ti ! a! /r .i e

2&i a!+e "# &ti0i?i!2 /arti+i/ati ! * .i+ti's; **e! ers; a! 'e'"ers * t e + ''&!it#

(R i!e; Mat e,s II; Sa'/s !; Da0e#; 344B): O**e! ers ret&r!i!2 t + ''&!ities

,it &t s&// rt ser.i+es are '&+ ' re 0i9e0# t ret&r! t /ris ! &e t a + '"i!ati ! *

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57

*a+t rs i!+0& i!2 /r "0e's *i! i!2 e'/0 #'e!t; 0 +ati!2 a** r a"0e &si!2; s&"sta!+e

a"&se /r "0e's a! 'e!ta0 ea0t iss&es:Citi?e! +ir+0es ,ere e.e0 /e t a ress **e! ers !ee s i! t e ree!tr# /r +ess

, i0e e!+ &ra2i!2 **e! er a++ &!ta"i0it# a! /r ' ti!2 /r s +ia0 i!tera+ti ! "et,ee!

t e state * O i s De/art'e!t * C rre+ti !s a! 0 +a0 + ''&!ities ,it i! t e state: T e

/r +ess re1&ires t at **e! ers '&st a//0# * r 'e'"ers i/ t t e +ir+0e; a! "e* re "ei!2

se0e+te **e! ers are re1&ire t 'eet ,it +ir+0e + r i!at rs * r a! i!- e/t i!ter.ie,:

Cir+0e + r i!at rs are ra,! *r ' /ar 0e r i!stit&ti !a0 sta** a! +ir+0e 'e'"ers

i!+0& e i! i.i &a0s + 'i!2 *r ' t e *ait + ''&!it#; 0a, e!* r+e'e!t; a+a e'ia a!

e &+ati !; .i+ti' a . +ates a! s&// rt-2r &/ re/rese!tati.es; as ,e00 as t e **e! er;

t eir *a'i0#; e>- **e! ers; + rre+ti !s a2e!ts; a! s +ia0 ser.i+e a2e!+ies (R i!e et a0:;

344B):Citi?e! +ir+0es are +&rre!t0# "ei!2 i!te2rate i!t a00 se.e! /ar 0e re2i !s as ,e00

i!t ea+ 'a6 r +it# i! t e state * O i a! t e# a.e /0a!s * r *&rt er e.e0 /'e!t;

s/e+i*i+a00# tar2eti!2 !ei2 " r s ,it i! +ities t at are 'e t 0ar2e /r / rti !s *

**e! ers , ret&r! t t eir + ''&!ities *r ' /ris ! ea+ #ear: T ese +ir+0es are "ei!2

&se ,it t e /e * ! t !0# e0/i!2 **e! ers s&++ess*&00# ree!ter t eir + ''&!ities

"&t a0s as a 'eas&re t e0/ s&// rt t e s&/er.isi ! * a !&'"er * **e! ers as re+e!t

i!+ar+erati ! /atter!s a.e 'ea!t s9#r +9eti!2 + sts * r + rre+ti !a0 a2e!+ies (R i!e et

a0:; 344B): T e &se * + 00a" rati.e re0ati !s i/s i! t e + ''&!it# t r &2 &ti0i?ati ! *

+ir+0e /r +ess see's a! e>/e ie!t ,a# * r t e state t a+ ie.e " t * t eir 2 a0s:T e state * Ha,aii as a *e, i**ere!t rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra's i! /erati !

t at are &ti0i?i!2 t e /r +ess * +ir+0e: I! a 'i!i'&'-se+&rit# a00 'a0e /ris ! at Waia,a;

0 +ate ! t e is0a! * O a & ; 34 'i0es *r ' H ! 0&0&; a /i0 t i!'ate trai!i!2 /r 2ra'

i! rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es a! s 0&ti !-* +&se *a+i0itati ! s9i00s ,as e.e0 /e t

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58

e0/ + a!2e t e at' s/ ere * t e /ris !: T is sa'e *a+i0it# a0s , r9e ,it a 0 +a0

! !-/r *it r2a!i?ati ! t i!tr &+e rest rati.e 6&sti+e +ir+0es t assist **e! ers i!

a++ &!ta"i0it#; ea0i!2; a! tra!s* r'ati ! , i0e /re/ari!2 * r t eir re0ease *r ' /ris !:

T e Waia,a C rre+ti !a0 $a+i0it# &ti0i?e **e! ers i e!ti*ie "# t eir r&2

+ &!se0 rs as a.i!2 a si!+ere ,i00i!2!ess t + a!2e t eir 0i.es; a! as "ei!2 res/e+te as

0ea ers ,it i! t e /ris ! a' !2 t e t er i!'ates * r a /i0 t /r 6e+t ! rest rati.e 6&sti+e

(Wa09er Sa9ai; 344 ): T e /r 6e+t ,as e.e0 /e i! a! e** rt t + a!2e t e at' s/ ere

* t e /ris ! a! ,it t e /e t at res/e+te i!'ates + &0 e0/ ,it t is

tra!s* r'ati !: T is is t "e !e t r &2 e &+ati ! ! rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es a!

,it t ese 9e# i!'ates /0a#i!2 a /art i! t e /r +ess * rest rati.e 6&sti+e t r &2 t e &se

* /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es: It is t e e>/e+tati ! * t e /r 2ra' t at **e! ers , are

res/e+te 0ea ers ,it i! t e /ris ! ,i00 t e! "e a"0e t tra!s'it t e .a0&es a! /ra+ti+es

* rest rati.e 6&sti+e t t e t er i!'ates i! t e *a+i0it#:T e **e! ers a.e a 53- ,ee9 3@- &r *a+i0itat r trai!i!2 /r 2ra' esi2!e t

tea+ i!'ates + !*0i+t-res 0&ti ! a! se0*-+ !tr 0 s9i00s: It /r .i es i!* r'ati ! * r t e

e.e0 /'e!t * 0iste!i!2 s9i00s; /ri!+i/0es * rest rati.e 6&sti+e a! * r2i.e!ess; as ,e00

as * +&si!2 ! "&i0 i!2 e' ti !a0 i!te00i2e!+e ,it i! **e! ers: T e /r 2ra' + !sists *

*i.e 'ai! + '/ !e!ts i!+0& i!2 5) e>/erie!tia0 0ear!i!2 < a//0ie a! /arti+i/at r#= 3)

stre!2t -"ase trai!i!2= B) t e s 0&ti !-* +&se a//r a+ = @) rest rati.e 6&sti+e= a! )

* r2i.e!ess as a 0ear!e s9i00 (Wa09er Sa9ai; 344 ; /: ):T is /r 2ra' &ti0i?es e>/erie!tia0 0ear!i!2 t tea+ +ir+0es a! i!'ates 'a# a0s

"e rei!tr &+e t t e +ir+0e /r +ess t r &2 t er rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ris ! i!itiati.es:

Wa09er a! Sa9ai; (344 ) /r .i e a s'a00 assess'e!t * t e /r 2ra' a! *i! t at

i!'ates , &! er,e!t trai!i!2 e>/resse t e /r 2ra' ,as e0/*&0 a! 'a!# a0s

e>/resse 2ratit& e * r t e // rt&!it# t e>/erie!+e t e +ir+0e /r +ess: Ma!# * t e

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59

i!'ates re/ rte e>/erie!+i!2 F0i2 t "&0" ' 'e!ts ; t is "ei!2 a! e>/ressi ! &se t

i e!ti*# ti'es , e! t i!2s t at a "ee! &!+0ear are s& e!0# 'a e +0ear: T is + &0 "e

es+ri"e as a ' 'e!t i! ti'e , e! i!* r'ati !; i eas; r /ri r e>/erie!+e "e2i! t

'a9e se!se , ere t e# a ! t "e* re: H ,e.er; re+i i.is' &t+ 'es * r t is /r 6e+t

,ere ! t a.ai0a"0e:Rest rati.e +ir+0es are a0s "ei!2 &se at t e Waia,a C rre+ti !a0 $a+i0it#; a!

t e + '"i!ati ! * rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 *eat&res at t is /ris ! see's t 'a9e

it &!i1&e a' !2 its + &!ter/arts: T e rest rati.e +ir+0es /r .i e a! // rt&!it# * r

i!'ates t e>/ress a++ &!ta"i0it# * r t e ar's t e# a.e +a&se as ,e00 as /r .i i!2 a

/r +ess * r /0a!!i!2 * r ree!tr# * r **e! ers a" &t t "e re0ease :T e rest rati.e +ir+0 e &se i! t is /r 6e+t a "ee! ' e0e a*ter a tra!siti !

/0a!!i!2 /r +ess * r a2i!2 &t * ster + i0 re!: % t a//r a+ es &ti0i?e t e s 0&ti !-

* +&se a//r a+ * r /r "0e' s 0.i!2 e.e0 /e "# eS a?er a! %er2 (Wa09er; Sa9ai;

%ra #; 344 ): T e s'a00 0 +a0 ! t-* r-/r *it t at r2a!i?es t e +ir+0e /r +esses /r .i es

a//0i+ati !s t a00 i!'ates a0 !2 ,it a "r + &re e>/0ai!i!2 t e /r 2ra'; 'a e a.ai0a"0e

t r &2 t e /ris ! s a 'i!istrati ! **i+e: O!+e t e a2e!+# re+ei.es t e re1&est t e#

"e2i! t e /r +ess * i!ter.ie,i!2 t e **e! er t see i* t e# are a++e/ta"0e +a! i ates

i!+0& i!2 t at t e# '&st ta9e res/ !si"i0it# * r t e +ri'e * r , i+ t e# are i! /ris !:T e 0 !2est /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i! t is /r 2ra' is t e /re/arati ! ti'e t at

is !ee e t 2 i!t t e +ir+0e "e* re it a+t&a00# + !.e!es: Wa09er; et a0:; (344 ); ! te t at

a! a.era2e * 54 &rs is s/e!t i! setti!2 &/; /re/ari!2; a! arra!2i!2 * r t e +ir+0e

/r +ess; i!+0& i!2 i e!ti*#i!2 , ' t e **e! er ,is es t "e /rese!t as s&// rt; *a'i0#

'e'"ers a! r *rie! s; as ,e00 as esta"0is i!2 , *r ' t e /ris ! t e **e! er ,is es

t atte! i! r er t ser.e as t e /ris ! re/rese!tati.e &ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r +ess:

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60

T e **e! er ree!tr# /0a! is e.e0 /e &ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r +ess t at 0asts

a//r >i'ate0# B &rs a! i!+0& es t e **e! er a! is er *a'i0# 'e'"ers a! r

*rie! s as ,e00 as 'e'"ers * t e /ris ! sta**: A0t &2 t e .i+ti' is ! t /rese!t at t e

+ir+0e /r +ess; it is esi2!e t e!+ &ra2e t e **e! er t "e a++ &!ta"0e a! t , r9 t

re/air t e ar' t e# a.e +reate i! t e /ast: D&ri!2 t e +ir+0e; i!'ate s !ee s * r

s&++ess*&0 ree!tr# are is+&sse as ,e00 as s&// rt !et, r9s a.ai0a"0e t assist t e

**e! er: D&ri!2 t e /r +ess ar's are ! te i!+0& i!2 ar' e>/erie!+e "# .i+ti's a!

/0a!s * r re+ !+i0iati ! are + !si ere ; a0t &2 t is 'a# si'/0# 'ea! t at t e **e! er

sta#s +0ea! a! sta#s &t * tr &"0e (Wa09er et a0:; 344 ):Re-+ir+0es are s+ e &0e &ri!2 t e *irst +ir+0e /r +ess a! are t#/i+a00# e0 a

*e, ' !t s a*ter t e **e! er as "ee! re0ease *r ' t e /ris !: T ese +ir+0es ,i00

/r .i e a! // rt&!it# * r * 00 ,-&/ t assess , ,e00 t e **e! er is tra!siti !i!2:

A! t er i'/ rta!t /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i! t is /r 2ra' ire+t0# /re+e es t e +ir+0e

a! is *te! es+ri"e as F"rea9i!2 "rea : A*ter t e +ir+0e as +0 se ; /arti+i/a!ts are

e!+ &ra2e t s are s!a+9s a! * t at a.e "ee! "r &2 t t /r ' te s +ia0-+a/ita0

"&i0 i!2: T is 2i.es /arti+i/a!ts ti'e t e+ '/ress *r ' t e e' ti !a00# ta>i!2 e.e!t

(Wa09er et a0:; 344 ):Pre0i'i!ar# res&0ts i! i+ate t at * t e 5 +ir+0es + ! &+te ; t ese /r +esses

i!+0& e a.i!2 a ra!2e * @ t /arti+i/a!ts; a! a *e, i!. 0.e 'i! r + i0 re! , i0e

se.era0 i!. 0.e t e a &0t + i0 re! * i!'ates: A00 * t e /arti+i/a!ts re/ rte / siti.e

as/e+ts * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i! 2e!era0 a! !0# a se0e+t *e, a a!# !e2ati.e + ''e!ts

a" &t a!# s/e+i*i+ as/e+t * t e +ir+0e /r +ess: $a'i0ies , /arti+i/ate i! t e +ir+0e

/r +ess e>/resse ee/ 2ratit& e * r "ei!2 a"0e t "e a /art * t e /r +ess a!

a//re+iati ! * r t e e>/erie!+e as it ,as *te! e' ti !a0 a! +at arti+ at t e sa'e ti'e

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61

(Wa09er et a0:; 344 ): W i0e " t * t e /r 6e+ts t at ,ere i'/0e'e!te at Waia,a

C rre+ti !a0 $a+i0it# re/rese!t t e e'" i'e!t * rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es it is

&!+0ear , et er t ese /r 2ra's a.e "ee! + !ti!&e t t is ate:

I! A0a"a'a at t e W:C: H 0'a! C rre+ti !a0 I!stit&ti ! t ere is a *ait -"ase

! r r'it r# t at &ti0i?es rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es i! /r 2ra''i!2 "ase !

/ers !a0 tra!s* r'ati ! a' !2 i!'ates: I! 5 ; t e state s + rre+ti !a0 + ''issi !er

'a! ate a / 0i+# re1&iri!2 *ait -"ase ! r r'it ries at a00 'a6 r + rre+ti !a0

*a+i0ities (S,a!s !; C&00i.er; S&''ers; 344 ): T is /r .i e t e !e+essar# *ra'e, r9

* r i'/0e'e!ti!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 * r "e a.i ra0 ' i*i+ati !: T e

rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 /r ' tes se0*-2 .er!a!+e a' !2 i!'ates a! /r .i es

2reater a&t ! '# t /arti+i/a!ts:I!'ates e!teri!2 t e /r 2ra' '&st "e ,i00i!2 t si2! a + !tra+t a2reei!2 t &se

rest rati.e /ra+ti+es i! + !*0i+t-res 0&ti ! a! '&st a.e "ee! is+i/0i!e *ree * r at 0east

si> ' !t s /ri r t /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e *ait -"ase r'it r#: T e +&rri+&0&' i!+0& es 34

si>-,ee9 se'esters t at * +&s ! e.e0 /i!2 rest rati.e /ra+ti+es t r &2 &! ersta! i!2

t e /ri!+i/0es a! te!ets * rest rati.e 6&sti+e (S,a!s ! et a0:; 344 ):T e ai' is t e0/ i!'ates t + !ti!&a00# esta"0is a! t rea+ s/e+i*i+ 2 a0s;

, i0e t e /r 2ra' /erates ! a / i!t s#ste' a! i!'ates are re1&ire t 'ai!tai! a

+ertai! !&'"er * / i!ts t re'ai! i! t e /r 2ra': A*ter t, #ears i! t e /r 2ra'

resi e!ts are /r ' te t /er'a!e!t resi e!t stat&s , i+ /r .i es / siti !s * a&t rit#

,it i! t e r'it r# a! res/ !si"i0it# * r /r ' ti ! * rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es

a' !2 t er i!'ates:Cir+0e /r +esses are &se i! t is /r 2ra' t *&rt er rest rati.e 6&sti+e .a0&es a!

t /r .i e a 'ea!s * i!+reasi!2 **e! er a++ &!ta"i0it# a! e'/at # a' !2

/arti+i/a!ts: Dia0 2&e a! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es are &se as a 'ea!s * r i!'ates t

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62

+ ''&!i+ate ,it i! t e r'it r# + ''&!it#: Cir+0es are a0s &se ,it i! t e r'it r#

* r iss&es ra!2i!2 *r ' + !*0i+t res 0&ti ! a! is+i/0i!ar# 'atters t + ''&!it#

/0a!!i!2: $a'i0# +ir+0es t at are &se as i! i.i &a0 F*a'i0ies ,it i! t e r'it r# 'eet

,ee90# t is+&ss 2r &/ iss&es a! i!terests: I!stit&ti !a0 is+i/0i!ar# 'atters 'a# a0s

"e a! 0e ,it t e &se * +ir+0e /r +ess a! 0ar2er r' iss&es are *te! is+&sse a!

res 0.e t r &2 +ir+0es (S,a!s ! et a0:; 344 ):A! assess'e!t * t is /r 2ra' as s ,! t at resi e!ts * t e *ait -"ase

r'it r# i!+&rre *e,er is+i/0i!ar# i!*ra+ti !s t a! t e 2e!era0 / /&0ati !: Si>t#-* &r

/er+e!t * s&/er.isi!2 **i+ers t &2 t t e r'it r# /r .i e + !tri"&ti !s t t e

*&!+ti !i!2 * t e /ris ! a! e>/resse t e i ea t at t e /r 2ra' s &0 "e e>/a! e :

H ,e.er; s rta2es i! /ers !!e0 a//are!t0# 0i'ite t e !&'"er * + rre+ti !a0 **i+ers

, /arti+i/ate i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess a! t is is a 'atter t "e a resse i!

*&t&re e** rts (S,a!s ! et a0:; 344 ):Resi e!ts re/ rte / siti.e res&0ts *r ' t e e>/erie!+e * +ir+0e /arti+i/ati !

i!+0& i!2 "ei!2 a"0e t res 0.e + !*0i+ts a! isa2ree'e!ts /ea+e*&00#; a! 'a!#

a//re+iate t e // rt&!it# t e>/ress t e'se0.es a! t eir *ee0i!2s ,it &t arass'e!t

r reta0iati !: Ne2ati.e as/e+ts * t e /r 2ra' i!+0& e i!'ates *ee0i!2 s 'e 0a+9 *

*air!ess &e t *rie! s i/s i! t e r's; a! s 'e /er+ei.e t at i! i**ere!t +ir+0es t e

e2ree * /arti+i/ati ! .arie a! ,as ! t a0,a#s /ti'a0:S 'e i!'ates t &2 t t at t e +ir+0e /r +ess ,as t /&!is 'e!t rie!tate a! a

*e, s&22este t at i!'ates !ee e ' re trai!i!2 i! + !*0i+t-res 0&ti ! s9i00s a!

rest rati.e 6&sti+e .a0&es (S,a!s ! et a0:; 344 ): Yet; es/ite +riti+is's t e /r 2ra'

+ !ti!&es t "e rate "# + rre+ti !a0 **i+ers as Fa" .e a.era2e /r 2ra''i!2 t e0/

'a!a2e t e /ris ! e!.ir !'e!t; a! i!'ates + !ti!&e t , r9 ar t 9ee/ t eir /0a+e i!

t e *ait -"ase r's i!stit&te i! t e A0a"a'a state /ris ! s#ste':

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63

I! 0 9i!2 at t e &se * +ir+0e ,it # &t ; Rieste!"er2; (344 ); ! tes t e PEASE

A+a e'# (FPeers E!6 #i!2 A S "er E &+ati ! ) is i2 0i2 te as t e *irst i2 s+ 0 i!

t e U!ite States t **er a 0es+e!ts i! re+ .er# a r&2 *ree e!.ir !'e!t i! a s&// rti.e

re+ .er# s+ 0; a! .er t e 0ast *e, #ears +ir+0e /r +esses a.e "ee! i!tr &+e as a

'et * i!+ r/ rati!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ri!+i/0es i!t t e re+ .er# e!.ir !'e!t:

S/e+i*i+ !ee s ,it i! t e s+ 0 a.e 0e tea+ ers a! a 'i!istrat rs t see9 a ea0t ier

a! ' re e0/*&0 +&0t&re * s&// rt a! +ir+0es a.e e0/e *a+i0itate t is /r +ess: T e

e!tire st& e!t " # as ,e00 as a" &t *i.e sta** ! , /arti+i/ate i! t e +ir+0e /r +ess t at is

e0 ea+ M ! a# a! $ri a#: T ese F/r 0a/se a! re0a/se +ir+0es a.e "e+ 'e a!i'/ rta!t a! .ita0 as/e+t * t e s+ 0 s re+ .er# /r 2ra' (Rieste!"er2; 344 ):

A 'i!istrat rs es+ri"e t eir +ir+0e /r +ess as "ei!2 * +&se ! 0iste!i!2 a!

res/e+t ,it i! t e + ''&!i+ati ! /r +ess a** r e "# t e +ir+0e: T e &se * a ta09i!2

/ie+e a00 ,s ea+ * t e # &t t e // rt&!it# t ia0 2&e a" &t a!# iss&es r + !+er!s

t e# 'a# a.e; a! /r .i es a * r&' * r st& e!ts t /e! &/ a" &t a!# i**i+&0ties t e#

are e>/erie!+i!2 re0ate t t eir a i+ti ! a! r t eir re+ .er#: Parti+i/a!ts e>/ress

/ers !a0 a! + ''&!it# a++ &!ta"i0it#; t e# are a+9! ,0e 2e ,it i! t e /r +ess; a!

+ir+0es 2i.es st& e!t s // rt&!ities t /r .i e a! re+ei.e + !str&+ti.e a! 'ea!i!2*&0

s&// rt &ri!2 t e re+ .er# /r +ess (Rieste!"er2; 344 ):I! t e PEASE A+a e'# +ir+0es 'a# ! , "e +a00e &ri!2 t e a# as st& e!ts ,

a.e re0a/se re1&est t e &se * a +ir+0e /r +ess: W i0e re0a/si!2 st& e!ts are e>/e00e

t e# 'a# ret&r! a*ter 2etti!2 +0ea! a! it is re/ rte t at 'a!# * t ese st& e!ts as9 * r a

ea0i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e "e* re t e# 0ea.e (Rieste!"er2; 344 ): Ma!# st& e!ts e+i e

t + 'e "a+9 t t e s+ 0 , e! t e# are a00 ,e a*ter t eir e>/&0si ! a! 'a!# * t e

# &t es+ri"e t e +ir+0e /r +ess as "ei!2 ar t 2 t r &2 ; /r "a"0# 'ea!i!2 t at t e

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/r +ess +a! "e e' ti !a00# e'a! i!2: H ,e.er; /arti+i/a!ts *te! *i! t at t e /r +ess

as e>te!si.e t era/e&ti+ .a0&e a! ' st /arti+i/a!ts *i! t e e>/erie!+e e0/*&0 a! are

2rate*&0 * r t e // rt&!it# t "e i!. 0.e ,it t e /r 2ra':

I! E!20a! ; at a resi e!tia0 s+ 0 T e %esse0s Lei2 S+ 0; * r tr &"0e " #s

a2es 55-5 ; rest rati.e 6&sti+e /r 2ra''i!2 a! t e &ti0i?ati ! * +ir+0e /r +ess as

e0/e /r .i e a! a.e!&e * r r2a!i?ati !a0 + a!2e t at as "ee! i!str&'e!ta0 i!

+ a!2i!2 t e +&0t&re * t e s+ 0 *r ' !e ,it !&'er &s is+i/0i!ar# i!*ra+ti !s t !e

t at as a+ ie.e a ' re ar' !i &s ,a# t ,ar , r9i!2 ,it # &t i! + !*0i+t

(% &0t !; 344 ): T e s+ 0 ,as esta"0is e i! 5 @; "&t .er a e+a e a2 / 0iti+a0

+ a!2es a! 2 .er!'e!t *i!a!+e iss&es + a!2e t e +0i'ate * t e a+a e'# a!

!e+essitate !e, /ra+ti+es * r ea0i!2 ,it is+i/0i!ar# i!*ra+ti !s:W i0e rest rati.e /ra+ti+es a.e "ee! esta"0is e s0 ,0# ,it i! t e /r 2ra'; t e

&se * +ir+0e /r +ess is re0ati.e0# !e, at t e s+ 0: T e +ir+0e /r +ess a eres t

2&i a!+e esta"0is e t r &2 t e/sing Circles (ffectively trai!i!2: T e +ir+0e /r +esses

a.e "ee! i!tr &+e t t e " #s as a ai0# /r +ess t at ++&rs at t e e! * ea+ a#:

T ese +ir+0es are 0e "# t e st& e!ts as t e# 'a9e t e +ir+0e /r +ess t eir ,! a!

"e+ 'e + '* rta"0e &ti0i?i!2 t e /r +ess , e!e.er a!# * t e' *ee0 it is !ee e

(% &0t !; 344 ): I! !e i!sta!+e a sta** 'e'"er a a +a'era t at isa//eare a! !e *

t e st& e!ts +a00e a +ir+0e t is+&ss t e iss&e: A'a?i!20#; 0ater t at a#; t e +a'era

rea//eare :Cir+0es a.e ! , "e+ 'e a! i!te2ra0 /art * t e s+ 0 s /r 2ra''i!2:

C0assr ' +ir+0es are e0 ea+ ' r!i!2 a! sta** s+ e &0es a.e "ee! + a!2e t e!a"0e

t e' t 0 +ir+0es e.er# * rt!i2 t: T e /ri!+i/a0 * t e s+ 0 re/ rte a ' re

ar' !i &s +&0t&re at t e s+ 0 a! t e !ear e0i'i!ati ! * 'a!# is+i/0i!ar#

i!*ra+ti !s: Trai!i!2 as "ee! e>/a! e t i!+0& e t e 'esti+ a! se+retaria0 sta** a!

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65

t e rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es i!itiate at t e +a'/&s see's t a.e + a!2e t e earts

a! 'i! s * t e ' st ar e!e tea+ ers a! sta** (% &0t !; 344 ): T r &2 t is

/r 2ra''i!2; /are!ts * t e " #s a.e e.e! "e2&! i!1&iri!2 a" &t rest rati.e 6&sti+e

/ri!+i/0es a! a trai!i!2 /r 2ra' ,as e.e0 /e * r t e': O.era00; t e i'/0e'e!tati ! *

rest rati.e /ra+ti+es as /r .i e 'a!# / siti.e + a!2es * r t e a 'i!istrati !; sta**; a!

# &t ,it i! t e %esse0s Lei2 S+ 0:R +a; I!+: is a + ''&!it# "ase /r 2ra' 0 +ate i! C e0sea; Massa+ &setts

* +&si!2 ! F.er# i2 -ris9 # &t t at &ti0i?es a /er* r'a!+e-"ase i!ter.e!ti ! ' e0

e!+ &ra2i!2 /ers !a0 tra!s* r'ati ! a' !2 /arti+i/a!ts: Si!+e 5 5; R +a as i!te2rate

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es i!t e.er# as/e+t * t eir r2a!i?ati !; i!+0& i!2 t eir , r9 ,it

# &t ; t eir *a'i0ies; a! t eir + ''&!it# /art!ers (% #es-Wats !; 344 ): T eir

s&++ess*&0 e** rts a! , r * ' &t as + !ti!&e t +reate // rt&!ities * r ROCA;

I!+: t /r .i e trai!i!2s t t e De/art'e!t * $a'i0# Ser.i+es a! t e De/art'e!t *

S +ia0 Ser.i+es; i! t e state * Massa+ &setts; a! ! , ! a "r a er !ati !a0 0e.e0 t a

'&0tit& e * a2e!+ies i!tereste i! &ti0i?i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es (% #es-Wats !; 344 =

tt/7 ,,,:r +ai!+: r2):Re0ati !s i/s are a + re + '/ !e!t i! t e Hi2 Ris9 Y &t I!ter.e!ti ! M e0;

a! t e /r 2ra' tar2ets # &t 5@ < 3@ #ears- 0 , e! t e# are *irst e!r 00e ; a! *itti!2

i!t !e r ' re * t e * 00 ,i!2 +ate2 ries7 2a!2 i!. 0.e'e!t r street 0i*e= i!. 0.e

,it + &rt r t er /&"0i+ s#ste's= eit er r //e &t * s+ 0 r ! t e .er2e *

r //i!2 &t= is a # &!2 /are!t= r # &!2 re*&2ee r i''i2ra!t: T ese # &t '&st a0s

"e ,i00i!2 t + !si er 0i.i!2 a ea0t # a! r /r &+ti.e 0i*e (Pier+e; 344 ):M re re+e!t ata /r .i e "# R +a; I!+: +&'e!ts /arti+i/a!t &t+ 'e 'eas&res

a*ter a #ear-0 !2 st& #: Parti+i/a!ts i!. 0.e i! i**ere!t / ases * t e /r 2ra' ,ere

assesse &ri!2 t e /eri *r ' J&0# t t J&!e 54 t (N Year); a! t e *i! i!2s str !20#

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66

s&// rt t e i!te2rati ! a! &ti0i?ati ! * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es: $ r i!sta!+e; e>a'i!i!2

t eir 344 ; 344 ; a 3454 + rts t e# *i! t at a' !2 P ase 5 /arti+i/a!ts;

e!2a2e i! e &+ati !; e'/0 #'e!t; a! r 0i*e s9i00s trai!i!2= 5 i!+&rre ! !e,

arrests; a! e.e0 /e ! !e, /re2!a!+ies (ROCAI!+: r2):P ase 3 a! P ase B /arti+i/a!ts e>/erie!+e e.e! 2reater res&0ts: A' !2 t is

2r &/ @ a.e s&stai!e e &+ati !a0 2ai!s a! a.e + !ti!&e i!t e'/0 #'e!t r

/ st-se+ ! ar# e &+ati !7 a.e retai!e e'/0 #'e!t rete!ti != a.e retai!e

/ siti.e a &0t re0ati !s i/s= 4 a.e a ! !e, /re2!a!+ies= a! a.e a !

!e, arrests (R +ai!+: r2): R +a I!+: is &si!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es ! t 6&st t tra!s* r'

t e 0i.es * # &t /arti+i/a!ts; "&t a iti !a00# as a! a.e!&e t + a!2e t e +ri'i!a0

6&sti+e s#ste' i! Massa+ &setts:

SUMMARYA*ter a! e>te!si.e re.ie, * t e 0iterat&re it ,as eter'i!e t at t ere are 'a!#

.a0&a"0e /r 2ra's a! /r 6e+ts &ti0i?i!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es; a! /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0es i! /arti+&0ar: Yet; t ere is ! 0iterat&re a.ai0a"0e e>a'i!i!2 t e &se * /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0es a' !2 # &t 2r ,i!2-&/ i! areas + ara+teri?e "# i2 rates * .i 0e!+e; ,it a!

atte'/t t treat a! s/e+i*i+a00# + &!ter"a0a!+e t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e:T e +&rre!t /r 2ra' see9s t a ress t se + !+er!s ,it a 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0

st& # testi!2 t e e**e+ti.e!ess * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es * r re &+i!2 " t t e ,i00i!2!ess t

&se .i 0e!+e a! t e / te!tia0 ar' ass +iate ,it e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:

Meas&res * /arti+i/a!t satis*a+ti ! a! testi' !ies * /ers !a0 tra!s* r'ati ! **er

.a0i it# * r t e &se * +ir+0e /r 2ra''i!2 i! 'a!# i**ere!t areas * " t t e +ri'i!a0

6&sti+e a! 6&.e!i0e 6&sti+e s#ste' a! t e resear+ i! i+ates t at +ir+0es +a! i! ee "e

a a/te t *it i!t a! ser.e 'a!# t#/es * sit&ati !s:

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67

CHAPTER III1METHODS

T e /&r/ se * t is st& # ,as t e>a'i!e t e &ti0it# * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es * rre &+i!2 t e e**e+ts a! t e &se * .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t 0i.i!2 i! i2 -ris9

!ei2 " r s: I! a0i2!'e!t ,it t e 2 a0s a! !ee s * t e st& # t is /r 6e+t

e'/0 #e " t 1&a!titati.e a! 1&a0itati.e 'et s * r ata + 00e+ti ! a! a!a0#sis:

%e* re a! a*ter 'eas&res assesse " t t e treat'e!t a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/: T ree

'eas&re'e!ts t at ,ere e>a'i!e /ri r t treat'e!t i!+0& e 7 a "ase-0i!e 'eas&re *

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; 0e.e0s * PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2#; a! a 'eas&re * r

,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e:T e / st 'eas&res ,ere assesse * r PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2# a! ,i00i!2!ess t

&se .i 0e!+e: T e 1&a!titati.e as/e+t * t is /r 6e+t a00 ,e t e resear+ er a!

// rt&!it# t statisti+a00# 'eas&re "e* re a! a*ter 0e.e0s * " t PTSD a!

,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e a! t assess i**ere!+es "et,ee! t e treat'e!t a! + !tr 0

2r &/ t at ,ere statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t:&a0itati.e /ra+ti+es a00 ,e t e resear+ er t +&'e!t e'er2i!2 t e'es;

/atter!s; a! i eas t at ,ere /rese!te "# t e # &t : Parti+i/a!t "ser.ati ! is &ti0i?e

&ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! a 1&a0itati.e 'eas&re'e!t i!str&'e!t assesses treat'e!t

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68

/arti+i/a!ts a*ter + '/0eti!2 t e /r 6e+t: C !+e/ts * +&se ! , at t e# 0i9e ' st a!

0east a" &t t e +ir+0e /r +ess itse0*: T e 1&a0itati.e esi2! a00 ,e t e resear+ er t 2ai!

a! a//re+iati ! * r t e i!tri!si+ etai0s * t e tra!s* r'ati ! /r +ess t at ++&rre

t r &2 &t t e /ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t:T e rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess is "&i0t ! a * &! ati ! *

s are ia0 2&e , i+ + '' !0# i! &+es tra!s* r'ati ! i! /arti+i/a!ts; a! t is

resear+ er s &2 t t i e!ti*# t e e>te!t * t ese + a!2es a! t +&'e!t t is /r +ess as

+ '/0ete0# as / ssi"0e: T is st& # 0 9e t t e /ers/e+ti.e * t se ' st i!ti'ate0#

i!. 0.e i! t e /r +ess; a! 1&a0itati.e resear+ is a"0e t **er a + ''it'e!t t

e>/0 ri!2 t e /ers/e+ti.e * t se "ei!2 st& ie (%r#'a!; 5 ):M st s/e+i*i+a00#; t is st& # e'/0 #e a 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0 esi2! ,it a

treat'e!t + '/ !e!t + !sisti!2 * e!2a2i!2 /arti+i/ati!2 # &t i! ia0 2&e !

.i 0e!+e; " t i! res/e+t t areas * /re.e!ti ! a! treat'e!t; a! es/e+ia00# i! re2ar s

t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: T e e>/e+tati ! ,as t at i!. 0.e'e!t ,it t e resear+ /r 6e+t

, &0 /r .e t era/e&ti+ * r /arti+i/a!ts ! a !&'"er * 0e.e0s:T e #/ t esis t at ,ere &! er i!.esti2ati ! &ri!2 t is 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0

/r 6e+t i!+0& e ;H1: Youth who have participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience

significant reductions in their willingness to utili!e violence in future events when

compared to their peers receiving no treatment.H2: Youth who have participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience

significant reductions in levels of post-traumatic-stress-disorder symptomology when

compared to their peers receiving no treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGNT is st& # ,as 1&asi-e>/eri'e!ta0 "e+a&se it ,as ! t /ra+ti+a0 t a+1&ire a 0ist

t at i!+0& e e.er# # &t a2es 5B t 5 #ears- 0 ; resi i!2 i! areas + ara+teri?e "#

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69

i2 rates * .i 0e!+e i! Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri: H ,e.er; t is 1&asi-e>/eri'e!t

i!. 0.e atte'/ts t "tai! a re/rese!tati.e sa'/0e * t e / /&0ati !: T e sa'/0i!2

*ra'e * r t is e>/eri'e!t ,as "tai!e t r &2 a .ariet# * 'eas&res i!+0& i!2

a++i e!ta0 r + !.e!ie!+e sa'/0i!2 a! s! ,"a00 sa'/0i!2 'et s: A 0 +a0

+ ''&!it# ra i stati ! ,as &ti0i?e * r a .ertisi!2 t e /r 6e+t (see A//e! i> A) a!

*0#ers ,ere / ste t r &2 &t t e + ''&!it# (see A//e! i> %):Parti+i/ati!2 # &t ,ere . 0&!teers; 5B t 5 #ears- 0 ; , ,ere ,i00i!2 t

+ ''it t tr# t *i! s 0&ti !s t i2 rates * .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t i! t e + ''&!it#

as ,e00 as * +&si!2 ! s 0&ti !s t t e ar' ass +iate ,it e>/ s&re: T ese # &t '&st

a.e e>/resse i!terest i! iss&es * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! 0i.e r .isit re2&0ar0# t e

areas * t e +it# e>/erie!+i!2 t e i2 est rates * .i 0e!+e a! t e !ei2 " r s

ire+t0# s&rr &! i!2 t ese ?i/ + es:T e Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri Ma# r s C ''issi ! ! Vi 0e!+e (3455) ! te ;

FW e! t e 344 'i+i es ,ere re.ie,e i! ter's * t eir 2e 2ra/ i+ /r >i'it#; @

* t e 53 'i+i es ++&rre ,it i! t e " &! aries * t ree * t e +it# s si> /atr 0

i.isi !s; East (@ ); Ce!tra0 (B ) a! Metr (3 ): A si2!i*i+a!t !&'"er ,ere

+ !+e!trate ,it i! t e @53 ; @5B4; @54 ; @53 ; a! @5B3 ?i/ + es; areas

/0a2&e ,it i2 + !+e!trati !s * / .ert#; &si!2 i! i00 re/air a!

&!e'/0 #'e!t &! ere'/0 #'e!t:T e sa'/0i!2 *ra'e * r t is st& # ,as 'a e &/ * # &t , resi e r

*re1&e!t0# .isit t e i!!er-+it# * Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri: T is area is e*i!e ; * r t is

st& #; as i!+0& i!2 areas * ?i/ + es @54 ; @54 ; @54 ; @554; @53@; @53 ;

@53 ; @53 ; @5B4; @5B3; @5BB; a! t at *a00 ,it i! t e Ce!tra0; Metr ; a! East

Patr 0 Di.isi !s * r t e Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri P 0i+e De/art'e!t: T is re*0e+ts t e

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70

areas * t e +it# e>/erie!+i!2 t e i2 est rates * .i 0e!+e a! t e !ei2 " r s

i''e iate0# s&rr &! i!2 t e':I!tereste # &t , 'a e + !ta+t ,it t e resear+ er; 'et /r 6e+t re1&ire'e!ts

a! a0s a a + !se!t * r' si2!e "# t e' as ,e00 as a /are!t r 2&ar ia!; ,ere

a00 ,e t ta9e t e /retest s&r.e#: Se.e!t# i!itia0 s&r.e#s ,ere + 00e+te a! + e :

T e! ra! ' se0e+ti ! ,as &se t e.e0 / t e 0ist * t e treat'e!t a! + !tr 0 2r &/:

T irt#-*i.e # &t ,ere + se! t /arti+i/ate i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/; a! a*ter

! ti*i+ati ! * se0e+ti ! * r t e /ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t; ei2 tee! # &t i!itia00# re/ rte

* r t e /r 6e+t ,ee9e! : $ &r # &t i ! t ret&r! a*ter t e *irst a# * t e /r 6e+t:

$ &rtee! # &t /arti+i/ate ea+ a# * t e ,ee9e! a! **i+ia00# + '/0ete t e

Ka!sas-Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t: E** rts ,ere 'a e t + !ta+t t irt#-*i.e

# &t se0e+te * r t e + !tr 0 2r &/; "&t * &rtee! # &t ,ere rea+ e a! s&r.e#e

&ri!2 t e st& # ti'e-*ra'e:

THE PRESENT STUDYT e st& # ,as s&// rte "# *&! s *r ' t e Ass +iati ! * D +t ra0 Pr 2ra's i!

Cri'i! 0 2# a! Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e: T is a,ar a00 ,e * r resear+ /arti+i/a!ts t "e

+ '/e!sate * r t eir ti'e a! tra.e0 * r "e* re a! a*ter s&r.e#s ( :44 2i*t +erti*i+ate

ea+ ); t /r .i e a s'a00 + '/e!sati ! * r +ir+0e /r 6e+t /arti+i/a!ts ( @4:44 2i*t

+erti*i+ate); a! t /r .i e tra!s/ rtati ! * r +ir+0e /r 6e+t /arti+i/a!ts ( 4:44); a

!ati ! t t e /r 6e+t site ( 344:44); as ,e00 as /r .i e s 'e *&! s ( B44:44) t

/&r+ ase * * r t e 'ea0s a! s!a+9s t at ,ere /r .i e t /arti+i/a!ts &ri!2 t e

+ir+0e /r 6e+t:T e /r 6e+t; T e Ka!sas Cit# Y &t s Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t (KCYPCP);

,as i!itiate "# t e /ri'ar# i!.esti2at r; a! ,as i'/0e'e!te t r &2 + 00a" rati.e

e** rts: M st s/e+i*i+a00#; C ristia! $e00 ,s i/ %a/tist C &r+ (C$%C); t e Se!i r

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71

Past r Sta! Ar+ ie; a! a st * . 0&!teers *r ' t e + &r+ a2ree t *&00# s&// rt t is

/r 6e+t a! t eir e** rts ,ere i! is/e!sa"0e: T e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e ,ee9e! ,as e0

at C ristia! $e00 ,s i/ %a/tist C &r+ ; , i+ is 0 +ate at @ 4 Tr st A.e!&e; i! a!

area * Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri t at as + !siste!t0# e>/erie!+e i2 0e.e0s *

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e:T e + &r+ is &se i!si e * a , ite ! ! es+ri/t "&i0 i!2 0 +ate i! t e

'i 0e * t e "0 +9: L +ate i!si e * t e "&i0 i!2 are t e + &r+ **i+es; t e sa!+t&ar#

, ere , rs i/ a! ser.i+es are e0 ; '&0ti/0e +0assr 's , ere # &t ser.i+es are

ta&2 t; a! a 9it+ e! a! s'a00 i!i!2 r ' t at are &se re2&0ar0# , e! !ee e : T e

+ &r+ ,!s a! t er s'a00 "&i0 i!2 ! t e + r!er * t e "0 +9 t at is &se * r &trea+

a! tee! a+ti.ities a! t e "&i0 i!2s are + !!e+te i! t e "a+9 "# t, s'a00 /ar9i!2 0 ts

a! !e !e,er 0ar2er !e t at ,as + !str&+te ! t t at 0 !2 a2 :O! t e t er si e * t e + &r+ is a CVS / ar'a+# a! a+r ss t e street t ere is

a +ar s / ,it se.era0 see'i!20# a"a! !e +ars /ar9e t ere at a!# ti'e; a! a&t

etai0i!2 "&si!ess t at is ea.i0# *re1&e!te "# # &!2 'e! ,it s &/e -&/ +ars

a'/0i*#i!2 0 & "eat ea.# ra/ '&si+: T ere is a0s a! 0 *ire stati ! t at s 'e !e

re+e!t0# atte'/te t 'a9e i!t a! i00e2a0 a*ter &rs stri/ +0&" a! /r stit&tes; " t

'a0e a! *e'a0e are *te! see! ,a09i!2 !ear t e + &r+ r sta! i!2 at t e + r!er "&s

st /: Des/ite t e 1&esti !a"0e !at&re * t e area t e + &r+ as 'a!# *ait *&0 * 00 ,ers;

s 'e * , ' tra.e0 a 2reat ista!+e t atte! ser.i+es:

DESCRIPTION O$ TREATMENT GROUPT e treat'e!t 2r &/ + !siste * 5@ # &t , + '/0ete t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e

/r 6e+t ,ee9e! : Ha0* * /arti+i/ati!2 # &t ,ere 5@ #ears- 0 at t e ti'e * t e /r 6e+t &

*i.e * t e # &t ,ere 5B #ears- 0 ; !e ,as 5 #ears- 0 a! t e 0 est ,as 5 #ears-

0 : % #s ,ere .erre/rese!te ,it i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e treat'e!t 2r &/ ,it te!

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72

" #s a! * &r 2ir0s ta9i!2 /art i! t e , 0e ,ee9e! /r +ess: A 'a6 rit# * t e # &t

,ere i! eit er t r t 2ra e at t e ti'e * t e /r 6e+t; a0t &2 !e # &t re/ rte "ei!2

i! t 2ra e; !e re/ rte t 2ra e; a! t, * t e # &t re/ rte "ei!2 i! t e 54 t 2ra e

at t e ti'e * t e /r 6e+t: A0' st a00 * t e # &t ,ere A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! e>+e/t * r !e

* t e 2ir0s , a re+e!t0# i''i2rate *r ' S 'a0i:

PROJECT DESCRIPTIONT e /r 6e+t i!+0& e 34 &rs * /arti+i/ati ! i! a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e t at ,as

* +&se ! + 'i!2 &/ ,it i eas a! /0a!s "# t e # &t t re &+e t e e**e+ts * a! t e

&se * .i 0e!+e i! t eir + ''&!ities: T e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess i! ere!t0# a00 ,s

* r 2reat *0e>i"i0it# ,it i! t e /r +ess itse0* a! '&+ * t e r2a!i?ati ! a! a+ti.ities

t at t 9 /0a+e ,it i! t e +ir+0e ,ere 2&i e "# t e # &t t e'se0.es: I'/ rta!t t e'es

t at ,ere &se as starti!2 / i!ts * r s/e+i*i+ +ir+0es i!+0& e 7 0i.i!2 ,it tra&'a;

0ear!i!2 , t ea0; + sts a! + !se1&e!+es * .i 0e!+e; re &+i!2 .i 0e!+e; t e

/ra+ti+e * /ea+e'a9i!2; a! s&22esti !s * r t e *&t&re; as ,e00 as /r / se !ee s t at

t e # &t e.e0 / (see A//e! i> C) .O! t e t ir a# * t e ,ee9e! ; 9e# + ''&!it# 0ea ers a! 'e'"ers ,ere

i!.ite t /arti+i/ate i! a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess ,it t e # &t : A t ree &r +ir+0e

/r +ess ,as i!itiate ,it t e i!. 0.e'e!t * 0 +a0 + ''&!it# sta9e 0 ers , are

+ ''itte t s 0.i!2 t e /r "0e's * .i 0e!+e t at # &t + !ti!&e t *a+e i! t e +it#:T e * +&s * r t at +ir+0e ,as ! a00 ,i!2 # &t t s are , at t e# a 0ear!e

&ri!2 t e ,ee9e! *r ' t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess; t a ress t e + !+er!s a!

e>/e+tati !s * a00 /arties i!. 0.e ; a! t a00 , /arti+i/ati!2 # &t t e // rt&!it# t

e>/ress , at t e# t &2 t i! ter's * re &+i!2 .i 0e!+e a' !2 t eir /eers i! t e

+ ''&!it#: A *i!a0 * 00 ,-&/ +ir+0e t 9 /0a+e ,it t e /r 6e+t # &t t e>/ress t eir

t &2 ts a! i eas a" &t t e +ir+0e /r +ess ,it t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers a! t a00 ,

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73

t e' t es+ri"e t eir /0a!s: T e # &t re1&este a re&!i ! +ir+0e , ere * 00 ,-&/ / st-

treat'e!t s&r.e#s + &0 "e + 00e+te : T is ++&rre t, ,ee9s a*ter t e /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e /r 6e+t:

MEASURES AND DATA COLLECTIONA00 * t e /arti+i/a!ts ,ere 2i.e! i!* r'ati ! a" &t t e /r 6e+t a! a .ise *

t e . 0&!tar# !at&re * t e st& #: I! r er t "e e0i2i"0e * r /arti+i/ati ! i! t is st& #;

res/ ! e!ts a t "e "et,ee! 5B t 5 #ears- 0 at t e ti'e * t e /r 6e+t; 0i.i!2 i! r

.isiti!2 re2&0ar0# a i2 -ris9 + ''&!it#; a! t e# '&st a.e "ee! ,i00i!2 t + ''it t

"ei!2 *&00# i!. 0.e i! t e /r 6e+t /r +ess: T e# a0s !ee e t "tai! a si2!e /are!ta0

+ !se!t * r' stati!2 t at t e# ,ere a00 ,e t /arti+i/ate i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e

/r 6e+t (see A//e! i> D): Data + 00e+ti ! 'et s * r t is st& # ,ere a//r .e t r &2

t e I!stit&ti !a0 Re.ie, % ar at Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit# (see A//e! i> E):T e /re i+t r .aria"0e i! t is e>/eri'e!t ,as /arti+i/ati ! i! t e Ka!sas Cit#

Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t (KCYPCP): T e &t+ 'e .aria"0es * r t is st& #

i!+0& e PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2# a! ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e:T e /re-test 'eas&res i!+0& e a "ase0i!e 'eas&re * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e

e>/ s&re * r " t t e treat'e!t a! + !tr 0 2r &/: T is 'eas&re ,as assesse &ti0i?i!2

a s+a0e a a/te *r ' t e urvey of (xposure to Community )iolence (Ri+ ters

Sa0t?'a!; 5 4) a! /r .i e "# S+ar/a (3455) (see A//e! i> $): S+ar/a /r .i e a

re.ise 3 -ite' s+a0e; "ase ! t e ri2i!a0 @-ite' s+a0e t at ,as esi2!e "# Ri+ ters

* r 53-5 #ears- 0 a! e>a'i!e " t ire+t a! i! ire+t .i+ti'i?ati !: T e i!itia0

'eas&re'e!t i!str&'e!t as i!ter!a0 + !siste!+# a! test-retest re0ia"i0it# (M+Ma ! et

a0:; 344 ); a! re/0i+ati ! st& ies &ti0i?i!2 t e i!str&'e!t a.e "ee! *a. ra"0e (S+ar/a

et a0:; 3443):

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74

Pre a! / st-test 'eas&res ,ere "tai!e ! PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2# &si!2 t e

Re.ise Versi ! * t e %urdue %ost "raumatic tress isorder cale 0%%" -+ & a 5 -

ite' s+a0e +0 se0# + rre0ate ,it t e ia2! sti+ +riteria * r PTSD as ! te "# t e

DSM-IV (La&ter"a+ Vra!a; 5 ) (see A//e! i> G): T is s+a0e as a i2 0e.e0 *

i!ter!a0 + !siste!+# a! re0ia"i0it# i! isti!2&is i!2 "et,ee! t se , a.e "ee!

tra&'ati?e a! t se , a.e ! t (La&ter"a+ Vra!a; 5 ): I! t eir st& # *

.i 0e!+e e>/ s&re i! &!i.ersit# st& e!ts; S+ar/a et a0: * &! i!ter!a0 + !siste!+# ,it

t e Re.ise Versi ! * t e P&r &e P st Tra&'ati+ Stress Dis r er S+a0e (3443):Wi00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e ,as assesse ,it t e 2 C% tudent urvey on

)iolence – *ttitudes and $ehaviors& a 34-ite' s&r.e# esi2!e t 'eas&re "e a.i rs

a! attit& es t ,ar .i 0e!+e * r st& e!ts i! 2ra es @-53 (see A//e! i> H): T e s&r.e#

,as e.e0 /e as a /re a! / st 'eas&re i! e>a'i!i!2 .i 0e!+e /re.e!ti ! /r 2ra's

a! as "ee! s ,! t /r .i e i!ter!a0 + !siste!+# a! re0ia"i0it# (O Nei00; 3443):A 1&a0itati.e i!str&'e!t ,as &se t as9 /arti+i/a!t s /er+e/ti ! * t e +ir+0e

/r +ess itse0* a! ' st s/e+i*i+a00#; , at t e# 0i9e "est a! 0east a" &t t e +ir+0e

/r 6e+t (see A//e! i> I): &a0itati.e ata ,ere a0s + 00e+te t r &2 &t t e /r 6e+t as

t e /ri'ar# i!.esti2at r e'/0 #e /arti+i/a!t "ser.ati ! te+ !i1&es a! i!+0& e

! tes ! i!* r'a0 + !.ersati !s as ,e00 as "ser.ati !s * /r +esses a! e'er2i!2

t e'es t at e.e0 /e &ri!2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es:%er2 (344 ) / i!te &t t at *ie0 -! te /a2es s &0 "e as sta! ar i?e as

/ ssi"0e i! r er t i!+rease t e + '/re e!si.e etai0 a! ai i! s#ste'ati+ str&+t&ri!2

* ! tes a! t at +ertai! + !siste!t e0e'e!ts i!+0& i!2 ate; ti'e; setti!2; a! /a2e

!&'"er s &0 "e i!+0& e ! ea+ /a2e: A sta! ar i?e /a2e ,as + !str&+te a!

&ti0i?e * r ai0# ! tes t at ,ere ta9e! &ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r 6e+t i! r er t e!s&re

+ '/0ia!+e ,it t ese 'et s (see A//e! i> J): A /ers !a0 6 &r!a0 ,as a0s 9e/t "#

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75

t e resear+ er as a 'et * re*0e>i.it# i! 1&a0itati.e resear+ , ere"# re+ 2!i?i!2 t e

i'/&te i!*0&e!+e t e resear+ er !at&ra00# "ri!2s t t e resear+ /r +ess; a! i!

e>a'i!i!2 , t e resear+ er e>/erie!+e t e e.e0 /'e!t * t e resear+ /r 6e+t (see

A//e! i> K):

DATA ANALYSISData a!a0#sis ++&rre i! t, /arts: T e *irst / rti ! * a!a0#sis * +&se ! t e

1&a!titati.e 'eas&res t at ,ere + 00e+te i! r er t test t e resear+ #/ t eses a!

i!+0& e " t es+ri/ti.e a! i!*ere!tia0 statisti+s: T e se+ ! / rti ! * a!a0#sis * t e

1&a0itati.e ata e>a'i!e t e 1&a0itati.e resear+ i!str&'e!t; a se0*-re/ rt s&r.e#a 'i!istere t t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t # &t ; a! t e *ie0 -! tes t at ,ere + 00e+te "#

t e resear+ er &ri!2 t e /r 6e+t ,ee9e! :

&a!titati.e Resear+A0t &2 t e 1&a!titati.e ata t at ,ere 2at ere ,ere s 'e, at 0i'ite &e t

a s'a00 !&'"er * +ases; a!a0#sis ,as + ! &+te ! t e a.ai0a"0e ata *r ' .ari &s

/ i!ts: Des+ri/ti.e statisti+s a! *re1&e!+ies ,ere e>a'i!e * r " t t e treat'e!t

2r &/ a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/; se/arate0# a! + '"i!e : T is i!+0& e 'eas&res *

+e!tra0 te! e!+# * r t e es+ri/ti.e .aria"0es i!+0& i!2 ra+e; 2e! er; a2e; a! 2ra e at

t e ti'e * /r 6e+t: A! a!a0#sis * "ase0i!e 'eas&res * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e ,ere e>a'i!e * r " t 2r &/s a! a!a0#sis * +&se ! ,it i!-2r &/ a!

"et,ee!-2r &/ si'i0arities a! i**ere!+es:A /aire -sa'/0e t-test esi2! ,as &ti0i?e * r !&00 #/ t esis statisti+a0 testi!2

&si!2 re/eate -'eas&res ! " t t e /re a! / st-test assess'e!ts * r t e &t+ 'e

.aria"0es; PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2# a! ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: Di**ere!+es ,ere

e>a'i!e ,it i! " t t e + !tr 0 a! treat'e!t 2r &/: A++ r i!2 t S/at? (3455); t e

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76

re/eate -'eas&res /aire -sa'/0e esi2!s ,as a !at&ra0 se0e+ti ! * r + '/ari!2 t e

"e* re a! a*ter 'eas&res * ea+ /arti+i/a!t i! a! e>/eri'e!ta0 esi2!: T is test

a00 ,e t e e>a'i!ati ! * statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t + a!2es t at ++&rre "et,ee!

'eas&res:

&a0itati.e Resear+&a0itati.e a!a0#sis "e2a! ,it a se1&e!tia0 a!a0#sis t at i!. 0.e e>a'i!i!2

t e a!s,ers /r .i e "# t e /arti+i/a!ts i! t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t i! te'/ ra0 r eri!2:

Mi0es a! H&"er'a! (5 @) /rese!te t is as !e 'et * r a!a0#sis * 1&a0itati.e

ata a! is+&sse t is 'et as a00 ,i!2 a!a0#sis t /r +ee *r ' si!20e-+ase t

'&0ti/0e-+ase a!a0#sis: %ar9er; Pistra!2; a! E00i tt (3443) /r .i e i!si2 t ! &ti0i?i!2

,it i!-+ase a! +r ss-+ase a!a0#sis 'et s a! t is st& # * +&se ! a "rie* ,it i!-

+ase a!a0#sis * 00 ,e "# a ' re t r &2 +r ss-+ase a!a0#sis: N tes t at ,ere 2at ere &ri!2 t e circle /r 6e+t e>a'i!e /arti+i/a!ts

t &2 ts a" &t t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! 0 9e * r + '' ! t e'es t at "e+a'e a//are!t

i! t e te>t , i0e s/e+ia0 atte!ti ! ,as /ai re2ar i!2 t e tra!s* r'ati ! /r +ess

"e0ie.e t ta9e /0a+e a' !2 +ir+0e /arti+i/a!ts: Parti+i/a!t "ser.ati ! 'et s

a00 ,e t e resear+ er t "e i!ti'ate0# i!. 0.e ,it t e /r 6e+t a0t &2 atte'/ti!2 t

sta# !e&tra0 t r &2 &t t e /r +ess: H ,e.er; i! t eir arti+0e ! es+ri/ti ! .:

i!ter/retati !; Da 0"er2 a! Da 0"er2 (344@) is+&sse meaningful intentionality a!

+ !+0& e t at F *i! i!2 esse!+es is ! t s 'et i!2 t at ,e; as resear+ ers; e>/0i+it0#

a t t e resear+ : Mea!i!2 is at !+e " t is+ .ere a! +reate - ! t ,it i! t e

/ e! 'e! ! itse0*; "&t < i! t e / e! 'e!a0; i!te!ti !a0; *ie0 (Da0 "er Da 0"er2;

344@; /: 3 ):&a0itati.e resear+ a!a0#sis re1&ires tra!s/are!+# a" &t t e resear+ er s

a&t e!ti+ se0* as a! i!str&'e!t * ata a!a0#sis: T &s; 1&a0itati.e a!a0#sis i!+0& es

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77

resear+ er re*0e>i.it# (see A//e! i> J): Ri+ ar s ! a! St: Pierre (344 ) ! te t at t is

i!+0& es t e se0*-a,are!ess * t e resear+ er ,it e>/ s&re * ' ti.es; e>/erie!+es;

"e0ie*s; a! attit& es t at s a/e t e resear+ e** rt: D&ri!2 t is st& #; t e /ri'ar#

i!.esti2at r a se.era0 /ers !a0 e>/erie!+es ,it .i 0e!+e i! t e + ''&!it# t at 'a#

a.e i!*0&e!+e t is /r 6e+t:A /ra2'ati+ / i0 s / i+a0 * &! ati ! s&// rte t e resear+ er s ,!

&! ersta! i!2 a! /ara i2'ati+ a//r a+ t a+1&iri!2 !e, 9! ,0e 2e: T e /ra2'ati+

a//r a+ ,as &ti0i?e "# C 0e# a! Mea i! t e ear0# 5 44 s t e.e0 / a t e reti+a0

/ers/e+ti.e e*i!e as s#'" 0i+ i!tera+ti ! t at *&rt er i!*0&e!+e t e resear+ er s

'et 0 2i+a0 /ara i2': &a0itati.e resear+ /ra+ti+es a00 , t e e.e0 /'e!t *

&! ersta! i!2 s a/e "# t is /ara i2'ati+ a//r a+ , i0e a+9! ,0e 2i!2 t e i!*0&e!+e

t e resear+ er s ,! e>/erie!+es a! .ie,s a.e ! t e st& #:T e 1&a!titati.e *i! i!2s a! t e 1&a0itati.e a!a0#sis are 'ea!t t e! a!+e ea+

t er a! /r .i e etai0s ! t easi0# e.i e!+e "# t e t er: T e 1&a!titati.e ata

/r .i es a !&'eri+a0 assess'e!t ! t e i'/a+t * t e /r 6e+t ! t e &t+ 'e .aria"0es;

PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2# a! ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: T e 1&a0itati.e ata /r .i es a

*ra'e, r9 * r e.e0 /i!2 a! &! ersta! i!2 re2ar i!2 t e tra!s* r'ati ! /r +ess t at is

*te! es+ri"e as ta9i!2 /0a+e &ri!2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess:A++ r i!2 t De!?i! a! Li!+ 0! (344 ) t e 1&a0itati.e resear+ er s i!1&ir# a!

a!a0#sis *te! rese'"0es a 'a9er * 1&i0ts; FT e /r &+t * t e i!ter/reti.e 3ricoleur4s

0a" r is a + '/0e>; 1&i0t0i9e "ri+ 0a2e; a re*0e>i.e + 00a2e r ' !ta2e < a set * *0&i ;

i!ter+ !!e+te i'a2es a! re/rese!tati !s: T is i!ter/reti.e str&+t&re is 0i9e a 1&i0t; a

/er* r'a!+e te>t; a se1&e!+e * re/rese!tati !s + !!e+ti!2 t e /arts t t e , 0e (/:

):

LIMITATIONS O$ THE STUDY

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78

T e re0ia"i0it# a! .a0i it# * t is st& # a.e 0i'itati !s: O!e 0i'itati ! is t e

i!.esti2at r s re0ati !s i/ t t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t; s/e+i*i+a00# "ei!2 a 0ea

e.e0 /er: C 9 a! Ca'/"e00 (5 ); ! te t at e>/eri'e!ter e>/e+ta!+ies 'a# "e +a00e

i!t 1&esti ! &ri!2 t ese +ir+&'sta!+es a! s&22est t at &si!2 '&0ti/0e i!ter/reters r

a 'i!isters * testi!2 i!str&'e!ts 'a# e0/ a00e.iate i!ter!a0 .a0i it# iss&es: T e +ir+0e

9ee/ers ,ere . 0&!teers a! ,ere ! t ass +iate ,it rest rati.e 6&sti+e r /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0es "e* re re+ei.i!2 trai!i!2 t "e a /art * t e st& # /r 6e+t:A! t er 2 a0 * t e st& # ,as t a+1&ire a! trai! resear+ . 0&!teers t

a 'i!ister t e "e* re a! a*ter s&r.e#s re2ar i!2 PTSD s#'/t 's * " t t e treat'e!t

a! + !tr 0 2r &/s: Se.era0 iss&es /re.e!te t is *r ' a//e!i!2 a! i!stea t e s&r.e#s

,ere se0*-a 'i!istere : T is *&rt er 0i'ite .a0i it#: %ar9er; Pistra!2; a! E00i tt (3443)

! te t at !e * t e 'ai! isa .a!ta2es * se0*-re/ rt s&r.e#s is t at # & +a!! t

2&ara!tee t at res/ ! e!ts are "ei!2 tr&t *&0: A iti !a00#; t e i!* r'ati ! "ei!2 s &2 t

is /ers !a0 a! i i s#!+rati+ a! t &s 'a# "ear 0itt0e re0ati !s i/ t rea0it# (%ar9er;

Pistra!2; E00i tt; /: ; 3443): Le.e0s * PTSD s#'/t ' t 0 2# are a0s a i**i+&0t

+ !+e/t t /r /er0# assess:T e ti'e *ra'e * r t is /r 6e+t i ! t a00 , * r 0 !2-ter' * 00 ,-&/ ,it

/arti+i/a!ts: A iti !a0 1&a!titati.e a! 1&a0itati.e 'eas&res + ! &+te at 0east -' !t s

t !e #ear a*ter /r 6e+t + '/0eti ! , &0 a00 , * r a ' re t r &2 a!a0#sis * t e

e**e+ts * /arti+i/ati ! a' !2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t treat'e!t 2r &/:A! t er /r 6e+t 0i'itati ! is t e a.ai0a"0e 0e!2t * ti'e * r /r .i i!2 treat'e!t:

Latessa (3454) re+e!t0# ! te t at at 0east 544 &rs * treat'e!t ,ere re1&ire t "e

e**e+ti.e a' !2 a 'e i&' ris9 / /&0ati ! a! s&22este t at e.e! 2reater treat'e!t

0e!2t s ,ere !e+essar# * r i2 ris9 / /&0ati !s: U!* rt&!ate0#; atte'/ti!2 t e!2a2e

# &t i! + ''&!it# /r 2ra''i!2 ! a 0 !2 ter' "asis +a! "e a a&!ti!2 + a00e!2e:

78



79

Pr 2ra''i!2 i!tr &+e ,it i! s+ 0 setti!2s are a0s se.ere0# 0i'ite i! t e a' &!t *

/arti+i/at r# &rs a 'i!istrat rs +a! a00 , st& e!ts t e!2a2e i! "e* re + !*0i+ts ,it

re1&ire +&rri+&0&' e0i.er# are e>/erie!+e : W i0e 'a!# /r 2ra's ! t 'eet

Latessa s re+ ''e! ati !s; it is a 0i'itati !:

CHAPTER IVRESULTS

T is + a/ter /rese!ts t e *i! i!2s *r ' t e e>/eri'e!ta0 st& # e'/0 #e &ri!2

t is /r 6e+t: T e 1&a!titati.e a!a0#sis * +&se ! t e es+ri/ti.e statisti+s a! t e /aire

sa'/0e t-test * r i**ere!+e t at ,ere a!a0#?e &si!2 t e s+ res ! t e /re a! / st-test

'eas&res * r " t t e treat'e!t a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/; a! as a , 0e: T e 1&a0itati.e

*i! i!2s re*0e+t t e 'eas&re'e!t i!str&'e!t t at # &t /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e treat'e!t

/r 6e+t + '/0ete as ,e00 as t e *ie0 -! tes t at ,ere 2at ere &ri!2 t e /r 6e+t

,ee9e! , i0e &si!2 t e resear+ 1&esti !s as a 2&i e:

UANTITATIVE ANALYSIST e ata 2at ere &ri!2 t is st& # ,ere s 'e, at 0i'ite i! t at t e !&'"er *

a+t&a0 /arti+i/a!ts i! t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t ,as '&+ 0 ,er t a! a "ee! a!ti+i/ate ;

a! t ere* re t e statisti+a0 res&0ts /rese!te i! t is se+ti ! * t e + a/ter are "rie* a!

restri+te t e0e'e!tar# *i! i!2s: T is a!a0#sis * +&ses ! t e es+ri/ti.e *i! i!2s t at

,ere a00 ,e "# t e ata i!+0& i!2 *re1&e!+ies a! a! e>a'i!ati ! * "ase-0i!e 0e.e0s *

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80

e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e as ,e00 as t e /aire sa'/0e t-test * r i**ere!+e t at

,as + ! &+te &si!2 SPSS .34:

Des+ri/ti.e Statisti+s

$irst; i! r er t e>a'i!e si'i0arities a! i**ere!+es "et,ee! t e treat'e!t a!

+ !tr 0 2r &/ es+ri/ti.e ata ,ere a!a0#?e : T e es+ri/ti.e statisti+s a! *re1&e!+ies

,ere e>a'i!e * r " t 2r &/s se/arate0# a! as a , 0e: As a , 0e; t e sa'/0e

i!+0& e t,e!t#-ei2 t # &t ; ,it t,e0.e *e'a0es a! si>tee! 'a0es; ,it * &rtee! # &t

/arti+i/ati!2 i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/ a! * &rtee! # &t res/ ! e!ts re/rese!ti!2 t e

+ !tr 0 2r &/: W e! 0 9i!2 at t e 2r &/s se/arate0# t e 2e! er is/arities "et,ee! t e

treat'e!t a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/ are ' st ! ta"0e ($i2&re 5): O.er a0* ( ) * t e

+ !tr 0 2r &/ + !siste * *e'a0es; #et t e treat'e!t 2r &/ ,as + '/rise * te! 'a0es

( 5:@ ) a! !0# * &r *e'a0es (3 : ): It is s&22este t at t e reas ! * r t e is/arit# is

t at &ri!2 i'/0e'e!tati ! * t e /r 6e+t se.era0 *e'a0es , ,ere + se! * r t e

treat'e!t 2r &/ ,ere ! t a"0e t atte! * r t e e!tire ,ee9e! a! ,ere t ere* re

e0i'i!ate *r ' t e st& #:

Combined Treatment Control0

5

10

15

20

MaleFemale

$i2&re 5 - Ge! er

I! e>a'i!i!2 t e a2e .aria"0e; it is ! te t at t e a.era2e a2e ,as 5@ #ears- 0

a! .er * # &t ,ere eit er 5B r 5@ #ears- 0 : T e treat'e!t 2r &/ ,as s0i2 t0#

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81

# &!2er t a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/ a! * t e treat'e!t 2r &/ ,as eit er 5B r 5@ #ears-

0 at t e ti'e * t e st& #; , i0e !0# 4 * t e + !tr 0 2r &/ ,as re/rese!te i! t is

a2e ra!2e ($i2&re 3): T e + !tr 0 2r &/ re/rese!te a s0i2 t0# 0 er a2e 2r &/ ,it a

2reater /r / rti ! * 5 t r &2 5 #ear- 0 s re/rese!te i! t is 2r &/:


2

4

6

8

10

12

13 Yrs-old14 Yrs-old15 Yrs-old16 Yrs-old17 Yrs-old

$i2&re 37 A2e Varia"0e

I! t ta0; t e 2ra es # &t re/ rte atte! i!2 ra!2e *r ' t 2ra e t 53 t 2ra e

($i2&re B): T e treat'e!t 2r &/ a ' re re/rese!tati ! i! t e 0 ,er 2ra es; , i0e t e

+ !tr 0 2r &/ A0' st @4 * t e # &t re/ rte "ei!2 i! t 2ra e at t e ti'e * t e st& #

a! a! t er @4 re/ rte "ei!2 i! t e t r 54 t 2ra e: a ' re # &t e!r 00e i! t e

i2 est 2ra es; a! ! !e * t e /arti+i/a!ts i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/ ,ere i! 55 t r 53 t

2ra e at t e ti'e * t e st& #:


2

4

6

8

10

12

6th Grade7th Grade8th Grade9th Grade

11th Grade12th Grade

$i2&re B7 Gra e Varia"0e

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82

T e sa'/0e + !siste /ri'ari0# * A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! # &t ( ); ,it t,

# &t re/ rti!2 as %ira+ia0 a! !e # &t se0*-i e!ti*#i!2 as S 'a0i ($i2&re @): Ra+e

,as a! /e!-e! e 1&esti ! a! t e S 'a0i 2ir0 , /arti+i/ate i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/

,as a a'a!t t at s e ! t "e ra+ia00# i e!ti*ie as A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! r %0a+9; "&t as

S 'a0i i!stea : T, * t e # &t i! t e + !tr 0 2r &/ se0*-i e!ti*ie as %ira+ia0;

i! i+ati!2 " t %0a+9 a! W ite:


5

1015

20

25

30

la!"

Mi# $a!e%omali

$i2&re @7 Ra+e Varia"0e

A "ase0i!e 'eas&re * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e ,as + ! &+te a' !2

" t 2r &/s &ri!2 t e /re a! / st 'eas&re assess'e!ts: As a , 0e; t e ' e * r ' st

re/ rte .aria"0es ,as ?er ; i! i+ati!2 t at t e 'a6 rit# * # &t i!. 0.e i! t is /r 6e+t

a 0 , 0e.e0s * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: T ere ,ere t, e>+e/ti !s; i! t e

/retest 'eas&re ,it t e .aria"0e i! i+ati!2 , 'a!# ti'es 56actually seen someone

with a weapon7 ; t e ' e ,as t, ; i! i+ati!2 a! a!s,er * t, ti'es; a! , 'a!#

ti'es 5 6actually seen someone slapped or punched 3y a family mem3er7 ; t e ' e ,as

t, ; i! i+ati!2 t e ' st + '' ! a!s,er t t at 1&esti ! ,as a0s t, ti'es:H ,e.er; ! a.era2e , e! e>a'i!i!2 s/e+i*i+ .aria"0es it is * &! t at ' st

# &t a.e e>/erie!+e s 'e e>/ s&re: $ r i!sta!+e; a0t &2 ' st # &t re/ rte

a.i!2 !e.er "ee! + ase "# 2a!2s r i! i.i &a0s ( ) .er a0* ( 4 ) a see!

s 'e !e e0se + ase at 0east !+e: A" &t 5@ re/ rte "ei!2 'e &ri!2 a "&r20ar# i!

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83

" t /re a! / st-test 'eas&res; a! a! t er B4 re/ rte a.i!2 t eir 'es

"&r20ari?e , i0e t e# ,ere a,a#: O.er a0* * t e res/ ! e!ts i! " t 'eas&res re/ rte

t at t e# a.e a+t&a00# "ee! t reate!e ,it seri &s / #si+a0 ar' at 0east !+e a! -

re/ rte seei!2 s 'e !e e0se t reate!e :D&ri!2 t e /retest .er 4 * # &t re/ rte t at t e# t e'se0.es a a+t&a00#

"ee! s0a//e ; /&!+ e ; r it "# s 'e !e , ,as a 'e'"er * t eir *a'i0# at 0east !+e

a! 4 re/ rte t at t e# a see! s 'e !e e0se "ei!2 s0a//e ; /&!+ e ; r it "# a

'e'"er * t eir *a'i0#: T e sa'e !&'"er * # &t ( 4 ) re/ rte "ei!2 s0a//e ;

/&!+ e ; r it "# s 'e !e , ,as ! t a 'e'"er * t eir ,! *a'i0#; a! a0' st 4

re/ rte t at t e# a see! s 'e !e e0se s0a//e ; /&!+ e ; r it "# s 'e !e , ,as

! t a 'e'"er * t eir *a'i0#: T irt# /er+e!t * # &t re/ rte "ei!2 "eate! &/ r '&22e

at 0east !+e a! .er 4 a 'itte seei!2 s 'e !e e0se "eate! &/ r '&22e :A0' st 34 * res/ ! e!ts re/ rte "ei!2 se>&a00# assa&0te ; ' 0este ; r ra/e

at 0east !+e a! 54 re/ rte seei!2 s 'e !e e0se "ei!2 se>&a00# assa&0te : T e

'a6 rit# * # &t ( ) a 'itte seei!2 s 'e !e ,it a ,ea/ ! "e* re (a 2&! r a

9!i*e); a! 4 * # &t re/ rte eari!2 2&!*ire *r ' eit er i!si e r &tsi e * t eir

'es: O!0# a" &t 4 * # &t re/ rte t at t e# a.e e.er see! a!# !e , &! e

&ri!2 a .i 0e!t atta+9; a! !0# a" &t 54 a.e e.er a+t&a00# see! s 'e !e "ei!2

9i00e : N !e * t e # &t re/ rte e.er a.i!2 "ee! atta+9e ,it a 9!i*e r s t ,it a

Frea0 2&!; a0t &2 a *e, # &t re/ rte "ei!2 s t ,it %% 2&!s i! t e /ast: A + &/0e

* # &t re/ rte i! /re a! / st 'eas&res t at t e# a see! s 'e !e ea i! t e

+ ''&!it# (! t &ri!2 ,a9es r *&!era0s) a! a + &/0e * # &t a0s re/ rte a+t&a00#

seei!2 s 'e !e + ''it s&i+i e: W e! e>a'i!i!2 t e 2r &/s se/arate0# t e# are

+ '/ara"0e; ,it !e is+re/a!+#; + !si era"0# *e,er # &t i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/

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84

re/ rte "ei!2 s0a//e ; /&!+ e ; r it "# *a'i0# 'e'"ers &ri!2 " t /re a! / st

'eas&res:

Pre P st Test Di**ere!+es

A0t &2 sa'/0e si?e is s 'e, at 0i'ite &ri!2 t is st& #; a /aire -sa'/0e t-test

,as &ti0i?e t test * r i**ere!+es a" &t t e 'ea! i! t e .aria"0es *r ' t e 2 C%

tudent urvey on )iolence – *ttitudes a! $ehaviors as ,e00 as t se e>a'i!i!2 PTSD

s#'/t ' 0 2# &si!2 t e Re.ise Versi ! * t e %urdue %ost "raumatic tress isorder

cale 0%%" -+ . T e res&0ts ,ere e>a'i!e * r t e 2r &/ as a , 0e a! i! i.i &a00#

* r " t t e treat'e!t a! t e + !tr 0 2r &/:

T e res&0ts ,ere e>a'i!e i! r er t re6e+t r a++e/t #/ t esis 5; Youth whohave participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience significant reductions

in their willingness to utili!e violence in future events when compared to their peers

receiving no treatment.As a , 0e; i! t e t-test * r paired i**ere!+es; ! t e ODCP St& e!t S&r.e# !

Vi 0e!+e; t e 1&esti !s 8 would rather use violence to handle pro3lems& a! violence is

easier than trying to handle pro3lems peacefully& ,ere " t statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t at

t e :445 a! :4 0e.e0 res/e+ti.e0# (Ta"0e 5):

Ta"0e 57 C '"i!e Treat'e!t C !tr 0 Gr &/; Wi00i!2!ess t Use Vi 0e!+e 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Paire Sa'/0e Statisti+sMea! N St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea!

Pair 5 < Rat er Use Vi 0e!+e5 :@ @B 3 : B 3 :534@BRat er Use Vi 0e!+e3 : 5@B 3 : 53 4 :5B@Pair 3-Vi 0e!+e Is Easier5 : 5 3 : 3 :5@@ 5Vi 0e!+e Is Easier3 5:3333 3 5:5 @ :33 @

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0e C rre0ati !s

N C rre0ati ! Si2!i*i+a!+ePair 5 < Pre P st

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85

Rat er Use Vi 0e!+e 3 : @ :44BPair 3- Pre P stVi 0e!+e Is Easier 3 : @ :44B

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Paire Sa'/0es Test Paire Di**ere!+es C !*i e!+eMea! St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea! L ,er

Rat er UseVi 0e!+e 5 3 -:3 444 : @ 4 :535 -: 44B4Vi 0e!+e IsEasier 5 3 -: 4B 4 : 3 :5 54 5:4 @

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 C !*i e!+e Paire Di**ere!+es

U//er t * Si2: (3-tai0e )Rat er Use

Vi 0e!+e 5 3 :444B4 -3:4@ 3 :4 4Vi 0e!+e IsEasier 5 3 -:B54 @ -B: B 3 :445

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

T is ,as re/eate a' !2 t e treat'e!t 2r &/; a! as e>/e+te t ere ,ere !

statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t res&0ts a' !2 t e + !tr 0 2r &/: H ,e.er; it is i'/ rta!t t ! te

t at a! e>a'i!ati ! * t e 'ea! s+ res ! t ese .aria"0es re.ea0 t at t e i**ere!+e

res&0ts *r ' i!+reases i! s+ res rat er t a! t e e+reases t at ,ere e>/e+te *r ' /arti+i/ati ! i! t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t (Ta"0e 3): T e ata re.ea0 t at a0t &2 t ere ,as

si2!i*i+a!+e ,it t, .aria"0es; t e ire+ti ! * + a!2e i! t e 'ea! s+ res ,as i! t e

// site ire+ti ! as /re i+te a! t is re*0e+ts a! i!a"i0it# t + '/0ete0# a++e/t t e *irst

#/ t esis; ,e.er it is ! t "ei!2 t ta00# re6e+ti!2 eit er: T e 1&esti !s s ,i!2 + a!2e

re/rese!t ! t s '&+ a ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e; "&t ' re * a! &! ersta! i!2 a" &t

t e !at&re * .i 0e!+e: T ese s+ res i2 0i2 t 'ar9e i'/r .e'e!t i! # &t s

&! ersta! i!2 * t eir ,! .i 0e!+e t at res&0te t r &2 /arti+i/ati ! i! t e +ir+0e

/r +ess: T is is a / siti.e si2! si!+e a!# + a!2e '&st *irst "e /re+e e "# t e 9! ,0e 2e

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86

t at t ere is s 'et i!2 t at !ee s t "e + a!2e ; a! ,it &t t at 9! ,0e 2e t ere +a! "e

! /r 2ress:

Ta"0e 3 < Treat'e!t Gr &/; Wi00i!2!ess t Use Vi 0e!+e

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0e Statisti+sMea! N St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea!

Pair 5 < Rat er Use Vi 0e!+e5 : @3 5@ : @@ :5 54Rat er Use Vi 0e!+e3 : 3 5@ : B44 :5 55Pair 3-Vi 0e!+e Is Easier5 : 5@ : 3 :3BVi 0e!+e Is Easier3 5: 5@B 5@ 5:34@B :B35

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0e C rre0ati !s

N C rre0ati ! Si2!i*i+a!+ePair 5 < Pre P stRat er Use Vi 0e!+e 5@ : :445Pair 3- Pre P stVi 0e!+e Is Easier 5@ : B :43

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0es Test

Paire Di**ere!+es C !*i e!+eMea! St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea! L ,er

Rat er UseVi 0e!+e 5 3 -:3 5 :@ 5 :53 3 -: @4Vi 0e!+e IsEasier 5 3 -: 3 : 3 :3 B 5: 4@B

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

C !*i e!+e Paire Di**ere!+esU//er t * Si2: (3-tai0e )

Rat er UseVi 0e!+e 5 3 -:45 4B -3:3 4 5B :4@4Vi 0e!+e IsEasier 5 3 -:B 3 -B:@ @ 5B :44@

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Ne>t; a! e>a'i!ati ! * t e t-test * r /aire i**ere!+es a' !2 t e PTSD

s#'/t ' 0 2# s+ res t 9 /0a+e; i! r er t test t e se+ ! #/ t esis - Youth who have

participated in a peacemaking circle project will experience significant reductions in

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87

levels of post-traumatic-stress-disorder symptomology when compared to their peers

receiving no treatment.W e! 0 9i!2 at t e t-test * r /aire i**ere!+es a' !2 t e PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2#

s+ res; as a , 0e; t e !0# si2!i*i+a!t /air ,as re0ate t 1&esti ! @ - id you feel very

upset when something happened to remind you of the event9 T ese res&0ts ,ere

si2!i*i+a!t at :444 a! a! e>a'i!ati ! * t e 'ea! s+ res re.ea0e t is i**ere!+e

re/rese!ts e+reases i! t e .aria"0e s+ re "et,ee! t e /re a! / st-test 'eas&res (Ta"0e

B): T is ,as re/eate a' !2 t e + !tr 0 2r &/ a0t &2 t e treat'e!t 2r &/ !0#

a//r a+ e si2!i*i+a!+e at :4 @:

Ta"0e B7 C '"i!e Treat'e!t C !tr 0 Gr &/; PTSD S#'/t ' 0 2# 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Paire Sa'/0e Statisti+sMea! N St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea!

Pair 5 < U/set H/! Re'i! e 5 5: 3 3 5:@ B :3 @U/set H/! Re'i! e 3 : @B 3 5:B5 :3@ 3@

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Paire Sa'/0e C rre0ati !s N C rre0ati ! Si2!i*i+a!+e

Pair 5 < Pre P stU/set H/! Re'i! e 3 : @ :445

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Paire Sa'/0es Test


U/set H/!Re'i! 5 3 : @3 5:3 4@ :3@B -:@ B


U//er t * Si2: (3-tai0e )U/set H/!Re'i! 5 3 5:@ @ B: @ 3 :444

88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

87



88

T e treat'e!t 2r &/ !0# s ,e si2!i*i+a!t i**ere!+es at :4@3 (Ta"0e @) * r

1&esti ! < id you avoid situations or activities that might remind you of the event9

T is re/rese!ts a si2!i*i+a!t e+rease "et,ee! /re a! / st 'eas&res a! s&22ests t at

# &t te! e t a. i sit&ati !s t at 'i2 t re'i! t e' * /ast e>/erie!+es 0ess *te!

a*ter ta9i!2 /art i! t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t: T e + !tr 0 2r &/ a//r a+ e si2!i*i+a!t

*i! i!2s at :4 * r 1&esti ! 5@ < Have you 3een more irrita3le or angry9 T is 'a# "e a

re*0e+ti ! * , 'a!# # &t i! t e + !tr 0 2r &/ e>/resse isa// i!t'e!t at ! t "ei!2

+ se! * r t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t a! t is 'a# "e !e a.e!&e t e# + se t e>/ress t eir

issatis*a+ti ! ,it t is as/e+t * t e resear+ e>/erie!+e:Ta"0e @7 Treat'e!t Gr &/; PTSD S#'/t ' 0 2#

88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0e Statisti+s

Mea! N St : De.iati ! St : Err r Mea!Pair 5 < A. i A+ti.ities5 5: 444 5@ 5:@ @@@ :B 5A. i A+ti.ities3 : 5@ 5@ 5:333 4 :B3 B

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Paire Sa'/0e C rre0ati !s N C rre0ati ! Si2!i*i+a!+e

Pair 5 < Pre P stA. i A+ti.ities 14 :B@ :33

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Paire Sa'/0es Test


A. iA+t.ties 5 3 : 3 5: @3@@ :@533B :4B


U//er t * Si2: (3-tai0e )A. iA+t.ties 5 3 5: 5 5 3:3 B 5B :4@3

88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

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89

I! + !+0&si !; t e 3! #/ t esis &! er i!.esti2ati ! &ri!2 t is st& # is re6e+te :

A0t &2 t ere ,ere si2!i*i+a!t re &+ti !s i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/; t is ,as !0# ,it

res/e+t t !e as/e+t * PTSD s#'/t ' 0 2#: T e 1&a!titati.e *i! i!2s i ! t s&// rt

t e #/ t esis /rese!te ; "&t t ere is s 'e e!+ &ra2e'e!t t at ,as 2ai!e *r ' t e

1&a0itati.e a!a0#sis:

UALITATIVE $INDINGST is resear+ e>a'i!es 1&a0itati.e ata + 00e+te ,it t, i**ere!t 'eas&res; a

se0*-s&r.e# i!str&'e!t a 'i!istere t /arti+i/ati!2 # &t a! t e *ie0 -! tes t at ,ere

2at ere &ri!2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess: T e i**ere!t 'eas&res a ress se/arate

resear+ 1&esti !s t at e0/e 2&i e t e 1&a0itati.e resear+ /r +ess: T e *ie0 -! tes

,ere 'a e &ri!2 /arti+i/a!t "ser.ati ! a! are &se as a 2&i e t a!s,eri!2 t e

resear+ 1&esti ! < How does transformation take place during peacemaking circles9 T e str&+t&re s&r.e# i!str&'e!t + !siste * * &r /e!-e! e 1&esti !s * +&si!2

! t e as/e+ts * t e +ir+0e /r +ess t at /arti+i/a!ts 0i9e ' st a! 0east; re2ar i!2 t eir

/er+e/ti !s * , at t e# a 0ear!e i* a!#t i!2; &ri!2 t e /r 6e+t; a! , et er r ! t

t e# *e0t t e# , &0 &se a!#t i!2 t e# a 0ear!e : T ere ,as a0s a re1&est * r

s&22esti !s r i eas t e# ,a!te t s are: T ese ata ,ere + 00e+te i! r er t es+ri"e

t eir /er+e/ti ! * t e Ka!sas-Cit# Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t:

Resear+ &esti ! < H , i t e # &t /er+ei.e t e Ka!sas-Cit# Pea+e'a9i!2

Cir+0e Pr 6e+t&esti ! 5 < W at /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i # & 0i9e ' st

T e ' st + '' ! t e'e /rese!te "# /arti+i/a!ts i! res/ !se t t is 1&esti !

re. 0.e ar &! t e ia0 2&e t at ,as t e * +&s * t e /r 6e+t: Gi.e! t at t e , 0e

/r 6e+t ,as ia0 2&e-"ase t is is a /re i+ta"0e t e'e: A! i!teresti!2 as/e+t t t is

1&esti ! is , at as/e+ts * t e ia0 2&e /r +ess t e # &t * &! ' st e!6 #a"0e: $ r

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90

i!sta!+e; !e # &t si'/0# res/ ! e 6the intro :uestions7 ; a! t er & 6the experiences

that everyone has 3een through& that was very interesting7& a! a! t er res/ ! e t at 68

liked the part where everyone said how they felt a3out how someone else felt7.

Ot er res/ !ses t t is 1&esti ! i!+0& e 68 liked the discussions that we had in

the circle7& 6having an opinion on everything7& a! 68 liked when we shared out our

ideas on how we can reduce the violence.7 A! t er # &t res/ ! s 6the way we

discussed values7 a! t e! e0a" rates ' re 6the people 0person that 8 met. "he circle

itself7. T is ,as t e t er + '' ! t e'e a' !2 t e res/ !ses t t is 1&esti !:

Res/ !ses i!+0& e 6..the people and conversation 8 was introduced to7& 6the end and

when we started to open up to each other7& ;the circle itself and everyone plus the

adults7& 6getting to fully 9! ,i!2 the people and others around here7& a! i! re*ere!+e

t t er t e /arti+i/a!ts a! t e is+&ssi !s t at t 9 /0a+e 6flame& high waters&

discussions& different opinions7.

&esti ! 3 < W at /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i # & 0i9e 0eastRe2ar i!2 t e t /i+ * , at /arti+i/a!ts 0i9e 0east a" &t t e /r 6e+t; t e ' st

+ '' ! t e'e +e!tere ! *a+t rs * ti'e: T e a!s,ers e>a'i!e i!+0& e 6it was pretty

long time shifts7& 68 didn4t like the time 3ecause it was long7& 6the hours was the worst7&

6the time period of the circle7& a! 6the time we started and the time we ended7. S 'e

/arti+i/a!ts ! te s/e+i*i+ as/e+ts * t e ti'e /eri t at t e# i ! t e!6 #; * r i!sta!+e

6when 8 didn4t have anything to say7& r 6the extended amount of hours we spent here

just talking7& a! 6sitting down for a long period of time7.S 'e /arti+i/a!ts ! te t eir 0east *a. rite /art * t e /r +ess ,as , e! t er

/arti+i/a!ts see'e t "e isres/e+t*&0 * t e ti'e r t e /r +ess a! t ese res/ !ses

i!+0& e + ''e!ts s&+ as 6when people dropped the values7& 6when every3ody was

making jokes a3out hot wires& and laughing7& a! 6people trying to 3e funny taking up to

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91

much time7. It is i'/ rta!t t ! te t at !e " # 'isse t e se+ ! / rti ! * t e

F e+i i!2 .a0&es e>er+ise a! +a'e "a+9 6 9i!2 e>+essi.e0# a! +0 ,!i!2 ar &! : T e

resear+ er t &2 t t at a e "ee! /rese!t * r t e .a0&es e>er+ise e , &0 a.e

+ !tai!e is "e a.i r s 'e, at "etter 0ater i! t e a*ter! !:A *e, /arti+i/a!ts /r *esse t a.i!2 e!6 #e e.er# as/e+t * t e /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e /r +ess; res/ ! i!2 6to 3e honest 8 enjoyed every single second of it7& a!

6nothing 3ecause 8 had fun through the whole weekend 8 had a lot of fun<7. O!e

res/ ! e!t ! te t at t e /art * t e /r +ess t e# e!6 #e 0east ,as 6the num3er of hours

we spent7& #et a e ; 63ut after all it was cool7. W i0e t e ' st + '' ! t e'e * r t is

1&esti ! ,as &!ar2&a"0e re0ate t ti'e t ere ,ere s 'e isti!+ti !s i! , t e#

/rese!te t eir /er+e/ti !s * t is *a+t r:

&esti ! B < Wi00 # & &se a!#t i!2 t at # & 0ear!e &ri!2 t is /r 6e+t I* s ; es+ri"e

, a! , #T e /ri'ar# res/ !se t t is 1&esti ! ,as .er, e0'i!20# F#es ; a! i! *a+t;

ea+ /ers ! res/ ! e / siti.e0# t t is 1&esti !: Ha0* * t e /arti+i/a!ts e>/resse t at

t e# , &0 ta9e , at t e# a 0ear!e *r ' t e .a0&e /r +ess; " t ire+t0# a!

i! ire+t0# state : Y &t s/e+i*i+a00# ! te .a0&es i! t eir a!s,er i!+0& i!2; 68 would use

the way we should take the values into everyday life7& 68 will use the values that we

learned. 8 will respect people. $e open-minded7& r si'/0# 6Yes& and 8 will use the

values7 a! 68 will continue to use the values7. I! ire+t re*ere!+es t t e .a0&e /r +ess i!+0& e ; 6Yes. 84ll use it 3y showing it

and 3eing patient& 3ecause no one is perfect and every3ody isn4t ignorant7& 6 efinitely=

+espect& Consideration& 3asically everything that 8 learned& 84m going to try to use it in

my everyday life& and try to have others do it too7& a! 6yes 3ecause they said something

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92

a3out respect and 8 will always have respect for any3ody if they give it 3ack7. T ese

a!s,ers re*0e+te s/e+i*i+ .a0&es t at a "ee! a2ree &/ ! "# + !se!s&s e+isi !

'a9i!2 ,it i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 /r +ess as t se .a0&es ,e , &0 + !s+i &s0# &se as a

2&i e &ri!2 t e ,ee9e! :A + &/0e * res/ ! e!ts a!s,ere t is 1&esti ! i! a / siti.e #et 2e!era0 'a!!er

,riti!2 6yes& that everything don4t always have to 3e a 3ad thing7& a! 6Yes 8 will use

this 3ecause 8 will 3e a3le to have a different aspects on situations7. Ot er # &t ,ere

a"0e t e>/ress , ere r , e! t e# 'a# &se it a! t ese a!s,ers i!+0& e ; 6yes& 8 will

use these at school and during my regular life7& 6yes 3ecause its helpful. 8 will use it in

school7& 6yes 8 will use everything 8 learned 3y expressing what 8 learned to others so

they can learn to7& and 6yes 8 will take all 8 learned and use it out of here57. T ese

a!s,ers are s 'e, at ' re a'"i2& &s a! res/ ! e!ts + &0 "e re*erri!2 t t e .a0&es;

t e /ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es; r " t :

&esti ! @ < D # & a.e a!# i eas s&22esti !s r a!#t i!2 e0se # & , &0 0i9e t aA *e, res/ ! e!ts **ere s&22esti !s a! r i eas * r t e *&t&re: T e res/ !ses

,it s&22esti !s i!+0& e 6shorten the time period7& 68 would like to add more

activities7& 6more hands on activities7& a! 66* part where everyone comes and parties

on 3reak 0soul train line& swag session& cypher& etc. 7. A + &/0e s&22esti !s ,ere * +&se

! re/eati!2 t e /r 6e+t a! i!+0& e; 6yes& a suggestion 8 have to add is have more

people 0to 3e apart of the program7& 6we should do this again real soon7& a! 6nope&

just do this again7.Se.era0 res/ ! e!ts 0e*t / siti.e *ee "a+9 t t is 1&esti ! i!+0& i!2; 6no 8 do

not& 3ut this was great7& 6no& just that 8 had a good time through the whole weekend

thank u<7& 6that 8 really enjoyed the peacemaking group. 80t was a good experience7&

a! 6this was a great experience for me7. O!e res/ ! e!t 0e*t t is 1&esti ! "0a!9; !e

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res/ ! e si'/0# 6none. sorry7& a! !e res/ ! e!t 0e*t t is 'essa2e; 6>()(+ ,/ ?(

* $22@ $Y 8" C2)(+.< AB 1 B7. A sear+ ! i!ter!ets0a!2:+ ' re.ea0s t at t e B

re/rese!ts a eart; a! t e 5@B 'ea!s I 0 .e # & T e res/ !ses t t is 1&esti ! are

e!+ &ra2i!2:

Resear+ &esti ! - H , es tra!s* r'ati ! ta9e /0a+e &ri!2 /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0esT e ! tes t at ,ere ta9e! &ri!2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t /r +ess are

/rese!te ere &si!2 a * r'at "ase ! te'/ ra0 r eri!2 a! are a!a0#?e a++ r i!2 t

t e t e'ati+ + !te!t t at is re/rese!te &ri!2 ea+ sta2e * t e ,ee9e! : Parti+i/a!ts

,ere i!. 0.e i! a 34- &r ,ee9e! e.e!t ta9i!2 /0a+e ! $ri a# e.e!i!2; a00- a#

Sat&r a#; a! S&! a# a*ter! ! e.e!i!2: A re&!i ! +ir+0e a0s t 9 /0a+e at t e

s&22esti ! * /arti+i/ati!2 # &t a! t e *ie0 -! tes *r ' t at e.e!t are a0s a!a0#?e

a! /rese!te ere:

$ri a#; De+e'"er t ; 3455 - 744 /' < 744 /'T e $ri a# sessi ! "e2a! ,it i!tr &+ti !s a! s 'e /e!i!2 1&esti !s * +&se

! a00 ,i!2 e.er# !e t 2et t 9! , ea+ t er: A 1&esti ! a" &t e>/erie!+e ,it

.i 0e!+e ,as /rese!te a! 'a!# /arti+i/a!ts s are e>/erie!+es a" &t " t "ei!2 a

/er/etrat r * .i 0e!+e a! as a .i+ti' * .i 0e!+e: Se.era0 i! i.i &a0s a0s s are

i!* r'ati ! ! , t eir *a'i0ies a.e "ee! a**e+te "# .i 0e!+e; &s&a00# "ase ! t er

*a'i0# 'e'"er s 0i*est#0e a! e>/erie!+e; a! t e# ,ere a"0e t e>/ress , t is

.i 0e!+e i'/a+te t eir ,! e+isi !s re2ar i!2 t e &se * .i 0e!+e:T e "i22est / rti ! * t e e.e!i!2 ,as s/e!t ! e+i i!2 t e .a0&es t e +ir+0e

, &0 &se as a 2&i e ,it i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess: T is ,as a .er# #!a'i+

/r +ess a! 'a!# # &t "e+a'e e!er2i?e &ri!2 t is e>er+ise: T ere ,ere s 'e iss&es

with 6&st a2reei!2 ! "asi+ .a0&es a! t ere see'e t "e a 0 t * is+&ssi ! ta9i!2 /0a+e

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94

! , at ,as 'ea!t "# s/e+i*i+ .a0&es a! , t eir a++e/ta!+e , &0 tra!s0ate ,it i!

t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e: $ r i!sta!+e; care& compassion ; a! trust&,ere a00 .a0&es t at

re1&ire *&rt er is+&ssi !s "e* re "ei!2 a++e/te !t t e .a0&e 0ist:

T e 'ea!i!2 * t ese .a0&es ,as 1&esti !e a! t eir / te!tia0 i'/a+t (" t

/ siti.e a! !e2ati.e) ,as is+&sse : $ r i!sta!+e; trust&,as s 'e, at + !tr .ersia0 as

'a!# i!itia00# .er"a0i?e t eir re0&+ta!+e t tr&st "ase ! /ast e>/erie!+es a! t e *ear

* re/er+&ssi !s *r ' tr&sti!2 &!tr&st, rt # s/a+es; /0a+es; a! /e /0e: S 'e !e

re1&este t at ?od "e a e as a .a0&e t t e 0ist; "&t 'a!# t er # &t isa2ree ,it

t is: T is ,as i!teresti!2: T ere ,as a + &/0e S 'a0i # &t , * 00 , t e M&s0i'

re0i2i ! a! t e rest * t e 2r &/ ,as /re 'i!ate0# A*ri+a!-A'eri+a! C ristia! # &t :

A C ristia! 2ir0 'a e t e s&22esti ! t a ?od& "&t 'a!# * t e t er C ristia! # &t

isa2ree ,it t is i ea; stati!2 i!stea t at si!+e t ere , &0 "e /e /0e ,it i**ere!t

re0i2i &s .ie,s it , &0 "e &!*air t a ?od t t e .a0&e 0ist: T e 2r &/ ra! &t * ti'e

! $ri a# e.e!i!2 , r9i!2 ! t e .a0&es a! +0 se t e +ir+0e ! ti!2 t at t e /r +ess

, &0 /i+9 &/ t ere , e! 'eeti!2 a2ai! t e !e>t ' r!i!2:

Sat&r a#; De+e'"er 54 t ; 3455 < 55744 a' < 744 /'U!* rt&!ate0#; t e 2ir0 , 'a e t e s&22esti ! t a G t t e .a0&e 0ist a!

er *rie! i ! t ret&r! * r t e rest * t e ,ee9e! ; ! r i 3 * t e S 'a0i # &t (# &!2

'e!) a0t &2 t e# a !e.er /ers !a00# e!tere t e ia0 2&e re2ar i!2 t e a++e/ta!+e r

e!ia0 * t at s/e+i*i+ .a0&e: T e # &t 2a.e e>+&ses * r , # t e# + &0 ! t ret&r!: O!e

* t e " #s sai e a * t"a00 /ra+ti+e a! is *rie! 6&st isa//eare ; t e 2ir0s sai

t e# !ee e t 2 s //i!2 ,it a re0ati.e; "&t t e resear+ er , ! ere i* t eir a"se!+e

,as a re*0e+ti ! * t e + !tr .ers# .er a .a0&e s&22esti ! t at ,as &0ti'ate0# e!ie :T e .a0&e /r +ess i!. 0.e a 0e!2t # + !se!s&s e+isi ! 'a9i!2 /r +ess t at

t 9 &/ at 0east a! t er &r * r !e2 tiati ! ! Sat&r a# ' r!i!2: H ,e.er; !e # &t

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95

! te t at e a t &2 t a" &t it .er!i2 t a! rea0i?e s 'et i!2 a" &t t e .a0&e e

+ &0 ! t a2ree !; e t 0 t e 2r &/6my 3ad - that was personal7. He e>/resse is

esire t a2ree ! t e .a0&e a! e>/0ai!e t at e t &2 t it ,as i'/ rta!t t rea+ a

/ siti.e + !se!s&s a' !2 t e 2r &/ a! t sta# * +&se ! t e /&r/ se t e# a * r

"ei!2 t ere; t at ,as t + 'e &/ ,it ,a#s t re &+e t e .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t : A*ter is

+ ''e!ts t e 2r &/ see'e t sett0e ,! a! "e+ 'e ' re * +&se :S 'e * t e .a0&es t at ,ere a++e/te as a 2&i e * r t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e

/r +ess i!+0& e;compassion& kindness& consideration& respect& patience& honor&

community& understanding& open-mindedness& responsi3ility& honesty& trust&a! fun. T e

.a0&e s&22esti ! * fun a0s re1&ire a is+&ssi !; "&t # &t 'a e a .a0i ar2&'e!t * r

t e !ee t "e a"0e t e!6 # t e /r +ess es/ite t e 'ateria0 a! t e , r9 t at , &0 "e

e>/e+te :O!+e t e .a0&es ,ere e+i e t e # &t ,ere e!2a2e i! a a! s- ! e>er+ise

, ere t e# ,ere as9e t ra, r ,rite a es+ri/ti ! * , t e# sa, t e'se0.es: T e#

,ere a"0e t + se *r ' i**ere!t t#/es * /a/er as ,e00 as ,riti!2 &te!si0s a! a 0i!e

/a/er; "0a!9 /a/er; + 0 re + !str&+ti ! /a/er; /e!s; /e!+i0s; 'ar9ers; +ra# !s; s+iss rs;

20&e; a! ta/e: M st * t e # &t &se t is ti'e t 2et t 9! , ea+ t er "etter a! it

,as eas# t see s'a00 2r &/s s a/i!2 &/ ,it i! t e 0ar2er 2r &/: T e res&0ts ra!2e *r '

a .er# si'/0e sti+9 *i2&re /i+t&re t , r9s t at + &0 easi0# "e + !si ere art: O!+e "a+9

i! t e +ir+0e e.er# !e ta09e a" &t t eir se0*-/ rtrait a! , # t e# t &2 t t e# sa,

t e'se0.es as t e# i : Ne>t; t e 9ee/ers /e!e t e +ir+0e ,it t e 1&esti ! FTe00 a" &t a + i+e # &

a.e 'a e i! t e /ast a! , et er t e + !se1&e!+es ,ere 2 r "a : A t e'e t at

"e+a'e a//are!t i! t ese a!s,ers ,as t at # &t i!.aria"0# /i+9e s 'et i!2 !e2ati.e;

a! t e! a e i! s 'e 'e!ti ! * , t e# a 'at&re si!+e t e! ,it + ''e!ts 0i9e;

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96

68 was 3ad 3ack then7& a! 684m not like that anymore7. A! t er 1&esti ! ,as; F, at

'a9es "ei!2 "a s 2 : Res/ !ses t t is 1&esti ! i!+0& e 6it feels good7&

6adrenaline rush7& 6it4s easier7& 6you will 3e cool7 and 6girls like 3ad 3oys7.

A*ter t ese /e!i!2 1&esti !s ,ere is+&sse ,e "e2a! ia0 2&e * +&se !

*i! i!2 a0ter!ati.es t .i 0e!+e: T e s&22esti !s ere are + ara+teristi+ * +&rre!t 2 a0s

a! t &2 ts; i eas; a! /ra+ti+es a0rea # e.i e!t ,it i! t e s#ste' a! t e + ''&!it#

as ,e00 as s 'e ra i+a0 attit& es: T e i eas /rese!te ere i!+0& e t se * +&se !

e! a!+i!2 t e + ''&!it# a! t e s +ia0 str&+t&re s&+ as; 6if people had more options7&

6more options to help the environment 0within the community 7& 6provide alternatives7&

6need cheap and fun alternatives such as laser tag and a 3owling alley7& a!

6peacemaking circles in the community to talk a3out 0issues of violence 7.S 'e * t e # &t * +&se t eir a!s,ers ! eterre!+e "ase strate2ies s&+ as;

6take everyone against violence - separate and put people who endorse violence all

together& let them die or change7& 62.?.4s should check all youngsters who are now

living that life7& 6keep everyone on lock-down7& no tolerance for the violence7& stricter

gun control7& 6send out ;grid iron4 0intimidating police officer 7& a! t e ' st

+ !tr .ersia0 * a00;6shut down all shopping for youth until the violence stops7. Se.era0

# &t /r .i e a!s,ers * +&se ! ea0i!2 as/e+ts * &'a! i!tera+ti ! i!+0& i!2;

6prayer7& people loving and caring more7& 6care and compassion is important7& a!

6em3racing others – showing we do care7. A + &/0e # &t / i!t &t t er *a+t rs t e#

*ee0 i'/ rta!t i!+0& i!2; 68t4s a home thing& kids growing up without a father figure& no

man at home to tell them now7 a! 6why we as human 3eings can4t solve our pro3lems

3y talking97T e s&22esti ! t s &t ,! a00 s //i!2 * r # &t &!ti0 t e .i 0e!+e st /s ,as

1&ite s&r/risi!2 (it +a'e *r ' a # &!2 2ir0 , e>/resse / siti.e attit& es a" &t " t <

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97

&si!2 .i 0e!+e a! s //i!2) a! + !tr .ersia0 a' !2 'a!# * t e # &t : T e ta09i!2

/ie+e ,as /asse se.era0 ti'es t is+&ss t is t /i+ a! iss&es i!+0& e a.i!2 t e ' !e#

t s /; 9! ,i!2 , at "ra! s ,ere i'/ rta!t t , ' (/ /&0arit#); a! 6& 2i!2 t ers

"ase ! t eir a//eara!+e:A t- t /i+ +e!tere ! t e &se * **-"ra! +0 t i!2 a! , t is + &0 a**e+t

/ /&0arit#: $i!a00#; !e * t e " #s "r &2 t t e t /i+ "a+9 t t e iss&e * .i 0e!+e a! t e

+ !se!s&s *r ' t e +ir+0e ,as t at t e i'/ rta!t t i!2 t re'e'"er ,as t a.e

+ '/assi ! * r t ers; i* t e# a.e ' re r 0ess res &r+es r 'ateria0 t i!2s t a! # & :

Ma!# # &t t &2 t t at restri+ti!2 s //i!2 + &0 a.e s 'e eterre!t e**e+t a' !2

# &t , e! it +a'e t s+ 0 *i2 ts a! t er a+ts * ra! ' .i 0e!+e:Se.era0 'ea0s a! s!a+9s ,ere ser.e &ri!2 t e ,ee9e! a! "# i!!er !

Sat&r a# it ,as e.i e!t t at e.er# !e ,as ! , + '* rta"0e ,it ea+ t er a! t e '

,as 0i2 t earte a! .er# i!+0&si.e: We sat i! t e s'a00 + &r+ i!i!2 r ' ,it 0 !2

+a*eteria st#0e ta"0es set &/ * r &s t eat at: T e # &t a00 ate a 0 t a! e.er# !e t a!9e

t e + e* a*ter a00 * t e * ,as + !s&'e ; "e* re ea i!2 "a+9 i!t t e +0assr '

, ere t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess ,as "ei!2 e0 :Sat&r a# e.e!i!2 t e is+&ssi ! * +&se ! .i+ti'i?ati ! a! t e &se * .i 0e!+e

* r reta0iati ! /&r/ ses: Ma!# * t e # &t a st ries * .i+ti'i?ati ! e>/erie!+es t at

t e# ,ere ,i00i!2 t s are ,it t e 2r &/: Se.era0 * t e # &t a "ee! 6&'/e "# ' re

t a! !e /ers ! a! ,ere ,i00i!2 t is+&ss t se e>/erie!+es ,it i! t e +ir+0e: O!e *

t e 2ir0s a 6&st "ee! 6&'/e "# a 2r &/ * 2ir0s i! a 'ar+ i!2 "a! i! , i+ s e

/arti+i/ate : T e i!+i e!t a//e!e at a /ra+ti+e sessi ! a! er ' t er e+i e t /&00

er &t * t e "a! : S e a 6&st t&r!e 5B #ears- 0 "&t ,as 'at&re * r er a2e i! 'a!#

,a#s; #et s e ,as .er# a!2r# a! ,a!te reta0iati ! a2ai!st t e 2ir0s , a 6&'/e

er:

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98

Reta0iati ! "e+a'e a t e'e t at 'a!# * t e # &t starte is+&ssi!2 i! res/ !se

t t e 2ir0 s st r# a" &t "ei!2 6&'/e a! er esire; a! i! *a+t /r 'ise; t reta0iate

a2ai!st t e 2ir0s , a 6&'/e er: S 'e !e 'e!ti !e *ee0i!2 2&i0t# * r a++i e!t0#

6&'/i!2 t e ,r !2 /ers ! i! a /a#"a+9 i!+i e!t , ere t e# /arti+i/ate ,it t ers i!

6&'/i!2 s 'e !e: T e 1&esti ! ,as t e! / se "# !e * t e 9ee/ers Fis it e.er 9a# t

reta0iate ,it .i 0e!+eA 'a6 rit# a!s,ere t is 1&esti ! ! , et er r ! t it ,as e.er 9a# t reta0iate

,it .i 0e!+e a**ir'ati.e0#: Ma!# t &2 t t at s 'eti'es a! i! s 'e i!sta!+es t e &se

* .i 0e!+e ,as a++e/ta"0e: T e# e>/resse t at t is ,as es/e+ia00# tr&e , e! t eir

/er/etrati ! * .i 0e!+e ,as i! reta0iati ! * r s 'e /re.i &s a+t * .i 0e!+e + ''itte

"# t e i! i.i &a0 i! 1&esti !: Se.era0 * t e # &t ta09e a" &t t eir e>/erie!+es "ei!2

6&'/e a! s 'e * t e' 9!e, ea+ t er as e.i e!+e "#; 6you remem3er when those

3oys jumped you 3y the gas station5.7& se.era0 * t e' a0rea # 9!e, s 'e * ea+

t er s e>/erie!+e ,it .i 0e!+e a! .i+ti'i?ati !: S 'e * t eir e>/erie!+es ,ere

se.era0 #ears 0 "&t it ,as ".i &s t e 'e' ries sti00 st &t /rett# +0ear0#:I!teresti!20# e! &2 ; &ri!2 t is r &! * ia0 2&e se.era0 * t e # &t "e2a! t

/e! &/ a" &t e>/erie!+es t e# a at 'e ,it .i 0e!+e: I! 'a!# 0 ,-i!+ 'e A*ri+a!-

A'eri+a! &se 0 s 2etti!2 F, /i!2s , e! # &!2 is a ,e00 &! erst *a+t * 0i*e:

T eir st ries ,ere ! t t at &!&s&a0 *r ' t se *te! s are "# A*ri+a!-A'eri+a!

+ 'e ia!s i! t eir s ,s; st ries * 2etti!2 , i//e ,it e>te!si ! + r s a! ,at+ i!2

*a'i0# 'e'"ers e!2a2e i! 'esti+ .i 0e!+e: T ese is+&ssi !s re'ai!e s 'e, at

0i2 t earte "&t s 'e * t e # &t e>/resse t at ,at+ i!2 *a'i0# 'e'"ers *i2 t a

"ee! tra&'ati+: T i!2s 2 t es/e+ia00# seri &s , e! t e 2ir0 , ,as 6&'/e ta09e a" &t

er *at er "ei!2 i! /ris ! * r a re+e!t '&r er:

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99

T is 2ir0 a ,it!esse + &!t0ess a+ts * .i 0e!+e "# *a'i0# 'e'"ers a! s e ,as

a"0e t s are s 'e * t is ,it t e 2r &/: Her "r t er a a0s /arti+i/ate e>te!si.e0# i!

e>tre'e a+ts * .i 0e!+e a! a*ter s e s are er st r# a + &/0e * t er # &t t 0 t eir

,! st ries * , +0 se t e# /ers !a00# a.e "ee! t a+ts * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: T e

resear+ er ! tes t at t e sa'e # &t , s are t e ee/est e>/erie!+es ,it .i 0e!+e are

a0s t se ' st ,i00i!2 t s are t eir ,! s&// rt * r .i 0e!+e; e/e! i!2 !

+ir+&'sta!+es:

S&! a#; De+e'"er 55 t ; 3455 < 3744 /' < 744 /'

S&! a# s /ea+e'a9i!2 /r +ess /r 6e+t "e2a! ,it a 0i2 t 0&!+ i! t e i!i!2r ' "e* re e.er# !e ea e i!t t e +0assr ' * r +ir+0e , r9: Si!+e t e 2r &/ 9!e,

,e , &0 "e 'eeti!2 * r a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e ,it + ''&!it# 0ea ers t e# * +&se t is

ti'e ! is+&ssi!2 a s/e+i*i+ set * s&22esti !s t at t e# , &0 /rese!t: O* /arti+&0ar

i!terest ,as t e .i 0e!+e i! Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri a! # &t ia0 2&e a" &t s/e+i*i+

s 0&ti !s t e# t &2 t , &0 e+rease t e a' &!t * .i 0e!+e i! t eir ,! + ''&!ities:T e i**ere!t i eas t at ,ere /rese!te "# t e # &t &ri!2 t is /r +ess i!+0& e ;

6a peacemaking concert for raising money for the community7& 6peacemaking circles in

schools7. 6anger management within peacemaking circles7& 6invest in community7&

6community skate-3oarding park& with skate3oards7& 6laser tag for D1.EE 7&

6neigh3orhood sports teams7& 6peacemaking 3lock parties7& 6free sports camp7&

63oycott something5 may3e guns7& 6provide tours of the city - the good and the 3ad

parts7& 6youth led workshops7& 6shopping for peace7& 6skating and other activities

availa3le at reduced cost7& a! 6activism7.T ese i eas ,ere is+&sse i! etai0 a! t e 2r &/ "e2a! t * +&s ! t se i eas

t e# , &0 ' st 0i9e t /rese!t: T e 9ee/ers s&22este * +&si!2 ! t se t at + &0

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100

s 'e , a+t&a00# "e i'/0e'e!te a! * r , i+ t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers 'i2 t **er

s 'e assista!+e ,it : T e e!er2# a' !2 t e 2r &/ ,as i2 a! e.er# !e see'e t "e

0 9i!2 * r,ar t t e !e>t +ir+0e ,it t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers: T e# e+i e rat er

1&i+90# , i+ s/e+i*i+ i eas t e# ,a!te t /rese!t; !arr ,i!2 t e 0ist t se.e! s/e+i*i+

s&22esti !s a! t e# e+i e , , &0 /rese!t ea+ s&22esti ! &ri!2 t e !e>t +ir+0e:T e 2r &/ t e! a a s!a+9 "rea9 as t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers a! 'e'"ers "e2a!

t arri.e: A s'a00 2r &/ ,as e>/e+te a! t se /arti+i/ati!2 i!+0& e Sister R se

M+Lar!e# *r ' t e Ma# r s C ''issi ! ! Vi 0e!+e= Past r Sta! Ar+ ie , ser.es as

t e Vi+e Presi e!t * r t e State % ar * E &+ati ! i! Miss &ri= a! Mr: A0 %r 9s *r '

A H + a2ai!st Cri'e; a + ''&!it# "ase a2e!+#: A0s atte! i!2 ,ere S 'ara J !es;

CEO a! * &! er * C 00a" rati.e Res/ !se a! er &s"a! Mr: Mar+&s J !es as ,e00

as + ''&!it# 'e'"ers Mr: Ma+# J !es a! is ass +iate: T e + ''&!it# 'e'"ers

,ere i!.ite i!t t e i!i!2 r ' as t e# arri.e t 'eet t e # &t a! e!6 # s 'e * t e

s!a+9s t at ,ere set &t * r t e "rea9:At @7B4 /' t e 2r &/ ea e i!t t e +0assr ' a! t e +ir+0e ,as /e!e ,it

a! i+e "rea9er 1&esti ! Fi* # & ,ere a! a!i'a0; , at , &0 # & "e : Ma!# /e /0e /i+9e

s 'e * t e sa'e a!i'a0s e.e! t &2 t e# e>/resse i**ere!t reas !s * r /i+9i!2 it: We

t e! ' .e !t t e .a0&e /r +ess: T is ,e!t '&+ 1&i+9er t a! i! t e /re.i &s +ir+0e

,it 6&st t e # &t si!+e a i**ere!t /r +ess ,as &ti0i?e , ere t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers

,ere as9e i* t e# + &0 a2ree t t e .a0&es t at a "ee! esta"0is e "# t e # &t a!

,ere a0rea # i! /0a+e:T e *irst s&22esti ! ,as t e !e * r FNei2 " r Tea's a! ,as * +&se !

s/ rts; a0t &2 ! t 6&st * t"a00 a! "as9et"a00 ,ere "r &2 t &/; "&t . 00e#"a00 a!

te!!is ,ere a0s s&22este : S 'e * t e re0ate + ''e!ts ,ere; 6not everyone :ualifies

for school sports7& 6neigh3orhood sports means your 3uilding community7& 6in sports

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101

you have to work together7& 6the ultimate purpose is to win 0you have to work together

to do that & 6in sports you have to get along7& 6sports 3rings unity& serves a greater

purpose7& 6instead of fees re:uire community service7& a! 6sports teaches values7.

T e se+ ! s&22esti ! ,as /rese!te "# !e * t e # &t , ,as se0*-

a 'itte 0# a s9ate" ar e!t &siast: He a + !.i!+e e.er# !e * t e !ee * r a

s9ate" ar /ar9 i! t e + ''&!it# a! e /rese!te t e i ea * r t e 2r &/: A0 %r 9s; t e

res/e+te e0 er 9! ,! as a + ''&!it# 0ea er; s&22este a! a"a! !e "&i0 i!2 , ere

t is 'i2 t "e / ssi"0e: He te00s t e 2r &/ e a0rea # as s 'e /0a!s * r t at "&i0 i!2 t at

e t &2 t , &0 "e!e*it t e + ''&!it# a! es+ri"es t e 0 +ati ! t at is i! S &t

Ka!sas Cit#: His i eas i!+0& e t e !ee * r a 'e'"ers i/ t /arti+i/ate i! t e a+ti.ities

/0a!!e t ere a! s 'e i eas a" &t t is is t at 'e'"ers i/ , &0 "e e+i e ! "# t er

# &t ; t at a.e t F. &+ * r # & t "e+ 'e a 'e'"er: T e i ea is t at # &t , &0

'a9e ea+ t er "e " t a++ &!ta"0e a! res/ !si"0e * r t eir "e a.i r a! t at * t eir

*rie! s as ,e00:T e t ir s&22esti !; /rese!te "# !e * t e " #s ,as F# &t 0e , r9s /s :

T e * +&s ! t is ,as t, -* 0 : $irst; t e # &t ar2&e t at it , &0 "e a 2 ,a# t

/r .i e # &t 6 " // rt&!ities: T e# + &0 s are t eir s9i00s ,it t er # &t : $ r

i!sta!+e; a!+i!2; ,riti!2; s9ate" ar i!2 r t er s/ rts; a! ra,i!2 ,ere a00 i eas * r

+0asses t e # &t t &2 t t at t e# + &0 tea+ r "e ,i00i!2 t ta9e *r ' !e * t eir

/eers: D&ri!2 t is is+&ssi ! a! t er " # 'e!ti !e t at 60it gives youth pride in

themselves to have the opportunity to teach other youth.7S 'e * t e + ''e!ts /rese!te "# t e + ''&!it# 'e'"ers &ri!2 t is r &! *

ia0 2&e i!+0& e Sister R se s + ''e!ts a" &t *ra'i!2 +0asses r /r 6e+ts i! ,a#s t at

/r ' te /ea+e'a9i!2; S 'a0a#a ! te t at s e 0i9es t e i ea * 'e'"ers i/ t at is

e+i e ! "# t er # &t a! s&22ests t at it is /r "a"0# easier * r # &t t "e 6& 2e

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102

"# t eir /eers: Past r Ar+ ie s&22este t at , ate.er is !e !ee s t "e * +&se i! t e

+ ''&!it# t "&i0 + ''&!it# re0ati !s i/s a! t re &+e t e .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t :T e # &t s&22este t at t e# !ee t , r9 t 2et er ' re a! t e * &rt

s&22esti ! is /rese!te "# t, i**ere!t # &t Fa 0aser ta2 2a'e /0a+e a! Fa s9ati!2

ri!9 t at is i! t e +it# : T ese s&22esti !s re*res e t e ia0 2&e ! iss&es * !ee i!2

t ese a+ti.ities i! t e i!!er-+it# + ''&!it# s t at t e# are a++essi"0e t # &t : Ma!#

+ '/0ai!e t at t ere are a+ti.ities i! Ka!sas Cit# "&t t e# are s *ar &t t at t e# a.e

! tra!s/ rtati ! t 2et t t e': Mr: %r 9s ! te t at t e site e is+&sse is *ar &t "&t

e a0s ! te t at t e "&s 2 es t t is area a! Past r Ar+ ie s&22este 2 i!2 "a+9 t t e

!ee s * t e !ei2 " r : He / i!te &t t at it ,as! t &!ti0 s+ 0s +a'e &t * t e

!ei2 " r s t at t e /er+ei.e !ee * r 'eta0 ete+t rs ,as i!tr &+e :T e is+&ssi ! /rese!te "# t e # &t &ri!2 t is s&22esti ! ,as * +&se ! ,

t a.e F*&! "&si!esses r a+ti.ities i! !ei2 " r s , e! sa*et# +a! "e a! iss&e:

T ere are a !&'"er * s ti!2s at e.e!ts a! a + !+er! t at F &tsi ers 'i2 t + 'e i!

a! estr # t ese /0a+es s/a+es: Iss&es * tra!s/ rtati ! res&r*a+e a! Past r Ar+ ie

ta09s a" &t Fstrate2ies t e+rease i2! ra!+e t at 0ea s t t e .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t a!

# &!2 a &0ts: Mr: %r 9s a t 0ea.e ear0# * r a /re.i &s e!2a2e'e!t "&t rea+ e &t t

t e # &t "# 0etti!2 t e' 9! , t e# + &0 a0,a#s + !ta+t i' r is r2a!i?ati !:T e *i*t s&22esti ! ,as /rese!te "# !e * t e # &!2 'e! a! t e * +&s ,as

Fa+ti.is' : T e 2r &/ s&22este t at a+ti.is' +0asses ,ere !ee e as ear0# as 6&!i r i2

s+ 0 a! t at t e # &t "e ta&2 t , t /r ' te s +ia0 a+ti ! a! *i2 t i!6&sti+e: T e#

is+&sse a s/e+i*i+ i!terest i! " #+ tti!2 t e &se * 2&!s a! e.er# !e i! t e 2r &/;

i!+0& i!2 " t # &t a! 0ea ers; t &2 t t is ,as a 2reat i ea:T e si>t i ea t at is /rese!te is a0s a + '"i!ati ! * s&22esti !s a! i!+0& es

F&ti0i?i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 strate2ies ,it a!2er 'a!a2e'e!t +0asses i! /0a+e * i! s+ 0

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103

s&s/e!si !s r &t * s+ 0 s&s/e!si !s a! re1&iri!2 a /ea+e'a9i!2 +0ass at s+ 0; at

0east !e : Sister R se 'e!ti !e t at t is is Fa "ri00ia!t i ea a! 'a!# * t e # &t

see'e t "e e!+ &ra2e "# t e ia0 2&e &ri!2 t is s&22esti !: S 'e , t e t

s&22esti !; * +&si!2 ! *ree !ei2 " r s/ rts +a'/s 2 t .er0 9e a! ,as !e.er

is+&sse :I!stea a +0 si!2 1&esti ! ,as i!itiate ; F, at ,i00 # & ta9e ,it # & *r ' t is

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess S 'e * t e a!s,ers /r .i e "# t se i! t e +ir+0e

i!+0& e6values7& 63e more positive& look for the positive 1 st 7& 6take advantage of

everything learned7& 6violence isn4t the key to everything7& 6look at people as 3etter7&

6do more for community7& 6stay away from 3ad people& gangs7& 6volunteer more7&

6respect7& 6responsi3ility7& 7don4t ever& ever& judge a 3ook 3y the cover7& reach out more

to community7& 63e more positive& smile more7& 6when people are acting violently& try to

stop them7& a! 6time was cra!y& 3ut 84ve changed<7.Past r Ar+ ie ! te t at e ,as ,i00i!2 t ta9e t e s&22esti !s t at t e # &t a

/rese!te "a+9 ,it i' , e! e 'eets a2ai! ,it t e s+ 0 " ar a! Sister R se

ass&re t e # &t t at s e t ,i00 "e re/ rti!2 t eir s&22esti !s "a+9 t t e Ma# r s

C ''issi ! ! Vi 0e!+e: E.er# !e see'e t "e i! 2 s/irits as t e +ir+0e +0 se a!

a i!!er ,as /re/are * r " t t e + ''&!it# 0ea ers 'e'"ers a! t e # &t t e!6 #:

T ere ,as s 'e is+&ssi ! "et,ee! t e 2r &/s "&t t e + ''&!it# 'e'"ers 0e*t s rt0#

a*ter a! t e # &t /re/are * r t e +0 si!2 +ir+0e: T ere ,as s 'e e>+ite'e!t "&t a0s

2r&'"0i!2 as # &t rea0i?e t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t ,as 1&i+90# + 'i!2 t a!

e! :T e 0ast 'eeti!2 * t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e 2r &/ * r t e ,ee9e! ,e!t *ast:

T ere ,as a 0 t * + a s a! ,i0 e!er2# t at t e # &t a "r &2 t "a+9 *r ' i!!er

a! it ,as !e+essar# t re2r &/ a! t re* +&s ! t e .a0&es t at a /re.i &s0# "ee!

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104

a2ree !: T e 9ee/ers * r2 t t /e! t e +ir+0e s e.er#t i!2 ,as a 0itt0e e+ti+: O!+e

e.er# !e re-a2ree ! t e .a0&es a! a! /e!i!2 * r t e +ir+0e ,as /rese!te t e # &t

+a0'e ,! a! t i!2s 2 t "a+9 ! tra+9:

T e 1&esti ! ,as / se FI* # & r&0e t e , r0 ; i* # & + &0 + a!2e t e , r0 ;

, at , &0 # & : Ma!# * t e # &t 2a.e s&r/risi!2 a!s,ers , e! t e# +0ai'e

si'/0# 6me7& t er res/ !ses i!+0& e ; 6stop the fighting7& 6get rid of guns7& 6get rid of

all weapons7& 6stop the violence7& 6lack of empathy7& a! 6phones& cars& food& and FG

of people7. O!e * t e " #s as9e i* e + &0 t e +0 si!2 * r t e *i!a0 +ir+0e ,it a

1& te e 'e' ri?e t at e sai ,as "# Eart a Kitt; it ,e!t 684ve learned in my life to

use the manure people throw at you to fertili!e the path that you are going7. Ma!# * &s

a2ree t at t e i ea + &0 + 'e i! a! # ,it e.er#t i!2 !e *a+e i! t is , r0 :A*ter +0 si!2 t e +ir+0e !e * t e 2ir0s as9s a" &t t e * 00 ,-&/ s&r.e# a!

s&22este t at t e# a.e a re&!i ! +ir+0e * r t at: E.er# !e see'e e>+ite a" &t t is

/ ssi"i0it#; as 'a!# * t e # &t e>/resse t e i ea t at t e# i ! t ,a!t t is e>/erie!+e

t e! : T e resear+ er a2ree t atte'/t t arra!2e a re&!i ! +ir+0e , ere t e# + &0

'eet a2ai! * r t e * 00 ,-&/ s&r.e# a! a00 * t e # &t . +a0i?e a! i!terest i!

/arti+i/ati!2: Ma!# * t e /arti+i/a!ts e>+ a!2e + !ta+t i!* r'ati ! ,it ea+ t er

a! /r 'ise t 9ee/ i! t &+ : A *e, * t e # &t +a'e t t e st + &r+ t at ' r!i!2

* r ser.i+e a! t e# as9e t e resear+ er a" &t /i+9i!2 t e' &/ a2ai! * r + &r+ ser.i+e:

Se.era0 " ! s ,ere +reate i! t is s rt a' &!t * ti'e a! t e resear+ er easi0#

i'a2i!e t e / te!tia0 / ssi"i0ities * r a sta"0e !ei2 " r /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e 2r &/:

Re&!i ! Cir+0e < T &rs a#; De+e'"er 3 t ; 3455 < B744/' < 744 /'T e re&!i ! t 9 /0a+e a + &/0e * ,ee9s 0ater a! a0t &2 ! t e.er# !e + &0

'a9e it; 6&st .er a0* * t e ri2i!a0 2r &/ s ,e &/ a! !e * t e . 0&!teer +ir+0e

9ee/ers ,as a0s a"0e t atte! : Se.era0 * t e # &t ,ere &t * t ,! a! a + &/0e a

104



105

0i a# *&!+ti !s t e# !ee e t atte! ,it *a'i0# 'e'"ers t at a#: T e 2ir0 , 'a e

t e ri2i!a0 s&22esti ! * r t e re&!i ! a0s i ! t s , &/ "&t ,e 0ater 0ear!e s e ,as

str&220i!2 ,it s 'e seri &s iss&es: E.er# !e t at i 'a9e it "a+9 * r t e re&!i ! ,as

e>+ite a" &t /arti+i/ati!2 a! t e# ,ere a00 a!>i &s t 2et "a+9 i!t +ir+0e:T e +ir+0e 9ee/er as9e a! /e!i!2 1&esti ! F, at i # & 2et * r C rist'as

a! !e * t e " # s t 0 t e 2r &/ is "r t er 2 t i' a 'a+ a! t e resear+ er i'a2i!es

a! A//0e "ra! + '/&ter: It ,as ! t &!ti0 t e se+ ! ti'e t e ta09i!2 /ie+e 'a e it

ar &! t at t e 2r &/ rea0i?e e ,as ta09i!2 a" &t a Ma+9 54 2&! ! t a Ma+ + '/&ter:

N !e * t e # &t e>/resse t '&+ s&r/rise "# t is a! t is i ! t re+ei.e as '&+

is+&ssi ! as it + &0 a.e: I!stea t e !e>t 1&esti ! ,as as9e ; FHa.e # & a//0ie

a!#t i!2 # & 0ear!e *r ' t e /re.i &s +ir+0esW e! as9e i* t e# a a//0ie a!#t i!2 t e# a 0ear!e a *e, * t e # &t

a+9! ,0e 2e t at t e# i ! t t i!9 t e# a : O.er a0* a!s,ere t e 1&esti !

s 'e, at / siti.e0#; t ese a!s,ers i!+0& e ; 6yeah& changed how 8 came at people since

then7& 6yes& showing a lot more restraint when my mom hits me7& 6showed a lot of

restraint7& 6pro3a3ly have 3ut don4t recogni!e& 3ut 8 know 8 have7& a! 6yes and no& 8

was already a good person - now just spreading to the younger people telling them what

84ve learned7.T e !e>t 1&esti ! t at ,as as9e ,as FI* ! ; , # # & t i!9 # & i ! t

M st * t e a!s,ers t t is 1&esti ! see'e reas !a"0e a! i!+0& e a t e'e * ! t

a.i!2 a t e // rt&!it# 6haven4t 3een anywhere to use7& 68 haven4t 3een in any

situation7& 6haven4t 3een nowhere7& a! 68 think 8 did 3ut may not recogni!e7. A + &/0e

* t e # &t sti00 'e!ti !e a.i!2 iss&es; s&+ as; 68 still have an attitude7& a! 68 don4t

support revenge& 3ut 84m done with people trying to put themselves 3efore me& mainly my

father7. T e 9ee/er ! tes 6well& we know that it is not an overnight process57.

105



106

T e . 0&!teer +ir+0e 9ee/er as9e t e 2r &/ i* t e# , &0 0i9e t ta9e &t t e

ta09i!2 /ie+e * r t e re'ai!i!2 / rti ! * t e +ir+0e i! r er t a.e s 'e /e! ia0 2&e

a! t e 'a6 rit# * t e 2r &/ a2ree ; (! t i!+0& i!2 t e resear+ er): S 'e * t e

reas !i!2 2i.e! * r ta9i!2 it &t i!+0& e 68 would like 3etter& 3ecause 8 don4t have to

wait7& 6don4t like waiting7& 68 don4t think nothing is wrong with the talking piece 3ut can

we do it different7 a! !e 2ir0 6 9es; 68 don4t like this talking piece& we should change to

this one7 re*erri!2 t a 'i+r / !e ,e a &se /re.i &s0#: S 'e !e s&22este t at ,e

0 9 at it as /r 2ress ,it i! t e /r +ess t at ,e ! 0 !2er !ee e t e ta09i!2 /ie+e t

+ ''&!i+ate e**e+ti.e0#: T e +ir+0e 9ee/er s&22este t at /e /0e raise t eir a! s * rt e re'ai! er * t e +ir+0e: T e ta09i!2 /ie+e ,as **i+ia00# . te &t at t e e! * t e

+ir+0e:T e re'ai!i!2 ti'e ,as s/e!t is+&ssi!2 s&22esti !s * r *&t&re /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e /r +esses * +&se ! re &+i!2 .i 0e!+e: S 'e * t e s&22esti !s **ere "# # &t

i!+0& e ;6need more people involved& more cute girls7& 6we need more sessions7&

6more activitiesI3reaks would 3e good7& a! 6using scenarios more7. S 'e * t e iss&es

t at t is 2r &/ *a+e ,ere a0s . i+e "# t e # &t s&+ as;6getting to know each other

took a lot of time7& 6spent a lot of time talking a3out other topics7& a! 6had a hard time

staying on track7.Ma!# * t e # &t t &2 t t at s 'et i!2 ,as a++ '/0is e &ri!2 t e

/ea+e'a9i!2 ,ee9e! a! as !e * t e # &t /&t it 6it worked 3y 3ringing kids together

to talk a3out violence7. A 1&esti ! ,as / se a" &t t e si?e * t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e

2r &/ a! , et er it , &0 "e "etter ,it 0ar2er r s'a00er !&'"ers a! /arti+i/ati!2

# &t ar2&e * r " t si es "&t i a2ree t at eit er ,a# t ere s &0 "e ' re +ir+0es i!

a00 t#/es * setti!2s: O!e * t e " #s i! t e 2r &/ / i!te &t t at , at i!itia00# 2 t i'

106



107

t t e 2r &/ ,as t e @4 i!+e!ti.e 2i*t +ar a! s&22este t at t is "e a re+&rri!2 t e'e

i! t e *&t&re t 2et # &t i!. 0.e , 'i2 t ! t t er,ise e+i e t /arti+i/ate i! a

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess: A*ter t e +0 si!2 * t e +ir+0e t e /arti+i/ati!2 # &t

+ '/0ete t eir * 00 ,-&/ s&r.e#s:

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK FY & a.e ! ti+e t at e.er#t i!2 a! I! ia! es is i! a +ir+0e; a! t at is "e+a&se t e

P ,er * t e W r0 a0,a#s , r9s i! +ir+0es - %0a+9 E09 T e Ka!sas-Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t ,as a! i!te!si.e 1&asi-

e>/eri'e!ta0 resear+ st& # t at i!. 0.e + !si era"0e ti'e a! e** rt i! t e &! erta9i!2:

E.e! s ; i! /ra+ti+e; it i ! t 0 9 e>a+t0# as it ,as ri2i!a00# e!.isi !e ; #et it i

/r .i e + !si era"0e i!si2 t i!t , at is !ee e t e.e0 / a + '/re e!si.e # &t

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 2ra' ,it t e / te!tia0 t re &+e .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t : T e

/r 6e+t i!. 0.e " t 1&a!titati.e a! 1&a0itati.e 'et 0 2ies; a! e.e! t &2 t e

sa'/0e si?e ,as + '/ara"0# s'a00; " t a//r a+ es /r .i e s 'e &se*&0 *i! i!2s:

SUMMARYT e 1&a!titati.e a!a0#sis /r .i e /ri'ari0# es+ri/ti.e statisti+s: W e! 0 9i!2

at " t t e treat'e!t a! + !tr 0 2r &/; !e * t e *irst i**ere!+es t at is ! te is t e

is/arit# i! 2e! er "et,ee! t e 2r &/s: T e + !tr 0 2r &/ a t,i+e as 'a!# 2ir0s as t e

treat'e!t 2r &/ a! " #s ,ere ' re ea.i0# re/rese!te i! t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t: M re

2ir0s ,ere + se! * r t e treat'e!t 2r &/ t a! ,ere a"0e t /arti+i/ate a! t is 'a# "e a

107



108

*a+t r , rt ! ti!2 * r *&t&re /r 2ra''i!2: T e e.e0 /'e!t * t e +ir+0e /r +ess 0i9e0#

, &0 a.e 2 !e s' t er a it ! t ta9e! /0a+e &ri!2 t e 0i a# seas !:T e 'a6 rit# * t e # &t i! t e st& # a ! t e>/erie!+e es/e+ia00# i2 0e.e0s

* e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; "&t se.era0 * t e # &t a /ers !a0 a! i!ti'ate

e>/erie!+es ,it tra&'ati+ .i 0e!+e: W e! 0 9i!2 at attit& es t ,ar .i 0e!+e t e

treat'e!t 2r &/ s ,e statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t i**ere!+es "et,ee! /re a! / st

'eas&res * r t, 1&esti !s - 8 would rather use violence to handle pro3lems& a!

violence is easier than trying to handle pro3lems peacefully. T ese s+ res sa, i!+reases

"et,ee! 'eas&res a! +a! "e e>/0ai!e "# t e ia0 2&e /r +ess t at t 9 /0a+e &ri!2

t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t a! a 2reater se0*-a,are!ess e>/erie!+e "# /arti+i/a!ts:A si2!i*i+a!t /ie+e * t e + !.ersati ! ,it i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e * +&se !

rea0i?i!2 t e /0a+es; s/a+es; a! ti'es , ere /e /0e &se .i 0e!+e: T is *i! i!2 +a! "e

see! as a / siti.e i!itia0 as/e+t * a /ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t , ere # &t +a! "e2i! t

/ra+ti+e se0*-a,are!ess; s/e+i*i+a00# i! re0ati ! t t e ,a#s ,e .i 0e!+e ! a ai0#

"asis: T e rea0it# is t at .i 0e!+e *te!ti'es a//ears t "e t e 1&i+9er a! easier ,a# t

s 0.e /r "0e's: A++e/ta!+e * t is rea0it# +a! "e see! as a 2 a! ' st !e+essar# *irst

ste/ t ,ar s + a!2i!2: T is *i! i!2 ties i!t a! t er 1&a0itati.e *i! i!2 t at s ,e t at

!e * t e + '' ! a!s,ers 2i.e! "# # &t at t e e! * t e +ir+0e /r 6e+t , e! t e#

,ere as9e if you could change anything a3out the world what would you choose < ,as

t at 'a!# # &t e>/resse t eir esire t "e a"0e t + a!2e t e'se0.es:$ r ' st /e /0e t ere is a &'i0it# t at + 'es ,it t e re+ 2!iti ! * t e ar'

t at ,e a.e !e t t ers: W e! a /ers ! is + !*r !te ,it t e rea0it# * t e i'/a+t *

is r er a+ti !s; "e+a&se ' st * t e ti'e ,e are + '* rta"0# &!+ !s+i &s; t ere is a

s *te!i!2 * t e e2 : T is ,as e.i e!t &ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r +ess a' !2 'a!# * t e # &t

a! t e i!itia0 1&a!titati.e *i! i!2s s ,e t at t is /r +ess +a! ai i! a00 ,i!2 # &!2

108



109

/e /0e t e // rt&!it# t re*0e+t ! t eir ,! a+ti !s a! t assess t eir + '/0i+it# i! t e

+&0t&re * .i 0e!+e: It is i! /er*e+t a0i2!'e!t ,it t e ! ti ! t at , at '&st + a!2e *irst

is t e F'a! i! t e 'irr r a! i! i!2 t at; s +iet# + a!2es:

W e! e>a'i!i!2 t e PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2# "et,ee! /re a! / st 'eas&res

statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t i**ere!+es ,ere * &! i! t e + !tr 0 2r &/ ! t e 1&esti ! - id

you feel very upset when something happened to remind you of the event9 T e

'eas&ra"0e e+reases 'a# "e e>/0ai!e "# t e /assi!2 * ti'e "et,ee! tests; ,it a

ra!2e * @- ,ee9s: H ,e.er; t is 'a# a0s "e &se t e>/0ai! t e 'eas&ra"0e i**ere!+es

i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/ re0ate t t e 1&esti ! - id you avoid situations or activities that

might remind you of the event9 T ese e+reases 'i2 t a0s re/rese!t treat'e!t # &t s

i!+rease a"i0it# t a! 0e stress*&0 sit&ati !s re0ate t /ast tra&'a: Yet; t ere ,ere ! t

e! &2 si2!i*i+a!t *i! i!2s ,it i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/ re0ate t PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2#

t e>/ress s&**i+ie!t e.i e!+e t at t is /r 6e+t; as is; +a! a**e+t t ese s#'/t 's:O!e i!teresti!2 *i! i!2; a0t &2 ! t 1&ite rea+ i!2 si2!i*i+a!t 0e.e0s; ,as t e

+ !tr 0 2r &/ s i!+rease i**ere!+e re0ate t t e 1&esti ! - Have you 3een more

irrita3le or angry9 As 'e!ti !e ear0ier t is 'a# "e a re*0e+ti ! * , 'a!# # &t

,ere irritate r a!2r# "e+a&se t e# ,ere ! t + se! * r t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e

treat'e!t: Se.era0 # &t e>/resse *r&strati ! &ri!2 t e i!itia0 /re-test at t e / ssi"i0it#

* ! t "ei!2 + se! a! !e # &t re*&se t /arti+i/ate at a00 i! t e resear+ "e+a&se

t ere + &0 "e ! 2&ara!tee t at e , &0 "e + se! t /arti+i/ate i! t e +ir+0e /r +ess:

D&ri!2 t e / st-test; se.era0 # &t e>/resse t eir isa// i!t'e!t .er ! t "ei!2 + se!

a! 'a!# as9e a" &t t e / ssi"i0it# * "ei!2 + se! t /arti+i/ate i! a *&t&re /r 6e+t:T e 1&a0itati.e resear+ a0s i2 0i2 te *i! i!2s re0e.a!t t +ir+0e /r +ess a!

t e / te!tia0 it as * r re &+i!2 t e ar' t at # &t e>/ se t i2 0e.e0s * + ''&!it#

.i 0e!+e ,i00 e>/erie!+e: D&ri!2 t e ,ee9e! /r +ess # &t i!. 0.e i! t e /r 6e+t

109



110

"e2a! t + !+e/t&a0i?e si'i0ar t e'es t at ,ere re/ rte i! /re.i &s 1&a0itati.e resear+

e!2a2i!2 # &t ia0 2&e ! .i 0e!+e i!+0& i!2= /eer- !-/eer .i 0e!+e; + i0 a"&se;

/are!ti!2; " re '; ! t e! &2 *ree a+ti.ities i! + ''&!it#; ra+ia0 a! +&0t&ra0 iss&es;

e>+0&si ! * # &t ; a! te!si ! "et,ee! # &t a! a &0ts (O!tari Y &t R &! ta"0e

Dis+&ssi !s ! Vi 0e!+e; 344@):A++ r i!2 t rest rati.e6&sti+e: r2 (344 ); /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es are e**e+ti.e

/r +esses * r stre!2t e!i!2 + ''&!ities a! "&i0 i!2 re0ati !s i/s a' !2 t e

i! i.i &a0s i!. 0.e : T e resear+ *i! i!2s *r ' t is st& # + '/0ete0# s&// rt t at

assertati !: Y &t + !ti!&a00# ta09e a" &t , t e# *e0t F+ !!e+te a! ,ere

* rt + 'i!2 ,it s&22esti !s ! ,a#s t + !ti!&e t e /r +ess as a 2r &/: I! i.i &a00#;

' st * t e' tra e + !ta+t i!* r'ati !; + !!e+te t r &2 s +ia0 'e ia sites; a! 'a e

t er /0a!s t sta# + !!e+te ,it ea+ t er:C ates; U'"reit; a! V s; (344B) re.ea0e t at t is is *te! !e * t e ' st

+ '' ! res/ !ses t , at /e /0e e!6 #e ' st a" &t t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess;

, i0e *a+t rs s&rr &! i!2 t e a' &!t * ti'e t at '&st "e e. te t t e /r +ess are

/re.i &s0# re/ rte as "ei!2 !e * t e ' st + '' ! rea+ti ! t , at /arti+i/a!ts 0i9e

0east: T e +&rre!t st& # * &! t at # &t re/ rte e!6 #i!2 ' st t e /r +ess * ia0 2&e

a! t e Fs ari!2 /r +ess t at + !tri"&tes t "&i0 i!2 + ''&!it#; , i0e t e 0east

e!6 #a"0e as/e+t re/ rte "# # &t ,as i! ee re0ate t t e e>te! e ti'e /eri

i!. 0.e :Part * t is resear+ ,as * +&se ! &ti0i?i!2 t e 1&a0itati.e 'et a! t e

/r +ess * /arti+i/a!t "ser.ati ! i! a! atte'/t at &! ersta! i!2 t e /r +ess *

tra!s* r'ati ! t at is + '' !0# sai t ta9e /0a+e &ri!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es: U'"reit;

C ates; a! V s (344 ) es+ri"e a! Fe!er2# t at is +reate a! state t at Ft is is /er a/s

t e 0east e*i!a"0e a! t ere* re 0east "ser.a"0e * a00 t e .aria"0es ,e ,i00 is+&ss :

110



111

T is Fe!er2# 0i9e t e tra!s* r'ati ! t at +a! ta9e /0a+e e>ists i! a! a"stra+t !at&re ,it

1&a0it# , se /rese!+e is &! e!ia"0e "&t , se esse!+e 'a# ! t "e +a/t&re : T ere is

s 'et i!2 t at ++&rs ,it i! t e ia0 2&e /r +ess a! i00&'i!ati ! ,it i! /arti+i/a!ts

"e+ 'es .isi"0# e.i e!t; a0t &2 s&**i+ie!t e.i e!+e !ee e t /r .i e a *&00#

* r'&0ate e>/0a!ati ! * t is /r +ess is sti00 &t * rea+ ,it i! t e +&rre!t st& #:T ere ,ere t, #/ t eses &! er i!.esti2ati ! &ri!2 t is st& #: $irst; t at # &t

, /arti+i/ate i! a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t , &0 e>/erie!+e si2!i*i+a!t re &+ti !s

i! t eir ,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e i! t e *&t&re: Se+ ! ; t at # &t , /arti+i/ate i! a

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t , &0 e>/erie!+e si2!i*i+a!t re &+ti !s i! 0e.e0s * / st-

tra&'ati+ stress is r er s#'/t ' 0 2#: T e *i! i!2s i s&// rt si2!i*i+a!t + a!2es

a' !2 a *e, 'eas&res * r " t * t e #/ t eses; #et t e 0i'ite !&'"er * si2!i*i+a!t

*i! i!2s !e+essitate re6e+ti!2 t e #/ t eses at t is / i!t: H ,e.er; t e i'/0i+ati !s

s&22est t e !ee * r *&t&re resear+ ! ' re i!- e/t /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 2ra''i!2:

RECOMMENDATIONSResear+ a! Pr 2ra''i!2 Re+ ''e! ati !s

T e 1&a0itati.e 'et s e0/e i2 0i2 t se.era0 i!teresti!2 *i! i!2s re0ate t t e

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess a! s e i!si2 t ! re+ ''e! ati !s * r *&t&re resear+ a!

/r 2ra''i!2 e** rts: $irst; t e *i! i!2s /r .i e "# Latessa (3454) s ,i!2 a 'i!i'&'

544 &rs * treat'e!t !ee e * r 'e i&'-ris9 2r &/s see's a//r /riate: A0t &2

se.era0 i! i.i &a0s , ,ere + !s&0te &ri!2 e.e0 /'e!t; a! t e /i0 t /r 6e+t itse0*;

t 0 t e resear+ er t at !e 34- &r ,ee9e! , &0 "e s&**i+ie!t t + .er a00 'ateria0; i!

i! si2 t 'a!# ' re treat'e!t &rs , &0 "e re1&ire t "e tr&0# e**e+ti.e; es/e+ia00#

* r a ressi!2 .aria"0es re0ate t PTSD s#'/t 'at 0 2#:T e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t "e2a! "# * +&si!2 ! i!tr &+ti !s a! e+i i!2

! t e .a0&es t at , &0 2&i e t e +ir+0e /r +ess: T is ti'e ,as a" &t 2etti!2 a+1&ai!te ;

111



112

"&i0 i!2 tr&st; a! esta"0is i!2 + ''&!it# ,it i! t e +ir+0e: T is /art * t e /r +ess t 9

' re ti'e t a! i!itia00# e>/e+te a! ' re ti'e + &0 a.e + !+ei.a"0# "ee! s/e!t !

t is /art * t e /r +ess: W i0e t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e setti!2 a00 ,s * r " ! s t "e

+reate ' re 1&i+90#; ' re ti'e e. te t s/e! i!2 ! t is a+ti.it# is re+ ''e! e * r

*&t&re /r 2ra's: A++ r i!2 t t e I00i! is %a0a!+e a! Rest rati.e J&sti+e I!itiati.e

(344 ); it is i'/erati.e t a00 , s&**i+ie!t ti'e t "&i0 re0ati !s i/s "et,ee! /arti+i/a!ts

a! esi2!i!2 i'/0e'e!tati ! t a00 , * r *0e>i"i0it# ,it i! t e /r +ess:Pre.i &s resear+ ! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es s ,s 0e!2t * ti'e *a+t rs t "e !e

* t e "i22est + '/0ai!ts a! # &t i!. 0.e i! t e +&rre!t /r 6e+t a2ree : Y &t 2a.e

se.era0 s&22esti !s re2ar i!2 t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess i!+0& i!2 a re &+ti ! * t e

i!te!sit# (ti'e s/e!t i! !e sitti!2) a! i!+0& i!2 ' re a! s ! a+ti.ities: T ese i eas

s &0 "e i!+ r/ rate i!t *&t&re resear+ /r 6e+ts a! /r 2ra''i!2 ' e0s a ressi!2

t e &se * .i 0e!+e "# # &t &ti0i?i!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +esses: $&t&re /r 2ra's

'i2 t "e "etter 0e!2t e!i!2 t e ti'e * t e treat'e!t /r 6e+t , i0e 0i'iti!2 t e i!te!sit#

t r &2 &t t e /r 2ra': $ r i!sta!+e; i!stea * a 34 &r ,ee9e! ; it 'i2 t "e ' re

"e!e*i+ia0 t s/rea &t t e treat'e!t i! *i*tee! &r ,ee9e! s .er t e + &rse * -

,ee9e! s .er t e + &rse * a B-@ ' !t ti'e /eri :D&ri!2 t is resear+ it "e+a'e a//are!t , i'/ rta!t it is t sta# tr&e t t e

/ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess: T ere ,ere a *e, i!sta!+es , ere /e /0e a t 0ea.e ear0#

r "e tar # * r t e +ir+0e a! t is a0,a#s see'e t a.e a! i!terr&/ti!2 e**e+t: A0s ;

, e! /e /0e 'isse a sessi ! * r , ate.er reas !; t e# see' t "e 0ess si!+ere ,it t e

a&t e!ti+it# * t e /r +ess a0t &2 t is /r "a"0# ste's *r ' &!a,are!ess * e.er#t i!2

t at a tra!s/ire , i0e t e# ,ere a,a#: Li00es (344 ) s&22este 0i'iti!2 a++ess t

+ ''&!it# /arti+i/a!ts , e' !strate i2 0e.e0s * + ''it'e!t t t e /ea+e'a9i!2

112



113

+ir+0e /r +ess: Eit er ,a# *&t&re /r 2ra's s &0 "e .er# + !s+i &s a" &t t is as/e+t *

t e /r +ess: Parti+i/a!ts !ee t "e a.ai0a"0e *r ' t e "e2i!!i!2 * t e /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e t r &2 t e e! * t e /r +ess:

D&e t +ir+&'sta!+es; t e +ir+0e 9ee/er . 0&!teers &ri!2 t is /r 6e+t re+ei.e

0i'ite trai!i!2 ,it /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es a! t is is a! t er / i!t t at *&t&re /r 2ra's

s &0 a e1&ate0# a ress /ri r t /r 2ra''i!2: T is !ee s t "e a resse i! r er t

e!s&re t at . 0&!teers a.e a e1&ate trai!i!2 a! &! ersta! i!2 re2ar i!2 t e 0 2isti+s *

a /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess: T e ' re ti'e a! e>/erie!+e . 0&!teers a.e ,it

/ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es a! t e ' re + ''itte t e# are t t e .a0&es * t e +ir+0e; t e

' re 0i9e0# t e /r +ess ,i00 &!* 0 as i!te! e : T is ,as e.i e!t , e! !e * t e

. 0&!teers /r / se e0i'i!ati!2 t e ta09i!2 /ie+e &ri!2 t e re&!i ! +ir+0e: T is + &0

a.e !0# a//e!e "e+a&se t e . 0&!teer i ! t a.e a! a e1&ate &! ersta! i!2 * t e

/&r/ se * r t e ta09i!2 /ie+e:Y &t .er, e0'i!20# re/ rte e!6 #i!2 t e +ir+0e /r +ess a! a 'itte t at t e

ia0 2&e /r +ess ,as e!0i2 te!i!2: T eir e+isi ! t as9 * r a re&!i ! +ir+0e i2 0i2 ts

t is *a+t; a! a0' st a00 * t e # &t a.e i!1&ire ' re t a! !+e a" &t *&t&re

// rt&!ities t 2et "a+9 t 2et er i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e ,it t e ri2i!a0 2r &/:

Ma!# ,ere /e!0# is/0ease ,it t e resear+ er s a 'issi ! * /0a!!i!2 t ' .e t

a! t er +it# a*ter t e /r 6e+t ,as + '/0ete : It "e+a'e ".i &s , '&+ # &t esire

+ ''&!it# " ! s a! a /0a+e t "e0 !2 a! , 1&i+90# atta+ 'e!ts +a! * r' a' !2

2r &/ 'e'"ers: %rait ,aite (3445) s&22este &si!2 ' re /er'a!e!t +ir+0es ,it i!

e &+ati !a0 setti!2s * r # &t t "e + ! &+te &ri!2 t e a 0es+e!t a! # &!2 a &0t 0i*e

+ &rse; a! t is 'a# "e a .ia"0e *ra'e, r9 * r i!itiati!2 t e e.e0 /'e!t * 0 !2-ter'

113



114

+ ''&!it# "ase /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess 2r &/s * r # &t 0i.i!2 i! areas

+ ara+teri?e "# i2 rates * .i 0e!+e:

P 0i+# Re+ ''e! ati !sO.era00; t e /r 6e+t /r .i e a s/a+e a! /0a+e * r t ese # &t t 2et t 2et er a!

ta09 a" &t t e iss&es * .i 0e!+e t at s 'e * t e' e>/erie!+e ! a ai0# "asis: T e

/r +ess * ia0 2&e; , e! /e /0e /e! &/ a! are !est ,it ea+ t er; +a! a.e

a'a?i!2 res&0ts: T e # &t i! t e treat'e!t 2r &/ e>/erie!+e 2reater se0*-a,are!ess

* 00 ,i!2 t e /r 6e+t; s/e+i*i+a00# re0ate t t eir ,! &se * .i 0e!+e: It is !at&ra0 t at as

/e /0e "e2i! t ta09 a" &t t eir ,! ' ra0s; .a0&es; a! et i+s t at t e# "e2i! t 1&esti !t e e+isi !s t e# 'a9e a! assess t e i'/a+t t eir e+isi !s ! t e + ''&!ities i!

, i+ t e# 0i.e:Yet; it is e1&a00# 0i9e0# t at &ri!2 t ese /r +esses # &t ,i00 "e2i! t 1&esti !

, t e e+isi !s 'a e "# s +iet# a! 2 .er!'e!t a**e+t t e'; t eir *a'i0ies; a! t eir

*&t&re: P 0i+# !ee s t seri &s0# a ress &!et i+a0 /ra+ti+es t at /er.a e t e s#ste' a!

+ !ti!&e t e>as/erate t e strai! e>/erie!+e "# 'a!# i!!er-+it# # &t : I! P0att s (5 )

is+&ssi ! * t e C i0 Sa.ers e +riti+i?e ear0# re* r's a! t e! +&rre!t 'eas&res;

stati!2 t at F0 +a0 2 .er!'e!ts ! t + !si er it i! t eir "est i!terests t e!+ &ra2e

!ei2 " r 0e2a0 /r 2ra's , i+ + a'/i ! r2a!i?e e** rts a2ai!st 0 +a0 i!stit&ti !s

s&+ as t e / 0i+e; s+ 0s; r ,e0*are a&t rities (P0att; /: 5 ; 5 ):Yet; t is 'a# "e /re+ise0# t e t#/e * / 0i+# 'a9i!2 t at is .ita00# !ee e : O!e *

t e /r 6e+t # &t as9e , # t e# ,ere ! t ta&2 t , t a . +ate * r t e'se0.es a!

t eir + ''&!ities i! s+ 0: Ma!# * t e t er # &t a2ree t at t e# , &0 "e

i!tereste i! 0ear!i!2 , t a ress t e + !+er!s t e# a.e: P 0i+# "ase ! tr&0#

rest rati.e /ra+ti+es + &0 a ress t is + !+er! as + &0 a00 ,i!2 * r ' re / 0iti+a0 i!/&t

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115

"# # &t ; es/e+ia00# i! + ''&!it# iss&es t at ire+t0# a**e+t t e': A M !trea0 /r 2ra';

Lea.e O&t Vi 0e!+e (LOVE) as esi2!e a /r 2ra' t at **ers # &t // rt&!ities t

ia0 2&e a! e>/ress *ee0i!2s a! e>/erie!+es , i0e si'&0ta!e &s0# trai!i!2 # &t ,

t a . +ate * r t e'se0.es a! t eir + ''&!ities t r &2 / siti.e e.e0 /'e!t a!

s +ia0 a+ti ! (Le9es; 344 ): Pea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es **er t e // rt&!it# t /r .i e si'i0ar

/r 2ra''i!2 a! !ati !a0 / 0i+ies !ee t *i!a!+ia00# s&// rt t e +reati ! * /r 2ra's

* +&si!2 ! t ese 2 a0s:

CONCLUSIONI! 'a!# /arts * A'eri+a; resi e!ts e>/erie!+e '&0ti/0e * r's * .i 0e!+e

e>/resse i! a .ariet# * *as i !s: T e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess * +&se ! re &+i!2

.i 0e!+e a00 ,e * r ia0 2&e t s a/e a! 2&i e a! &! ersta! i!2 * , t is a//e!s

a! **ers // rt&!ities t * r' s 0&ti !s t t e .i 0e!+e; r at t e .er# 0east t + 'e &/

,it i eas a" &t , t st / /ers !a00# + !tri"&ti!2 t t e .i 0e!+e: Pea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0es; e.e! i! a 0i'ite a' &!t * ti'e; +a! 0ea t 2reater se0*-a,are!ess t at +a! t e!

0ea t tra!s* r'ati !:$&t&re resear+ s &0 * +&s ! e>/a! i!2 t e 0e!2t * treat'e!t a! /r 6e+t

ti'e s t at ' re &rs are a00 tte * r +ir+0e /r +ess; , i0e / 0i+# s &0 s&// rt

e.e0 /'e!t * /r 2ra's t at i!itiate 0 !2-ter' /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +esses: T ese

/r +esses s&// rt + ''&!it# e.e0 /'e!t a' !2 # &t a! t e stre!2t e!i!2 *

/ers !a0 re0ati !s i/s * r t se i!. 0.e : O.er e>te! e /eri s * ti'e; i!. 0.e'e!t "#

# &t &ri!2 t e 0i*e-+ &rse + &0 ; i! a! * itse0*; re &+e t e &se * .i 0e!+e a' !2

# &t ; a! *&t&re resear+ s &0 a ress t is / ssi"i0it# as ,e00:Y &t /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e Ka!sas Cit# Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t re/ rte

.er, e0'i!20# t at t e# e!6 #e t e e>/erie!+e a! ,ere a0rea # 0 9i!2 * r ,a#s t

+ !ti!&e t e /r +ess i! s 'e * r' r *as i !: E.e! t &2 t e #/ t eses as ri2i!a00#

115



116

/rese!te ; ,ere ! t s&"sta!tiate "# t is resear+ ; t e 0i'ite a' &!t * ata + 00e+te

&e t sa'/0e si?e es ! t a00 , t ta0 re6e+ti ! * t e ri2i!a0 /r / siti !s eit er:

I!stea ; t is st& # ,i00 "e &se t 2&i e *&t&re /r 6e+ts t at are ' re s&"sta!tia0 i! !at&re:

$i!a00#; / 0i+# !ee s t a ress t e e**i+a+# * # &t i! e.e0 /i!2 s 0&ti !s t

res 0.i!2 t e i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e t at t e#; ' re t a! a!# t er a2e 2r &/; are 0i9e0#

t e>/erie!+e: $&! i!2 // rt&!ities !ee t "e ire+te t ,ar s i!itiati.es * +&se !

e &+ati!2 # &t at t e + ''&!it# 0e.e0 i! s +ia0 a! + ''&!it# a+ti.is'; se0*-a . +a+#;

a! / 0i+# e+isi ! 'a9i!2 /r +esses: T is , &0 "e tr&0# rest rati.e i! !at&re a! + &0

ta9e &s !e ste/ +0 ser t era i+ati!2 t e statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t i2 0e.e0s * .i 0e!+e

# &t are e>/erie!+i!2 i! 'a!# &r"a! i!!er-+it# + ''&!ities t a#:L 9i!2 "a+9 it is i!teresti!2 t at i! t e 0iterat&re ! .i 0e!+e !e * t e *i! i!2s

t at sta! s &t t e ' st re0ates t t e +ir+&0ar !at&re * .i 0e!+e: As %0a+9 E09 ,as

1& te as sa#i!2 ear0ier; a Nati.e A'eri+a! "e0ie* is t at e.er#t i!2 i! !at&re , r9s i! a

+ir+0e: He e>/a! e ! t is t &2 t; F (verything the %ower of the Jorld does is done in a circle. "he sky is round& and 8

have heard that the earth is round like a 3all& and so are all the stars. "he wind& in its greatest power whirls. $irds make their nest in circles& for theirs is the same religionas ours. "he sun comes forth and goes down again in a circle. "he moon does the

same and 3oth are round. (ven the seasons form a great circle in their changing& andalways come 3ack again to where they were. "he life of a man is a circle fromchildhood to childhood& and so it is in everything where power moves.7 (%0a+9 E09;5 5; *r ' tt/7 e!:,i9i1& te: r2 ,i9i %0a+98E09 ; 3453):

Vi 0e!+e; at its ' st "asi+ 0e.e0; +a! "e .ie,e as a !at&ra0 rea+ti ! * r s 'e

/e /0e a! i! s 'e i!sta!+es: It is a*ter a00; + '' ! 9! ,0e 2e t at ,e a00 are

"i 0 2i+a00# e1&i//e t !at&ra00# res/ ! t stress i! &+i!2 sit&ati !s ,it eit er a *i2 t

r *0i2 t 'e!ta0it#: N t e.er# sit&ati ! 'a# "e + ! &+i.e * r *0eei!2; #et *i2 ti!2 +a!

a.e *ata0 + !se1&e!+es i! se.ere sit&ati !s: U!* rt&!ate0# t ese sit&ati !s ++&r *ar t

*te! a' !2 s 'e * &r # &t : H ,e.er; t ere is /r 'ise i! /ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es: T e

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http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Black_Elk

http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Black_Elk



117

e!er2# t at /ea+e /r .i es a0s see's t , r9 i! a +ir+&0ar !at&re a! t ere re'ai!s t e

/e t at !e a# it ,i00 "e t e /re.ai0i!2 * r+e i! &r + ''&!ities:

REFERENCESAise!"er2; E: Herre!9 0; T: (344 ): C ''&!it# .i 0e!+e i! + !te>t7 Ris9 a!

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A0"&s; K:E:; Weist; M:D: Pere?-S'it ; A:M: (344@): Ass +iati !s "et,ee!# &t ris9 "e a.i r a! e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e7 I'/0i+ati !s * r t e /r .isi ! *

'e!ta0 ea0t ser.i+es i! &r"a! s+ 0s: $ehavior Kodification& L (@); @ - @:i754:55 45@ @@ 4B3 53

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%ar !; S:W: (344B): Street # &t .i 0e!+e a! .i+ti'i?ati !: "rauma& )iolence&and *3use& (5); 33-@@: i754:55 5 3@ B 4433B @@

%arr s ; C:S:; Peters; R:J:; Ke0 er; S:; C !r #; J:; M&rra#; N: Or/i!as; P:(344 ): Y &t e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e7 Ass +iati ! ,it a22ressi !;.i+ti'i?ati !; a! ris9 "e a.i rs: ,ournal of *ggression& Kaltreatment& M"rauma& 1N (3); 5@5-5 : i754:54 4 54 3 4 43B @ 5

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+eview& P (@); 3 B-B43: Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 ,,,:s/ri!2er:+ ' /s#+ 0 2# + i0 X3 Xs+ 0X/s#+ 0 2# 6 &r!a0 54

% ! er'a!; J: (3445): W r9i!2 ,it .i+ti's * 2&! .i 0e!+e: U:S: De/art'e!t *J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; O**i+e * r Vi+ti's * Cri'e . OVC %&00eti!:Retrie.e *r '

tt/s7 ,,,:!+6rs:2 . .+8ar+ i.es "&00eti!s 2&!8 83445 NCJ5 5 :/ *

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https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/bulletins/gun_7_2001/NCJ186155.pdf



https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/bulletins/gun_7_2001/NCJ186155.pdf



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tt/7 re+0ai'i!26 &r!a0:+ '

% #es-Wats !; C; (344 ): See s * C a!2e7 Usi!2 /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es t "&i0 a .i00a2e* r e.er# + i0 :Child Jelfare& L (3) 5 5-34 :

%ra s a,; W:; R se" r &2 ; D: U'"reit; M:S: (344 ): T e e**e+t * .i+ti' **e! er'e iati ! ! 6&.e!i0e **e! er re+i i.is'7 A 'eta-a!a0#sis: (-,ournal of Conflict

+esolution Ouarterly& & - : Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 !0i!e0i"rar#:,i0e#:+ ' 6 &r!a0 54:5443 (ISSN)5 @5-5 4

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%ras,e00; M:; $&00er; J: L ? **; %: (3445): C rre+ti !s & peacemaking& and restorative justice- "ransforming individuals and communities. Ci!+i!!ati; OH7 A! ers !P&"0is i!2 C :

%r#'a!; A: (5 ): Ouantity and :uality in social research. % st !; MA7 U!,i! H#'a!P&"0i+ati !s:

%&9a; S:L:; Sti+ i+9; T:L:; %ir t ist0e; I:; Ear0s; $:J: (3445): Y &t e>/ s&re t.i 0e!+e7 Pre.a0e!+e; ris9s; a! + !se1&e!+es: (-,ournal of *merican ,ournal of2rthopsychiatry& N1 (B); 3 -B54: Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 !0i!e0i"rar#:,i0e#:+ ' 6 &r!a0 54:5555 (ISSN)5 B -443

%&rea& * J&sti+e Statisti+s (344 ) < Cri'i!a0 Vi+ti'i?ati !; 344 : U:S: De/art'e!t *J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; %&rea& * J&sti+e Statisti+s: Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 "6s: 6/:&s 6:2 . + !te!t /&" / * +.4 :/ *

%&rea& * J&sti+e Statisti+s (344 ) < Ke# *a+ts at a 20a!+e < Vi 0e!t .i+ti'i?ati ! rate "#A2e: U:S: De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; %&rea& * J&sti+eStatisti+s: Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 "6s: 6/:&s 6:2 . i! e>:+*' t#Q9*a

Castr ; J: La! r#; %: (344 ): Ra+e; 2e! er; a! +0ass .ariati ! i! t e e**e+t *!ei2 " r .i 0e!+e ! a 0es+e!t &se * .i 0e!+e: (-,ournal of +ace& ?ender&M Class& 1 (5); -534: Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 r2+:&! :e &

Ce"a00 ; R:; Da 0; T:A:; Areta9is; M:T:; Ra'ire?; C: (3445): I!!er-+it#+ i0 re! s e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e7 H , '&+ /are!ts 9! , (-

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C &!2; M:C; East /e; Y:; $ar'er; S:; Werrett; J:; C &!2; C: (344B):Ps#+ 0 2i+a0 se1&e0ae7 P st-tra&'ati+ stress rea+ti !s a! /ers !a0it# *a+t rs

a' !2 + ''&!it# resi e!ts as se+ ! ar# .i+ti's: candinavian ,ournal ofCaring ciences& 1N&3 -3 4: i754:54@ 6:5@ 5- 53:344B:4433@:>

C ates; R:%:; U'"reit; M: V s; %: (344B): Rest rati.e 6&sti+e +ir+0es7 A! e>/0 rat r#st& #:Contemporary ,ustice +eview& P& 3 -3 : i754:54 4 543 3 4B344455

C 0e; D: (5 ): >o e:ual justice= +ace and class in the *merican Criminal ,usticeystem. Ne, Y r9; NY7 T e Ne, Press:

C 9; T:D: Ca'/"e00; D:T: (5 ): Ouasi-(xperimentation – esign and analysis

issues for field settings. % st !; MA7 H &2 t ! Mi**0i! C '/a!#:Da 0"er2; K: M: Da 0"er2; H: K: (344@): Des+ri/ti ! .s: i!ter/retati !7 A !e,

&! ersta! i!2 * a! 0 i0e''a i! &'a! s+ie!+e resear+ : >ursing %hilosophy&G&3 -3 B:

Di> !; P: (5 5): Vi+ari &s .i+ti's * a 'ariti'e isaster: $ritish ,ournal of ?uidance MCounselling& 1F& -53: i754:54 4 4B4 54 3 B

De!!is; M:$:; $0 ; A:M:; Re#! 0 s; V:; Ara&6 ; G:; C0a!+#; C:P:; %are* t; J:C: %e+9 a'; J:C: (344 ): E.a0&ati ! * 0i*eti'e tra&'a e>/ s&re a! / #si+a0ea0t i! , 'e! ,it P sttra&'ati+ Stress Dis r er r Ma6 r De/ressi.e

Dis r er: )iolence *gainst Jomen& 1G ( ); 5 - 3 :i754:55 54 4534 BB5@54

De!?i!; N:K: Li!+ 0!; Y:S: (344 ): T e is+i/0i!e a! /ra+ti+e * 1&a0itati.e resear+ :I! N: De!?i! Y: Li!+ 0! (E s:); "he age hand3ook of :ualitative research B rd

(d. (//: 5-B3): T &sa! Oa9s; CA7 Sa2e P&"0is i!2; I!+:

Eit0e; D: T&r!er; R:J: (3443): E>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! # &!2 a &0t+ri'e7 T e e**e+ts * ,it!essi!2 .i 0e!+e; tra&'ati+ .i+ti'i?ati !; a! t erstress*&0 0i*e e.e!ts: ,ournal of +esearch in Crime and elin:uency& BF (3); 35@-3B : i754:55 4433@3 434B 4434@

E09; %: (3453) *r ' T &+ t e Eart ; A Se0*-P rtrait * I! ia! E>iste!+e ; + '/i0e "#T:C: M+L& a!; /&"0is e 5 5 "# Pr ' !t r# Press (re/ri!te "# arra!2e'e!t,it O&ter"ri2 e La?ar ): Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 ,,,:art-e+ 0 2#-e &+ati !: r2 e! i!* r'ati ! te>t-a-e>+er/ts @ -!at&re-a! -e+ 0 2#--+ir+0es: t'0

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tt/7 ,,,:'es ar/e:+ ' 'a00 res&0ts5:as/ ACRQi'

$eeri+9; M: Pri!?; R: (344B): Ne>t ste/s i! resear+ ! + i0 re! e>/ se t + ''&!it#.i 0e!+e r ,ar terr ris': (-,ournal of Clinical Child and 'amily %sychology

+eview& P& B4B-B4 : Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 ,,,:s/ri!2er:+ ' /s#+ 0 2# + i0 X3 Xs+ 0X/s#+ 0 2# 6 &r!a0 54

$i!9e0 r; D:; T&r!er; H:; Or'r ; R:; Ha'"#; S:; Kra+9e; K: (344 ):C i0 re! s E>/ s&re t Vi 0e!+e7 A C '/re e!si.e Nati !a0 S&r.e#: U:S:De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; O**i+e * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e a!

De0i!1&e!+# Pre.e!ti !: Retrie.e *r 'tt/s7 ,,,:!+6rs:2 . / **i0es5 66 / 33 @@:/ *

$ ,0er; P:J: %ra+is?e,s9i; J:M: (344 ): C ''&!it# .i 0e!+e /re.e!ti ! a!i!ter.e!ti ! strate2ies * r + i0 re! a! a 0es+e!ts7 T e !ee * r '&0ti0e.e0a//r a+ es: ,ournal of %revention M 8ntervention in the Community& BN& 3 -3 :

i754:54 4 54 3B 4 4B5 3

Garri ; E:$:; C&0 a!e; S:E:; Ra.i.; T:; Ta&ssi2; H:N: (3454): D es + ''&!it#.i 0e!+e e>/ s&re /re i+t tra&'a s#'/t 's i! a sa'/0e * 'a0treate # &t i!* ster +are )iolence and )ictims& 3 ( ); - : i754:5 5 4 -

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Gi"s !; C:L:; M rris; S: :; %ea.er; K:M: (344 ): Se+ ! ar# e>/ s&re t.i 0e!+e &ri!2 + i0 a! a 0es+e!+e7 D es !ei2 " r + !te>t 'atter

,ustice Ouarterly& G (5) B4- : i754:54 4 4 @5 34 4355

G r'a!-S'it ; D: T 0a!; P: (5 ): T e r 0e * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it#.i 0e!+e a! e.e0 /'e!ta0 /r "0e's a' !2 i!!er-+it# # &t : (-,ournal of

evelopmental and %sychopathology& 1E& 545-55 : Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 6 &r!a0s:+a'"ri 2e: r2 a+ti ! is/0a#J &r!a0 6i QDPP

G&ter'a!; N:%:; Ca'er !; M:; Sta00er; K: (3444): De*i!iti !s a! 'eas&re'e!tiss&es i! t e st& # * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a' !2 + i0 re! a! # &t s: (-,ournalof ,ournal of Community %sychology& L ( ); 5- : Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 !0i!e0i"rar#:,i0e#:+ ' 6 &r!a0 54:5443 (ISSN)5 34- 3

Ha!se!; M: (5 ): Re/airi!2 t e a'a2e: (-,ournal of *merican $ar *ssociation ,ournal& LB&34: Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 ,,,:a"a6 &r!a0:+ '

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Criminal ,ustice& B &3 5-3 @: i754:545 6:6+ri'6&s:344 :4B:44

H ,ar ; D:E:; Ka06ee; L:; Ja+9s !; L: (3443): Ur"a! A*ri+a! A'eri+a!A 0es+e!ts Per+e/ti !s * C ''&!it# Vi 0e!+e: (-,ournal of *merican

,ournal of Health $ehavior& P (5); - : Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 ,,,:a6 ": r2

I00i! is %a0a!+e a! Rest rati.e J&sti+e I!itiati.e (344 ): Cir+0e se!te!+i!2: Retrie.e

*r ' tt/7 ,,,:i"ar6i: r2 +ir+0ese!te!+e: t'Kar/; D:R: (3445): Har' a! re/air7 O"ser.i!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e i! Ver' !t: (-,ournal

of ,ustice Ouarterly& 1L& 3 - : Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 ,,,:ta! *:+ :&9 6 &r!a0s tit0es 4 @5 3 :as/

KCMO: r2 (3455): Cit# * Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri: Ma# r s I!itiati.es: Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 ,,,:9+' : r2 CKCMO Cit#O**i+ia0s Ma# rsO**i+e Ma# rsI!itiati.es i!

e>: t'

KCMPD (3455): H 'i+i e A!a0#sis7 5 st &arter 3455: Ja!&ar# 5; 3455 < Mar+ B5; 3455: @ansas City& Kissouri %olice epartment – (-,ournal of Homicide Ouarterly :Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 ,,,:9+' : r2 i + 2r &/s / 0i+e +&'e!ts / 0i+e 'i+i e1&arter0#85st13455:/ *

Ke00er'a!!; A:L: (5 ): U! ersta! i!2 a! /re.e!ti!2 .i 0e!+e7 A /&"0i+ ea0t /ers/e+ti.e: U:S: De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's: >ational 8nstitute of ,ustice. Retrie.e *r ' tt/s7 ,,,:!+6rs:2 . / **i0es /re..i 0:/ *

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i754:534 s5 B3 i6"'5B4383

KM%C:+ ' (3455): Ma# r is+&sses P0a?a s ti!2 < P 0i+e7 S ti!2 0ea.es B + i0 re!

i!6&re : Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 ,,,:9'"+:+ ' !e,s 3 4@ etai0: t'0Kra+9e; K: (3445): C i0 re! s e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e7 T e Sa*e Start I!itiati.e: U:S:

De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; O**i+e * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e a!De0i!1&e!+# Pre.e!ti ! . Retrie.e *r '

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K&r9i; L: (344B): E.a0&ati!2 rest rati.e 6&sti+e /ra+ti+es: I! . ! Hirs i; R "erts;% tt 's; R a+ S+ i** (E s:); +estorative justice M criminal justice –Competing or reconcila3le paradigms9 (//: 5 -5 ): P rt0a! ; OR7 HartP&"0is i!2:

Latessa; E: (3454): U! ersta! i!2 "est /ra+ti+es i! t e assess'e!t; treat'e!t a!re a"i0itati ! * /ers !s i!. 0.e i! t e +ri'i!a0 6&sti+e s#ste': Prese!te "#;T e Ja+9s ! C &!t# Me!ta0 Hea0t $&! : N .e'"er 55; 3454: T e Ka!sas Cit#Miss &ri P 0i+e A+a e'#:

La'"ert; S:$; Ia0 !2 ; N:S:; % # ; R:C:; C 0e#; M:R: (344 ): Ris9 *a+t rs * r+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e e>/ s&re i! a 0es+e!+e: *merican ,ournal of Community

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La&ter"a+ ; D: Vra!a; S: (5 ): T ree st& ies ! t e re0ia"i0it# a! .a0i it# * a se0*-re/ rt 'eas&re * / st-tra&'ati+ stress is r er: *ssessment& B&5 -3 : A"stra+tretrie.e *r '7 tt/7 ,,,:sa2e/&":+ '

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Li00es; H: (344 ): Cir+0e se!te!+i!27 Part * t e rest rati.e 6&sti+e + !ti!&&': 8nternational 8nstitute for +estorative %ractices. Retrie.e *r '

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U:S: De/art'e!t * J&sti+e; O**i+e * J&sti+e Pr 2ra's; O**i+e * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e a!De0i!1&e!+# Pre.e!ti !: (3455): %a0a!+e a! rest rati.e 6&sti+e7 A /r 2ra's&''ar#: Retrie.e *r ' tt/s7 ,,,:!+6rs:2 . / **i0es "a0:/ *

Va! Ness; D:W: Str !2; K: H: (3443): +estoring ,ustice. Ci!+i!!ati; OH7 A! ers !P&"0is i!2 C :

Va&2 !; M:G:; H ,ar ; M:O:; Har/er-C a!2; L: (344 ): D /ri r tra&'a a!.i+ti'i?ati ! /re i+t ,ea/ ! +arr#i!2 a' !2 e0i!1&e!t # &t : Youth )iolenceand ,uvenile ,ustice& (@); B5@-B3 : i754:55 5 @534@44 3 3

Ver'eire!; R:; S+ ,a"-St !e; M:; De" &tte; D:; Le+9'a!; P:E: R&+ 9i!; V:(344B): Vi 0e!+e e>/ s&re a! s&"sta!+e &se i! a 0es+e!ts7 $i! i!2s *r ' t ree+ &!tries: (-,ournal of %ediatrics& 111 (B); B - @4: Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 /e iatri+s:aa//&"0i+ati !s: r2

Vi 0e!+e P 0i+# Ce!ter (3455): %0a+9 'i+i e .i+ti'i?ati ! i! t e U!ite States < A!a!a0#sis * 344 'i+i e ata: Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 ,,,:./+: r2 st& ies "0a+9 'i+i e55:/ *

130



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http://www.urbandictionary.com/products.php?term=Killa%20City&defid=2808692


http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2938000.html

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/bal.pdf

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/

http://www.vpc.org/studies/blackhomicide11.pdf



http://jbs.sagepub.com/



http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2938000.html

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/bal.pdf

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/

http://www.vpc.org/studies/blackhomicide11.pdf



131

V isi!; D:R: (344 ): T e e**e+ts * *a'i0# a! + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e e>/ s&rea' !2 # &t 7 Re+ ''e! ati !s * r /ra+ti+e a! / 0i+#: (-,ournal of ,ournal of

ocial Jork (ducation& B (5); 5- : Retrie.e *r 'tt/7 +s,e:'eta/ress:+ ' 'e 'ai!:'/>

Wa09er; L: Sa9ai; T: (344 ): A 2i*t * 0iste!i!2 * r Ha,aii s i!'ates: (-,ournal ofCorrections "oday&PL& - 5: Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 ,,,:a+a: r2 /&"0i+ati !s +t'a2a?i!e:as/

Wa09er; L:; Sa9ai; T: %ra #; K: (344 ): Rest rati.e Cir+0es < A ree!tr# /0a!!i!2 /r +ess * r Ha,aii i!'ates: (-,ournal of 'ederal %ro3ation ,ournal& NE (5); BB-B : Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 ,,,:&s+ &rts:2 . $e era0C &rts Pr "ati !Pretria0Ser.i+es $e era0Pr "ati!J &r!a0:as/>

Wa00; J:C: Le.#; A:J: (344 ) Ra/i res/ !se ,it + i0 re! a! *a'i0ies* 00 ,i!2 + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e7 A +0i!i+a0 s +ia0 , r9 a//r a+ : Child and

*dolescent ocial Jork ,ournal& (5); B-5 : i754:544 s54 4-44 -3 @@-

War!er; %:D: $ ,0er; S:K: (344B): Strai! a! .i 0e!+e7 Testi!2 a 2e!era0 strai!t e r# ' e0 * + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: ,ournal of Criminal ,ustice& B1 ; 55- 35:

i754:545 6:6+ri'6&s:344B:4 :44

Wi09i!s !; D:L: Carr; P:J: (344 ): Vi 0e!t # &t s res/ !ses t i2 0e.e0s *e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e7 W at .i 0e!t e.e!ts re.ea0 a" &t # &t.i 0e!+e: ,ournal of Community %sychology& BP ( ); 543 -54 5:

i754:5443 6+ /:343

W ?!ia+; J: $: (3444): T e . i+es * /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2#7 I!si2 ts i!t a /ers/e+ti.e ,it a! e#e t ,ar tea+ i!2: (-,ournal of Contemporary ,ustice +eview& B&3 -3 : Retrie.e *r '

tt/7 ,,,:ta! *:+ :&9 6 &r!a0s tit0es 543 3 4:as/

Ya A!s,ers (3455; A&2&st 3 ): W # is Ka!sas Cit# +a00e 9i00a +it# O!0i!e * r&'+ ''e!tZ: Retrie.e *r ' tt/7 a!s,ers:#a :+ ' 1&esti ! i! e>1i Q344 4@5@5 45 AA2 01E

e r; H: (3443): "he #ittle $ook of +estorative ,ustice. I!ter+ &rse; PA7 G % 9s:

131

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http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/ProbationPretrialServices/FederalProbationJournal.aspx



http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080414155018AAg6lqE



http://cswe.metapress.com/home/main.mpx









132

APPENDIX A

Rad ! S"# $%He00 : I , &0 0i9e t i!tr &+e 0iste!ers "rie*0# t t e &/+ 'i!2 Ka!sas Cit# Y &tPea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t: M# !a'e is J: Re!ee Tr '"0e# a! I a' a +t ra0 st& e!tat Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#; De/art'e!t * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e:

T is resear+ ,i00 * +&s ! .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t ; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; a! /ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es: O* /arti+&0ar i!terest is re &+i!2 t e e**e+ts * .i 0e!+e * r # &t2r ,i!2 &/ i! + ''&!ities e>/erie!+i!2 i2 rates * .i 0e!+e a! a0s re &+i!2 # &t s,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: T is /r 6e+t is esi2!e t 2i.e # &t t e // rt&!it# t * r's 0&ti !s t t ese /r "0e's i! a! e** rt t re &+e t e a' &!t * .i 0e!+e i! t eir ,!+ ''&!ities:

I* # & r s 'e !e # & 9! , is 5B5 t 5 #ears 0 a! as e>/erie!+e e>/ s&re t+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! is i!tereste i! *i! i!2 &t ' re a" &t , # & +a! e0/ *i!s 0&ti !s t t e iss&es * .i 0e!+e a**e+ti!2 # &t e.er# a# i! &r +it# /0ease +a00 5 -[[[-[[[[ * r ' re i!* r'ati ! a! as9 t s/ea9 ,it Ms: J:

T is + &0 "e # &r // rt&!it# t 'a9e a i**ere!+e i! # &r + ''&!it#:

132



133

APPENDIX B

133



134

%e A Part * t e Ka!sas Cit# Y &tPea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t

He00 : M# !a'e is J: Re!ee Tr '"0e# a! I a' a +t ra0 st& e!t at Prairie Vie, A M

U!i.ersit#; De/art'e!t * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e: I a' e.e0 /i!2 t e Ka!sas Cit# Y &t

Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t:

T is resear+ ,i00 * +&s ! .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t ; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; a!

/ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es: O* /arti+&0ar i!terest is re &+i!2 t e e**e+ts * .i 0e!+e * r # &t

2r ,i!2 &/ i! + ''&!ities e>/erie!+i!2 i2 rates * .i 0e!+e a! a0s re &+i!2 # &t s

,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e: T is /r 6e+t is esi2!e t 2i.e # &t t e // rt&!it# t * r'

s 0&ti !s t t ese /r "0e's i! a! e** rt t re &+e t e a' &!t * .i 0e!+e i! t eir ,!

+ ''&!ities:

I* # & r s 'e !e # & 9! , is 5B t 5 #ears 0 a! as e>/erie!+e e>/ s&re t

+ ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! is i!tereste i! *i! i!2 &t ' re a" &t , # & +a! e0/ *i!

s 0&ti !s t t e iss&es * .i 0e!+e a**e+ti!2 # &t e.er# a# i! &r +it# /0ease +a00 5 -

[[[-[[[[ * r ' re i!* r'ati ! a! as9 t s/ea9 ,it Ms: J:

T is + &0 "e # &r // rt&!it# t 'a9e a i**ere!+e i! # &r + ''&!it#:

APPENDIX C

134



135

PRO&ECT OUTLINE ' PEACEMAKING CIRCLE THEMESPea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Wee9e!

34 H &rs * Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0es$ri a# < t /' < I!tr t Cir+0e; Va0&es; P&r/ se * Pr 6e+t (re &+i!2 .i 0e!+e a!

ar' ass +iate ,it e>/ s&re); P0a! a! E>/e+tati !s; C sts a! C !se1&e!+es

* Vi 0e!+eSat&r a# < 55a' t /' < Re &+i!2 t e Use Vi 0e!+e; Pra+ti+e * Pea+e'a9i!2

Li.i!2 ,it Tra&'a; Lear!i!2 H , t Hea0; Re &+i!2 Vi 0e!+e a! Pr ' ti!2

Hea0i!2 a' !2 Y &tS&! a# 3 t /' < Iss&es t at ,i00 "e "r &2 t &/ &ri!2 +ir+0e ,it 9e# + ''&!it#

0ea ers (Pr / se !ee s /rese!te "# # &t ); Cir+0e ,it C ''&!it# Lea ers;

Parti+i/a!t Di!!er; $i!a0 Cir+0e * r Pr 6e+t Y &t < Dis+&ssi ! * *&t&re

ire+ti !s:

APPENDIX D

135



136

PARENTAL CONSENT( )OUTH ASSENT FORM*Pa+, 1-

T , Ka/0a0 C % )! % P,a", a /+ C #"5, P#!6,"% *KC)PCP- S% d

Y & # &r (s ! a&2 ter) a.e e>/resse i!terest i! /arti+i/ati!2 i! t e Ka!sas Cit#Y &t Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t: M# !a'e is J: Re!ee Tr '"0e# a! I a' a +t ra0st& e!t at Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#; De/art'e!t * J&.e!i0e J&sti+e i! Prairie Vie,;Te>as:

T e /&r/ se * t is st& # is t *i! s 0&ti !s t e0/ # &t ea0 e**e+ti.e0# ,it 2r ,i!2&/ i! + ''&!ities e>/erie!+i!2 i2 rates * .i 0e!+e a! a0s t e0/ re &+e # &t s,i00i!2!ess t &se .i 0e!+e i! t eir ,! 0i*e: T is resear+ * +&ses ! .i 0e!+e a' !2# &t ; e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; a! /ea+e'a9i!2 /ra+ti+es: T is /r 6e+t is

esi2!e t 2i.e # &t t e // rt&!it# t * r' s 0&ti !s t t ese /r "0e's i! a! e** rt tre &+e t e a' &!t * .i 0e!+e i! t eir ,! + ''&!ities:

I* # & + se t /arti+i/ate a00 , # &r + i0 t /arti+i/ate i! t is /r 6e+t t ere are t reei**ere!t &t+ 'es / ssi"0e: Ra! ' se0e+ti ! ,i00 "e &se * r t is /r 6e+t a! t ere ,i00!0# "e r ' * r 4 /arti+i/a!ts at t is ti'e: It is / ssi"0e t at # & # &r + i0 ,i00 ! t "e

+ se! * r /arti+i/ati ! at t is / i!t: W i0e ,e ,is it ,as / ssi"0e * r ' re # &t t /arti+i/ate t is 'a# "e a! /ti ! at a 0ater ate: I* # & # &r + i0 , &0 0i9e t "e+ !si ere * r *&t&re /r 6e+ts /0ease + e+9 t e " > at t e e! * t is 0etter a! 0ea.e+ !ta+t i!* r'ati !:

I* + se! as a /arti+i/a!t * r t is st& # # & # &r + i0 ,i00 "e 2i.e! t, 2r &/s *s&r.e#s t at ,i00 "e + ! &+te a" &t a ' !t a/art: T e s&r.e# /a+9ets ta9e

136



137

a//r >i'ate0# 34 'i!&tes t + '/0ete: T is 'a# "e t e !0# /arti+i/ati ! t at # & # &r# &t ,i00 e!2a2e i! at t is ti'e: Y & 'a# a0s 0ea.e + !ta+t i!* r'ati ! at t e e! *t is * r' i* i!tereste i! * 00 ,-&/ * r *&t&re st& # /r 6e+ts:

T irt# # &t ,i00 "e ra! '0# + se! t /arti+i/ate i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t:

Parti+i/ati!2 i! t e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r +ess ,i00 i!+0& e 34 &rs * i!. 0.e'e!t&ri!2 t is ,ee9e! : T e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e /r 6e+t ,i00 ta9e /0a+e De+e'"er t 54 t ;a! 55t : T e s+ e &0e ,i00 "e7

$ri a#; De+e'"er t < /' t /'Sat&r a#; De+e'"er 54 t < 55a' t /'; a!S&! a#; De+e'"er 55 t < 3/' t /'

C '/e!sati ! ,i00 "e /r .i e t /arti+i/a!ts * r t eir ti'e a! e** rts; a! i!+0& e7:44 2i*t +ar s t Wa0-Mart * r /arti+i/ati!2 i! "e* re a! a*ter s&r.e#s a! ,i00 "e

2i.e! t # &t , e! t e# t&r! i! a s&r.e# /a+9et: @4:44 2i*t +ar s t Wa0-Mart 2i.e! at

t e + '/0eti ! * t e Pea+e'a9i!2 Cir+0e Pr 6e+t * r /arti+i/ati!2 # &t :A!# i!* r'ati ! t at is "tai!e &ri!2 t is st& # a! t at +a! "e + !!e+te ,it # &r+ i0 ,i00 re'ai! + !*i e!tia0 a! ,i00 !0# "e is+0 se ,it # &r /er'issi !: His r er

PARENTAL CONSENT( )OUTH ASSENT FORM*Pa+, 2-

T , Ka/0a0 C % )! % P,a", a /+ C #"5, P#!6,"% *KC)PCP- S% d

res/ !ses ,i00 ! t "e 0i!9e t is r er !a'e r # &r !a'e i! a!# ,ritte! r .er"a0re/ rt * t is resear+ /r 6e+t: H ,e.er; &ri!2 t e +ir+0e /r 6e+t itse0*; + !*i e!tia0it#,i00 "e 0i'ite : Y &t ,i00 "e i!str&+te t at t e +ir+0e /r +ess s &0 "e treate as+ !*i e!tia0; a! t e# s &0 ! t re/eat s/e+i*i+ i!sta!+es * F, sai , at &ri!2 t e

/r +ess; #et t e resear+ er +a!! t 2&ara!tee t at a00 # &t /arti+i/a!ts ,i00 a"i e "# t ese2&i e0i!es:

Y &t 'a# e>/erie!+e s 'e e' ti !a0 &/set &ri!2 t e resear+ /r 6e+t &e t t e !at&re* t e st& # "e+a&se ,e are is+&ssi!2 iss&es * .i 0e!+e a! .i+ti'i?ati !: A res &r+e

0ist * 'e!ta0 ea0t a2e!+ies a! ser.i+es * r # &t i! t e +it# is "ei!2 /r .i e i! +asea iti !a0 ser.i+es are esire : A0t &2 ; a++ess t ser.i+es ,i00 "e 'a e a.ai0a"0e "# t ea2e!+# re! eri!2 ser.i+es; a! +a!! t "e 2&ara!tee "# t e resear+ er: T e *i!a!+ia0

"&r e! * r treat'e!t ,i00 rest ,it /arti+i/a!ts a! t eir +are2i.ers:

H ,e.er; t e resear+ er as ser.e i! a + &!se0i!2 +ase, r9 / siti ! "e* re a! , &0 "e ! a! t a ress a!# i''e iate + !+er!s a # &t 'i2 t a.e a! t e0/ ire+t ta//r /riate res &r+es: I! a iti !; Sta! Ar+ ie; t e Se!i r Past r at t e /r 6e+t site -C ristia! $e00 ,s i/ %a/tist C &r+ ; as ser.e as a + &!se0 r * r .er 34 #ears a! is0i+e!se t /r .i e ser.i+es: He ,i00 "e a.ai0a"0e * r i!itia0 + !s&0tati ! &ri!2 t e ,ee9* r # &t re1&esti!2 + &!se0i!2 ser.i+es:

137



138

Y &r e+isi ! t a00 , # &r + i0 t /arti+i/ate ,i00 ! t a**e+t # &r r is er /rese!t r*&t&re re0ati !s i/ ,it Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#: Parti+i/ati!2 i! t is st& # is+ '/0ete0# . 0&!tar# a! # & # &r + i0 'a# e+i e t ,it ra, *r ' t e st& # at a!#ti'e ,it &t 0 si!2 a!# "e!e*its t at are "tai!e *r ' t e st& #:

I* # & a.e a!# 1&esti !s a" &t t is st& # /0ease ! t esitate t + !ta+t 'e at 5 -@-@4 r "# e'ai0 at 9+#/+/\0i.e:+ ': I* # & a.e a!# 1&esti !s r + !+er!s a" &t# &r + i0 s /arti+i/ati ! i! t is st& # /0ease +a00 Dr: O9 E0e+ i at B -3 5- 3 4;

e0e+ i\/.a'&:e & r + !ta+t O**i+e * Re2&0at r# Resear+ a! C '/0ia!+e; Dr:Mar+ia C: S e0t !; Dire+t r; resear+ \/.a'&:e & ; B -3 5-5 : :

Y & are 'a9i!2 a e+isi ! a" &t a00 ,i!2 # &r s ! a&2 ter t /arti+i/ate i! t is st& #:Y &r si2!at&re "e0 , i! i+ates t at # & a.e rea t e i!* r'ati ! /r .i e a" .e a!

a.e e+i e t a00 , i' r er t /arti+i/ate i! t e st& #: I* # & 0ater e+i e t at # &,is t ,it ra, # &r /er'issi ! * r # &r + i0 t /arti+i/ate i! t e st& #; si'/0# te00'e: T is resear+ is . 0&!tar# a! # & r # &r + i0 'a# e+i e t is+ !ti!&e

/arti+i/ati ! at a!# ti'e:Y & are "ei!2 /r .i e a + /# * t is /are!ta0 + !se!t # &t asse!t * r' * r # &r *&t&rere*ere!+e:

888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888 Pare!t Na'e Pare!t Si2!at&re Date

888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888 Y &t Na'e Y &t Si2!at&re Date

888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888 Pri'ar# I!.esti2at r - Na'e Pri'ar# I!.esti2at r Si2!at&re Date

138

mailto:[email protected]







139

APPENDIX E

IR% A//r .a0

139



140

APPENDIX F

140



141

%'r(e) o* +#,os're to Comm'nit) iolen!e

./e&&&&&&&&&&& $a!e&&&&&&&&&&&&& %e#&&&&&&&&&&&

Listed below are various kinds of violence and things related to violence that you may have experienced or seen. For each question, ll in the numberthat best describes your experience. DO NOT INCLUDE IN YOURANSWERS THINGS YOU MAY HAVE SEEN OR HEARD ABOUT ONLY ONTV, RADIO, THE NEWS, OR IN THE MOVIES. o not rite )o'r namean) here on this *orm This is a !on dential s'r(e) o one ill "no that

these are )o'r ans ers

0 ne(er 3 3 or 4 times 6 at least on!e a)ear

1 1 time 4 5 or 6 times 7 at least on!e amonth

141



142

2 2 times 5 7 or 8 times 8 at least on!e aee"

9 almost e(er) da)

Fill in onl) one o* the abo(e n'mbers that best ans ers the *ollo in/'estions

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been !hased b) /an/s orindi(id'als

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else /et !hased b) /an/s orindi(id'als

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been at home hensomeone has bro"en into or tried to *or!e their a) into )o'r home

&&&& o man) times has )o'r home been bro"en into hen )o' weren't there

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone tr)in/ to *or!e their a) into)o'r home or somebod) else s home

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been threatened ithserio's ,h)si!al harm b) someone

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ threatened ithserio's ,h)si!al harm b) someone

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been sla,,ed: ,'n!hed: orhit b) someone ho as a member o* )o'r *amil)

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been sla,,ed: ,'n!hed: orhit b) someone ho as not a member o* )o'r *amil)

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ sla,,ed: ,'n!hed:or hit b) someone ho as a member o* their *amil)

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ sla,,ed: ,'n!hed:or hit b) someone ho as not a member o* their *amil) ;as *ar as )o'"no <

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been beaten ', or m'//ed

142



143

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else /ettin/ beaten ', orm'//ed

%'r(e) o* +#,os're to Comm'nit) iolen!e ;!ontin'ed<

0 ne(er 3 3 or 4 times 6 at least on!e a)ear

1 1 time 4 5 or 6 times 7 at least on!e amonth

2 2 times 5 7 or 8 times 8 at least on!e aee"

9 almost e(er) da)

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been se#'all) assa'lted:molested: or ra,ed

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ se#'all) assa'lted:molested: or ra,ed

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone !arr)in/ or holdin/ a /'n or"ni*e as ea,ons ;do not in!l'de ,oli!e: militar): se!'rit) o=!ers: orh'nters<

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself heard the so'nd o* /'n re either

o'tside or inside )o'r home ;other than h'ntin/ /'n re<

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' actually seen a serio'sl) o'nded ,ersona*ter an in!ident o* (iolen!e

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' actually seen someone bein/ "illed b)another ,erson

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been atta!"ed or stabbedith a "ni*e

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ atta!"ed or stabbedith a "ni*e

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been shot ith a /'n

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else /et shot ith a /'n

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' actually seen a dead ,erson some here inthe !omm'nit) ;do not in!l'de a"es and *'nerals<

143



144

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' actually seen someone !ommittin/ s'i!ide

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' yourself a!t'all) been the (i!tim o* an) t),eo* (iolen!e s'!h as those des!ribed in this 'estionnaire

&&&& o man) times ha(e )o' seen someone else bein/ (i!timi>ed b) some*orm o* (iolen!e

s'!h as those des!ribed in this 'estionnaire

APPENDIX G

144



145

PPTSD - S+a0e - Scott R. Vrana and Dean Lauterbach, 1994

Na'e 8888888888888888888888 Date888888888888888888888

Des+ri"e t e ' st tra&'ati+ t i!2 t a//e! t # &: 8888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

a: H , 'a!# ti'es !+e t,i+e t ree X

": H , 0 ,ere # & at t at ti'e(s) 5 st 888 3 ! 888 Br 888

+: Were # & i!6&re

N t at a00 Se.ere0# 5 3 B @

: Di # & *ee0 # &r 0i*e ,as t reate!e N t at a00 E>tre'e0# 5 3 B @

e: H , tra&'ati+ 7a0 t is * r # & at t at ti'e N t at a00 E>tre'e0# 5 3 B @

*: H , tra&'ati+ 0 t is * r # & ! , N t at a00 E>tre'e0# 5 3 B @

145



146

G ! t t e !e>t /a2e a! a!s,er t e PTSD C e+90ist "ase ! t is e.e!t:

These questions ask about your reactions to the event listed on theprevious pa e. !lease ans"er each question #or ho" o#ten each reactionoccurred during the previous month . $ircle appropriate ans"er.

%#ten&

so'eti'es && &

not at all & && & &

(n the last 'onth, ho" o#ten. . . & & && & &

1. "ere you bothered by 'e'ories or thou hts o# the & & &event "hen you didn)t "ant to think about it* + $ D -

. have you had upsettin drea's about the event* + $ D -

/. have you suddenly #elt as i# you "ere e0periencinthe event a ain* + $ D -

4. did you #eel very upset "hen so'ethin happened tore'ind you o# the event* + $ D -

. did you avoid activities or situations that 'i htre'ind you o# the event* + $ D -

2. did you avoid thou hts or #eelin s about the event* + $ D -

3. did you have di##iculty re'e'berin i'portantaspects o# the event* + $ D -

. did you react physically 5heart racin , breakinout in a s"eat6 to thin s that re'inded you o#

the event* + $ D -

Since the event . . .

9. have you lost interest in one or 'ore o# your usualactivities 5e. ., "ork, hobbies, entertain'ent6* + $ D -

17. have you #elt unusually distant or cut o## #ro'people* + $ D -

11. have you #elt e'otionally 8nu'b8 or unable torespond to thin s e'otionally the "ay you used to* + $ D -

1 . have you been less opti'istic about your #uture* + $ D -

1/. have you had 'ore trouble sleepin * + $ D -

14. have you been 'ore irritable or an ry* + $ D -

1 . have you had 'ore trouble concentratin * + $ D -

146



147

12. have you #ound yoursel# "atch#ul or on uard,even "hen there "as no reason to be* + $ D -

13. are you 'ore u'py or easily startled by noises* + $ D -

APPENDIX H

147



148

ODCP S% d,/% S #8, !/ V !5,/", 9 A%% % d,0I!* r'ati ! a! He0/*&0 Hi!ts

W at is t is s&r.e# esi2!e t 'eas&re

T is s&r.e# is esi2!e t 'eas&re attit& es a! "e a.i rs ass +iate ,it .i 0e!+e(ATOD): M re s/e+i*i+a00#; it 'eas&res /er+ei.e .i 0e!+e at s+ 0 (ite' 5) a!attit& es t ,ar .i 0e!+e (ite' 3- ): T ese ite's ,ere e.e0 /e "# O Nei00 (3443);s 'e * , i+ ,ere a a/te *r ' % s, rt a! Es/e0a2e (5 ):

W is t is s&r.e# esi2!e t assess

T e s&r.e# is esi2!e t assess st& e!ts i! 2ra es @-53: It as "ee! &se "# t e a&t r i!&r"a! a! s&"&r"a! s+ 0 istri+ts ,it /re 'i!a!t0# 0 ,er- a! 'i 0e-+0ass st& e!tsi! 2ra es @-53 , re/rese!te a .ariet# * et !i+ +&0t&ra0 "a+92r &! s; i!+0& i!2A*ri+a!-A'eri+a!; Asia!; Ca&+asia!; a! Lati! : Ne.ert e0ess; t is 'eas&re s s&ita"i0it#,it # &r tar2ete / /&0ati ! s &0 "e eter'i!e /ri r t its a 'i!istrati ! .ia are.ie, "# # &r 0 +a0 A .is r# C &!+i0 a! a /i0 t test ,it a s'a00 sa'/0e *res/ ! e!ts:

W e! s &0 t is s&r.e# "e a 'i!istere

T is s&r.e# is esi2!e t "e a 'i!istere as a F/re / st 'eas&re i''e iate0# "e* ret e /r 2ra' "e2i!s a! at 0east !e ti'e a*ter t e /r 2ra' is + '/0ete : N te t at t e

/ sttest i!+0& es t ree ite's ( 55-5B) t 'eas&re /arti+i/a!ts satis*a+ti ! ,it t e /r 2ra'; , i+ is a .a0&a"0e /r +ess e.a0&ati ! i! i+at r:

Is t is s&r.e# re0ia"0e a! .a0i

Tests * re0ia"i0it# a.e s ,! a++e/ta"0e 0e.e0s * i!ter!a0 + !siste!+# re0ia"i0it#(Cr !"a+ s a0/ a ] : 4) i! se.era0 sa'/0es * &r"a! a! s&"&r"a! s+ 0 istri+ts ,it

/re 'i!a!t0# 0 ,er- a! 'i 0e-+0ass st& e!ts i! 2ra es @-53 , re/rese!te a .ariet#* et !i+ +&0t&ra0 "a+92r &! s; i!+0& i!2 A*ri+a!-A'eri+a!; Asia!; Ca&+asia!; a!

Lati! : Re2ar i!2 .a0i it#; ata *r ' a! &r"a! s+ 0 sa'/0e * B 4 'i 0e s+ 0st& e!ts; ' st * , ' ,ere Lati! ; s ,e a statisti+a00# si2!i*i+a!t + rre0ati ! (/ :4 ) "et,ee! attit& es t ,ar .i 0e!+e a! attit& es t ,ar "&00#i!2; s&22esti!2 a e1&ate+ !.er2e!t .a0i it#: Data *r ' se.era0 sa'/0es s ,e a si2!i*i+a!t0# i2 er 0e.e0 *a22ressi.e attit& es * r 'a0es t a! * r *e'a0es; , i+ is + !siste!t ,it !&'er &sresear+ st& ies * 2e! er i**ere!+es i! a22ressi !:

Ca! I ' i*# t is s&r.e#

148



149

It 'i2 t "e te'/ti!2 t +&st 'i?e t is 'eas&re (e:2:; e0ete ite's; a ite's r + a!2eite' , r i!2) t "etter s&it # &r tar2et / /&0ati !: H ,e.er; +&st 'i?i!2 t e 'eas&re+a! a .erse0# a**e+t its re0ia"i0it# a! .a0i it#; 0ea i!2 t res&0ts t at are i**i+&0t ri'/ ssi"0e t i!ter/ret: I* # & t i!9 t is 'eas&re !ee +&st 'i?i!2; + !s&0t a /r *essi !a0

e.a0&at r resear+ er * r assista!+e:

W at s &0 I t e!s&re t at t is s&r.e# is a 'i!istere /r /er0#

Here are se.era0 ti/s t *a+i0itate 2 s&r.e# a 'i!istrati !7

Ma9e s&re t se , a 'i!ister t e s&r.e# a.e re.ie,e it i! r er t "e+ 'e *a'i0iar,it its * r'at a! , r i!2 a! t + !s&0t ,it # &; i* !ee e ; a" &t a!# 1&esti !s r+ !+er!s t e# a.e a" &t t e s&r.e# r a 'i!istrati ! s+ e &0e; /r t + 0 r re0ate'atters: I!tr &+e # &rse0* i* t e res/ ! e!ts ! t 9! , # &: E>/0ai! t e /&r/ se *t e s&r.e# a! as9 * r t eir /arti+i/ati !: T e# are ! t re1&ire t /arti+i/ate a! ! t

e.er# !e ,i00 "e ,i00i!2 t s : Stress t at t eir s&r.e# a!s,ers are + !*i e!tia0 ( r /ri.ate) a! t at t eir !a'es ,i00 ! t "e ! t e s&r.e#: As # & + ! &+t t e s&r.e#; 'a9es&re # & as9 t e sa'e 1&esti !s t a00 res/ ! e!ts: I* # & are as9e a 1&esti ! a" &t as&r.e# ite'; "e !e&tra0 i! # &r res/ !se < ! t 0ea t e' i!t a!s,eri!2 t e ,a# # &,a!t t e' t a!s,er: I* t e# ! t &! ersta! a 1&esti !; i!str&+t t e' t 0ea.e it "0a!9:Ma9e s&re # & as9 t e 1&esti !s i! t e sa'e ,a# t a00 res/ ! e!ts:

Sa# t a!9s: It ta9es ti'e a! e** rt t /arti+i/ate i! a s&r.e#:

H , I s+ re t is s&r.e#

C '' !0#; t ese ite's are s+ re i! i.i &a00# "# ta"&0ati!2 t e /er+e!ta2e *res/ ! e!ts , a!s,er ea+ res/ !se + i+e (e:2:; FYES a! F#es ) r a 2r &/i!2 *si'i0ar res/ !se + i+es (e:2:; YES #es): T ese /er+e!ta2es s &0 "e +a0+&0atese/arate0# * r t e /retest a! / sttest ata:

I! a iti !; a! a.era2e s+ re +a! "e + '/&te *r ' t e /er+e!ta2es a+r ss ite's t at'eas&re t e sa'e i! i+at r (e:2:; .i 0e!t attit& es) i! r er t * r' a 20 "a0 ('&0ti-ite')i! i+at r * r t e /retest a! / sttest sZ: I* # & + '/&te a! a.era2e s+ re; # & 00 a.e tFre.erse s+ re s 'e ite's; , i+ 'ea!s t at # & re-assi2! .a0&es * r res/ !ses s t att e 0 ,est .a0&e (e:2:; 5) is ! , + e as t e i2 est .a0&e (e:2:; @): Re.erse s+ re ite'

3 a! @ t 'a9e i2 s+ res re/rese!t attit& es a2ai!st .i 0e!+e:

149



150

W at is t e /ri'ar# re*ere!+e * r t is s&r.e#

O Nei00; J:M: (3443): Se0*-re/ rt st& e!t s&r.e# * .i 0e!t attit& es a! "e a.i rs:La!si!2; MI7 Mi+ i2a! De/art'e!t * C ''&!it# Hea0t ; O**i+e * Dr&2 C !tr 0P 0i+#:

Re*ere!+es *r ' , i+ 'eas&re ,as a a/te 7

% s, rt ; K:; Es/e0a2e; D: (5 ): Tee! + !*0i+t s&r.e#: %0 'i!2t !; IN7 Ce!ter * rA 0es+e!t St& ies; I! ia!a U!i.ersit#: Ite's ,ere /&"0is e i! Da 0"er2; L:L:; T a0;S:%:; %e re!s; C:%:; (5 ): Meas&ri!2 Vi 0e!+e-Re0ate Attit& es; %e0ie*s; a!%e a.i rs A' !2 Y &t s7 A C '/e! i&' * Assess'e!t T 0s: At0a!ta; GA7 Ce!ters * r Disease C !tr 0 a! Pre.e!ti !; Nati !a0 Ce!ter * r I!6&r# Pre.e!ti ! a! C !tr 0:A.ai0a"0e !0i!e7 tt/7 ,,,:+ +:2 . !+i/+ /&"-res 'eas&re: t'

150



151

Pretest7 Attit& es

St& e!t S&r.e# ! Vi 0e!+e

St& e!t C e78888888888888888888888888 Date7 8888 8888 8888

S+ 0 Na'e7 888888888888888888888888 Tea+ er Na'e7888888888888

Tea+ er $a+i0itat r7 P0ease rea t e * 00 ,i!2 i!str&+ti !s a! ; as # & + ! &+t t e s&r.e#;rea ea+ ite' t t est& e!ts:

I!str&+ti !s7 P0ease ta9e a *e, 'i!&tes t a!s,er t is s&r.e# a" &t .i 0e!+e: P0easea!s,er !est0#: I* a 1&esti ! 'a9es # & *ee0 &!+ '* rta"0e; # & ! t a.e t a!s,er it:I* # & ! t &! ersta! a 1&esti !; raise # &r a! a! s 'e !e ,i00 e0/ # &:

$ r ea+ state'e!t; /0ease *i00 i! t e +ir+0e t at "est *its # &r /i!i !7YES #es ! NO

5: T ere is t '&+ .i 0e!+e at '# s+ 0:YES #es ! NO

3: I* a *i2 t "et,ee! st& e!ts is 2 i!2 t a//e!; I + &0 s 'et i!2 t st / it:

YES #es ! NO

B: It s OK t &se .i 0e!+e t s 0.e /r "0e's:YES #es ! NO

@: Vi 0e!+e +reates ' re /r "0e's t a! it s 0.es:YES #es ! NO

: I , &0 rat er &se .i 0e!+e t a! 0e /r "0e's:YES #es ! NO

: Vi 0e!+e is easier t a! tr#i!2 t a! 0e /r "0e's /ea+e*&00#:

YES #es ! NO

: I* I ,a09 a,a# *r ' a *i2 t; I "e a + ,ar (F+ i+9e! ):YES #es ! NO

: It s OK t it s 'e !e , its # & *irst:YES #es ! NO

: W at s # &r 2e! er 7 :: Ma0e :: $e'a0e

151



152

54: W at is # &r 2ra e 7 :: @ :: :: :: :: :: :: 54 :: 55 :: 53

THANK YOU

152



153

P sttest7 Attit& es a! Rea+ti ! t Pr 2ra'

St& e!t S&r.e# ! Vi 0e!+e

St& e!t C e78888888888888888888888888 Date7 8888 8888 8888

S+ 0 Na'e7 888888888888888888888888 Tea+ er Na'e7888888888888

Tea+ er $a+i0itat r7 P0ease rea t e * 00 ,i!2 i!str&+ti !s a! ; as # & + ! &+t t e s&r.e#;rea ea+ ite' t t e st& e!ts:

I!str&+ti !s7 P0ease ta9e a *e, 'i!&tes t a!s,er t is s&r.e# a" &t .i 0e!+e: P0easea!s,er !est0#: I* a 1&esti ! 'a9es # & *ee0 &!+ '* rta"0e; # & ! t a.e t a!s,er it:I* # & ! t &! ersta! a 1&esti !; raise # &r a! a! s 'e !e ,i00 e0/ # &:

$ r ea+ state'e!t; /0ease *i00 i! t e +ir+0e t at "est *its # &r /i!i !7

YES #es ! NO

5: T ere is t '&+ .i 0e!+e at '# s+ 0:YES #es ! NO

3: I* a *i2 t "et,ee! st& e!ts is 2 i!2 t a//e!; I + &0 s 'et i!2 t st / it:

YES #es ! NO

B: It s OK t &se .i 0e!+e t s 0.e /r "0e's:YES #es ! NO

@: Vi 0e!+e +reates ' re /r "0e's t a! it s 0.es:YES #es ! NO

: I , &0 rat er &se .i 0e!+e t a! 0e /r "0e's:YES #es ! NO

: Vi 0e!+e is easier t a! tr#i!2 t a! 0e /r "0e's /ea+e*&00#:

YES #es ! NO

: I* I ,a09 a,a# *r ' a *i2 t; I "e a + ,ar (F+ i+9e! ):YES #es ! NO

: It s OK t it s 'e !e , its # & *irst:YES #es ! NO

: W at s # &r 2e! er 7 :: Ma0e :: $e'a0e

153



154

54: W at is # &r 2ra e 7 :: @ :: :: :: :: :: :: 54 :: 55 :: 53

T ese !e>t *e, 1&esti !s are a" &t t e /r 2ra': P0ease 2i.e &s # &r /i!i !:

55: I* # & ,ere t 2ra e t is /r 2ra'; , at 2ra e , &0 # & 2i.e it :: A :: % :: C :: D :: $

53: W &0 # & re+ ''e! t is /r 2ra' t t er 9i s # &r a2e :: Yes :: Ma#"e :: N

5B: W at is t e ' st &se*&0 t i!2 # & .e 0ear!e i! t is /r 2ra'

THANK YOU

154



155

APPENDIX I

T , Ka/0a0 C % )! % P,a", a /+ C #"5, P#!6,"% *KC)PCP-W at /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i # & 0i9e ' st

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 W at /art * t e +ir+0e /r +ess i # & 0i9e 0east

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

155



156

Wi00 # & &se a!#t i!2 t at # & 0ear!e &ri!2 t is /r 6e+t I* s ; es+ri"e , a! , #

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 D # & a.e a!# i eas s&22esti !s r a!#t i!2 e0se t at # & , &0 0i9e t a

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 APPENDIX &

T , Ka/0a0 C % )! % P,a", a /+ C #"5, P#!6,"% *KC)PCP-Dai0# N te L 2

Da%, T , Pa+, ; T , ,

156



157

N!%,0:

APPENDIX K

157



158

R,<5,= 8 %J &r!a0

I ,a!te t st& # r&2 / 0i+#: I* I a.e t te00 # & a" &t '#se0*; t is /r 6e+t; a!, # it as "ee! s i'/ rta!t t 'e < t a! I a.e t start &t "# sa#i!2 I ,a!te t st& #

r&2 / 0i+#: It is s 'e, at e/ressi!2; "&t ! t !ear0# e/ressi!2 as t e st& # * .i 0e!+e

a! 'i+i e a' !2 # &t : I starte &t i! '# Master s /r 2ra' st& #i!2 r&2 / 0i+#

a! , e! it +a'e ti'e t '# t esis (I + &0 a.e + se! + '/re e!si.e e>a's

i!stea ; "&t I ,a!te t '# resear+ ) < I + se 1&a0itati.e i!ter.ie,s ,it r&2-&si!2

# &t i! t e + ''&!it#; i! t e sa'e area * t e +it# , ere I a *re1&e!te '#se0* si!+e

'# tee!a2e #ears:W i0e see9i!2 re*0e>i.it# i! t at st& # I 2&ess I +a! !0# sa# t at !+e &/ ! a

ti'e I rea00# ,as !e * t se 9i s: T e 9i s /arti+i/ati!2 i! '# resear+ ,ere .er#

e0/*&0 a! I 2e!&i!e0# e!6 #e i!2 t e st& # "&t !e t i!2 i s&r/rise 'e a! t at

,as , 'a!# # &t t 0 'e &ri!2 t e /r 6e+t; i! 'a!# i**ere!t ,a#s; t at t e# i ! t

'i! a!s,eri!2 '# 1&esti !s "&t t e# , ! ere i* I + &0 st& # t e iss&e * .i 0e!+e

a' !2 # &t : Ma!# * t e' e>/resse t e t &2 t t at t e# *te! i ! t *ee0 sa*e a!

t e# 0et 'e 9! ,; ,it ! &!+ertai!t#; t at .i 0e!+e ,as t e iss&e t at ' st + !+er!e

t e': I 0e*t * r '# *irst +t ra0 /r 2ra'; s 'e, ere i! t e 'i 0e * t e ' &!tai!s *

158



159

Wester! Pe!!s#0.a!ia ,it t eir , r s as a /ressi!2 t &2 t i! 'i! : FW at is &/ ,it

a00 * t e .i 0e!+e i! &r + ''&!itiesM# ,! s ! a "ee! s t at , e! e ,as #ears- 0 : We 0i.e i! t e : I!

Ka!sas Cit#; Miss &ri; a! i! !e * t e ' st .i 0e!t !ei2 " r s i! t e +it# at t e

ti'e: I 9!e, t is !0# "e+a&se as I starte st& #i!2 statisti+s I 0 9e &/ 'i+i e rates

i! t e +it# a! * &! '# ?i/ + e a 0e * r a *e, #ears: T ere ,ere t er /arts * t e

+it# t at ,ere e1&a00# as .i 0e!t; "&t t e !ei2 " r I ,as 0i.i!2 i! t e! ,as 0 +ate

6&st &tsi e * ,!t ,! a! 'a!# 0i.e i! / .ert#: T e area attra+te i''i2ra!ts *r '

a00 .er a! ' st * t e i!!er-+it# &si!2 /r 6e+ts are 0 +ate ,! N rt i! t is area:

M# s ! 2 t s t at a" &t a ,ee9 "e* re C rist'as , e! e ,as #ears- 0 :E.er# !e ,as at '# &se a! ,e ,ere /0a#i!2 +ar s; + 9i!2; a! a.i!2 a

*a'i0# *rie! 2et t 2et er t at ,as /rett# &s&a0 i! &r !ei2 " r : A00 * t e 9i s ,ere

a0s at '# &se; I a.e * &r * '# ,!; a! ' st * t e 9i s t at 0i.e ! t e "0 +9

,ere at '# &se t : T ere ,ere a" &t 54-5 9i s i! a00: I *e0t 0i9e I e0/e raise 'a!#

* t e' a! t e# a.e + !ti!&e t "e a /art * &r *a'i0# t r &2 &t t e #ears: A 2r &/

* t e' 0i.e ,! t e street i! !e s'a00 a/art'e!t; ,it t, ' t ers , ,ere i! a

re0ati !s i/; a! t er *a'i0# 'e'"ers s are a! a/art'e!t i! t e sa'e &se:I a0,a#s 0 .e a00 * t e 9i s; es/e+ia00# '# ,!; a! trie t 9ee/ t e' a00 +0 se

t 'e as '&+ as / ssi"0e: Ra#-Ra# ,as at t e ti'e a! e a! E??#; !e * t e " #s

is a2e *r ' ,! t e street; as9e i* t e# + &0 r&! t is &se t 2ra" s 'et i!2; I

! t e.e! re'e'"er , at it ,as ! ,: S 'et i!2 tri.ia0 I a' s&re: T e# a "ee! 2 !e

* r a" &t 'i!&tes , e! I ear t e s &! * 2&!*ire; ra/i s ts *ire t +0 se * r '#

+ '* rt 0e.e0: I 2 t &/ a! t e " #s +a'e r&!!i!2 i! t e &se as ,e ear ' re s ts

"ei!2 *ire : I #e00e at a00 * t e 9i s t 2 ,!stairs t t e "ase'e!t a! t e a &0ts

159



160

0 9e &tsi e t see i* t e# + &0 see a!# !e: E.er# !e ,as ta09i!2 a00 at !+e a! it

,as s e+ti+:T e " #s ,ere *rea9i!2 &t ta09i!2 a" &t a 'a! , 2 t &t * is +ar a! 6&st

starte s ti!2 at t e' a! t e &ses t e# ,ere i! *r !t *; as t e# ra! *r ' E??# s

&se t '# &se; ,it @ &ses a! a! e'/t# 0 t se/arati!2 &r &ses *r ' ea+

t er: Ra#-Ra# 2 t /rett# 1&iet /rett# 1&i+9; "&t I i ! t 9! , t rea+t; t ta09 t i'

a" &t , at a 6&st a//e!e : We i ! t a.e ti'e a!#,a#s: S 'e !e a 2 !e ,!

t e street a! a'"&0a!+es a! / 0i+e ,ere arri.i!2 ar &! t e + r!er *r ' '# "0 +9: I

sta#e i! t e &se ,it a00 * t e 9i s a! a t e' 2 ,!stairs a! ,aite * r a!

a &0t t + 'e "a+9 &/ a! te00 'e , at ,as 2 i!2 !: S 'e * t e 0 er 9i s ,ere ,!

t ere a! , e! t e# +a'e "a+9 it ,as! t 2 !e,s: T e 5 #ear- 0 " # t at 0i.e

ar &! t e + r!er a ! t 'a e it i! is &se ! ti'e a! e ie ! is *r !t / r+ ; it

"# !e * t e "&00ets s +are0ess0# a! s 'a0i+i &s0# ai'e at i!! +e!t + i0 re!:We a 0i.e "a+9 ! t at "0 +9 * r a0' st t ree #ears "# t e!: T e !i2 t a00 *

t at a//e!e I 9!e, it + &0 a.e easi0# "ee! 'e /re/ari!2 t "&r# '# + i0 t at ,ee9:

I ,as e.astate "&t I a s 'a!# t i!2s 2 i!2 ! i! '# 0i*e I a t 9ee/ r 00i!2 ,it

t e /&!+ es: T ere ,as ! ti'e * r a!#t i!2 e0se: %&t I i e+i e t ' .e: A00 * a

s& e! '# s ! 0 st i!terest i! s+ 0 a! *&t&re 2 a0s: He sai t 'e !e a# s rt0# a*ter

t e s ti!2 i!+i e!t F 'e, r9; , # s &0 I '# 'e, r9 a! I ! t e.e! 9! ,

i* I a' 2 i!2 t "e a0i.e t ' rr , : I ,a!te t ar2&e ,it i' "&t I i ! t 9! , , at t

sa#: I starte 0 9i!2 * r &ses &tsi e * t e +it#:

J&!e 3454I +a'e "a+9 'e t '# /r 6e+t * +&se ! t e .i 0e!+e # &t *a+e i! &r

+ ''&!ities: I a.e "ee! st& #i!2 * r #ears a! a.e * +&se ! se.era0 i**ere!t

as/e+ts * t e 0iterat&re t at I "e0ie.e are i'/ rta!t: T e s/e+i*i+ areas I a' i!tereste i!

160



161

i!+0& e t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e a' !2 # &t ; 'i+i e a' !2 # &t ;

rest rati.e 6&sti+e; /ea+e'a9i!2 +ri'i! 0 2# a! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es: I +a'e 'e t

t e /r 6e+t "e+a&se t is ,as , ere it a00 starte * r 'e: I + &0 ! t i'a2i!e i!2 it

a!#, ere e0se: T e .i 0e!+e i! t e +it# is i2 a! I t i!9 t ere ,i00 "e s&// rt * r '#

i eas: I a' 0 9i!2 * r,ar t *i! i!2 &t; "&t si!+e I a' a0s st& #i!2 * r '# 1&a0i*#i!2

e>a's I ! t a.e as '&+ ti'e a! e!er2# t e. te t t e /r 6e+t #et: I !ee t 'a9e

s&re I /ass '# e>a's:

J&0# 3454O!e * '# "est *rie! s ie : It ,as s s& e! a! &!e>/e+te : Ear0# i! t e #ear;

, i0e I ,as sti00 i! H &st ! a! a e+i e I , &0 "e + 'i!2 "a+9 t Ka!sas Cit# t

t e /r 6e+t I t &2 t * Lisa *te!: We ta09e ! t e / !e se.era0 ti'es a! ,e ,ere

" t e>+ite , e! I t 0 er I + &0 ! t ,ait t 2et 'e a! a!2 &t ,it er a! +at+

&/: Ma# a! J&!e ,ere "&s# ' !t s * r " t * &s: I a 'a6 r s&r2er# i! Ma# a! s

i s e: I ,as sti00 i! H &st ! at t e ti'e a! s e ,as i! Ka!sas Cit#: W e! I 2 t rea #

t + 'e "a+9 t KC a *e, ,ee9s 0ater I ,as .er, e0'i!20# "&s# tr#i!2 t *i! a &se

s&ita"0e * r 'e a! '# 9i s: I ta09e ,it Lisa a! s e ,as a0s ' .i!2: S e a * &!

a! a/art'e!t ! t t *ar *r ' , ere '# ' t er ,as 0i.i!2 i! '# 0 &se: We /r 'ise

ea+ t er ,e , &0 2et t 2et er s !:I ta09e t er ! a Sat&r a# !i2 t: I a a "rea9 , i0e '# a&2 ter a! er

+ &si! S a!te00 ra! i! t e st re: T e# ,ere 'eeti!2 Eri+a a! si!+e I a a *e, 'i!&tes I

,a!te t +a00 Lisa: It ,as 2 ta09i!2 t er a! ,e +a&2 t &/ ! ea+ t er s !e,s;

"&t s e ,as + 9i!2 i!!er a! t e 2ir0s , &0 "e + 'i!2 "a+9 t t e +ar a!# se+ ! : We

ta09e a" &t + &r+ * r a! t er 'i!&te; a! ,e " t a 'itte , '&+ ,e 0 .e &r

,! + &r+ "&t a2ree ,e , &0 .isit ea+ t er s s !: We a0s a2ree t at ,e a t

161



162

2et t 2et er s ! s I sai I , &0 + 'e "# t e !e>t a*ter! ! * r s&re a! s e /r 'ise

t +a00 'e as s ! as s e 2 t 'e * r + &r+ : We sai &r I 0 .e # & s a! &!2 &/: T at

,as t e 0ast ti'e I , &0 e.er 2et t ta09 t '# "est *rie! Lisa:

I a + 'e i! t e &se a*ter + &r+ t e !e>t a*ter! ! a! I 2 t "&s# ,it t er

t i!2s "e* re ! ti+i!2 t at Lisa a ! t +a00e #et: W e! '# / !e *i!a00# ra!2 I sa, t at

it ,as *r ' !e * &r t er *rie! s a! I t &2 t Lisa ,as +a00i!2 'e *r ' er &se: I

a!s,ere t e / !e ,it e!t &sias' "&t t e s &! * t e . i+e ! t e t er e! 'a e 'e

2ra" t e 9it+ e! + air: It ,as &r *rie! Sa! ra a! s e ,as #steri+a0 as s e +rie &t

FLisa is ea : I + &0 ! t 2et t e t &2 t t /r +ess "&t I as9e er t e>/0ai! ' re: S e

a ie i! er s0ee/; a / ssi"0e .i+ti' * a! a++i e!ta0 .er se * t e /ai! 'e i+i!e

s e a "ee! 2i.e! a*ter er s&r2er#: S 'a!# 'e' ries a! t &2 ts +r , '# 'i!

a! t e /ai! is i!te!se: I ! t re'e'"er &rti!2 s "a *r ' t e 0 ss * a!# t er

*rie! : Lisa ,as i**ere!t:I a.e ! t "ee! a"0e t 2et '&+ , r9 !e ! '# /r 6e+t; "&t a' tr#i!2 t * +&s

! st& #i!2 a! ! , e.e! t at see's i'/ ssi"0e: W e! I ,as i! 2ra &ate s+ 0 a!

*i!is i!2 '# t esis * r '# 'aster s e2ree I a 2 t st&+9: T ere ,as s '&+ 2 i!2 !

i! '# 0i*e a! i! '# &se a! ,riti!2 ,as! t + 'i!2 eas# * r 'e a! I ,as ta09i!2 t

Lisa a" &t it , e! s e s&22este ,e 2 a,a# t er *rie! s ' t er s +a"i! i! t e , s:

S e sai s e , &0 , r9 it &t a! I ,as s e>+ite : S e + !ti!&a00# ' ti.ate a!

e!+ &ra2e 'e 6&st "e+a&se s e "e0ie.e i! 'e a! I 9!e, s e ,as e!+ &ra2e a!

' ti.ate "# t e s&++esses s e sa, 'e a+ ie.i!2: S e ,a!te 'e t rea+ '# t er

2 a0s as ,e00 a! s e a '# "a+9 , e!e.er I !ee e er: S e 2 t t e +a"i! * r t e

,ee9e! a! ,e ,e!t ,! t ere a! I *i!is e '# ,riti!2: It ,as a 2reat e>/erie!+e: N , I +a!! t "e0ie.e s e is 2 !e: We ,ere t e sa'e a2e a! ,e ,at+ e ea+

t er s 9i s 2r , &/; a! ! , t eir ' t er is 2 !e a! !e * t e .er# *e, rea00# 2

162



163

*rie! s I a.e is 2 !e a! I a' 6&st .er, e0'i!20# sa at t is / i!t: I t i!9 a" &t t e

st& #; '# i!terest ! t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e; "&t at t is / i!t a00 I

+a! ! te is t at 0 ss &rts; /eri : S& e! a! &!e>/e+te eat * a 0 .e !e +a! "e

e.astati!2 a! I tr# t ! t t i!9 a" &t , "a '# ,! /ai! is: I 6&st ,e!t t r &2 a

"rea9-&/ * a 0 !2 ter' re0ati !s i/ a! t at , &! is sti00 *res ; ! , ,it Lisa s eat I

a' ! t s&re I ,i00 e.e! 'a9e it t t e /r 6e+t: I rea00# 6&st ,a!t t +r# a! I a 0 t

ri2 t ! ,:

N .e'"er 3454I * &! &t I /asse '# e>a's a! t at is 2reat !e,s: I e'ai0e Ka# Pra!is; s e is

t e 0ea i!2 a&t rit# i! /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0es a! res/ !si"0e * r trai!i!2 'a!# * t e

/ra+titi !ers i! t e *ie0 ; as ,e00 as a+a e'i+s; i!+0& i!2 'e: I t 0 er a" &t t e /r 6e+t I

a' i!tereste i! i!2 a! as9e er i* s e 9!e, * a!# !e i!2 si'i0ar /r 6e+ts: S e

res/ ! e ,it a *e, !a'es a! I a.e "ee! t &+ i!2 "ase ,it t ese i! i.i &a0s: T e#

are a00 i!2 2reat , r9 a0t &2 ! t s/e+i*i+ t , at I a' t i!9i!2 *: I a.e "ee!

, r9i!2 ,it a 0 +a0 + ''&!it# ra i stati ! KK$I; a! . 0&!teeri!2 ! !e * t eir

s ,s +a00e Ja,s * J&sti+e: T e 0ea /r 2ra''er Je** t 0 'e a" &t C ''&!it#

Me iati ! Ce!ter (CMC) i! I! e/e! e!+e; a! area 6&st &tsi e * Ka!sas Cit#: Ka#

'e!ti !e t e' as ,e00 a! I ,e!t a! 'et ,it D ! I.a!s t e *irst * t is ' !t : Ka#

Pra!is /r .i e t e' ,it trai!i!2 a! D ! 2a.e 'e s 'e 0 +a0 + !ta+ts * r 2r &/s t at

e t &2 t 'i2 t "e /e! t t e /r 6e+t: I a0s +a00e Dia!e K#ser , is t e e>e+&ti.e

ire+t r .er t ere t see i* it , &0 "e / ssi"0e * r t e' t /r .i e trai!i!2 t t e

i! i.i &a0s I *i! t "e '# +ir+0e 9ee/ers &ri!2 t e /r 6e+t:

De+e'"er 3454

163



164

I ,as s&// se t 2 t ASC (a!!&a0 +ri'i! 0 2# + !*ere!+e) a *e, ,ee9s a2 ;

"&t I i ! t a.e a 2 *ee0i!2 a" &t it a! , e! '# ' t er as9e 'e ! t t 2 "e+a&se

s e i ! t *ee0 ,e00 e! &2 t ,at+ t e 9i s I e+i e t sta#: S 'et i!2 t 0 'e '#

" #s 'i2 t !ee 'e: I ,as s+ e &0e t 0ea.e ! a M ! a# a! ! t at We !es a# I

9!e, I a t 2et '# t, 0 er " #s &t * t e +it# * r a *e, a#s: Ca00 it a * re,ar!i!2;

I +a00 it a s/irit&a0 e>/erie!+e: I s/e!t t e !i2 t tr#i!2 t *i2&re &t , ere a! , t

'a9e a /0a! + 'e t r &2 : I 9!e, ,e a t "e 2 !e "# t e ti'e 9i s 2 t &t * s+ 0

* r t e a#; at 0east t at ,as '# t &2 t: I , r9e it &t t ta9e a00 * '# " #s t 2 see

t eir 2ra! *at er i! Mississi//i: I ,as 0 9i!2 * r,ar t seei!2 '# a a! I a ! trea0i?e it "e* re "&t it , &0 "e T a!9s2i.i!2 ! t e !e>t T &rs a# s I e+i e t sta#

t ere * r a ,ee9 s t at ,e , &0 a.e t e + a!+e t 'eet *a'i0# 'e'"ers ,e a !e.er

a t e // rt&!it# t 'eet "e* re: I t &2 t I + &0 a0s 2et s 'e , r9 !e t ere:O! T a!9s2i.i!2 ' r!i!2 I re+ei.e a +a00 *r ' a 2 *rie! * 'i!e !a'e

Wa0ter; , is a0s t e *at er * Lisa s # &!2est a&2 ter: He t 0 'e t at Ste/ a!ie s

s ! Mi+ ae0 a 6&st ie : He a "ee! sta""e t e T &rs a# "e* re , i0e tr#i!2 t r " a

# &!2 0 +a0 r&2 ea0er a! a "ee! i! t e s/ita0 "&t 6&st /asse a,a# *r ' is

i!6&ries: Ste/ a!ie a "ee! !e * Lisa s 2 *rie! s a! '# " #s a /0a#e ,it er

" #s , e! t e# ,ere '&+ # &!2er: I 6&st sa, er at Lisa s *&!era0 a! ,e &22e a!

+rie t 2et er at t e 0 ss * &r + '' ! *rie! : I + &0 ! t i'a2i!e , s e '&st "e

*ee0i!2: I ta09e t t e " #s a" &t t e + !.ersati ! I a ,it Wa0ter si!+e t e# a

.er ear 'e s/ea9i!2 a! ,a!te t 9! , , at a a//e!e : I t 0 t e' t e#

/r "a"0# i ! t re'e'"er Mi+ ae0; "&t t at t e# a /0a#e t 2et er as 9i s:W e! ,e 2 t 'e t e " #s * &! &t t at t e# a+t&a00# 9!e, Mi+ ae0 *r ' &r

!ei2 " r : U!"e9! ,! t 'e t e# 0i.e i! t e sa'e area t at ,e i a! t e 9i s a

164



165

"ee! a!2i!2 &t t 2et er ! t 9! ,i!2 t e# 9!e, ea+ t er *r ' t e /ast a! a

*a'i0# + !!e+ti !s: T e " #s t 0 'e t e# ,ere a0s .er# *a'i0iar ,it t e " # , a

"ee! arreste * r t e '&r er a! , e! t e# t 0 'e is !a'e I re+ 2!i?e , t e " #

,as si!+e I .e see! i' re2&0ar0# at t e 0 +a0 M+D !a0 s , ere se.era0 * t e 9i s a!2

&t i!+0& i!2 '# t, 0 er " #s: T is '&r er t &+ e 'e "e+a&se * t e + !!e+ti !s a!

,it e.er#t i!2 2 i!2 ! I 9! , it + &0 a.e easi0# "ee! !e * '# " #s i!. 0.e i!

s 'e 'a !ess ,it si'i0ar + !se1&e!+es: I a' sti00 tra&'ati?e ri2 t ! , a! I ! t

rea00# 9! , , at t : I 9i! * ,a!t t 2 ta09 t t e /r se+&t r r s 'et i!2 a" &t t e

+ase; "e+a&se it 6&st see's a00 'esse &/ "&t I a' ! t s&re , at t ; e>+e/t I 9! ,t at I !ee t sta# * +&se : Ri2 t ! , it Is ! t eas#:

Ja!&ar#; 3455I 9ee/ t i!9i!2 a" &t N .e'"er a! , at a//e!e ,it Mi+ ae0 a! D&st# a!

'# " #s a! it as 6&st 'a e 'e ' re eter'i!e t a! e.er t at I !ee t t is

/ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t: I /arti+i/ate i! a ,e"i!ar t is ' !t 2i.e! "# t e Nati !a0

I!stit&te * J&sti+e ,it Dr: $e0t ! Ear0s ,it t e i!tr 2i.e! "# t e Dire+t r * NIJ; J !

La&": I rea00# 0i9e is 0i*e-+ &rse t e r# resear+ : T e tit0e * t e /rese!tati ! ,as

Children as Citi!ens= (ngaging *dolescents in +esearch on (xposure to )iolence& a! it

,as .er# i!teresti!2 a! i!* r'ati.e: It 2a.e 'e s 'e rea00# 2 i eas * r '# ,!

resear+ /r 6e+t:

A/ri0; 3455I a.e "ee! "&s# , r9i!2 ! t e 0iterat&re re.ie, * r '# issertati ! a!

e>a'i!i!2 t e i'/a+t * e>/ s&re t .i 0e!+e: I a0s . 0&!teer at t e 0 +a0 + ''&!it#

ra i stati !; KK$I; a! a.e "ee! t i!9i!2 a" &t , r9i!2 ! a st r# a" &t 'i+i e "&t

* +&si!2 ! i!ter.ie,s ,it 0 .e !es: Last ' !t t ere ,as a # &!2 'a! 'issi!2 ere

165



166

i! Ka!sas Cit#: I ear is sister ! t e ra i ,it a 0 +a0 + ''&!it# 2r &/ as9i!2 * r

i!* r'ati ! re0ate t t e isa//eara!+e * er "r t er: T at t &+ e 'e "e+a&se I

i!sta!t0# I i'a2i!e '# ,! a&2 ter a! , at s e , &0 i* !e * er "r t ers

a ! t + 'e 'e i! .er a ,ee9: H , s e , &0 *ee0 a" &t t at: E0e.e! a#s a*ter e

,as re/ rte 'issi!2 Gar# Wa0 9e ,as * &! ea ; st&**e i! a tras +a! "e i! s 'e

&ses a" &t 34 "0 +9s s &t *r ' , ere e 0i.e ,it is a :A! t er *rie! * 'i!e /asse a,a# t is ' !t : Her !a'e ,as Me0 #: S e ie

* +a!+er a! s e 6&st a a "a"# 2ir0 !e ' !t a2 : I a.e "ee! .er t t e 0

!ei2 " r a *e, ti'es t see er si!+e I a.e "ee! "a+9 i! t ,!: S e a 9e/t i!

t &+ , e! I a "ee! i! H &st !; e'ai0i!2 a! ,e a ta09e a" &t er + 'i!2 ,! t

.isit a! ra22i!2 s 'e * &r t er *rie! s: I + &0 ! t "e0ie.e it , e! I 2 t 'e a!

s e t 0 'e s e ,as /re2!a!t a2ai!; "&t s e !e.er t 0 'e a" &t t e +a!+er: I 2&ess s e

i ! t rea00# te00 t 'a!# /e /0e at a00; "&t s e rea00# i 2i.e er 0i*e * r er !e,

a&2 ter: Her 0 est a&2 ter a! '# a&2 ter a.e 9! ,! ea+ t er t eir , 0e 0i.es:

I t i!9 '# a&2 ter is ta9i!2 it ar t at I a.e 0 st t, *rie! s s +0 se t 2et er a! s e

as 9! ,! " t * t e' a! t e *a'i0ies * r #ears as ,e00: It is 6&st a re'i! er t at 0i*e is

s te'/ rar#:A*ter Me0 # s *&!era0 I ,e!t t t e 0 !ei2 " r t a!2 &t ,it '#

/e /0e "e* re 2 i!2 &t t t e re/ast: M# a&!tie; % ; (I +a00 er '# a&!tie "e+a&se s e

e0/e ta9e +are * 'e &ri!2 '# tee!a2e #ears) t 0 'e t at Gar# a! is *a'i0# 0i.e

a+r ss *r ' er #ears a2 a! s e te00s 'e I s &0 re'e'"er t e' *r ' "a+9 t e!: I

&se t 2 .er t ere a 0 t: S e 0i.e i! t at &se , e! I *irst a '# a&2 ter a! , e!

I t &2 t a" &t it I re'e'"er seei!2 Gar# a! is "r t ers a! sisters a0,a#s &tsi e

/0a#i!2: T eir *at er s !a'e is Wa0ter a! % +a00e i' * r 'e t see i* I + &0 + 'e

166



167

ta09 t i' a" &t t is t er /r 6e+t I a' , r9i!2 ! * r KK$I: He sai #es a! I a.e

ta09e t i' a *e, ti'es ! t e / !e a! /0a! ! 2 i!2 t 'eet i' s !:

J&!e 3455

I ,e!t t t e Nati !a0 C !*ere!+e ! Rest rati.e J&sti+e t is ' !t a! /rese!te

'# resear+ /r 6e+t s *ar: I a' tr&0# e>+ite "# t e / ssi"i0ities a! I a' s 0 9i!2

* r,ar t 2etti!2 starte ,it ata + 00e+ti ! a! i'/0e'e!tati ! * '# /ea+e'a9i!2

+ir+0e /r 6e+t: I re+e!t0# 'et ,it Airi+9 West; e is t e /resi e!t * t e Ka!sas Cit#; MO

s+ 0 " ar a! e is .er# i!tereste i! rest rati.e 6&sti+e a! as e.e! re+ei.e t e

sa'e /ea+e'a9i!2 +ir+0e trai!i!2 I a.e ,it Ka# Pra!is: He te00s 'e t e# are e.e!

, r9i!2 ! tr#i!2 t i'/0e'e!t s 'e rest rati.e /r 2ra''i!2 i! t e s+ 0s: He is

2i.i!2 s 'e re+ ''e! ati !s a! I ,i00 e*: 9ee/ i! t &+ ,it i': He /r 'ises e

,i00 tr# t "e i!. 0.e i* is s+ e &0e ,i00 a00 , it:Last ' !t I ,e!t t '# !ie+e s 2ra &ati ! (t e a&2 ter * !e * '# *rie! s; I

a0s +a00 *a'i0#): T e !e>t a# I rea t at !e * t e " #s , a "ee! t ere t at !i2 t

a! a 2ra &ate ,it er a "ee! s t a! 9i00e a*ter t e +ere' !#: He a 2 !e

'e ,it is ' t er "&t a 0e*t t ta9e a ri.e ,it is + &si! , i0e is ' t er

/re/are is 2ra &ati ! +e0e"rati ! i!!er: He !e.er 'a e it 'e t at !i2 t * r i!!er:

I!stea e ,as s t ea i! is; it "# "&00ets t at ,ere 'ea!t * r s 'e !e e0se i! a!

ar2&'e!t .er a st 0e! 2&!:T is " # a ie i!! +e!t0#; 6&st "e+a&se e a//e!e t "e ri.i!2 "# t e s+e!e

* a .i 0e!t ar2&'e!t: W i0e t e .i 0e!+e i! t e +it# + !ti!&es it s 'eti'es its +0 ser t

'e t a! t ers: T is is !e * t se ti'es: It is ar * r 'e t t i!9 t at a " # I 6&st

sa, 2ra &ate is ! , ea *r ' t e + !ti!&e .i 0e!+e t at is s&+ a ! r'a0 ++&rre!+e i!

+ities 6&st 0i9e 'i!e e.er# a#: I tr&0# /e t at s 'et i!2 I i! '# a+a e'i+ +areer

167



168

+a! 'a9e a i**ere!+e !e a#: I a' s tire * ,at+ i!2 # &!2 /e /0e ie * r ! a'!

reas !:

A&2&st 3455

I ,as ta09i!2 t a 2 *rie! * 'i!e t e t er a# , e! er ste/- a&2 ter

+0i+9e i! ! t e t er 0i!e: M# *rie! ; , se !a'e is S&!s i!e +0i+9e "a+9 .er t te00

'e s e , &0 a.e t +a00 'e "a+9: S e sai er ste/- a&2 ter Na&s a# ,as a.i!2

/r "0e's ,it t e *at er * er # &!2est s ! a! s e ,a!te t *i2&re &t , at s e + &0

t e0/: T at ,as S&!s i!e: S e *te! 9e/t Na&s a# s 0 est s !; 0itt0e Ja#; a! I 0i9e

t see i' ar &! : His *at er a "ee! '&r ere a *e, #ears "a+9 i! *r !t * t e " # a!

# & + &0 ! t e0/ t *ee0 * r i':S&!s i!e +a00e 'e t e !e>t ' r!i!2 te00i!2 'e t t&r! ! t e !e,s; s e ,as

s 'e, at #steri+a0 a! a00 s e ,as sa#i!2 ,as t at e a 9i00e t e': I t&r!e ! t e

i!ter!et a! 1&i+90# ,e!t t a Ka!sas Cit# !e,s site: A &"0e 'i+i e ,as t e 0ea i!2

st r#; a! it sai t at a 'a! 9i00e is 2ir0*rie! a! er ' t er i! *r !t * er + i0 re!:

S&!s i!e te00s 'e e ,e!t t Na&s a# s ' t er s &se a! 9i00e er a! er ' t er

Ja+9ie: I ,as s +9e as s e t 0 'e t at 0itt0e Ja# a ,e!t t t e !ei2 " r s &se t

a.e t e' +a00 t e / 0i+e te00i!2 t e' t at is ' t er a! is 2ra! ' t er ,ere ea :M# eart "r 9e * r e.er# !e i!. 0.e a! ,e 1&esti !e , at , &0 a//e! t

t e " #*rie! , e! t e# * &! i' r i* t e# , &0 *i! i': He ,as sti00 &t ! t e

street: His !a'e ,as R&*&s a! S&!s i!e t 0 'e e a "ee! &si!2 t e r&2 PCP 1&ite

*re1&e!t0#: I 9!e, t at + &0 'a9e s 'e !e a!2er &s , 'i2 t ! t "e s &! er

! r'a0 + ! iti !s: S 'et i!2 t 0 'e t at " # ,as 2 i!2 t "e si+9 t eat , e! e

+a'e t a! rea0i?e , at e a !e: S 'et i!2 t 0 'e t at e !e.er 'ea!t * r t at t

a//e!: I t i!9 I ,as ri2 t "e+a&se , e! / 0i+e a i' s&rr &! e at a! I! e/e! e!+e

' te0 a *e, a#s 0ater e s t i'se0* i! t e ea a! 9i00e i'se0*:

168



169

We ,e!t t t e &"0e *&!era0 a ,ee9 0ater a! t e 2rie*; s +9; a! s rr , t at

*i00e t e + &r+ ,as .er, e0'i!20# ea.#: I + &0 !0# /ra# * r t e "a"ies: $ r s 'e

reas ! I 9e/t t i!9i!2 * R&*&s; I a ear e , &0 ! t 2et a *&!era0: I! *a+t; t e# sai

is " # a a0rea # "ee! +re'ate a! a "ee! 0e*t i! t e +are * t e state: His *a'i0#

,as i! a! t er +it# a! ! !e a + 'e t +0ai' i' a! es/ite t e tra2e # a!

eart"rea9 e a +a&se I + &0 ! t e0/ "&t t i!9 e ,as sti00 a + i0 * G a! e

eser.e s 'et i!2: S 'e !e a t a.e 0 .e i' a! a s 'et i!2 9i! t e# + &0

re'e'"er a" &t i': %&t I 2&ess t at ,as! t '# + !+er! a! I i ! t 9! , i':E.er# !e 0 .e Na&s a# a! Ja+9ie a! ! !e ,a!te t t i!9 a" &t t e 'a!

, ,as res/ !si"0e * r ta9i!2 t e' a,a#: I rea00# + &0 ! t "0a'e t e' at a00: I t &2 t

* t e ist r# * .i 0e!+e t at I a *te! e!+ &!tere i! '# ,! 'e 2r ,i!2 &/ a! I

t &2 t a" &t '# ,! a&2 ter: Yes; I + &0 ! t "0a'e a!# !e * r ! t ,a!ti!2 t t i!9

a" &t t e **e! er i! a00 * t is: %&t * r s 'e reas ! I + &0 ! t e0/ "&t t t i!9 * i'

a0s ; a! I **ere &/ '# /ra#ers * r i' a! is *a'i0# as ,e00:

Se/te'"er 3455I s/e!t t e s&''er 'a9i!2 + !ta+ts i! Ka!sas Cit# a! /re/ari!2 t '#

resear+ /r 6e+t: I e*e! e '# Pr s/e+t&s t is ' !t : $&!!# t i!2; t e ' r!i!2 * '#

e*e!se I 2 t a +a00 *r ' '# e>- &s"a! te00i!2 'e e a "ee! s t: T is is ! t t e *irst

ti'e e as "ee! a .i+ti' * .i 0e!+e "&t e as !e.er "ee! s t "e* re: He starte t te00

'e t e st r# a" &t , e 2 t s t; s 'et i!2 a" &t e ,as tr#i!2 t e0/ s 'e 0a # I

i ! t ,a!t t "e r& e "&t I i ! t ,a!t t "e 0ate * r '# e*e!se eit er: I 'a e s&re e

,as 2 i!2 t "e a0ri2 t; ! seri &s , &! s; a! t e! I t 0 i' I a t 2 I a a "i2 a#

a ea * 'e:I 9ee/ t i!9i!2 , ir !i+ it is t at '# &s"a! +a00s t te00 'e e as "ee! s t

! t e a# I a' e*e! i!2 '# issertati ! /r s/e+t&s * r a /ea+e'a9i!2 /r 6e+t * +&se

169



170

! re &+i!2 t e e**e+ts * e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e: As a resear+ er it is ar t

e.er i'a2i!e t at I + &0 ar2&e &tsi er stat&s re2ar i!2 t is st& #: I a' .er i!&! ate

,it e>/ s&re t + ''&!it# .i 0e!+e a! I 9! , t at it is ta9i!2 a t 00 ! 'e: Yet; I

t i!9 a" &t t e 9i s: M# 9i s; a00 t e 9i s i! t e + ''&!it# I 0 .e a! I a.e t 9ee/

2 i!2; 9ee/ tr#i!2; 9ee/ /&tti!2 !e * t i! *r !t * t e t er a! /e 0i9e e00 I +a! /&00

t is **: I !ee t *i2&re &t , t 'a9e a i**ere!+e:

De+e'"er 3455I i'/0e'e!te '# /r 2ra': I i ! t a.e as 'a!# /arti+i/a!ts; * r 'a!# reas !s;

as I ,a!te i! '# treat'e!t 2r &/ "&t I a' sti00 rea00# 20a I i t e /r 6e+t: T ere as

"ee! a 0 t * .i 0e!+e i! t e +it#: Gar# Wa0 9e s "r t er Wa00# ,as 9i00e i! Se/te'"er: I

a 'et i' , e! I ,e!t .er is *at er s &se t ta09 a" &t , at a a//e!e t Gar#

as /art * t e /r 6e+t I a trie , r9i!2 ! * r KK$I: T e .i 0e!+e as "ee! s 'e, at

.er, e0'i!2 s I a.e! t 2 t as *ar as I ,a!te t ,it t at eit er:$r ' , at I a.e ear Wa00# a is sister; t e !e I 'et; r //e i' ** at is

"r t er s &se; a! t e! eit er e r is "r t er 9i00e t e t er !e a! t e! 9i00e t e

"r t er s 2ir0*rie! a! t e! 9i00e t eir se0*: I 2&ess I s &0 +a00 a! see , at a//e!e

"&t I 'a# !ee s 'e ti'e: I rea00# 0i9e Wa00# a! I a.e a 0 t * t &2 ts a" &t t at

, 0e sit&ati ! "&t I +a! t e.e! ta09 a" &t it #et: I rea00# 0i9e Wa00#; e a a rea00# 2

s/irit s I +a!! t e.e! i'a2i!e t at e ,as t e 2&!'a!: I ! t 9! , t at I , &0 ,a!t t

9! , i* t at is t e +ase: I +a!! t &! ersta! it ri2 t ! ,:S 'e t er /e /0e I 9! , ,ere i!. 0.e i! a 1&a r&/0e 'i+i e: I a ear

a" &t t e i!+i e!t "&t at *irst I i ! t 9! , t at I 9!e, t e i! i.i &a0s i!. 0.e : We00; I

,as /i!2 I i ! t: O! T a!9s2i.i!2 !i2 t a 'a! ,as 9i00e "# / 0i+e as t e# res/ ! e

t a &se * r re/ rts * a / ssi"0e "&r20ar#: I ear e *ire at / 0i+e "e* re "ei!2 s t:

I!si e t e &se t e / 0i+e * &! t e " ies * t, , 'e!; !e ,as t e 2&!'a! s ,i*e

170



171

a! t e t er .i+ti' ,as er 5 #ear- 0 2 a&2 ter: T ere ,as a * &rt .i+ti' 0 +ate

at a! t er +ri'e s+e!e; a 'i 0e-a2e , 'a! , r&' rs sai ,as is 2ir0*rie! :W e! I ,as i! t e *ie0 i!2 '# resear+ se.era0 * t e 9i s ,ere ta09i!2 a" &t

t e i!+i e!t "e+a&se t e 5 #ear- 0 2ir0 a 2 !e t t e sa'e s+ 0 t e# i a! t e#

a "ee! *rie! s: I ear t e !a'e * t e 2&! 'a! a! I 9!e, s 'e !e "# t at !a'e "&t

I i ! t ,a!t t "e0ie.e t at t e 'a! I 9!e, + &0 a.e !e t at: I 9!e, is ,i*e t ;

a! , e! I sa, er /i+t&re !e>t t t at * t e 5 #ear- 0 .i+ti' '# eart sa!9 ,it

isa// i!t'e!t: I a !e.er "ee! 2 *rie! s ,it t e + &/0e "&t "a+9 i! t e a# ,e ra!

i! si'i0ar +ir+0es s I sa, t e' *re1&e!t0# at e.e!ts a! ,e ta09e *te!: It a "ee! .er

54 #ears si!+e I 0ast sa, t e' t &2 a! I , ! ere , at a tra!s/ire i! is 0i*e t

'a9e t is t e e! * t eir st r#:I 9!e, t e * &rt .i+ti' as ,e00; a! I ear *r ' a +0 se *rie! * t eirs a!

'i!e t at er a! Jerr#; t e 2&!'a!; ,ere 6&st *rie! s: S e ,as! t is 2ir0*rie! "&t a

s 'e , e! e &/ a .i+ti' t is 'a !ess; I i'a2i!e as s e ,as i! s 'e ,a# tr#i!2 t

e0/ i' .er+ 'e is ,! e' !s: It &rt '# eart t 9! , t at s 'e !e I 9!e, 9i00e

!e * t e *rie! s * t e 9i s t at I ,as +&rre!t0# i! t e *ie0 rea+ i!2 &t t :M# eart + !ti!&a00# "e+ 'es ea.# a! sa e!e "# t e a' &!t * .i 0e!+e t at

s&rr &! s 'e i! t is +it#: T ere is a /art * 'e t at rea00# ,a!ts t es+a/e a! t *i!

s 'e/0a+e 1&iet t 0i.e: %&t ! , I 9! , '# 0 er 9i s , &0 re6e+t t at i ea: Wa0ter t 0

'e e ,as 2 i!2 t ta9e Gar# t t e + &!tr# t 0i.e "&t t e# !e.er 'a e it i! ti'e: I t i!9

a" &t ' .i!2 t t e + &!tr# a 0 t: It es! t s &! 0i9e a "a i ea t 'e at a00 "&t ! !e *

t e 9i s see' t a//re+iate it:

$e"r&ar# 3453I a' i! Ne, Or0ea!s tea+ i!2 a! *i!is i!2 &/ ,riti!2 t e res&0ts * '# resear+

/r 6e+t: I a' a0s rea # t ,rite '# 0ast e!tr# i! t is 6 &r!a0: It as "ee! a /rett# ar 5 -

' !t /eri * r 'e: T ere as "ee! a 0 t * .i 0e!+e: I * &! &t t at Wa00# s # &!2er

171



172

"r t er 9i00e is 5 #ear- 0 2ir0*rie! a! ' t er * is + i0 "e* re 9i00i!2 Wa00# a!

t e! 9i00i!2 i'se0*: I a' 20a t at Wa00# ,as! t t e s ter a! t at /r "a"0# s &! s

+ra?# "&t i! s 'e stra!2e ,a# it 2i.es 'e /ea+e: I sti00 *ee0 rea00# "a * r e.er# !e

i!. 0.e ; a! I , ! er a2ai! , t eir *at er Wa0ter '&st "e *ee0i!2: He as 0 st t ree

s !s i! t e 0ast #ear a! I 9! , t at '&st "e ar : I /ra# * r i' a! t eir sister as ,e00: I

9! , t is as "ee! .er# ar ! er a! I /e s 'e , s e +a! es+a/e t e .i 0e!+e:I rea00# e!6 #e , r9i!2 ! t e /r 6e+t a! +a! t ,ait t ,rite &/ '# res&0ts;

2ra &ate; a! t e! ' re /ea+e'a9i!2: I 6&st ,e!t 'e * r a ,ee9 "e+a&se I !ee e

t see t e +t r a! , i0e I ,as t ere Eri+; E??#; a! Eri+a s 0 est sister CeCe 9i00e

er &s"a! : I ,as ,it '# a&2 ter , e! s e ta09e t Eri+a a! t e# ,ere tr#i!2 t 2et

t 2et er s 'e " ! ' !e#: I * &! &t t e " ! ,as 5 4;444 s I ! t a.e t '&+

*ait t e# ,i00 "e a"0e t + 'e &/ ,it it "&t I /e * r CeCe s sa9e t e# +a!:T e# sai t at s e ,as ar2&i!2 ,it er &s"a! ; r t at t e# ,ere ar2&i!2 ,it

ea+ t er; a" &t a +re it +ar t at e a s/e!t t '&+ ' !e# !: S e sai e it er

a! t e! t e# starte str&220i!2 .er t e 2&! a! t e! s e s t i': T e / 0i+e are sa#i!2

s e a ! .isi"0e i!6&ries a! er &s"a! i ! t a.e a!# 2&! resi &e ! is a! s: I

a' ! t a 0a,#er a! I ! t 9! , , at er + a!+es * are 2etti!2 &t * t is "&t I *ee0

s rr# * r er: I 9! , s e /r "a"0# i ! t 'ea! * r t is t a//e! at a00 a! t e /i+t&re

t e# a.e * er a*ter s e ,as arreste ; s e 0 9s + '/0ete0# 'isera"0e: S e as 9i s a!

it is 6&st a tra2i+ sit&ati ! /eri : I a' s tire * t is se!se0ess .i 0e!+e:I i ! t 9! , CeCe ,e00; "&t '# a&2 ter te00s 'e s e a0,a#s +arrie er 2&!

e.er#, ere: I a' a0s starti!2 t ate 2&!s a! t i!9 I s &0 t i!9 a" &t tr#i!2 t "e

' re s&// rti.e * 0e2is0ati ! e** rts * +&si!2 ! re &+i!2 2&! ,!ers i/ ri2 ts I

! t 9! , "&t I sa, a &2e "i00" ar a 2&! st re ,!er /&t &/ i! ' 0 !ei2 " r

a .ertisi!2 ,it a &2e /i+t&re * a 2&! ! it: I ,a!te t s+rea' < REALLY < t is is

172



174

We a ,e!t &t * t ,! t 2et er !+e * r a + !+ert: Se.era0 * &s a /0a!!e

! 2 i!2 "&t s 'e , it 6&st e! e &/ 'e a! i'; s/e! i!2 se.era0 &rs i! t e +ar * r

t e tri/ t ere a! "a+9: We a + !.ersati !s t at I sti00 re*er t t a# a! I tr&0# a 0 .e

* r t at " #: T e !i2 t I ' .e "a+9 t Ka!sas Cit# *r ' H &st ! i! Ma# 3454 De6&a!

9i00e i'se0*: As s ! as I 2 t i! t e +it# I *e0t 0i9e ri i!2; e.e! t &2 it ,as +0 se t

'i !i2 t: I e+i e t ri e ,it a *rie! * r a , i0e a! t e# as9e 'e i I ,a!t t ri e

"# t e /ar9: $ r s 'e reas ! I ,as t i!9i!2 it , &0 ! t "e a 2 i ea: T e !e>t ' r!i!2

I * &! &t De6&a! a ,e!t t t at /ar9 t e !i2 t "e* re; s 'eti'e ar &! t e sa'e

ti'e I ,as &t; a! s t is se0* i! t e ea , i0e /ar9e i! is +ar: T e# sai e a,e!t a! 2 t a00 * is 9i s ear0ier t at a# t s/e! ti'e ,it t e': M# !e>t r

!ei2 " r a 9i00e i'se0* !e #ear ear0ier; ar &! t e sa'e ti'e a! " t * t ese

e.e!ts a a! e**e+t ! 'e:I *e0t t e i'/a+t * t eir s&i+i es; t eir a+ti !s s 'e , 0ea.i!2 a! i'/ri!t ! t e

i!si e * '# s &0: T e .i 0e!+e t at I + !ti!&a00# ,rest0e a2ai!st; " t /ers !a00# a!

/r *essi !a00#; + !ti!&a00# 'a!i*ests itse0* i! t e ' st ".i &s * /0a+es: I see it ' st

! ta"0# i! t e a+ti !s ,e ta9e a2ai!st t se +0 sest t &s; i!+0& i!2 &rse0.es: O! a ai0#

"asis ,e + !tri"&te t a +&0t&re * .i 0e!+e t at /er.a es e.er# as/e+t * &r .er#

e>iste!+e: H , t e! +a! I attai! t "e a /ea+e'a9er S 'eti'es I a' ! t e.e! s&re t ere

is /ea+e a!#, ere i!si e * 'e a! , ! er i* I a' !0# sear+ i!2 * r a! i00&si ! t at I

/e 'a# !e a# a//ear: I , ! er a" &t Jes&s; a! Ma at'a G a! i; a! Marti!

L&t er Ki!2 Jr: < t e 2reat /ea+e'a9ers a! I , ! er , t e# sa, t e'se0.es i! t e

'i st * t e .i 0e!+e:I a.e rea0i?e 0ate0# t at as I e! t is st& # t e !0# t i!2 I a' ! , +ertai! * is

'# !ee t ' re , r9: T st& # ' re; t rea ' re; t t i!9 ' re::: - I !ee t 0 9

174



175

at i**ere!t 'ateria0 a! s 'e * t e sa'e 'ateria0 "&t *r ' a i**ere!t 0i2 t: I !ee t

t i!9 ' re a" &t e.er#t i!2 I rea a! t e! t rea a2ai!: I a.e ' re 1&esti !s a! ! t

e! &2 a!s,ers: N t #et a!#,a#: I a' ! t s&re t at I ,i00 e.er rea00# a.e Ft e a!s,ers

"&t I /e t s 'e , *i! /r 2ress: I t i!9 t is is , at I 0 .e a" &t rest rati.e

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Jerr# a! L retta are 2 !e; " t .i+ti's * !e .i 0e!t 0i*e: Her 2 a&2 ter a!

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*ait a! '# eter'i!ati !:

CURRICULUM VITAE&ENNIFER RENEE TROMBLE)

6re!eetr '"0e#\0i.e:+ '

EDUCATION

D +t ra0 Ca! i ate J&.e!i0e J&sti+e < Prairie Vie, A M U!i.ersit#; 344 -3453D +t ra0 C &rses Cri'i! 0 2# < I! ia!a U!i.ersit# * Pe!!s#0.a!ia; 344 -344Masters * S+ie!+e Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e < U!i.ersit# * Miss &ri Ka!sas Cit#; 344%a+ e0 rs * Arts Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e < U!i.ersit# * Miss &ri Ka!sas Cit#; 3443Ass +iate * Arts Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e < Pe!! Va00e# C ''&!it# C 00e2e; 5

CURRENT RESEARCH

"he @ansas-City Youth %eacemaking Circle %roject 0@CY%C% – "he %otential to +educe )iolence and %rovide Healing= * +eal %ossi3ility with a +estorative ,ustice %eacemaking Circle. Dissertati !:

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

CRMJ 554 < T e Cri'i!a0 J&sti+e S#ste'; S &t er! U!i.ersit# * Ne, Or0ea!s;De/art'e!t * S +ia0 S+ie!+es; S/ri!2 3453; S&''er 3453

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dr. william allan kritsonis, phd dissertation advisory committee for jennifer renee trombley -...

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