dr. william allan kritsonis, phd - dissertation committee - bennie graves

8/20/2019 Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Dissertation Committee - Bennie Graves.

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RELATING SCHLOSSBERG’S TRANSITION THEORY TO UNDERGRADUATE

PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES DURING THE CHANGEOVER FROM SECONDARY

EDUCATION TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION.

by

Bennie Lee Grae!

A DISSERTATION DFENSE

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Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y

In ,ar$ia) -")-i))#en$ &- $'e re"ire#en$! -&r $'e %e/ree &-

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

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Ma3&r S"b3e($4 E%"(a$i&na) Lea%er!'i,



RELATING SCHLOSSBERG’S TRANSITION THEORY TO UNDERGRADUATE

PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES DURING THE CHANGEOVER FROM SECONDARY

EDUCATION TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION.

A DISSERTATION

by

Bennie Lee Grae!

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2



C&,yri/'$Bennie Lee Grae!

0120



DEDICATION

“Nothing stops the man who desires to achieve. Every obstacle is simply a course to develop his

achievement muscle. It's a strengthening of his powers of accomplishment.” Eric Butterwort 'Fir!$ an% -&re#&!$7 I *&")% )i<e $& $'an< #y S,iri$"a) Fa$'er -&r /iin/ #e $'e !$ren/$'7

(&"ra/e7 an% !$a#ina $& *ea$'er $'e ('a))en/e! &- $'i! 3&"rney. Be(a"!e &- 'i! "n!e)-i!'

b)e!!in/!7 I *a! ab)e $& !"((e!!-"))y (&#,)e$e $'i! en&r#&"! en%ea&r *i$'&"$ $'r&*in/ in $'e

$&*e). T& #y #&$'er7 Mr!. R&!e A%e) Grae! 8%e(ea!e%97 i$ i! be(a"!e &- 'er !a(ri-i(e! an%

e$erna) )&e $'a$ I a# ab)e $& en%"re $'e ('a))en/e! &- #y /ra%"a$e !$"%en$ year!. Her (&n!i!$en$

re#in%er &- =neer /ie ",7> 'a! /ien #e $'e #i/'$ $& e?e("$e an% a((&#,)i!' a)) &- #y %e!ire!

an% %rea#!. I neer *&")% 'ae #a%e i$ *i$'&"$ 'er.

3



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more,

you are a leader.” ohn !uincy "dams

T& #y %i!!er$a$i&n ('air7 #en$&r7 an% ,r&-e!!&r7 Pa$ri(ia H&--#an6Mi))er7 P'.D.7 I *&")%

)i<e $& e?,re!! #y !in(ere a,,re(ia$i&n -&r y&"r en(&"ra/e#en$7 /"i%an(e7 !",,&r$ an%

(&&,era$i&n $'r&"/'&"$ $'i! P'.D. 3&"rney. Be(a"!e &- y&"r e?,er$i!e7 <n&*)e%/e an%

,r&-e!!i&na)i!#7 I a# ab)e $& e!$ab)i!' #a3&r ,ri&ri$ie!7 ,er!eere7 an% ab&e a)) $'in/!7 =/e$ i$

(&rre($>@ I a# -&reer /ra$e-") $& y&" -&r y&"r !$an%ar% &- e?(e))en(e. I$ i! a /rea$ %e)i/'$ $&

!$"%y "n%er a ,r&-e!!&r $'a$ n&$ &n)y &--ere% (&n!$r"($ie (&##en$ary7 b"$ e?e#,)i-ie% a /rea$

,a!!i&n -&r $'e *&r<. I *i)) a)*ay! -ee) %ee,)y in%eb$e% $& y&" -&r y&"r #en$&r!'i,. I )&&<

-&r*ar% $& $'e #any year! &- (&))ab&ra$i&n $& (&#e.I *&")% )i<e $& $'an< #y (&##i$$ee #e#ber!7 Berna%ine D"n(an7 E%.D.7 :i))ia#

;ri!$&ni!7 P'.D.7 S&)&#&n G. O!'&7 P'.D. an% Tyr&ne Tanner7 E%.D. -&r a)*ay! bein/ aai)ab)e

$& !'are $'eir <n&*)e%/e an% e?,er$i!e. I *&")% a)!& )i<e $& e?,re!! #y /ra$i$"%e $& Mari&n

Henry7 P'.D. 8%e(ea!e%9 -&r in$r&%"(in/ #e $& $'e *&r)% &- "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' an% neer

-ai)in/ $& i#,re!! #e *i$' 'i! in$e))e($. I a# e?$re#e)y /ra$e-") $& #y -a#i)y an% -rien%! *'&

'ae a)*ay! been $'ere -&r #e *i$' "n(&n%i$i&na) )&e an% en(&"ra/e#en$. M&re&er7 $'i!

,r&3e($ *&")% n&$ 'ae been ,&!!ib)e *i$'&"$ $'e a!!i!$an(e &- !&#e ery !,e(ia) in%ii%"a)!

e!,e(ia))y Li!a &'n!&n7 M.E%. an% R&ber$ :i))ia#!7 ('eri!'e% -rien%7 $'an< y&" -&r $'e

)i!$enin/ ear an% )iin/ $'e e?,erien(e *i$' #e $'r&"/' $'&!e *ee<en%)e!! #&n$'!.

Grae!7 Bennie L.7 M.E%.Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y 8De(e#ber 01209

Re)a$in/ S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry $& Un%er/ra%"a$e Per(e,$i&n! an% E?,erien(e! %"rin/

$'e C'an/e&er -r&# Se(&n%ary E%"(a$i&n $& P&!$!e(&n%ary E%"(a$i&n.C'air &- Di!!er$a$i&n C&##i$$ee4 Dr. Pa$ri(ia H&--#an6Mi))er

4



Tran!i$i&nin/ -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! a (r"(ia) ,a!!a/e*ay -&r

"n%er/ra%"a$e !"((e!! in )i-e. I$ i! ('a))en/in/ $& a((e!! &r "$$er)y "na$$ainab)e -&r n"#er&"!

(&))e/e !$"%en$!. A#&n/ !('&)a!$i(a))y /i-$e% )earner!7 !&(i&e(&n&#i( !$a$"!7 an% ra(ia) /r&",

a!!&(ia$i&n are in-)"en$ia) ,re%i($&r! &- in!$i$"$i&na) &"$)&&< an% enr&))#en$. Many 'i/' !('&&)

/ra%"a$in/ !eni&r! %& n&$ a,,)y &r /ra%"a$e -r&# (&))e/e7 re!")$in/ in a !'&r$-a)) &- !$"%en$

in$e))e($ 8H"%)ey7 M&!('e$$i7 + G&na)e7 0119. P&!!ib)y7 &ne &- $'e /rea$e!$ "n%era)"e%

a,,r&a('e! -&r a$$ainin/ !$"%en$ !"((e!! a#&n/ $*&6year (&))e/e! in Te?a! i! $'e e!$ab)i!'#en$

an% i#,)e#en$a$i&n &- a ,)anne%7 (&#,re'en!ie #e$'&% $& &rien$in/ ne* (&))e/e !$"%en$! $& $'e

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n enir&n#en$ 8H&))in!7 0119.T'e ,"r,&!e &- $'i! "an$i$a$ie !$"%y *a! $& ine!$i/a$e "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an%

e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% %e$er#ine *'e$'er &r n&$ !"(' ,er(e,$i&n! %i--er

a((&r%in/ $& /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y. A)$'&"/' #"(' i! *ri$$en &n $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e &-

5



"n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!7 )e!! (&n!i%era$i&n i! -&("!e% $&

"n%er!$an%in/ $'e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e! a! $'ey #a<e $'e ('an/e&er $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n.

Nan(y ;. S(')&!!ber/’! =Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry> *a! "!e% a! $'e $'e&re$i(a) -ra#e*&r< -&r

$'e !$"%y. T'e -ra#e*&r< !i#,)i-ie% an "n%er!$an%in/ &- a%")$! in $ran!i$i&n an% )ea%

e%"(a$i&na) a%#ini!$ra$&r!7 e%"(a$&r!7 -a(i)i$a$&r!7 an% (&"n!e)&r! $& a!!i!$ in%ii%"a)! nee%e% $&

(&,e *i$' $'e "!"a) an% "ne?,e($e% ,r&(e!! &- #a<in/ a ('an/e&er 8G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 +

An%er!&n7 0119.T'i! !$"%y e#,)&ye% a "an$i$a$ie %e!(ri,$ie re!ear(' #e$'&%. In $'i! !$"%y7 $'e

ine!$i/a$&r i! e?,)&rin/ ,'en&#ena re)a$e% $& $'e i#,a($ &- !('&)a!$i( an% !&(ie$a) ,er(e,$i&n!

an% e?,erien(e! ba!e% &n /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y. In a%%i$i&n7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r *i!'e! $& %i!(&er

'&* $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! &- $'e ,&,")a$i&n %i!!e#ina$e% $'e#!e)e! &n &ne &r #&re ariab)e!7 !"(' a!

a/e7 (")$"re7 ie*,&in$!7 an% -ee)in/! $&*ar% e%"(a$i&n 8Fraen<e) + :a))en7 0119. A #&%i-ie%

er!i&n &- $'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9 *a! "!e% $& (&))e($ %a$a -r&#

"n%er/ra%"a$e! $& !ee< an!*er! $& $'e -&))&*in/ re!ear(' "e!$i&n! an% n")) 'y,&$'e!e!4H124 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n $'e i#,a($

&- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.

H104 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n #a3&r

%yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

6



('an/e&er !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een e$'ni(i$y &n

$'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $&(&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er.

T'e re!ear('er be)iee! $'a$ $'i! in"iry *a! i$a) be(a"!e i$ en'an(e! $'e e?i!$in/

*ri$in/! an% a%%! $'e ,er!,e($ie &- /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y $& $'e re!ear(' ,"b)i!'e%. "an$i$a$ie

re!ear(' a$$e#,$! $& e?,)ain ,'en&#ena $'r&"/' ,re(i!e)y %e!i/ne% an% (&n$r&))e% %a$a

(&#,i)a$i&n an% a!!e!!#en$7 *'i(' a))&*! $'e ine!$i/a$&r $& #ea!"re a$$i$"%e7 !a$i!-a($i&n7

(&##i$#en$7 an% a ran/e &- &$'er "!e-") %a$a $'a$ (an be $ra(<e% &er a ,eri&% &- $i#e 8Fraen<e)

e$ a).7 0119.

7



TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTiiiTABLE OF CONTENTS...iiLIST OF FIGURES...?iLIST OF TABLES.....?

CHAPTER I. INTRODUDCTION.2S$a$e#en$ &- $'e Pr&b)e#.P"r,&!e &- $'e S$"%yRe!ear(' "e!$i&n!..Re!ear(' Hy,&$'e!i!Re!ear(' N")) Hy,&$'e!i!..21

N")) Hy,&$'e!i! One..21 N")) Hy,&$'e!i! T*&.........21 N")) Hy,&$'e!i! T'ree...21 N")) Hy,&$'e!i! F&"r.21

Si/ni-i(an(e &- $'e S$"%y.......21

Li#i$a$i&n! &- $'e S$"%y.....20De)i#i$a$i&n! &- $'e S$"%y..........20O,era$i&na) De-ini$i&n &- Ter#!.....2

CHAPTER II. REVIE: OF THE LITERATURE....2JOerie*.....2JHi!$&ri(a) Per!,e($ie......2Ear)y S$"%ie! &n S$"%en$ Re$en$i&n.....2T'e&re$i(a) Ba!e..........02

A,,r&a('in/ Tran!i$i&n!4 Tran!i$i&n I%en$i-i(a$i&n + Tran!i$i&n Pr&(e!!....0Tran!i$i&n I%en$i-i(a$i&n......0Tran!i$i&n Pr&(e!!.......0

Ta<in/ S$&(< &- C&,in/ Re!&"r(e!4 T'e F&"r S’!....0Si$"a$i&n......................................0Se)-......0JS",,&r$....0S$ra$e/ie!.........0K

Ta<in/ C'ar/e4 S$ren/$'enin/ Re!&"r(e!......0KI#,a($ &- A$$ri$i&n.......0

Mea!"rin/ $'e I#,a($......0Ear)y C&))e/e En$ran(e Pr&/ra#!...0T'e E--e($ &- $'e Fi$....1Pr&babi)i!$i( A,,r&a('....1

C&))e/e S$"%en$ Per!i!$en(e....2Tin$&’! T'e&ry &- Per!i!$en(e.....0Bean’! A)$erna$ie A$$ri$i&n M&%e)....H&!!)er + Ga))a/'er’! C&))e/e C'&i(e......Vie*,&in$! &- C&))e/e C'&i(e Re!ear('........ Na$i&na) Cen$er -&r E%"(a$i&n S$a$i!$i(!....JT'e V&i(e &- A Fir!$ Genera$i&n S$"%en$......J

A(a%e#i( + O((",a$i&na) A!,ira$i&n!.....K

8



P&*er &- $'e Pr&/ra#...I#,a($ &- C&#,re'en!ie A,,r&a('....Cre%i$ Ba!e% Pr&/ra#!.....Career6F&("!e% Pr&/ra#!.........S$r"($"rin/ O,,&r$"ni$y4 T'e R&)e &- S('&&)...J

He),in/ S$"%en$! Nai/a$e $'e Pa$'..........KHi/' S('&&) $& C&))e/e Par$ner!'i,!.....Fa($&r! In-)"en(in/ P&!i$ie In$era($i&n A(r&!! E$'ni(i$y....J1

Pr&/re!!ie E?('an/e!...J2I#,a($ &- Dier!i$y........J0S&(i&e(&n&#i( S$a$"!...........J

S$"%en$ A%3"!$#en$ P'a!e!.......JJBe$*i?$ S,a(e!......JP&in$! &- Be$*i?$ S,a(e!.......JK

R&)e &- Lea%er!'i,............JKS&(ia) C'an/e M&%e)........J

In!$i$"$i&na) Lea%er!'i, an% Learner O"$(&#e........1S"##ary...........CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY.........

I%en$i-i(a$i&n &- Re!ear(' Me$'&%...........Re!ear(' De!i/n...........De!(ri,$i&n &- Tar/e$ P&,")a$i&n.............Sa#,)e &- Par$i(i,an$!..............K

9



Sa#,)in/ Pr&(e%"re......KDe!(ri,$i&n &- In!$r"#en$a$i&n.........KS$a$i!$i(a) Te('ni"e!........S"##ary &- Re!ear(' Pr&(e%"re......K1

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA..K2

P"r,&!e S$a$e#en$.....K2In$r&%"($i&n...K2Re!ear(' "e!$i&n!.......K0Re!ear(' Hy,&$'e!i!.....KRe!ear(' N")) Hy,&$'e!i!.....K

N")) Hy,&$'e!i! One.....K N")) Hy,&$'e!i! T*&....K N")) Hy,&$'e!i! T'ree......K N")) Hy,&$'e!i! F&"r....K

Re)a$in/ S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry........KM&in/ In......K

M&in/ T'r&"/'...KM&in/ O"$.......KS"##ary &- Fin%in/!........KS"##ary &- Re!")$!..........KJCHAPTER FIVE. SUMMARY7 CONCLUSION7 IMPLICATIONS7 ANDRECOMMENDATIONS......J

In$r&%"($i&n...........JS"##ary &- $'e S$"%y......J

S$a$e#en$ &- $'e Pr&b)e#.....JP"r,&!e &- $'e S$"%y.....

"an$i$a$ie Re!ear(' "e!$i&n!......Re!ear(' Hy,&$'e!e!....K N")) Hy,&$'e!e!........KMe$'&% &- Pr&(e%"re.....S"##ary &- Fin%in/!....

"an$i$a$ie Re!ear(' Fin%in/!.....Re!ear(' "e!$i&n One......Re!ear(' "e!$i&n T*&.........Re!ear(' "e!$i&n T'ree.......Re!ear(' "e!$i&n F&"r.........C)a!!r&&# Enir&n#en$....

C&n()"!i&n!...........1C&n()"!i&n One.........1C&n()"!i&n T*&.....2C&n()"!i&n T'ree...0C&n()"!i&n F&"r.....

I#,)i(a$i&n! -&r A($i&n......Re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r F"$"re Re!ear(' S$"%ie!

Re(&##en%a$i&n One....Re(&##en%a$i&n T*&...

10



Re(&##en%a$i&n T'ree...KRe(&##en%a$i&n F&"r.Re(&##en%a$i&n Fie..Re(&##en%a$i&n Si?........Re(&##en%a$i&n Seen......212

Re(&##en%a$i&n Ei/'$.......212Re(&##en%a$i&n Nine....212Re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r F"$"re Re!ear('......212Lea%er!'i, C'a))en/e.....210

S"##ary....21REFERENCES...221APPENDICES........201

A,,en%i? A Fi/"re!.....202A,,en%i? B S"rey &- En$erin/ S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ ....20A,,en%i? C Le$$er! $& C&))e/e A%#ini!$ra$&r! ...21

A,,en%i? D C&er Le$$er $& C&))e/e S&(i&)&/y Pr&-e!!&r! .....2A,,en%i? E C)a!! Par$i(i,a$i&n C&n!en$ F&r# .......2A,,en%i? F Cer$i-i(a$e &- Par$i(i,a$i&n........2

11



LIST OF FIGURES

Fi/"re A0.2 T'e Tran!i$i&n Pr&(e!!4 C'an/in/ Rea($i&n! Oer Ti#e........200Fi/"re A0.0 T'e S&(ia) C'an/e M&%e) &- Lea%er!'i, Dee)&,#en$......20

LIST OF TABLES

Tab)e 2De#&/ra,'i( &- Par$i(i,an$!..KJTab)e 0Cr&nba('’! A),'a Re)iabi)i$y S(&re! -&r 227 27 an% 2...KTab)e Re!")$! &- Hy,&$'e!i! One Be$*een Gen%er! &n

S&(ia) Dyna#i( Me('ani!#!.KK

Tab)e Re!")$! &- Hy,&$'e!i! One Be$*een E$'ni(i$ie!&n S&(ia) Dyna#i( Me('ani!#! .......K

Tab)e JRe!")$! &- Hy,&$'e!i! One C&#,ari!&n!&n S&(ia) Dyna#i( Me('ani!#!....K

Tab)e Ma3&r Dyna#i( Me('ani!# &- Fre"en(ie!..2Tab)e KDi--eren(e! Be$*een $'e :ay E$'ni(i$ie! Re!,&n%e% &n

Enir&n#en$a) Fa($&r!...0

Tab)e Re!")$! &- Hy,&$'e!i! F&"r Mean Di--eren(eC&#,ari!&n &n E$'ni(i$y....

12



13



1

Chapter I

Introduction

In 2117 )e!! $'an $*& ,er(en$ &- A#eri(an! &- $'e )&n/6e!$ab)i!'e% "nier!i$y a/e

a$$en%e% an in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Gar%ner7 e*)er7 + Bare-&&$7 01219. In $'e ,re!en$

%ay7 #&%ern $e('n&)&/ie! an% $'e in-&r#a$i&n ",!"r/e are a)$erin/ $'e ,)a(e &- *&r<

!i/ni-i(an$)y7 in $'a$ a !#a)) n"#ber &- (i$ien! (an !",,&r$ $'e#!e)e! an% $'eir -a#i)ie!

!"--i(ien$)y *i$'&"$ !&#e !('&&)in/ bey&n% 'i/' !('&&) 8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219. C&))e/e i! !&

!i/ni-i(an$ $'a$ #&re $'an !i?$y ,er(en$ &- 'i/' !('&&) /ra%"a$e! 8#&re $'an 2K #i))i&n !$"%en$!9

a$$en% 8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219. Be(a"!e 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n (an be (ri$i(a) $& $'eir -"$"re earnin/

,&*er an% /enera) *e))6bein/7 in!$i$"$i&n! #a<e aai)ab)e a !e$ &- a,,r&a('e! -&r (&))e/e

!$"%en$! $& be(&#e !"((e!!-") 8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219.T'e ra$e &- !$"%en$ re$en$i&n i! an eer6%e#an%in/ i!!"e -a(in/ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in

A#eri(a. F&r$"na$e)y7 $'ere i! n& a/ree#en$ &n $'e r&&$ (a"!e!7 an% %i--eren(e! re#ain &er

*'a$ inn&a$ie !$ra$e/ie! #ay a!!i!$ $& %i#ini!' $'e ra$e! *i$' *'i(' (&))e/e !$"%en$! %e!er$

$'eir !$"%ie! an% 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8;e))y7 ;en%ri(<7 Ne*/en$7 + L"(a!7 011K9. T'e -ir!$6year

a$$ri$i&n ra$e -&r (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! i! !&#e*'a$ -e*er $'an -i-$y6,er(en$ 8H&))in!7 0119.A)$'&"/' #"(' i! re!ear('e% &n $'e -ir!$6year e?,erien(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$$en%in/

in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n7 )i$$)e (&n!i%era$i&n i! ai#e% a$ $'e e?,e($a$i&n! &- (&))e/e

!$"%en$! *'en $'ey re/i!$er in an in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n -&r $'e -ir!$ !e#e!$er 8Cri!,7

Pa)#er7 T"rnb"))7 Ne$$e)be(<7 :ar%7 LeC&"$e"r7 Sarri!7 S$re)an7 + S('nei%er7 0119.

N&ne$'e)e!!7 in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n $'in< !$"%en$! -ee) $'a$ $'eir (&))e/e e?,erien(e *i))

/ie $'e# !a$i!-a($i&n. H&*eer7 $'ere are #any #a3&r %yna#i(! $'a$ in$erene *i$' an

"n%er/ra%"a$e’! abi)i$y $& (&#,)e$e $'eir !$"%ie! 8Ab%"))a'7 E)ia!7 Ma'y"%%in7 + U)i7 0119.

:'erea! $'e ,r&!e i! #&re (&##&n a$ $'e ,re!en$ $i#e $'an i$ *a! in 22 *'en Pa!(are))a an%

Terenini ,r&%"(e% $'eir -ir!$ &)"#e &- #ow $ollege "ffects %tudents an% $'ere are !i/ni-i(an$



2

brea<! in &"r "n%er!$an%in/ re/ar%in/ $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e an% $'e 'i!$&ry &- i$! ,&!i$ie

e--e($ &n (&))e/e !$"%en$!’ en/a/e#en$7 a$$i$"%e7 an% ,er-&r#an(e 8Bar$&n + D&na'"e7 0119.A !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Barba$i! 801219 ine!$i/a$e% ,er(e,$i&n! &- "n%er,re,are%

"n%er/ra%"a$e! in&)e% in a -ir!$6year )earnin/ (&##"ni$y a$ an "rban (&##"$er (a#,"! in $'e

!&"$'ea!$ern Uni$e% S$a$e!. T'e re!ear('er! (&#,are% $'e ,er(e,$i&n! &- /ra%"a$e! an% !$"%en$!

*'& &b$aine% $'e #ini#"# &- 1 (&))e/e6)ee) (re%i$ '&"r! $& $'eir )earnin/ (&##"ni$y ,eer!

*'& %i% n&$ (&n$in"e an% %e(i%e% n&$ $& re$"rn $& (&))e/e. T*en$y6$*& !$"%en$! a/ree% $&

,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e !$"%y4 !i? /ra%"a$e!7 20 "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& !$"(< i$ &"$7 an% -&"r %r&,&"$!.

T'e %yna#i(! in()"%e% in%ii%"a) a$$rib"$e!7 !",,&r$ &r/ania$i&n!7 an% &$'er -ea$"re!. T'e

a"$'&r ,"$ -&r*ar% $'e -&))&*in/ #&%e! $& i#,r&e $'e (&))e/e e?,erien(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e!4

8a9 -&!$er !$"%en$ ,r&-e!!&r in$era($i&n7 8b9 in(&r,&ra$e ana)y$i(a) ,e%a/&/y7 an% 8(9 (&#bine (&6

("rri(")ar een$! *i$' $'e !('&)a!$i( bran(' &- )earnin/. Be(a"!e &- $'e #a3&r (&n!e"en(e! &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e re$en$i&n an% %i!a,,&in$#en$ *i$' (&))e/e -inan(e! an% re,"$a$i&n!7 $'e -ir!$ year

(&))e/e e?,erien(e i! a$ $'e ,re!en$ !een a! a #ain (&n(ern -&r re!ear('er! !$"%yin/ $'e $&,i(

8Pa)#er7 O’;ane + O*en7 0119.Mean*'i)e7 $ran!i$i&nin/ -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! a (r"(ia)

,a!!a/e*ay -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e !"((e!! in )i-e. I$ i! ('a))en/in/ $& a((e!! &r "$$er)y "na$$ainab)e

-&r n"#er&"! (&))e/e !$"%en$!. A#&n/ !('&)a!$i(a))y /i-$e% )earner!7 !&(i&e(&n&#i( !$a$"!7 an%

ra(ia) /r&", a!!&(ia$i&n are in-)"en$ia) ,re%i($&r! &- in!$i$"$i&na) &"$)&&< an% enr&))#en$. Many

'i/' !('&&) /ra%"a$in/ !eni&r! %& n&$ a,,)y &r /ra%"a$e -r&# (&))e/e7 re!")$in/ in a !'&r$-a)) &-

!$"%en$ in$e))e($ 8H"%)ey7 M&!('e$$i7 + G&na)e7 0119. P&!!ib)y7 &ne &- $'e /rea$e!$

"n%era)"e% a,,r&a('e! -&r a$$ainin/ !$"%en$ !"((e!! a#&n/ $*&6year (&))e/e! in Te?a! i! $'e

e!$ab)i!'#en$ an% i#,)e#en$a$i&n &- a ,)anne%7 (&#,re'en!ie #e$'&% $& &rien$in/ ne* (&))e/e

!$"%en$! $& $'e 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n enir&n#en$ 8H&))in!7 0119.



3

Sin(e 227 $'e ,r&,&r$i&n &- -e#a)e! enr&))e% in (&))e/e !"r,a!!e% $'e enr&))#en$ ra$e

-&r #a)e!7 an% $'e /a, e?,an%e% &er year! 8Ma$'er + A%a#!7 011K9. In 011J7 r&"/')y &-

-e#a)e! a/e! 260 re/i!$ere% in (&))e/e7 (&#,are% *i$' J &- #a)e!. T'i! !i/ni-ie! a #a3&r

('an/e in $'e /en%er ba)an(e &n #any (&))e/e an% "nier!i$y (a#,"!e!. Vari&"! rea!&n!

a$$rib"$e% $& $'e (r&!!&er7 in()"%in/ /en%er %i--eren(e! in a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$7 ('an/e! in

!&(ie$a) a)"e!7 an% in $'e -e#a)e’! e?,e($a$i&n! -&r $'e *&r<-&r(e. Mean*'i)e7 %"rin/ $'e

,eri&% $'r&"/' 2K1 an% 011J7 $'e /en%er (&#,&!i$i&n ('an/e% $& $'e ,&in$ $'a$ -e#a)e! a$ $'e

,re!en$ $i#e #a<e ", $'e #a3&ri$y J &- $'e 21. #i))i&n !$"%en$! enr&))e% in in!$i$"$i&n! &-

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Ma$'er e$ a).7 011K9. S$i))7 $'e /en%er %i!,ari$ie! in enr&))#en$ are #&re

,r&#inen$ -&r e$'ni( #in&ri$ie!7 e!,e(ia))y -&r Hi!,ani(! an% A-ri(an A#eri(an! 8Ma$'er e$ a).7

011K9.On a na$i&na) !(a)e7 $'ere i! a !een ,er(en$6,&in$ /a, a#&n/ -e#a)e an% #a)e in!$i$"$i&n

enr&))#en$ -i/"re! 8Ma$'er e$ a).7 011K9. F&r A-ri(an A#eri(an! an% Hi!,ani(!7 $'e /en%er /a, i!

nine ,er(en$ 8Ma$'er e$ a).7 011K9. F&r A!ian!7 $'e /en%er /a, i! %i--eren$. A!ian #a)e! 'ae a

'i/'er enr&))#en$ ra$e $'an $'eir -e#a)e (&"n$er,ar$! 8Ma$'er e$ a).7 011K9. F&r in!$an(e7 $'e San

&!e #e$r&,&)i$an area7 *'i(' 'a! &ne &- $'e bi//e!$ (&n(en$ra$i&n! &- A!ian A#eri(an! in $'e

na$i&n7 'a! ab&"$ $'e !a#e n"#ber &- #en an% *&#en re/i!$ere% in (&))e/e 8Ma$'er e$ a).7 011K9.

In O($&ber 0117 !$"%en$! in $'e a/e ran/e &- 260 enr&))e% in (&))e/e! an% "nier!i$ie!7 in an

in(rea!in/ n"#ber $'r&"/'&"$ $'e Uni$e% S$a$e!. T'e #&!$ re(en$ ann"a) in(rea!e &er $'e ,a!$

year! &(("rre% a$ $'e (&##"ni$y (&))e/e )ee). Enr&))#en$! are /rea$er $'an be-&re a$ b&$' $*&

an% -&"r6year in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'i! re(en$ ()i#a? in (&))e/e a$$en%an(e (a#e in

$'e #i%%)e &- a %&*n$"rn7 *'i(' %r&e $'e na$i&na) 3&b)e!! ra$e $& i$! ,ea< in #&re $'an a "ar$er

(en$"ry an% 'a% a #a3&r e--e($ &n y&"n/ ,e&,)e 8Fry7 0119.



4

T'e Te?a! Trib"ne 801219 !$a$e! $'a$ (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! in Te?a! re/i!$er #&re $'an

J1 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! in $'e !$a$e -ir!$ year an% !e(&n% year !$"%en$! #a<e6", KJ &- $'e

,&,")a$i&n7 an% !$"%en$! "n%erre,re!en$e% #a<e6", K &- $'e ,&,")a$i&n. Neer$'e)e!!7 #&!$

y&"n/ a%")$! *'& en$er (&))e/e7 in -a($7 /& n&*'ere7 a$ )ea!$ in $er#! &- a ,r&-e!!i&na)

(er$i-i(a$i&n &r %e/ree. T'e #a3&ri$y &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! %& n&$ $ran!-er $& &$'er in!$i$"$i&n!7 an%

&n)y 2J *'& be/in (&##"ni$y (&))e/e -"))6$i#e /& &n $& re(eie a %i,)&#a *i$'in !i? year!

8Te?a! Trib"ne7 01219. Een )e!! &b$ain $*&6year %e/ree! -r&# a 3"ni&r (&))e/e7 3"!$ 22

,er(en$ !$a$e*i%e 8Te?a! Trib"ne7 01219.

N"#er&"! in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 'ae ,"$ in$& a($i&n a,,r&a('e! &r ini$ia$ie!

$& %ea) *i$' $'e #ain &b!$a()e! $& !"((e!!-") ,&!$!e(&n%ary $ran!i$i&n!7 a! *e)) a! in(rea!in/

!('&)a!$i( ,re,ara$i&n. T'ere i! a na$i&n*i%e !$"%y $'a$ !"//e!$! $'e -&))&*in/ *ay! -&r

be$$erin/ (&))e/e ,re,are%ne!! an% a('iee#en$ a#&n/ (&))e/e )earner!. Unea!e $'a$ )earner!’

!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n en(&"n$er! are %i!en/a/e% -r&# $'e e?,e($a$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n7

(&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% !$a<e'&)%er! 'ae ini$ia$e% a $ran!-&r#a$i&n &- e)e#en$ary $'r&"/' $'e

$*e)-$' /ra%e in$& a !'are% 8;629 &r ,re!('&&) $'r&"/' (&))e/e 8P629. T& a%%re!! $'i!

!('&)a!$i( (&n(ern7 e%"(a$&r! #"!$ *&r< (&))e($ie)y $& i#,r&e a)i/n#en$ &- $'e !e(&n%ary an%

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n ("rri(")"# 8Ban/!er7 0119. Re!ear(' !"//e!$! $'a$ in!$i$"$i&n!

in$r&%"(e $'e A#eri(an Di,)&#a Pr&3e($7 *'i(' /ie! e%"(a$&r! an &,,&r$"ni$y $& a)i/n

!e(&n%ary an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary !$an%ar%! $& #ee$ $'e nee% &- $'e *&r<,)a(e7 $& ",%a$e (&"r!e

re"ire#en$! !& $'a$ )earner! re/i!$er -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e (&"r!e!7 re!$r"($"re a!!e!!#en$

!$r"($"re!7 an% '&)% in!$i$"$i&n! a((&"n$ab)e -&r !$"%en$ a('iee#en$ a! i$ re)a$e! $& $'e Fir!$

Year E?,erien(e &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n.8Ban/!er7 0119.



5

S('ra%er an% Br&*n 80119 (&n()"%e% $'a$ !eera) $&,i(! #"!$ be (&n!i%ere% $& e?,an%

-"$"re in"iry re)a$e% $& $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e an% ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary !('&&) $&

,&!$6!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n4 Fir!$7 -"$"re !$"%ie! are "r/e% $& )in< $'e &"$(&#e! $& a('iee#en$ in

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n $'r&"/' $'e -ir!$ year an% bey&n%. Se(&n%7 $'e $&$a) a((&#,)i!'#en$ &- an FYE

(&"r!e i! ea)"a$e% 3"!$ #&%era$e)y in e?,re!!i&n! &- <n&*)e%/e an% i#,)e#en$a$i&n. In $'i!

in!$an(e7 &ne &- $'e /rea$e!$ in-)"en$ia) #e$ri(! re/ar%in/ $'e FYE ini$ia$ie *&")% be *'e$'er &r

n&$ i$ !",,&r$! $'e re$ainin/ &- )earner! an% (&#,)e$i&n ,er(en$a/e! &- $'e )earner!. T'ir%7

!('&)ar! #i/'$ a)!& in(rea!e $'e (a,a(i$y an% in"iry &- $'e FYE ini$ia$ie a$ $'e &r/ania$i&na)7

$e('ni(a)7 an% ,r&(e%"re )ee). S,e(i-i(a))y7 i$ *&")% be i#,&r$an$ $& %i!$in/"i!' *'a$ ,r&(e%"re

('&i(e! an% &r/ania$i&na) ba(<in/! !,&n!&r $'e "$#&!$ ,r&%"($ie a(r&!!6$'e6b&ar% FYE

ini$ia$ie. I- !('&)ar! (arry &n $'e!e !"b3e($! a$ 'an%7 ,re!en$ in"iry *i)) a%% $& $'e a*arene!! &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e )earner!’ -ir!$6year en(&"n$er 8,,. 069. Neer$'e)e!!7 $& $'&!e *'& )ie i$7 $'e ini$ia) (&))e/e !e#e!$er *i$' i$! !,an &-

e?,e($a$i&n!7 e?,erien(e! an% e#&$i&n!7 i! an% a)*ay! *i)) be !i/ni-i(an$. H&*eer7 *i%e!,rea%

in!$i$"$i&na) re(&/ni$i&n &-7 an% re!,&n!e $&7 $'e i$a)i$y &- $'e ,r&/ra# i! a )a$e6$*en$ie$' (en$"ry

,'en&#ena. A! *e (ann&$ %i#ini!' $'e e?,erien(e &- ne* "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 *e (ann&$ ea)"a$e

eery in%ii%"a) e)e#en$ &- !$"%en$’! -ir!$ year e?,erien(e *i$'&"$ $a<in/ in$& ,)ay $'e &$'er

,ar$! &- $'e ,")e. M&re&er7 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n #a%e i##en!e ,r&/re!! &er $'e )a!$ %e(a%e! in

!'&*in/ a ,&!i$ie in$ere!$ $&*ar% ,r&i%in/ a 'ea)$'y )earnin/ enir&n#en$ -&r ne*

"n%er/ra%"a$e!. T'"! -ar7 $'e -"n%a#en$a) #in%6!e$ -&r e%"(a$&r! i! $& $'in< $'a$ (&))e/e

!$"%en$! 8a! &,,&!e% $& ;620 !$"%en$!9 are ,re%&#inan$)y a((&"n$ab)e -&r $'eir &*n )earnin/

&"$(&#e! ra$'er $'an a((e,$ $'eir &*n a((&"n$abi)i$y a! a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! 8A)e?an%er

+ Gar%ner7 0119.



6

A (a!e !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Sny%er + Di))&* 801219 a$ Fairie* C&##"ni$y C&))e/e7 a

!ieab)e inner6(i$y 3"ni&r in!$i$"$i&n $'a$ !ere! an "rban %i!$ri($ in $'e n&r$'ea!$ern Uni$e%

S$a$e!7 -&"n% $'e -&))&*in/4 T'e $e!$ -a(e% by in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! $& rai!e !$"%en$

a('iee#en$7 *'e$'er a('iee#en$ #ean! (&#,)e$in/ a %i,)&#a7 a$$en%in/ an&$'er in!$i$"$i&n7 &r

#ain$ainin/ e#,)&y#en$. C&##"ni$y (&))e/e! !ere 1 &- $'e !$a$e’! )earner! (&n$in"in/ $'eir

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8Sny%er e$ a).7 01219. T'i! ('a))en/e i! a (ri$i(a) &ne *'en -i-$y6$*&

,er(en$ &- $'e !$"%en$! are -r&# ,"b)i( in!$i$"$i&n! 8Sny%er e$ a).7 01219.Stateent o! the "ro#$e

T'e $ran!i$i&n -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! a ('ie- (&n(ern

in$erna$i&na))y a! e!$ab)i!'e% by re!ear('. T'e a(a%e#i( ("rri(")"#7 $'e ri/&r! &- a(a%e#i(

e?,e($a$i&n! an% ea)"a$i&n!7 $'e aai)ab)e re!&"r(e! an% (&"r!e &- !$"%y an% ,er-&r#an(e in

'i/' !('&&) are #a3&r %yna#i(! $'a$ ,)ay a ,ar$ in %e$er#inin/ $'e ('a))en/e &- $'e $ran!i$i&n

-r&# 'i/' !('&&) $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Brin<*&r$'7 M(Cann7 Ma$$'e*!7 + N&r%!$r&#7 0119.In 0117 &ne in -&"r "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$$en%in/ a "nier!i$y %i% n&$ re$"rn $'e ne?$ year an% a)#&!$

J1 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in 3"ni&r in!$i$"$i&n! %i% n&$ re/i!$er $& -ini!' $'eir (&"r!e &-

!$"%y &r %e/ree 8S('ra%er + Br&*n7 0119.A((&r%in/ $& Cre"!ere7 F)e$('er7 Nea)7 an% S'&&< 8012297 $'e Te?a! 'i/'er e%"(a$i&na)

(&#,)e$i&n ra$e! are be)&* $'e na$i&na) ,er(en$a/e &- in%ii%"a)! *'& earne% a ba('e)&r’!

%e/ree. T'e 0122 Uni$e% S$a$e! Cen!"! B"rea" !$a$i!$i(! (&n-ir# $'a$ a /a, a#&n/ Te?a! an% $'e

Uni$e% S$a$e! i! n&$ a! e?$en!ie a! $'e ,r&,&r$i&na) /a, &- in%ii%"a)! *'& earne% a !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n %i,)&#a7 2 an% . T'e !$a$i!$i(! eri-y $'a$ Te?an! a/e% 0J !'&*e% an in(rea!e

&- 0 (&#,are% $& $'e 0121 ,er(en$a/e &- 0K. A#i% Ca)i-&rnia7 Ne* Y&r<7 F)&ri%a7 I))in&i!7

Penn!y)ania7 Te?a! ran<! ne?$ $& )a!$ in $'e ,er(en$a/e &- in%ii%"a)! /ra%"a$in/ *i$' a

ba('e)&r’! %i,)&#a.E%"(a$i&na) a('iee#en$ %i--ere! by re/i&n! in Te?a!. T'e Me?$r&,)e? 8e./.7 F&r$ :&r$'

an% Da))a!9 !'&*e% an a$$ain#en$ &- 07 Cen$ra) Te?a! 8e./.7 A"!$in7 :a(&7 an% San An$&ni&9



8

$ar/e$ $ren% )ine &- K7211. Genera))y7 )e!! $'an 2 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& enr&)) in ,"b)i(

e%"(a$i&n are (a,ab)e &- (&n$in"in/ "n$i) $'ey &b$ain a ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Na$i&na))y7 $'e

,er(en$a/e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& a('iee $'e /&a) &- /ra%"a$i&n i! 02 8Cre"!ere e$ a).7 01229.

In Te?a!7 $'e )ea<a/e in $'e ('anne) be/in! i##e%ia$e)y a! !$"%en$! in $'e nin$' /ra%e %& n&$

(&#,)e$e $'eir 'i/' !('&&) (re%en$ia)! 8Cre"!ere e$ a).7 01229. Cre"!ere e$ a).7 0122 -&"n% $'a$

$*&6$'ir% &- nin$' /ra%er! enr&))e% in Te?a! ,"b)i( e%"(a$i&n /ra%"a$e -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n."urpo%e o! the Stud&

T'e ,"r,&!e &- $'i! !$"%y *a! $& ine!$i/a$e "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e!

*i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% %e$er#ine *'e$'er &r n&$ !"(' ,er(e,$i&n! %i--er a((&r%in/ $&

/en%er an% e$'ni(i$y.Re%earch 'ue%tion%

T'e -&("! &- $'i! !$"%y *a! $& ine!$i/a$e $'e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r

%yna#i(! be$*een /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y &- $'&!e "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 (&#,)e$in/ $'e S"rey &-

S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$. T'i! re!ear(' *a! /"i%e% by $'e -&))&*in/ re!ear(' "e!$i&n! an%

'y,&$'e!e!42. I! $'ere a !i/ni-i(an$ i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n0. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$!

in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $&

re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$erRe%earch (&pothe%e%

H24 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n $'e i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$!"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.

H2) &

2

&

0

H04 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$



9

,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. H0) &

2

&

0

H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. H) &

2

&

0

H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by e$'ni(i$y &n $'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e$& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

a-$er &ne !e#e!$er. H)

&

2

&

0

Nu$$ (&pothe%e%

H124 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n $'e i#,a($&- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8H124 Q2 Q0 19.H104 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n

#a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8H104 Q2 Q0 19.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n

#a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

('an/e&er !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8H14 Q2 Q0 19.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een e$'ni(i$y &n

$'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $&

(&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er 8H14 Q2 Q0 19.Si*ni!icance o! the Stud&

T'e $ran!i$i&na) ('an/e -r&# !e(&n%ary !('&&) $& $'e (&))e/e enir&n#en$ -&r

"n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! i! $'e !"b3e($ &- #any !('&)ar!7 (&"n$)e!! e%i$&ria)! an% #an"!(ri,$!7

*&r)%*i%e !y#,&!i"#!7 an% an &erab"n%an(e &- ne*!,rin$ (&##en$arie! a$ $'e

(&##en(e#en$ &- eery !('&&) $er#. M"(' i! *ri$$en &n $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e &-



10

"n%er/ra%"a$e! a$ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in!$i$"$i&n!7 )e!! a$$en$i&n i! %ire($e% $&


"n%er/ra%"a$e! a! $'ey $ran!i$i&n $& (&))e/e 8S('ra%er + Br&*n7 0119. A((&r%in/ $& A)e?an%er

an% Gar%ner 801197 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! (ann&$ ea)"a$e )earner!’

-ir!$ year e?,erien(e ba!e% &n an in%ii%"a) (&#,&nen$ *i$'&"$ $a<in/ in$& (&n!i%era$i&n &$'er

,ie(e! &- $'e ,")e. Een $'&"/' ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! #a%e en&r#&"! a%an(e#en$ in

"n%er!$an%in/ $'e i!!"e &er $'e )a!$ year! in in(rea!in/ a*arene!! &- $'e ('an/e&er &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e!7 (&))e/e &--i(ia)! $a<e $'e ie*,&in$ $'a$ (&))e/e "n%er/ra%"a$e! are

re!,&n!ib)e -&r $'eir &*n (&))e/e !"((e!! ra$'er $'an e%"(a$&r.

A((&r%in/ $& Pa)#er7 ;ane7 + O*en 801197 a !$"%y -inan(e% by a Unier!i$y &-

Bra%-&r% Hi/'er E%"(a$i&n A(a%e#y7 "n%er$&&< an a(r&!!6$'e6b&ar% a!!e!!#en$ &- $'e -ir!$6year

e?,erien(e &- !$"%en$! &er a 1 year ,eri&%. T'e re!ear('er! e?a#ine% KJ1 ,eri&%i(a)! $'a$

re)a$e $& $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e &- (&))e/e !$"%en$!. T'e re!")$! in%i(a$e $'a$ $'i! i! n&$ a

("rren$ $'&"/'$7 b"$ i$ i! an eer6/r&*in/ $&,i(7 in *'i(' $'e !'i-$in/ -"n($i&n &- (&))e/e! an% $'e

ri!in/ #i?$"re &- )earner! %e#an% in!$i$"$i&n! $& be(&#e <n&*)e%/eab)e ab&"$ ,ar$i(")ar

&r/ania$i&na) a%#i!!i&n ,r&(e%"re! an% re(&/nie a)"ab)e ,ra($i(e! $'a$ !",,&r$ "n%er/ra%"a$e

)earnin/.In a !i/ni-i(an$ e?,)&ra$ie !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Gi)ar%i + G"/)ie)#e$$i 8012297 !$"%en$! &-

$'e )ar/e!$ ,&)i$i(a) -a(")$y in a n&r$'ern I$a)ian ,"b)i( "nier!i$y *i$' a 'i/' ,re!en(e &- n&n6

$ra%i$i&na) !$"%en$! *ere e?a#ine% ia $'e C&#,"$er A!!i!$e% Te)e,'&ne In$erie*. T'e

(&#,re'en!ie )&n/i$"%ina) in"iry -&("!e% &n )earner! enr&))e% %"rin/ $'e 011J6011 !('&&)

year. In 011K7 $'e re!ear('er! (&n%"($e% in$erie*! &- )earner! %"rin/ $'e !e(&n% $er# &- $'eir



11

!e(&n% year. T'e !$"%y ine!$i/a$e% $ra%i$i&na) )earner! an% n&n6$ra%i$i&na) )earner’! in$era($i&n

be$*een $'e ,r&-e!!&r an% !$"%en$ a! *e)) a! $'e "a)i$y &- $'e (&))e/e e?,erien(e.T'e &"$(&#e! (&n-ir# $'a$ n&n6$ra%i$i&na) !$"%en$! a$$a(' #&re #eanin/ $& $'eir

e?,erien(e7 (&#e a(r&!! #&re ,r&b)e#!7 an% "!e "nier!i$y !eri(e! (&n!i%erab)y

-e*er $'an $ra%i$i&na) !$"%en$!. In ,ar$i(")ar7 $'e ()"!$er &- $ra%i$i&na) !$"%en$! *'& %& n&$ re$"rn a$$a(' )e!! #eanin/-")ne!! $& $'e e?,erien(e &- )earnin/ an% ,r&-e!! $& 'ae e?,erien(e%

#ini#a) !$"#b)in/ b)&(<! (&#,are% $& $'&!e !$"%en$! *'& #ain$aine% $'eir enr&))#en$ !$a$"!.

A#&n/ $'e n&n6$ra%i$i&na) "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 $'&!e *'& %& n&$ re$"rn !'&* n&$ab)y )&*er )ee)! &-

=,er(eie% !&(ia) in$e/ra$i&n> an% ="!e &- in!$i$"$i&n !eri(e!> $'an $'&!e *'& ,er!i!$ in$& $'e

!e(&n% $er#. T'i! in%i(a$e! $'a$ (&))e/e! an% "nier!i$ie! !'&")% ,r&i%e !$"%en$! *i$'

)ea%er!'i, in "n%er!$an%in/ '&* $& (&nne($ $'e !"b3e($ #a$$er! $a"/'$ $& $'eir ,er!&na) an%

)earnin/ %ee)&,#en$ 8Gi)ar%i +G"/)ie)#e$$i7 01229.

Liitation% o! the Stud&

2. T'e !"rey 8S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$9 "!e% in $'i! re!ear(' i! e&)in/ an%

%ee)&,in/ ea(' year *i$' ne* an% i#,r&e% "e!$i&n! ba!e% &n ,a!$ !$"%en$ a(a%e#i(

!"((e!!e! &r nee%!.

0. N&$ eery "n%er/ra%"a$e !"reye% *i)) re!,&n% $& a)) $'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$

"e!$i&n!.. T'e !$"%y i! )i#i$e% by $'e (&##i$#en$ &- !"rey ,ar$i(i,an$! $& an!*er $'e !"rey

"e!$i&n! $r"$'-"))y an% $'&"/'$-"))y.. In!$i$"$i&n! ini$ia))y "!in/ $'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ in!$r"#en$ #ay ('&&!e $&

%i!(&n$in"e "!in/ $'i! a!!e!!#en$ $&&) in $'e -"$"re.

De$iitation% o! the Stud&

T'e -&))&*in/ ,re-eren(e! *ere #a%e by $'e ine!$i/a$&r in re/ar% $& $'e ,&,")a$i&n7

!a#,)e !ie7 an% !"rey "!e% in $'i! in"iry. De)i#i$a$i&n! &- $'e !$"%y are a! -&))&*!4

2. T'i! re!ear(' i! )i#i$e% $& a $*&6year in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in $'e !&"$' (en$ra)

,ar$ &- Te?a!.



12

0. T'e in"iry *i)) be )i#i$e% by $'e re!ear('er $& a !$"%y ,&,")a$i&n (&#,&!e% &n)y &-

$'&!e "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212.. T'e !$"%y i! ba!e% &n ,ar$i(i,an$!’ &*n e?,erien(e! an% ,er(e,$i&n!.

. T'e %a$a (&))e($i&n i! )i#i$e% $& $'e (&))ab&ra$in/ in!$i$"$i&n "n%er !$"%y.

Operationa$ De!inition o! Ter%

T& enab)e a be$$er "n%er!$an%in/ &- $'e $er#! "!e% in $'i! in"iry7 $'e -&))&*in/

%e-ini$i&n! ,r&i%e a %ee,er "n%er!$an%in/ &- $'e #eanin/! &- $er#! an% %e-ini$i&n! $'a$ are

a,,r&,ria$e $& $'i! !$"%y.Bet+i,t %pace% A br&a% ran/e &- $"rnin/ ,&in$! (&nne($e% *i$' $'e )earner! ('an/e&er *'i('

-&r#!7 ('an/e! &r e#,'a!ie $'e *ay! in *'i(' a ,er!&n #a<e !i/ni-i(an$ a!!&(ia$i&n!.

F&r e?a#,)e7 in&)"n$ary re)a$i&n!'i,!7 in$er,er!&na) $en!i&n!7 an% (&n-)i($! 8Pa)#er +

O*en7 0119.Career !ocu%ed pro*ra% A ,r&/ra# %e!i/ne% $& ,re,are !$"%en$! -&r $'e *&r<-&r(e

an% ,r&i%e a (&'eren$ !e"en(e &- (areer ,a$'*ay (&"r!e!7 !"(' a! n"r!in/7 ,ara)e/a)

!$"%ie!7 )a* en-&r(e#en$7 &r rea) e!$a$e 8:a('en7 en<in! + Van N&y7 01229.Chan*eo-er . An &r%er)y $ran!i$i&n 8:eb!$er’! Ne* :&r)% C&))e/e Di($i&nary7 01219.Co$$e*e *oin*% "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ be'ai&r!7 a$$i$"%e!7 an% e?,erien(e!.

Credit/#a%ed pro*ra% )ibera) ar$! ,r&/ra#! $'a$ !$"%en$! $a<e be-&re ,)annin/ $& $ran!-er $& ba((a)a"rea$e ,r&/ra#! &r ,r&-e!!i&na) !('&&)! a-$er !$"%yin/ a$ a (&##"ni$y (&))e/e

8F&*)er + L"na7 0119.Di-e%titure T'e a($ &- !e,ara$in/ -r&# an in%ii%"a) an% #&in/ in$& an&$'er ,'a!e 8Pa)#er

e$ a)7 0119.In-e%titure T'e a($ &- in(&r,&ra$in/ in$& an&$'er !&(ia) !$a$"! 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119

Liina$it& Re)a$in/ $& $'e be/innin/ &r -ir!$ !$a/e &- a ,r&(e!! 8O?-&r% En/)i!' Di($i&nary7 n.%.9.

Ma0or d&naic% T'e -a($&r! $'a$ -"r$'er! $'e %ee)&,#en$ &- $'e narra$ie &r e--e($ a($i&n.

Succe%% %e-ine% a! /ra%"a$in/ *i$' an a!!&(ia$e’! %e/ree &r 'i/'er.Sur-e& o! Student En*a*eent 6 SSE i! %e!i/ne% $& i#,ar$ a ,)ain ,i($"re &- b&$' !$"%en$

be'ai&r! in $'e ear)ie!$ *ee<! &- (&))e/e an% $'e in!$i$"$i&na) ,ra($i(e! $'a$ a--e($

!$"%en$! %"rin/ a (r"(ia) $i#e 8C&##"ni$y C&))e/e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$7

01209.



13

Tran%ition $'e ,a!!a/e &- !$"%en$! -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n &r

any in(i%en$ &r n&n6in(i%en$ $'a$ brin/! ab&"$ a ('an/e in in$era($i&n!7 ,r&(e%"re!7 be)ie-!7 an% -"n($i&n! 8G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 + An%er!&n7 0119.

Under*raduate any !$"%en$ *'& i! ()a!!i-ie% a! -re!'#en &r !&,'&#&re by $'e in!$i$"$i&n

*i$' (re%i$ '&"r! &- er& $'r&"/' 0.Under*raduate perception% ,&!i$i&n!7 be)ie-!7 i%ea!7 &r an a)$era$i&n $'a$ 'a,,en! a!

e?,re!!e% by $'e ,er!&n -a(in/ i$ 8P&*er!7 01219.Or*ani1ation o! the Stud&

T'i! !$"%y i! (&#,ri!e% &- -ie ('a,$er!. C'a,$er I in()"%e! $'e in$r&%"($i&n7 !$a$e#en$

an% ba(</r&"n% &- $'e ,r&b)e#7 ,"r,&!e &- $'e !$"%y7 re!ear(' "e!$i&n!7 'y,&$'e!e!7 n"))

'y,&$'e!e!7 )i#i$a$i&n &- $'e !$"%y7 %e)i#i$a$i&n! &- $'e !$"%y7 an% &,era$i&na) %e-ini$i&n &- $er#!.

A (&#,re'en!ie reie* &- $'e )i$era$"re i! ,re!en$e% an% %i!("!!e% in C'a,$er II. C'a,$er III

(&n!i!$! &- $'e %a$a (&))e($i&n #e$'&%!7 re!ear(' %e!i/n7 %e!(ri,$i&n &- $ar/e$ ,&,")a$i&n7 !a#,)e

&- ,ar$i(i,an$!7 !a#,)in/ ,r&(e%"re7 %e!(ri,$i&n &- in!$r"#en$a$i&n7 an% %a$a ana)y!i! ne(e!!ary

$& (&#,)e$e $'i! in"iry. C'a,$er IV re,&r$! &n $'e -in%in/! &- $'e in"iry an% in()"%e! $'e

"an$i$a$ie re!")$! &- $'e !$"%y. C'a,$er V &--er! a narra$ie &- $'e -in%in/!7 (&n()"!i&n!

/enera$e% $'r&"/' $'i! in"iry7 an% re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r -"$"re !$"%ie!..Chapter II

Re-ie+ o! the Literature

O-er-ie+

Pri&r $& $'e 21!7 $'e #&"n$in/ in$ere!$ e?,re!!e% ,er$ainin/ $& "n%er/ra%"a$e )ea%er!'i,

%ee)&,#en$ re#ain! e?'i)ara$in/@ In $'e )a!$ 2J year!7 !eera) #&e#en$! #er/e% $& !",,&r$

an% re/enera$e a$$en$i&n &n i#,r&in/ (ri$i(a) )ea%er!'i, re!")$! by (&))e/e !$"%en$!7 an% $'i!

e--&r$ 'a! /aine% ener/y7 a! $'e i#,&r$an(e &- a((&"n$abi)i$y -&r a('iein/ (&))e/e !"((e!! i!

/rea$er $'an be-&re 8D"/an + ;&#ie!7 011K9. T& %a$e7 !&#e !('&)ar! $rie% $& in(&r,&ra$e

$'e&re$i(a) "n%er!$an%in/! an% e?,)&re '&* !e(&n%ary an% 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n "n%er/ra%"a$e

)ea%er!'i, ,'en&#ena !'a,e% $'eir %ee)&,#en$a) ,r&(e!! 8D"/an e$ a).7 011K9. A a!$ nee%

e?i!$! $& (&#,re'en% be$$er $'e %i!$in($ie e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! &- $'e $ran!i$i&n &-



15

n&$ re/i!$er -&r $'e ne?$ year %"rin/ 011 $'r&"/' 011. In a%%i$i&n7 "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& %i% n&$

enr&)) -&r $'e !e(&n% year re(eie% 2.J bi))i&n %&))ar! in -e%era) /ran$! an% 2. bi))i&n -r&#

!$a$e! $& a!!i!$ *i$' ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n !$"%ie!. Pre!i%en$ Oba#a !"((in($)y !$a$e% $'a$ &"r

!&(ie$y -ai)e% $& ",'&)% $'e &,,&r$"ni$y )e/a(y7 ,ar$i(")ar)y in ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. A! a

re!")$7 $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! i! nin$' in $'e ,er(en$a/e &- y&"n/ a%")$! *i$' ,&!$!e(&n%ary (re%en$ia)!

8S('nei%er e$ a)7 01219(i%torica$ "er%pecti-e

A #a3&r (&n(ern in$erna$i&na))y a! a)i%a$e% by br&a% an% -a!$ in(rea!in/ )i$era$"re i! $'e

$ran!i$i&n -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Brin<*&r$'7 M(Cann7 Ma$$'e*!7 +

N&r%!$r&#7 0119. Oer $'e )a!$ 1 year!7 e%"(a$i&na) a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! #a%e an

e--&r$ $& en'an(e $'e 3&"rney &- #any "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in &"r ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

e!$ab)i!'#en$! 8Brin<*&r$' e$ a).7 0119. T'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e e--&r$ !$ar$e% in $'e 2K1!7

in(rea!e% in $'e 21!7 an% re#ain! n&*. Many in!$i$"$i&n! are %ee)&,in/ !$ra$e/i( ,)an!

,r&%"(in/ ,&!i$ie ('an/e! an% i#,r&e#en$!7 %e!,i$e $'e -a($ $'a$ &$'er (&))e/e! %i!(&ere%

%i!!a$i!-a($i&n an% %i!(&n$en$ 8H"n$er7 0119. Neer$'e)e!!7 re!ear('er! #"!$ en/a/e in !$"%yin/

$'e "ni"e an% &-$en &er)&&<e% nee%! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 ,ar$i(")ar)y a! $'ey (&rre)a$e $& $'e

#a3&r %yna#i(! $'a$ i#,a($ a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$7 !$"%en$ !a$i!-a($i&n7 an% re$en$i&n 8San('e7

0119. T'e $ran!i$i&n &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! in$& $'e (&))e/e !e$$in/! &- a(a%e#i(! an% !$"%en$

!eri(e! en(&#,a!!e! #any <in%! &- ('an/e. S('&)ar! *'& !$"%y $'e an%ra/&/y !'&")% in"ire

in$& $'e -ir!$6$er# ('an/e&er &- '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! #a<e $'e a%3"!$#en$ $& $'e

a(a%e#i( an% !&(ia) %e#an%! &- (&))e/e )i-e 8Pa)#er7 O’;ane7 + O*en!7 0119.Be(&#in/ a(("!$&#e% $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n ri/'$ a-$er an en(&"ra/in/ 'i/' !('&&)

e?,erien(e i! %i--i(")$ -&r n"#er&"! "n%er/ra%"a$e!. Fir!$6!e#e!$er (&))e/e !('&)ar! #&e in$&

an "n<n&*n !e$$in/ $'a$ ")$i#a$e)y (&")% in-)"en(e e%"(a$i&na) a('iee#en$. S&#e

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #a<e $'i! $ran!i$i&n ,&!i$ie)y an% -in% *ay! $& a%3"!$ $& !$"%en$ )i-e7 *'i)e &$'er



16

"n%er/ra%"a$e! -ee) &er*'e)#e% an% n&$ (a,ab)e &- e--e($ie)y #ee$in/ $'e ('a))en/e! &- 'i! &r

'er ne* re!,&n!ibi)i$ie! 8Meyer7 S,en(er7 + Fren('7 0119. Many in!$i$"$i&n! are a*are &- $'e

,r&b)e# an% i#,)e#en$e% ari&"! !$ra$e/ie! $& in(rea!e "n%er/ra%"a$e a('iee#en$ ra$i&!. T&

i))"!$ra$e7 !&#e in!$i$"$i&n! e?,an%e% $'eir $ran!-er ini$ia$ie! an% &--ere% in!$i$"$i&na) !",,&r$

!eri(e!7 !"(' a! -a(")$y #en$&rin/7 ,er!&na) an% /r&", a%i!in/7 an% ,r&i%in/ *&r<!'&,! -&r

!$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, %ee)&,#en$. A)$'&"/' $'e!e en%ea&r! (&n(en$ra$e &n !#a)) (&##en(e#en$

an% $ran!-er ,er(en$a/e! by #ean! &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary e?,)ana$i&n!7 $'e !#a)) ,er(en$a/e! $'a$

re#ain are !een a! $'e )earner!’ in%ii%"a) ('ara($er &r )ie% e?,erien(e 8Ni$e(<i7 01229.T'e Unier!i$y &- S&"$' Car&)ina ,re!i%en$7 T'&#a! &ne!7 (&6ini$ia$e% $'e a*arene!! &-

a!!i!$in/ )earner! in $'e ('an/e&er in$& $'e (")$"re &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8H"n$er7 0119.

H"n$er 80119 !ai% $'e -&))&*in/4D"e ,ri#ari)y $& $'e i%ea! &- "nier!i$y ,re!i%en$ T'&#a! &ne!7 $'e *&r< &-

,r&/ra# %ire($&r &'n N. Gar%ner7 an% $'e a!!e!!#en$ e--&r$! &- Pa") P.

Fi%)er7 a -ir!$ year !e#inar ,r&/ra# *a! (rea$e% $'a$ !'&*e% ,r&#i!e -&r

'e),in/ !$"%en$! !"((e!!-"))y $ran!i$i&n $& $'e (&))e/ia$e (")$"re. T'e

Unier!i$y &- S&"$' Car&)ina a!!"#e% $'e in-&r#a) r&)e a! $'e na$i&n’!

()earin/'&"!e -&r in-&r#a$i&n &n -ir!$6 year ini$ia$ie! "n$i) $'e

e!$ab)i!'#en$ in 2 &- a Na$i&na) Re!ear(' Cen$er -&r $'e Fre!'#an Year

E?,erien(e in $'a$ (a#,"! -&r#a)ie% i$! r&)e. 8,. 9Fir!$ $er# arbi$ra$i&n! %ee)&,e% (&n!i%erab)y in $'e ,rei&"! $*& %e(a%e! *i$'

a,,r&?i#a$e)y J &- Uni$e% S$a$e! "nier!i$ie! $a<in/ ,ar$ in a n"#ber &- Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e

ini$ia$ie! 8Cri!,7 Pa)#er7 T"rnb"))7 Ne$$e)be(<7 :ar%7 LeC&"$e"r7 Sarri!7 S$re)an7 + S('nei%er7

0119 . In $'e #ean$i#e7 (&))e/e! an% "nier!i$ie! a)) &er $'e (&"n$ry are "n%er e!(a)a$in/

,re!!"re $& !$ren/$'en "n%er/ra%"a$e a('iee#en$ ra$e!7 e!,e(ia))y in $'e -ir!$ an% !e(&n% year

(&"r!e &- !$"%ie! 8Cri!, e$ a).7 0119. T'e aera/e ra$e &n !$"%en$ re$en$i&n in 011K be$*een



17

eery Uni$e% S$a$e! e!$ab)i!'#en$ &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n be/innin/ $'e -ir!$ $er# an%

(&n()"%in/ *i$' $'e !e(&n% $er# *a! &er J 8a#e)!<e7 0119. T'e re$en$i&n ra$e na$i&n*i%e

%e(rea!e% (&n!i%erab)y a#&n/!$ 3"ni&r (&))e/e! (&#,are% $& "nier!i$ie!. Re)a$e%)y7 -&"r6year

,ria$e (&))e/e re$en$i&n ra$e! are 'i/'er $'an a$ -&"r6year ,"b)i( (&))e/e! 8a#e)!<e7 0119.Ear$& Studie% on Student Retention

S$"%en$! are ('a))en/e% *i$' a ran/e &- ne* in%ii%"a) an% re)a$i&na) ('a))en/e!. T'e!e

en(&"n$er! in&)e $'e nee% $& -&r#")a$e an&$'er re)a$i&n!'i,7 $& a#en% ,re!en$ re)a$i&n!'i,!

*i$' ()&!e re)a$ie! an% -a#i)y #e#ber! an% $& i#,r&e )earnin/ be'ai&r! -&r $'e ne* (&))e/e

!e$$in/ 8Ab%"))a'7 E)ia!7 Ma'y"%%in7 + U)i7 0119. Fai)in/ $& be(&#e -a#i)iar *i$' $'e!e

re"ire#en$! an% en(&"n$er! !ee#! $& be $'e 'i/'e!$ !'are% (a"!e -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e! %e,ar$in/

-r&# in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Ab%"))a' e$ a).7 0119. Ear)ier -in%in/! &n "n%er/ra%"a$e

a%3"!$#en$ an% re$en$i&n !$a$e% $'a$ $'e $ran!i$i&n $& (&))e/e (an be a !'&(<in/ e?,erien(e -&r

n"#er&"! "n%er/ra%"a$e )earner!. F&r !"((e!!-") a%3"!$#en$ $& (&))e/e7 #any in!$i$"$i&n!

e#,)&ye% !&#e #e$'&% &- in$eren$i&n7 &--i(ia) &r "n&--i(ia)7 $& i#,r&e a(a%e#i( !"((e!! an%

,&!i$ie (&##"ni$y a%3"!$#en$ 8Ab%"))a' e$ a).7 0119.P&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n ,r&!e i! re,)e$e *i$' re!ear(' (&n(ernin/ $'e ('an/e&er $&

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n neer$'e)e!!7 a%%i$i&na) in"irie! are re"ire% &n $'e !"b3e($ &- "n%er/ra%"a$e’!

,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! ab&"$ $'e #a3&r %yna#i(! $'a$ i#,a($ $'e ('an/e&er -r&#

!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. A ,&!$!e(&n%ary )earner #"!$ (&,e *i$'

(&n-)i($in/ ,ri&ri$ie! re)a$e% *i$' !&(ia) i!!"e!7 -a#i)y i!!"e!7 a(a%e#i( (&n(ern!7 an%

e#,)&y#en$ &b)i/a$i&n! $& a((&#,)i!' 'i! &r 'er (&))e/ia$e !$"%ie! !"((e!!-"))y *'i)e !",,&r$in/

a ,er!&na) )i-e!$y)e $'a$ -")-i))! $'eir !&(ia) an% ,er!&na) nee%! 8Cri!,7 Pa)#er7 T"rnb"))7

Ne$$e)be(<7 :ar%7 LeC&"$e"r7 Sarri!7 S$re)an7 + S('nei%er7 0119.In a !$"%y (&n%"($e% by ;e))y7 ;en%ri(<7 Ne*/en$7 + L"(a! 8011K97 %a$a *a! (&))e($e%

"!in/ a SUCCESS Pr&3e($ S"rey -r&# 0K ,ar$i(i,an$! enr&))e% in a %&($&ra) ,r&/ra# in $'e



18

#i%6S&"$'. T'e re!ear('er! (rea$e% $'e !"rey $& ine!$i/a$e a ran/e &- en(&"n$er! ,re(e%in/

an% %"rin/ $'e !$"%en$’! ,&!$!e(&n%ary ('an/e&er. T'i! re!ear(' (a))! -&r e?$ra ini$ia$ie!7 !"('

a! in(rea!in/ in$e))e($"a) ,r&-i(ien(y an% !e)-6(&n-i%en(e $'a$ en(&"ra/e !$"%en$! $& re#ain &n

(&))e/e (a#,"!e!. T'e C&))e/e &- E%"(a$i&n an% Hea)$' Pr&-e!!i&n! a((&"n$e% -&r

,ar$i(i,an$! 89 an% $'e C&))e/e &- A/ri(")$"ra) F&&% an% Li-e a((&"n$e% -&r &ne6'"n%re% an%

ei/'$y ,ar$i(i,an$! 8J.9. T'e !a#,)e (&n!i!$e% &- #a)e! an% 2 -e#a)e!7 ei/'$ A-ri(an

A#eri(an!7 !i? A!ian A#eri(an!7 00 Ca"(a!ian!7 $'ree M")$ira(ia)7 $'ree Hi!,ani(!7 an% $*&

&$'er. T'e ,ar$i(i,an$! in $'e !$"%y a/e arie% -r&# 26J7 *i$' a,,r&?i#a$e)y 1 &- $'e

,ar$i(i,an$! a("irin/ a #ean a/e &- 0 year! &)%. T'e ()a!!i-i(a$i&n %ii!i&n &- ,ar$i(i,an$!

(&n!i!$e% &- 00 !&,'&#&re! 8.297 1 !eni&r! 800.297 JJ -re!'#en 801.97 20 3"ni&r!

8J.9 an% 21 ("rren$ /ra%"a$e! 8.K9. M&!$ &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! 2J 8J.09 )ie% &--

(a#,"!. Mean*'i)e7 K 82.97 !$aye% in (a#,"! '&"!in/7 $'e re#ain%er &- $'e !$"%en$!7 0K

8.97 !$aye% a$ '&#e *i$' $'eir /"ar%ian! 8;e))y e$ a).7 011K9.T'e re!")$! -r&# $'e SUCCESS Pr&3e($ S"rey !'&*e% $'a$ n& %i--eren(e e?i!$e%

be$*een e$'ni(i$y7 /en%er7 &r $'e n"#ber &- a($ii$ie! an% by (&))e/e enr&))#en$7 &era)) ,&!i$ie

('an/e! &r &era)) ne/a$ie ('an/e!. H&*eer7 %e,en%en$ re)a$i&n!'i,! *ere -&"n% be$*een

()a!! )ee)7 re!i%en(y7 $'e $&$a) &- be'ai&r! %e!(ribe%7 $&$a) &- ne/a$ie ('an/e!7 an% !e)-6

re,&r$e% /ra%e ,&in$ aera/e. On i!!"e! re)a$in/ $& (&))e/e )i-e7 -i-$y6,er(en$ &- $'e )earner!

!$a$e% $'a$ $'ey re(eie% n& a!!i!$an(e -r&# an a%i!&r &n (a#,"!. T'e ,ar$i(i,an$’! a!!e!!#en$

&- $'e !i$"a$i&n i! by n& #ean! a(("ra$e an% #ay ,re!en$ an "n()ear 3"%/#en$ &- $'e

(ir("#!$an(e!. Par$i(i,an$! in%i(a$e% $'a$ $'e abi)i$y $& (&,e *i$' $'e !$re!! &- (&))e/e )i-e7 $i#e

#ana/e#en$ !<i))!7 an% !$"%y !<i))! #i/'$ ,r&i%e !",,&r$ %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&#

!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'i! -in%in/ ,r&,&!e! $'a$ e%"(a$&r! #"!$

ini$ia$e ('an/e&er ini$ia$ie! be-&re )earner! en$er (&))e/e *i$' $'e ,"r,&!e &- ,re,arin/



19

"n%er/ra%"a$e! -&r $'e 3&"rney &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% ,r&i%e !$"%en$! ,ar$i(")ar br&a%6

ba!e% <n&*)e%/e ab&"$ *'a$ i! re"ire% &- $'e# a-$er $'ey are enr&))e% an% be(&#e re(&/nie%

&n (&))e/e /r&"n%! 8;e))y7 ;en%ri(<7 Ne*/en$7 + L"(a!7 011K9.

Theoretica$ Ba%e

An ann"a) (&n-eren(e &n ne* !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n7 *'i(' 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n ,r&-e!!i&na)!

a$$en% ea(' year7 (a"!e% #e $& a!< $'e "e!$i&n. :'a$ i! $'e re!,&n!ibi)i$y &- e%"(a$&r! in

"n%er!$an%in/ $'e $ran!i$i&na) ,r&(e!! &- !$"%en$! -r&# &ne in!$i$"$i&n $& an&$'er I re!ear('e%

$'e&rie! by Tin$& 82KJ97 Bean 82197 an% Pa!(are))a + Terenini 8219 an% %i!(&ere%

e?,)ana$i&n! ab&"$ *'y "n%er/ra%"a$e! %e,ar$e% in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n7 ,ri#ari)y

be(a"!e $'ey 'a% n& a(a%e#i( &r !&(ia) (&nne($i&n!7 $'e in!$i$"$i&n %i% n&$ #ee$ $'eir nee%!7 &r

$'ey *ere n&$ %ee)&,#en$a) ,re,are% 8;e))y e$ a).7 011K9. H&*eer7 $'e $'e&rie! a%%re!!e% $'e

-a($&r! &- *'y "n%er/ra%"a$e! %e,ar$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! an% n&$ $'e ,r&(e!! &-

"n%er!$an%in/ an "n%er/ra%"a$e in $ran!i$i&n 8;e))y e$ a).7 011K9. S"r,ri!in/)y7 a $'e&ry (rea$e%

by Dr. Nan(y S(')&!!ber/’! 8229 ,)ay! an i#,&r$an$ r&)e in a!!i!$in/ e%"(a$&r! in

"n%er!$an%in/ $'e $ran!i$i&na) ,r&(e!! &- an in%ii%"a) in $ran!i$i&n. T'e #a3&r ,&in$ &- $'i!

!y!$e#a$i( -ra#e*&r< i! $& 'e), a%#ini!$ra$&r!7 e%"(a$&r!7 an% ,ra($i$i&ner! %ee)&, $'eir

(&##"ni(a$i&n !<i))! re/ar%in/ $'e "n%er!$an%in/ &- in%ii%"a)! a! $'ey #&e in7 #&e $'r&"/'7

an% #&e &"$ &- a (&))e/ia$e ('an/e&er 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119.A((&r%in/ $& G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 + An%er!&n 801197 a $ran!i$i&n &r ('an/e&er i!

any een$ &r n&n6een$ $'a$ brin/ in$& bein/! an a)$era$i&n in r&"$ine!7 a!!"#,$i&n!7 r&)e!7 an%

re)a$i&n!'i,!. T'e ('an/e&er i! n&$ #ere)y a #a$$er &- ('an/e a! i$ i! $'e in%ii%"a)’!

,er(e,$i&n &- $'e ('an/e. T'e !y!$e#a$i( $ran!i$i&n (&n(e,$"a) -ra#e*&r< a--&r%! in%ii%"a)!

*&r<in/ in (&"n!e)in/ an% ,!y('&)&/y a *ay &- "n%er!$an%in/ '&* $& (&##"ni(a$e *i$' $'&!e

in%ii%"a)! in %ea)in/ *i$' $'e ('an/e&er. T'e $ran!i$i&n $'e&ry -"n($i&n! a! a #ean! &-



20

e?,re!!i&n -&r !$"%yin/ a ,er!&n’! a%3"!$#en$ $& $ran!i$i&n. Dr. S(')&!!ber/7 E%.D. an% Dr.

C'i(<erin/7 P'.D. *'& ,"b)i!'e% “etting the (ost of $ollege” !$a$e! $'a$ in%ii%"a)! #&e

$'r&"/' $ran!i$i&n ,'a!e! $'r&"/' a ,r&(e!! &- #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$.

A)$'&"/' $ran!i$i&n! re,re!en$ a n&r#a) an% e!!en$ia) ,ar$ &- a%")$ %ee)&,#en$7 $'ey are

re/ar%e% a! $'e ,eri&%! $'a$ are /enera))y ",!e$$in/ an% %e#an%in/ b"$ rare in $'e ,&!!ibi)i$ie!

-&r /r&*$' an% %ee)&,#en$ 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119. Nan(y ;. S(')&!!ber/7 a ()ini(a) ,!y('&)&/i!$7 %ee)&,e% $'e =Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry> an% i!

*e))6<n&*n an% a,,re(ia$e% by !('&)ar! $'e e?,er$ (&n$in"e! $& (&n$rib"$e $& $'e %i!(i,)ine &-

!&(i&)&/y an% (&"n!e)in/ 8P&*er!7 01219. Dr. S(')&!!ber/ ini$ia$e% 'er $'e&ry by *&r<in/ in

,ar$ner!'i, *i$' &$'er e?,er$! in $'e -ie)% an% re(&r%in/ -in%in/! in #an"!(ri,$. S(')&!!ber/’!

Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry ,re!en$! -a($&r! re)a$e% $& ('an/e&er7 $'e ,er!&n7 an% $'e !"rr&"n%in/! $&

e!$ab)i!' $'e e--e($ $'e ('an/e&er 'a! &n an in%ii%"a) a$ a !,e(i-i( #&#en$. S(')&!!ber/’!

Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry i! %ee)&,e% ar&"n% $'e !$"%y &- 2J %i--eren$ !('&)ar! an% *a! ini$ia))y

,re!en$e% in 22. In 27 $'e a"$'&r ,"b)i!'e% a b&&< en$i$)e% $ounseling "dults in

)ransition. In 27 !'e (&6a"$'&re% a b&&< $i$)e% Improving #igher Education Environments

for "dults *i$' Ar$'"r E. C'i(<erin/ an% Ann . Lyn('. In 2J7 !'e ,"b)i!'e% a $e?$b&&< *i$'

Ar$'"r C'i(<erin/ "!e% in !&#e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e (&"r!e! $i$)e% etting the (ost *ut of

$ollege 8P&*er!7 01219.A)$'&"/' !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n !$"%en$! ie* $'e ('an/e&er -r&# 'i/' !('&&) $& (&))e/e

a! a !$rai/'$-&r*ar% &(("rren(e7 an a!$&ni!'in/ ('an/e&er e?,erien(e i! a((&#,)i!'e% by $'e

)earner’! abi)i$y $& #"%%)e $'r&"/' $'e "n<n&*n. T'ere are -&"r <ey -a($&r! in a ('an/e&er $'a$

*i)) a!!i!$ )earner! in (&,in/ *i$' $'e $ran!i$i&n. A reie* &- $'e )i$era$"re (&n(ernin/ !$"%en$! in

$ran!i$i&n *i$' a -&(a) ,&in$ &n S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry &--er re)iab)e %a$a -&r $'i!

in"iry 8S&$&7 01229. :i$'in $'e $ran!i$i&n $'e&ry7 $'e -&"r ariab)e! -&r (&n!i%era$i&n are $'e



21

!i$"a$i&n7 !e)-7 !",,&r$7 an% !$ra$e/ie!. T'e!e ariab)e! are "!e% $& !'&* '&* $'e -&"r #a3&r

-a($&r! i#,a($ an in%ii%"a)’! abi)i$y $& (&,e *i$' a $ran!i$i&n 8S&$&7 01229.Approachin* Tran%ition%) Tran%ition Identi!ication and Tran%ition "roce%%

Tran%ition Identi!ication. Dr. Nan(y S(')&!!ber/’! T'e&ry &- Tran!i$i&n i! a

,!y('&!&(ia) #&%e) &- %ee)&,#en$ e?er(i!e $& &b!ere )i-e een$!7 *'i(' a--e($ a ran/e &-

('ara($eri!$i(! &- an in%ii%"a)’! )i-e an% $'eir !&(ie$a) -"n($i&n! 8S('ae-er7 01219. T'e

!y!$e#a$i( #&%e) ,re!en$! a 'y,&$'e$i(a) -ra#e*&r< in$en%e% $& /ie a ,i($"re &- $'e a#ain/)y

(&#,)i(a$e% $r"$' $'a$ /& a)&n/ *i$' an% %e!(ribe! $'e ,er!&n (a,abi)i$y $& %ea) *i$' a%3"!$#en$

8P&*er!7 01219.T'e ini$ia) #&e in a,,r&a('in/ $'e ('an/e&er i! $& re(&/nie $'e <in% &- ('an/e&er

$'a$ &(("rre% &r i! &(("rrin/. T& a,,re(ia$e S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry ne(e!!i$a$e! an

in%ii%"a) ba!i( "n%er!$an%in/ &- $'e n"#er&"! %e-ini$i&n! 8G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 +

An%er!&n7 011942. An$i(i,a$e% Tran!i$i&n4 T'e in%ii%"a) e?,e($! $'e ('an/e. T'e!e $ran!i$i&n! (&n!i!$

&- /ain! an% )&!!e! &r rei!i&n &- -"n($i&n!. T'e!e ,re%i($ab)e een$! &r &(("rren(e!

in()"%e re$irin/7 /e$$in/ #arrie%7 be(&#in/ in%e,en%en$7 an% /iin/ bir$' $& a

ne*b&rn.0. I#,a($4 T'e ('an/e a%3"!$! $'e in%ii%"a)’! %ai)y $a!<! $& a (er$ain e?$en$. I$ i! n&$

$'e een$ &r n&n6een$ $'a$ i! i#,&r$an$ '&*eer7 i$ i! $'e i#,a($ $& *'i(' $'e

('an/e&er a)$er! %ai)y a($ii$ie!.. N&neen$!4 T'e in%ii%"a) an$i(i,a$e! $'e ('an/e7 b"$ i$ %&e! n&$ 'a,,en 8e./.7 *'en

an "n%er/ra%"a$e )&&<! -&r*ar% $& re(eiin/ a %e/ree b"$ %&e! n&$9.. R&)e &- ,er(e,$i&n4 A ('an/e e?i!$! i- i$ i! %e-ine% by $'e in%ii%"a) /&in/ $'r&"/' i$.J. Tran!i$i&n4 An &(("rren(e7 &r n&n6 &(("rren(e $'a$ re!")$! in a)$ere% in$era($i&n!7

'abi$!7 be)ie-7 an% -"n($i&n!.. Unan$i(i,a$e% Tran!i$i&n4 Tran!i$i&n! $'a$ are "n!"r,ri!in/. T'e!e $ran!i$i&n! (&n!i!$

&- n&n6!('e%")e% &(("rren(e! $'a$ are "n,re%i($ab)e. T'e!e "n,re%i($ab)e



22

&(("rren(e! in()"%e re#ainin/ "ne#,)&ye%7 be(&#in/ i))7 re(eiin/ an a%an(e%

,&!i$i&n7 an% %ea$' &- a !,&"!e 8,,. 69.Tran%ition "roce%%2 :'i)e $'e be/innin/ &- any ('an/e&er i! (&nne($e% $& a

re(&/niab)e &(("rren(e7 ('an/e&er! &(("r &er a ,eri&% &- !i? #&n$'! &r )&n/er. A$ $'e !$ar$7

in%ii%"a)! !,en% #"(' &- $'e $i#e in an&$'er ,&!i$i&n7 !"(' a! a ne* (&))e/e !$"%en$ &r a re(en$

(&))e/e /ra%"a$e. S)&*)y7 $'e in%ii%"a) !$ar$! $& %e$a(' -r&# $'e ,re(e%in/ ,&!i$i&n an% !$ar$

!'i-$in/ in$& $'e ne* ,&!i$i&n. T'i! $ran!i$i&na) ,r&(e!! a--e($! $'e in%ii%"a) e#&$i&na))y7

,'y!i(a))y7 an% #en$a))y 8G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 + An%er!&n7 0119. S(')&!!ber/ %e-ine!

$ran!i$i&n a! =a ,r&(e!! &er $i#e $'a$ in()"%e! ,'a!e! &- a!!i#i)a$i&n an% (&n$in"&"! a,,rai!a) a!

,e&,)e #&e in7 $'r&"/'7 an% &"$ &- i$> 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 011 ,. J9.Ta3in* Stoc3 o! Copin* Re%ource%) The Four S4%

E!!en$ia) $& $'e #&%e) i! -&"r a!,e($! $'a$ !*ay an in%ii%"a)’! (a,a(i$y $& %ea)

!"((e!!-"))y *i$' $ran!i$i&n4 (ir("#!$an(e7 i%en$i$y7 en(&"ra/e#en$7 an% a,,r&a(' 8S('ae-er7

01219. A! i))"!$ra$e% in Fi/"re A0.27 G&&%#an e$ a).7 80119 i%en$i-ie% -&"r i#,&r$an$ !e$! &-

-a($&r! $'a$ S(')&!!ber/ (&ine% a! $'e -&"r =S’!>4 Si$"a$i&n7 Se)-7 S",,&r$7 an% S$ra$e/ie!. Fir!$7

$'e !i$"a$i&n ariab)e :'a$ i! &(("rrin/ Se(&n%7 $'e !e)-6ariab)e T& *'&# i! i$ 'a,,enin/

T'ir%7 $'e !",,&r$ ariab)e :'a$ a!!i!$an(e i! &b$ainab)e F&"r$'7 $'e !$ra$e/ie! ariab)e

H&* %&e! $'e in%ii%"a) (&,e T'e -&"r ariab)e! (an be n&$e% a! ,&$en$ia) a!!e$! &r )iabi)i$ie!.

An in%ii%"a)’! =a!!e$! an% )iabi)i$ie!> in &ne &- $'e ariab)e! are $'e %e$er#inan$! -&r a!!e!!in/

'&* *e)) a ,er!&n *i)) 'an%)e $'e ('an/e&er7 an% *'y %i--eren$ in%ii%"a)! re!,&n% in a

%i--eren$ *ay $& $'e e?a($ <in% &- ('an/e&er an% *'y $'e !a#e in%ii%"a) re!,&n%! an&$'er *ay

a$ ari&"! $i#e!. T'e ariab)e! #a<e a %i!$in($i&n in '&* an in%ii%"a) %ea)! *i$' ('an/e.Situation. A((&r%in/ $& G&&%#an e$ a).7 801197 $'e ,&!i$i&n &- ,er(e,$i&n i! i#,&r$an$

$'r&"/' $'e ea)"a$i&n !$a/e &- $'e -&"r S’! ariab)e!. T'e ,er!&n’! ie* &- *'a$ i! &(("rrin/



23

a--e($! $'eir e?,)ana$i&n &- 'i! &r 'er a!!e$! an% )iabi)i$ie!. :'en an in%ii%"a) reie*! $'e

!i$"a$i&n7 $'e in%ii%"a) $'in<! ab&"$ $'e !"b!e"en$ (a"!e!42. Tri//er :'a$ br&"/'$ ab&"$ $'e $ran!i$i&n T'e $ri//er #ay be e?$erna)7 !"('

a! %e(a%e annier!ary b"$ 'ain/ in$erna) e--e($!7 !"(' a! )i-e i! (&#in/ $& an en%.

0. Ti#in/ I! $'e ('an/e&er $a<in/ ,)a(e %"rin/ an en3&yab)e &r '&rri-i( $i#e8e./.7 a 'i/' !('&&) /ra%"a$e )eain/ '&#e #ay !ee# $&& "nbearab)e9.. C&n$r&) :'a$ ,&r$i&n &- $'e ('an/e&er (an &ne (&n$r&) T'e !&"r(e (an be

in$erna) &r e?$erna) 8e./.7 $'e e#,)&yee *'& re$ire! be(a"!e &- $er#ina) %i!ea!e &r

in%ii%"a)! *'& #&e be(a"!e &- 3&b re"ire#en$!9.. R&)e C'an/e D&e! $'e ('an/e&er in&)e a ne* r&)e I$ (an be !een a! a /ain &r

)&!! 8e./.7 bir$' &- a ne*b&rn. T'e #&$'er i! &er3&ye% ab&"$ $'e bir$'7 b"$ !'e i!

,'y!i(a))y *&rn &"$9.J. D"ra$i&n I! $'e ('an/e&er <n&*n $& be brie-7 e$erna)7 &r in%e-ini$e

8e./.7 *i-e #&in/ $& -&))&* 'er '"!ban% in 'i! 3&"rney &- (&#,)e$in/ /ra%"a$e !('&&)

*i$' $'e #in%!e$ &- re$"rnin/ '&#e a-$er 'e /ra%"a$e!9.. Prei&"! e?,erien(e *i$' a !i#i)ar $ran!i$i&n Ha! $'e in%ii%"a) e?,erien(e%

!&#e$'in/ !i#i)ar 8e./.7 an in%ii%"a) ear)y e?,erien(e *i$' $'e )&!! &- a

)&e% &ne9.K. C&n("rren$ S$re!! :'a$ !$re!!e! i! $'e in%ii%"a) -a(in/ a$ any ,&in$ in $i#e

8e./.7 !&n #&e! &"$ &- $'e !$a$e '&*eer7 re$"rn! '&#e !&#e year! )a$er $& #arry7

'a! n& #&ney an% i! e?,e($in/ a ('i)%7 an% a!<! ,aren$! $& $a<e (are &-

ne*b&rn7 $'en i$ i! a ('an/e&er &- i##en!e #a/ni$"%e9.. A!!e!!#en$ H&* %&e! $'e ('an/e&er a--e($ $'eir be'ai&r H&* i! $'e in%ii%"a)

ab)e $& (&,e7 ,&!i$ie &r ne/a$ie *i$' ('an/e&er. 8,,. 16J9Se$! . T'e !e(&n% =S> ariab)e %e!(ribe% by S(')&!!ber/ i! !e)-. T'e !e)-6ariab)e

in()"%e! -ea$"re! -air)y a,,)i(ab)e -&r ,er!&n! a! $'ey %ea) *i$' ('an/e. Many !('&)ar! (&n$en%

$'a$ ('r&n&)&/i(a) a/e i! -air)y in!i/ni-i(an$ (&#,are% $& ,!y('&)&/i(a) a/e. F&r in!$an(e7

,!y('&)&/i(a) a/e re-er! $& $'e abi)i$y &- an in%ii%"a) $& rea($ $& !&(ie$a) %e#an%! $'e !&(ia) a/e

re-er! $& $'e %e/ree $& *'i(' a '"#an bein/ ,ar$i(i,a$e! in re!,&n!ibi)i$ie! %e)e/a$e% by

'"#ani$y7 an% -"n($i&na) a/e re-er! $& $'e (a,abi)i$y $& &,era$e &r *&r< a! e?,e($e% &- (i$ien! in

an in%ii%"a)’! a/e (a$e/&ry 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119. Oer$&n6Hea)y 801219 !$a$e% $'a$



24

,!y('&)&/i(a) re!&"r(e! <n&*n a! ,er!&na)i$y ('ara($eri!$i(! are "!e% *'en in%ii%"a)!

en(&"n$er $'rea$!. F&r e?a#,)e7 (&##i$#en$!7 !,iri$"a)i$y an% re!i)ien(e7 &,$i#i!#7 !e)-6

e--i(a(y7 an% e/& %ee)&,#en$.

Support. T'e $'ir% =S> ariab)e i! )abe)e% a! !",,&r$. T'e !",,&r$ ariab)e i!

('ara($erie% a((&r%in/ $& -rien%!'i,!7 -a#i)y "ni$!7 ,er!&na) re)a$i&n!'i,!7 $'e &r/ania$i&n!7

an% (&##"ni$ie! $'a$ in%ii%"a)! are a($ie ,ar$i(i,an$!. A aria$i&n &- !",,&r$ !$r"($"re! i!

ne(e!!ary %"rin/ an in%ii%"a)’! #&!$ i#,&r$an$ ('an/e&er !"(' a! !e,ara$i&n7 )&!! &- a !,&"!e7

&r #&in/ $& a %i--eren$ !$a$e &r (&"n$ry. Re!ear(' !'&*! $'a$ !&(ia) !",,&r$ i! an e--e($ie

!$ra$e/y "!e% $& a!!i!$ an in%ii%"a) *i$' 'an%)in/ $en!i&n 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119.

Strate*ie%. T'e -&"r$' S> i! )abe)e% a! !$ra$e/ie!. T'e !$ra$e/ie! ariab)e i! (&,in/

&,$i&n! an% a($i&n! $'a$ (&")% a)$er $'e !i$"a$i&n!7 %&#ina$e $'e i#,&r$an(e &- $'e (ir("#!$an(e7

an% %ire($ ,&!$6een$ an?ie$y. T'e e?,er$! %i--eren$ia$e $'ree #&%e! &- (&,in/4 Fir!$7 re,)ie! $'a$

a)$er $'e !i$"a$i&n !"(' a! ne/&$ia$i&n 8e./.7 -a(i)i$a$in/ (&ner!a$i&n $& rea(' a (&#,r&#i!e97

&,$i#i!$i( a($i&n 8e./.7 %ee)&,in/ a !&)"$i&n $& $'e !i$"a$i&n97 !e)-6re)ian(e er!"! a%i(e6!ee<in/

8e./.7 'a! &ne !&"/'$ $'e a%i(e &- a -rien% &r (&6*&r<er97 an% e?er(i!e &- ,&$en(y er!"!

'e),)e!! re!i/na$i&n 8e./.7 *'en &ne re(&/nie $'a$ $'e !i$"a$i&n i! n&$ /&in/ $& ('an/e9. Se(&n%7

re,)ie! $'a$ (&n$r&) $'e #eanin/ &- $'e ,r&b)e#7 !"(' a! ,&!i$ie (&#,ari!&n! 8e./.7 !ayin/ (&"n$

y&"r b)e!!in/!97 !e)e($ie i/n&rin/ 8e./.7 *'en -a(e% *i$' %i--i(")$ie!97 $e))in/ !e)- $'a$ $'ey are

"ni#,&r$an$7 an% !"b!$i$"$i&n &- re*ar%! 8e./.7 &r%er &- )i-e ,ri&ri$ie!9. T'ir%7 re,)ie! $'a$ a!!i!$

$'e in%ii%"a) $& (&n$r&) ,re!!"re! a-$er i$ 'a! 'a,,ene% !"(' a! e#&$i&na) %i!('ar/e 8e./.7

e?,re!!in/ -ee)in/! ab&"$ $'e !i$"a$i&n97 !e)-6a!!er$i&n 8e./.7 $a<in/ (&n$r&) &- $'e !i$"a$i&n97 an%

a&i%in/ (&n$a($ *i$' $'e in%ii%"a) %"rin/ $'e &(("rren(e 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119.Ta3in* Char*e) Stren*thenin* Re%ource%

A((&r%in/ $& G&&%#an e$ a).7 801197 in%ii%"a)! 'eae $&*ar% ,er!&na)i$y "a)i$ie! $'a$

a!!i!$ $'e# *i$' $&)era$in/ %an/er! 8e./.7 !en!e &- !e)-7 '&,e-")ne!!7 "!e-")ne!!7 re#ar<!7 an%



25

#&ra)! a! *e)) a! !an($i$y an% !$ren/$'9. T'e ,!y('&)&/i(a) re!&"r(e! are e?a#,)e! &- <n&*in/

$'e !$a/e! &- re!,&n!ibi)i$y in &ne’! abi)i$y $& $&)era$e "n(er$ain$y. I$ i! $'e #i!(&n(e,$i&n &-

(&n$r&) $'a$ in%ii%"a)! a((e,$ a! $r"e $'a$ a ,er!&n (&")% n&$ (&n$r&) $'e &"$(&#e &- an een$.

H&*eer7 na$"ra) in%ii%"a) (er$ain$y an% !e)-6a!!"ran(e i! e?,re!!e% by &,$i#i!$i( !e)-6

en'an(in/ #i!(&n(e,$i&n! (&n(ernin/ $'e ,er!&n7 $'e ear$'7 an% $'e -"$"re.

Ipact o! Attrition

Mea%urin* the Ipact. In re,)y $& "n%er/ra%"a$e! %e,ar$"re -r&# (&))e/e a-$er $'eir

-ir!$ year &- in!$r"($i&n7 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! are ine!$in/ a !i/ni-i(an$

a#&"n$ &- re!&"r(e! in !eri(e! an% ,r&/ra#! %ee)&,e% $& ,r&i%e $'e !&(ia) an% a(a%e#i(

!",,&r$ !('&)ar! (&n!i!$en$)y i%en$i-y a! e!!en$ia) in a%i!in/ in !$"%en$ !"((e!! in in!$i$"$i&n! &-

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8S$ray'&rn7 0119. Fr&# an "n%er/ra%"a$e ,&in$ &- ie*7 re$en$i&n i! (ri$i(a) in

$'a$ &b$ainin/ a %e/ree ,ay!. T'e #e%i"# year)y !a)ary in 011 -&r an in%ii%"a) e#,)&ye% *i$'

a 'i/' !('&&) (er$i-i(a$e *a! 1711 $'e #e%i"# year)y !a)ary -&r an in%ii%"a) *i$' a

ba('e)&r’! %e/ree *a! 711 8a!#e)!<e7 0119. M&re&er7 earnin/! -&r /ra%"a$e! &- 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n ,r&3e($ $& be a)#&!$ %&"b)e $'a$ &- n&n6(&))e/e /ra%"a$e! &er a )i-e$i#e. I$ i! $'r&"/'

!$"%en$! in!$i$"$i&n! )in< $"i$i&n an% -ee!. A %e(rea!e in !$"%en$ 'ea% (&"n$ #ean! $'a$ (&))e/e!

#"!$ (&n!$an$)y re,)a(e )earner! *'& )eae7 *'i(' in&)e (a,i$a) nee%e% in an&$'er area. A!

*e))7 i- !('&)ar! %e,ar$ be-&re re(eiin/ a %i,)&#a &r (er$i-i(a$e7 $'e in!$i$"$i&n -&r-ei$! -inan(ia)

!",,&r$ re!ere% -&r $'e !$"%en$ 8a!#e)!<e7 0119.Prei&"! re!ear(' a(<n&*)e%/e% $'a$ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n i! a (ri$i(a) ,'a!e $'a$ !$"%en$! )a$er rea)ie a! $'e be/innin/ ,r&(e!! &-

a%3"!$in/ $& (&))e/e. A)$'&"/' $'ere are !eera) #&%e)! &- in!$i$"$i&na) a$$ri$i&n7 Tin$& 82K9



26

%ee)&,e% a #&%e) $'a$ e?a#ine! $'e !&(ia) an% a(a%e#i( in$era($i&n! !$"%en$! #a<e &n (&))e/e

/r&"n%!. T'e !('&)ar !"//e!$! $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$ $'i! ,&in$ re!$a$e &r rea!!e!! in%ii%"a)

a!,ira$i&n! an% &b)i/a$i&n!. Un%er/ra%"a$e! *'& %& n&$ 'ae a%e"a$e in$era($i&n *i$'

(&))ea/"e! &n (&))e/e /r&"n%! &r 'ae ne/a$ie en(&"n$er! #ay ('&&!e $& )eae $'e (&))e/e

be(a"!e &- $'i! )a(< &- -&r#a) an% in-&r#a$i&na) in$era($i&n 8Fi!('er7 011K9.F&r $'&!e "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& are $'e -ir!$ $& a$$en% (&))e/e in $'eir -a#i)y7 $'e #a$$er

re/ar%in/ (&))e/e a%3"!$#en$ (an be %i--i(")$. One #a3&r e)e#en$ $'a$ #i/'$ a--e($ a%3"!$in/ $&

(&))e/e i! an "n%er/ra%"a$e’! abi)i$y $& re$ain (&nne($i&n! *i$' -a#i)y an% -rien%! &n(e &n

(a#,"!. A)$'&"/' $'ere i! !&#e %i!a/ree#en$ re/ar%in/ $'e a(a%e#i( an% !&(ia) in$e/ra$i&n7

Van Genne,’! ie* $'a$ !e,ara$i&n -r&# ,a!$ re)a$i&n!'i,! i! ne(e!!ary in a !$"%en$’! !"((e!!-")

$ran!i$i&n in$& (&))e/e )i-e 8Fi!('er7 011K9.Ear$& Co$$e*e Entrance "ro*ra%. In a !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Hei)br&nner7 C&nne))7

D&byn!7 + Rei! 8012197 &ne !$ra$e/y $& in(rea!e a$$ri$i&n i! $'r&"/' $'e ear)y (&))e/e en$ran(e

,r&/ra#!. T'i! ini$ia$ie a))&*! !$"%en$! be$*een $'e a/e! &- 2 an% 2 $& re/i!$er a$ (&))e/e!

/iin/ $'e# an &,,&r$"ni$y $& ('&&!e an in!$i$"$i&n $'a$ &--er! an en&r#&"! !e)e($i&n &-

,r&/ra#!. In $'i! ,ar$i(")ar !$"%y7 $'e re!ear('er! e?a#ine% $'e rea!&n! -&r )earner’! a$$ri$i&n a$

a -e#a)e ear)y (&))e/e a((e)era$i&n ,r&/ra#. T'e ine!$i/a$i&n )&&<e% a$ $'e %i--eren(e! be$*een

!$"%en$! *'& )e-$ $'e ,r&/ra# an% $'&!e *'& (&n$in"e% $'e a((e)era$i&n ,r&/ra#. T'e

re!ear('er! -&"n% $'a$ -&r !$"%en$! %e,ar$in/ $'e ,r&/ra#7 $'ere *a! an in(rea!e% nee% -&r #&re

!('&)a!$i( ('a))en/e! $'an $'&!e ("rren$)y &--ere% by $'e '&!$ in!$i$"$i&n. De!,i$e $'e !('&)a!$i(

re"ire#en$! &- a((e)eran$!7 ear)y (&))e/e ,r&/ra#! $'a$ &--er re!i%en$ia) )i-e &-$en $i#e!

en(&"n$er a )ar/er ,er(en$a/e &- !$"%en$! re#ainin/ in ,r&/ra#!.Een $'&"/' #any !('&)ar! 'ae -&("!e% $'eir a$$en$i&n &n !&(ia) an% a(a%e#i(

a%3"!$#en$ &- (&))e/e !$"%en$!7 #&%e!$ in"iry 'ae e?a#ine% $'e in6%e,$' ,er(e,$i&n! &-

)earner! *'& %e,ar$ a((e)era$e% ,r&/ra#! an% $'eir e?,)ana$i&n! -&r n&$ re$"rnin/. Be(a"!e &-



27

$'e !('&)a!$i( !<i))! #&!$)y &- a((e)eran$!7 re!ear('er! !"//e!$ $'a$ in%ii%"a)! *'& %e,ar$ -r&#

$'e ,r&/ra# re"ire an a%an(e a(a%e#i( ('a))en/e. T'i! <in% &- a$$ri$i&n i! <n&*n a! ,&!i$ie

a$$ri$i&n. S$"%en$! *'& %e,ar$ -&r rea!&n!7 !"(' a! '&#e!i(<ne!!7 %i!$re!!7 an% ,&&r a(a%e#i(

a('iee#en$ in%i(a$e !i/n! &- ne/a$ie a$$ri$i&n 8Hei)br&nner e$ a).7 01219.The E!!ect o! the Fit2 A((&r%in/ $& T&renbee<7 an!en7 an% H&-#an 8012197 in!$i$"$i&n!

&- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n are /ra,,)in/ *i$' "n%er/ra%"a$e! $a<in/ !eera) !e#e!$er! $& (&#,)e$e (&re

("rri(")"# an% %e,ar$in/ -r&# (&))e/e. :'i)e !$"%en$! #i/'$ $'in< $'a$ n&n6(&#,)e$i&n &-

(&"r!e! #i/'$ be bene-i(ia) $& $'e#7 in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n #ay be re,ri#an%e% by $'e

b&ar% &- e%"(a$i&n &r $'e /&ern#en$. In $'i! re!ear(' !$"%y7 $'e a"$'&r! ine!$i/a$e% $'e

$ran!i$i&n &- !$"%en$! -r&# a ,re6"nier!i$y $& a "nier!i$y )&(a$e% in $'e Ne$'er)an%!. Se(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n !y!$e#! ,re,are !$"%en$! -&r %i--eren$ $y,e! &- e%"(a$i&n7 in$er#e%ia$e &(a$i&na)

e%"(a$i&n (&"r!e $a"/'$ in $'e -&"r$' year7 'i/'er &(a$i&na) e%"(a$i&n in $'e -i-$' year7 an%

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in $'e !i?$' year. T'&!e !('&)ar! *'& (&#,)e$e 'i! &r 'er !i?$' year #ay enr&))

in (&))e/e. T'i! ,ar$i(")ar area be)iee% $'a$ !$"%en$! a('iee 'i/'er a(a%e#i( !"((e!! %"rin/

$'e -ir!$ $er# be(a"!e &- $'e %i--eren$ )ee) !$rea#!. H&*eer7 $'i! #e$'&% i! bein/ e?a#ine%.

Mean*'i)e7 e?,er$! (i$e% %a$a $'a$ !'&* in!"--i(ien$ ,re,ara$i&n -&r "!in/ !"(' a #e$'&%. T'e

#e$'&% re!")$! in in$e/ra$i&n an% a%3"!$#en$ i!!"e!. =T'"!7 !"((e!! -&r $'e -ir!$6year !$"%en$

#i/'$ %e,en% n&$ &n)y &n ,er!&na) ('ara($eri!$i(!7 b"$ a)!& &n $'e "a)i$y &- $'e ,re,ara$i&n>

8T&renbee<.7 01217 ,. 19."ro#a#i$i%tic Approach. In $'e ,a!$7 !('&)ar! e?a#ine% -a($&r! $'a$ e?'ibi$ a ,r&,en!i$y

$& !'&* a re)a$i&n!'i, *i$' "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ ri!< &- %e,ar$in/ in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n

be-&re &b$ainin/ $'eir (er$i-i(a$e &r a!,ira$i&n! '&*eer7 #"(' &- $'e !$"%ie! ine!$i/a$e% (en$er

&n $ra%i$i&na) !$"%en$! a$$en%in/ "nier!i$ie!. Neer$'e)e!!7 a)#&!$ 'a)- &- "n%er/ra%"a$e!

re/i!$ere% -&r (&"r!e! are enr&))e% in 3"ni&r (&))e/e! a(r&!! $'e na$i&n 8Gar(ia7 01219. A! a



28

re!")$7 Hi!,ani( )earner’! enr&))#en$ in$& (&))e/e 'a! in(rea!e% an% $'e n"#ber i! !i/ni-i(an$

)ar/e)y -&r -ir!$6/enera$i&n "n%er/ra%"a$e!. T'"!7 Hi!,ani( !$"%en$! brin/ a *i%e ran/e &-

(")$"ra) %yna#i(! $'a$ #a<e $'e $ran!i$i&n !&#e*'a$ ('a))en/in/. T'e!e %yna#i(! in()"%e )a(<

&- %e%i(a$i&n $& a!,ira$i&n!7 rare -a(")$y in$era($i&n7 rare !$"%en$ in$era($i&n7 ,&er$y7 an%

in!$i$"$i&na) ,&)i(y re/ar%in/ !$"%en$! ri/'$6 $&6-ai) 8Gar(ia7 01219. T'e #a3&ri$y &- e?,er$! *'&

ine!$i/a$e !$"%en$ a$$ri$i&n $'in< $'a$ 'i/' !('&&) /ra%"a$i&n /ra%e!7 "n%er/ra%"a$e /ra%e!7 an%

-ir!$6$er# in!$i$"$i&n (re%i$! (an -&re(a!$ (&))e/e !(&re! an% ri!< &- %r&,&"$ 8:"7 F)e$('er7 +

O)!&n7 011K9.Fi!'er 8011K9 !$a$e! $'a$ $'e!e #&%e)! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e a$$ri$i&n !"##arie '&* (&))e/e

a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! #"!$ "n%er!$an% '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e! #a<e $'e $ran!i$i&n an%

a%3"!$#en$ $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n !e$$in/! an% *'y !&#e "n%er/ra%"a$e %e,ar$ a-$er $'e -ir!$

!e#e!$er. A! 'i/')i/'$e% by Fi!'er 8011K94A! i$ $"rn! &"$7 $'e!e !&(ia) $ie! are a)!& !i/ni-i(an$)y re)a$e% $& )eain/ (&))e/e.

S$"%en$! *'& -ai) $& -&r# !"--i(ien$ in-&r#a) an% -&r#a) !&(ia) (&nne($i&n! *i$'

&$'er! &n (a#,"!7 re/ar%)e!! &- ra(e an% e$'ni(i$y7 are #&re )i<e)y $& )eae $'an

are #&re (&nne($e% &r in&)e% !$"%en$!. 8,,. 2J62J9Co$$e*e Student "er%i%tence

A((&r%in/ $& Dei)6A#en 8012297 "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er!i!$en(e an% a$$ri$i&n ra$e! are

%i!("!!e% an% e?a#ine% by !('&)ar! eery year $'"!7 $'e %a$a -&r 3"ni&r (&))e/e! are in(&#,)e$e.

A !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Barba$i! 801219 ine!$i/a$e% "n%er/ra%"a$e -ee)in/! ab&"$ $'e -ir!$

!e#e!$er e?,erien(e in an e--&r$ $& ,in,&in$ %yna#i(! *'i(' !",,&r$ &r i#,e%e $'e re$en$i&n &-

!$"%en$! &n (&))e/e (a#,"!e!. T'ere *ere 00 ,ar$i(i,an$! $'a$ a/ree% $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e

ine!$i/a$i&n. M&!$ &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$ a/e! ran/e% -r&# nine$een $& -&r$y6!i?7 *'i(' in()"%e%

!een$een -e#a)e! an% -ie #a)e!. T'e !('&)ar !$"%ie% $'e in-)"en(e &- )earnin/ /r&",! &n



29

"n%er/ra%"a$e!’ -ee)in/! (&n(ernin/ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in an e--&r$ $& ,in,&in$ e)e#en$!7 *'i('

en(&"ra/e &r %e$er $'e re$en$i&n &- "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$!.A-$er $'e %ia)&/"e! 'a% been $ran!(ribe%7 $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! *ere ini$e% $& a$$en% a -&("!

/r&", $& reie* $'e $'e#e! an% /r&",in/! re!")$in/ -r&# $'e in$erie*!. T'e re!ear('er

re(&/nie% -&"r $'e#e! -r&# ,ar$i(i,an$ in$erie*!. T'ey *ere a! -&))&*!4 8a9 !",,&r$ &-

e?$erna) in-)"en(e!7 8b9 !('&)a!$i( in$e/ra$i&n7 8(9 !&(ia) (&n$e?$7 an% 8%9 ,re(&))e/e ,r&/ra#!.

T'e /enera) in-)"en(e! a#&n/ $'e ,ar$i(i,an$’! e--&r$! $& ,er!i!$ *ere e%"(a$&r!7 /"ar%ian!7

(&ni($i&n7 an% !e)-6%e$er#ina$i&n. Mean*'i)e7 $'e ie*! &- -&r#er !$"%en$! an% ,er!i!$er! *ere

n&$ $'e !a#e a! $'e !$"%en$! *'& %e,ar$e% (&))e/e. Per!i!$er! *ere ,er(eie% $& be #&re

in&)e% in !$"%en$ )i-e7 "n%er!$&&% '&* $'eir (")$"re an% e$'ni(i$y in!,ire% 'i# &r 'er $& a('iee

!"((e!!7 /&a)6&rien$e%7 an% be)iee% $'a$ re(eiin/ a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n *a! $'e *ay $& a((&#,)i!'

$'eir &b3e($ie! 8Barba$i!7 01219.Tinto4% Theor& o! "er%i%tence. In $'e "e!$ -&r 3"ni&r (&))e/e! $& re(&/nie $'e

i#,&r$an(e &- ,er!i!$en(e7 in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 'ae /aine% a)"ab)e in!i/'$ ab&"$

*'a$ i$ re"ire! -&r !$"%en$! $& a('iee a(a%e#i( !"((e!!. Tin$& i! a*are $'a$ 'i! $'e&re$i(a)

-ra#e*&r< i! /r&"n%e% &n $'e ,&,")a$i&n &- $ra%i$i&na) )earner! an% %&e! n&$ e?,re!! $'e

e?,erien(e &- "n%erre,re!en$e% !$"%en$! in (&))e/e !"('7 a! Hi!,ani(7 A-ri(an A#eri(an!7 $'&!e

*i$' in(a,a(i$ie!7 &r $'&!e *'& are -ir!$ in $'eir -a#i)ie! $& enr&)) in (&))e/e. Be!i%e!7 n"#er&"!

-in%in/! re/ar%in/ -ir!$6/enera$i&n "n%er/ra%"a$e! ,r&e $'a$ $'e $ra%i$i&na) (&))e/e ,&,")a$i&n

%i--er! -r&# $'e "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n 8S$ie'a7 01219. In re)a$i&n!'i, $& $'e )ee) &-

in$era($i&n in !$"%en$ )i-e an% !('&)a!$i( (&##i$#en$7 $'ere are a,,aren$ %i!,ari$ie! 8S$ie'a7

01219.Tin$&’! in$e/ra$i&n #&%e) !"//e!$! $'a$ )earner! be(&#e in$e/ra$e% by e?,)&rin/ $'e 2

!('e#e! re)a$e% $& 'i/' !('&&) !"((e!!7 /&a)!7 /en%er7 &b3e($ie!7 an% &b)i/a$i&n! T'e *&r%

in$e/ra$i&n re-er! $& $'e #a/ni$"%e &- in%ii%"a) a!!&(ia$i&n *i$' -a(")$y an% (&))ea/"e! %"rin/



30

!&(ia) an% a(a%e#i( a($ii$ie! 8T&renbee< e$ a).7 01219. Gien $'a$ 3"ni&r (&))e/e! are $'e -ir!$

en$ran(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e a%#i!!i&n -&r #&!$ !$"%en$!7 (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! a$$ri$i&n ra$e! are

!"b&r%ina$e $& "nier!i$ie!. T'e #&!$ i#,&r$an$ $e!$ -&r in!$i$"$i&n! in $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! i!

<ee,in/ !$"%en$! enr&))e% "n$i) $'ey (&#,)e$e a %e/ree. T'e #&!$ ",6$&6%a$e %a$a ,"b)i!'e% by

A#eri(an C&))e/e Te!$in/ re/ar%in/ *i$'%ra* ,er(en$a/e! a#&n/ in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n in%i(a$e $'a$ #&re $'an 2711 in!$i$"$i&n! !'&*e% a %e(rea!e in (&#,)e$i&n

,er(en$a/e!7 -r&# JK.J in 2 $& J2. in 011. An&$'er !$"%y -&"n% $'a$ (&##"ni$y

(&))e/e a$$ri$i&n ra$e! a(r&!! $'e (&"n$ry a$$ri$i&n ra$e *ere %ra!$i(a))y )&*er $'an "nier!i$y

a$$ri$i&n ra$e! by a)#&!$ K 8Gar(ia7 01219.Barba$i! 801219 !$a$e% $'a$ ba!e% &n 'i! !$"%y -in%in/!7 e%"(a$&r! nee% $& %ee)&,

,r&/ra#! $'a$ a%%re!! $'e e?,erien(e! &- )earner! &n (&))e/e (a#,"!e! $& en(&"ra/e $'e !"((e!!

&- "n%er/ra%"a$e! an% in(rea!e ,er!i!$en(e $& a("ire a %e/ree. By ea)"a$in/ $'e i#,a($ &-

!$"%en$ ,er!i!$en(e &- "n%erre,re!en$e% )earner!7 3"ni&r (&))e/e &--i(ia)!7 e%"(a$&r!7 an%

,r&-e!!i&na) !$a-- 'ae a be$$er a*arene!! &- $'e )ie% een$! &- ,er!i!$er! "n%erre,re!en$e% an%

&b$ain a %e/ree )i<en $& $'&!e !$"%en$! *'& %e,ar$. F"r$'er#&re7 a-$er en$erin/ in$& (&))e/e7

"n%er/ra%"a$e! are /ran$e% $'e ri$e! &- ,a!!a/e $'a$ (&n!i!$ &- a $'ree6,'a!e ,r&(e!! &- ,ar$in/7

('an/e7 an% in$e/ra$i&n7 *'i(' (&n$rib"$e! $& 'i/'er re$en$i&n ra$e! -&r 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n

in!$i$"$i&n!. T'e re!ear(' !$a$e! $'a$ $'e #&re "n%er/ra%"a$e! a%3"!$ $& $'e ("!$&#! &- $'e

(&))e/e an% $'e #&re $'ey are a,,re(ia$e% a! in%ii%"a)! &n (&))e/e /r&"n%!7 "n%er/ra%"a$e! are

#&re a,$ $& ,er!i!$ $& (&#,)e$e $'eir (&))e/e /&a)! an% /ra%"a$e.Bean4% A$ternati-e Attrition Mode$2 T'i! a)$erna$e #&%e) (rea$e% by Bean e?,&"n%!

&n $'e ,&!$!e(&n%ary ,er!i!$en(e ,r&(e!!. T'e #&%e) i! %ee)&,e% &n $'e ,re#i!e &- !$"%en$

a$$i$"%e6be'ai&r in$era($i&n!. Bean an% Ve!,er (&n$en% $'a$ be'ai&ra) in$en$i&n! are -&r#e% by

a #anner *'ereby i%ea! -&r# -ee)in/!7 an% -ee)in/!7 in $"rn7 a--e($ be'ai&ra) in$en$i&n!. Be)ie-!



31

are be)iee% $& be a--e($e% by an in%ii%"a)’! en(&"n$er! *i$' ari&"! #e('ani!#! &- an

&r/ania$i&n. T'e #&%e) rea)ie! $'a$ &"$!i%e %yna#i(! a--e($ -ee)in/! an% ('&i(e!

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #a<e *'i)e enr&))e% in ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8Cabrera7 N&ra7 + Ca!$ane%a7

29.(o%%$er and Ga$$a*her4% Co$$e*e Choice2 T'e !$a/e! &- !e)e($in/ a ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&na) in!$i$"$i&n are (&n!i%ere% a $'&r&"/' (&"r!e &- a($i&n $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e!

a(<n&*)e%/e in $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n /&a)! $'r&"/' a n"#ber &- ,'a!e! ,re(e%in/

enr&))in/ in$& (&))e/e. T'e #&%e) $'a$ #any e%"(a$&r! (i$e i! H&!!)er an% Ga))a'er’! $'ree6!$a/e

#&%e) 82K9. T'e #&%e) i! ba!e% &n $'eir !yn$'e!i! &- *ri$in/! re/ar%in/ ,&!$!e(&n%ary ('&i(e.

T'e be/innin/ ,'a!e i! ,re%i!,&!i$i&n. D"rin/ $'i! ,'a!e7 !$"%en$’! 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a#bi$i&n!

an% an$i(i,a$i&n! !$ar$ %ee)&,in/. Many %yna#i(! i#,a($ $'e "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ ,&!$!e(&n%ary

&"$)&&<7 -a#i)y "ni$7 !('&&)$ea('er7 an% a%i!&r!7 ()a!!#a$e!7 !&(i&e(&n&#i( !$a$"!7 an% $'e

a)"e ,aren$! ,)a(e &n a$$en%in/ an in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'e !e(&n% ,'a!e i! !ear('.

T'e !$"%en$! %ee)&, ('&i(e !e$! an% %e(i%e *'a$ (&))e/e -ea$"re! i! ,ri&ri$y &n $'eir )i!$. T'e!e

('&i(e! are &-$en %e$er#ine% by !(&re &n (&))e/e en$ran(e e?a#ina$i&n!7 -inan(ia) !",,&r$7 an%

/"ar%ian!’ e%"(a$i&na) )ee). T'e $'ir% ,'a!e i! ('&i(e. T'e in%ii%"a)! "!e %a$a $& ('&&!e a

(&))e/e an% (&#,)e$e $'e (&##&n a,,)i(a$i&n &n)ine 8Ber/er!&n7 0119.5ie+point% o! Co$$e*e Choice Re%earch2 T'e&re$i(a) #&%e)! re/ar%in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e’!

e%"(a$i&na) ('&i(e an% ,er!i!$en(e !i/ni-y $*& %i!$in($ )in<! &- in"iry. Tin$& 82KJ9 an% Bean’!

82KJ9 !$"%en$ in$e/ra$i&n an% !$"%en$ a$$ri$i&n #&%e)! are <ey $'e&rie! -&("!e% &n re$en$i&n7 an%

H&!!)er an% Ga))a/'er’! 82K9 (&))e/e ('&i(e (&n(e,$ /&erne% $'e !$"%ie! &n !$"%en$ !e)e($i&n

&- (&))e/e. Prei&"! %a$a re/ar%in/ (&))e/e ('&i(e in%i(a$e! $'a$ $'e ('&i(e !$"%en$! #a<e 'a! a

%ire($ an% in%ire($ i#,a($ &n $'eir %e(i!i&n $& (&n$in"e in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. P&!!ib)y7 &ne

!$ra$e/y $& in(rea!e re$en$i&n -&r #any (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! i! $& -&("! &n !e(&n%ary !('&&)!



32

&"$!i%e $'eir !eri(e area! *i$' !i#i)ar !('&)a!$i( an% !&(i&6%e#&/ra,'i( !a#ene!! $& $'e ("rren$

,&,")a$i&n &- !$"%en$!. Fr&# $'e ie*,&in$ &- (&))e/e ('&i(e re!ear('7 a n"#ber &- !$"%en$!

#i/'$ $'in< $'a$ a$$en%in/ an in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! $&& ('a))en/in/7 *'i)e !&#e

in%ii%"a)! #i/'$ $'in< $'a$ $'e (&))e/e i! n&$ %i--i(")$ an% $ran!-er! $& a %i--eren$ in!$i$"$i&n.

T'ere-&re7 !$"%en$ ,er!i!$en(e in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! (&rre)a$e% $& $'e !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

!('&)a!$i( e?,erien(e 8&'n!&n7 0119.Nationa$ Center !or Education Stati%tic%2 T'e Na$i&na) Cen$er -&r E%"(a$i&n S$a$i!$i(!

8NCES9 a(<n&*)e%/e% !eera) %yna#i(! $'a$ a--e($ !$"%en$ ,er!i!$en(e an% %i,)&#a

a('iee#en$. T'e -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e% ,ri#ari)y $& $'&!e *'& %i% n&$ /ra%"a$e *ere -r&#

'i/' !('&&) &r $'&!e *'& re(eie% a GED7 $'&!e *'& re/i!$ere% a! ,ar$6$i#e7 $'&!e &- !in/)e

,aren$ !$a$"!7 an% $'&!e #ain$ainin/ -"))6$i#e e#,)&y#en$ #&re $'an K1 &- (&##"ni$y (&))e/e

"n%er/ra%"a$e! i%en$i-ie% *i$' &ne %yna#i(. Fi-$y ,er(en$ i%en$i-ie% *i$' $*& &r #&re.

C&ner!e)y7 "nier!i$ie! re,&r$e% $'a$ K0 &- $'eir !$"%en$! enr&))e% i%en$i-ie% n& -a($&r! 8S&rey

+ D"//an7 0119. M&re&er7 (&))e/e! are ,"$$in/ en&r#&"! ,re!!"re &n e#,)&yee! $& en'an(e

ini$ia$ie! an% ,&)i(ie! $'a$ !",,&r$ !$"%en$ (&n$in"a$i&n &- ,"r!"in/ a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n8S&rey e$ a).7 0119.

The 5oice o! A Fir%t Generation Student2 A ,'en&#en&)&/i(a) in"iry (&n%"($e% by

S$ie'a 801219 !'e%! )i/'$ &n $'e )ea%in/ $'e&ry &- ,er!i!$en(e. T'e (a!e !$"%y "$i)ie% a &i(e

(en$ere% a!!e!!#en$ $& e?a#ine $'e &i(e &- a -ir!$6/enera$i&n "n%er/ra%"a$e7 A))i. A))i7 a

)i/'$'ear$e% !$"%en$7 !e$ an a,,&in$#en$ $& #ee$ *i$' 'er *ri$in/ ,r&-e!!&r $& rei!e 'er ,er!&na)

narra$ie a!!i/n#en$. In $'e ,r&(e!!7 $'eir %i!("!!i&n )e% $'e# $& a%%re!! 'er an(e!$&r’! 'i!$&ry.

In!$an$)y7 A))i !ai% $'a$ !'e *a! n&$ e?,e($e% $& be enr&))e% in (&))e/e. Her ,aren$! a)*ay! $&)%

'er $'a$ $'ey *ere n&$ an e%"(a$e% ,e&,)e. A))i !$ar$e% a 3&"rney $'a$ *a! "n-a#i)iar $& 'er

'&"!e'&)%. A))i !'are% *i$' 'er ,r&-e!!&r ari&"! %&#ain! &- 'er -ir!$ year e?,erien(e &n

(a#,"!. T'e ,r&-e!!&r’! re)a$i&n!'i, *i$' A))i *a! (en$ere% &n 'er r&)e a! 'er H"#ani$ie!



33

in!$r"($&r an% a %ire($&r &- $'eir -ir!$6year e?,erien(e ,r&/ra#. In $'e ,r&-e!!&r’! a%#ini!$ra$ie

-"n($i&n7 'er #ain -&("! *a! &n $'e in!$i$"$i&n! re$en$i&n e--&r$!. T'e (&))e/e in!$r"($&r <n&*!

$'a$ an A))i &%% &- a('iein/ an in!$i$"$i&n %i,)&#a *a! )&*er (&#,are% $& "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'&

/"ar%ian! 'ae earne% a %e/ree.T'e re!ear('er (i$e% a 2J %i!$in($i&n in $'e aera/e na$i&na) ra$e &- $'ree year

,er!i!$en(e a#i% -ir!$ an% !e(&n% /enera$i&n )earner! *i$' $'&!e in $'e )a$$er aera/in/ K.

Main)y -&r $'e Ca"(a!ian !$"%en$7 !&#e$i#e! %a$a /ie a -a)!e !en!e &- rea)i$y. A))i %i% n&$

"a)i-y -&r -inan(ia) ai%7 !'e *a! n&$ re"ire% $& enr&)) in %ee)&,#en$a) (&"r!e!7 an% !'e i! n&$

i%en$i-ie% a! bein/ in any 'i/' ri!< /r&",!. S$i))7 $'e narra$ie !'&*! $'a$ A))i #i/'$ )eae be'in%

'er e%"(a$i&na) /&a)!. S'e be(a#e -r"!$ra$e% an% %e,ar$e% $'e 3&"rney be(a"!e &- $'e (&#,)e?

-inan(ia) ,r&(e!!. T'e re!")$! &- $'i! ana)y!i! !"//e!$ $'a$ in!$i$"$i&n! $a<e in$& a((&"n$ $'e

enir&n#en$a) !e$$in/ &- )earner! a! a re)ean$ (&#,&nen$ in "n%er!$an%in/ )earner’! (&))e/ia$e

e?,erien(e an% re(&/nie $'e i#,&r$an$ -"n($i&n &- $'e -a#i)y "ni$. A)!&7 ,er!i!$en(e $'e&rie!

#"!$ $a<e in$& a((&"n$ (")$"ra) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! e?$erna) &- $'e $y,i(a) en(&"n$er 8S$ie'a7

01219.

Acadeic and Occupationa$ A%piration%

Ni$e(<i 801229 *r&$e $'a$ in an e--&r$ $& in(rea!e !$"%en$ a('iee#en$7 #any 3"ni&r

(&))e/e! &--er a(a%e#i( ,r&/ra#! $'a$ -&!$er !#a))er ()a!!e! an% !$"%en$ (&'&r$! in 'i! &r 'er

(a,a(i$y $& (rea$e !$"%en$ !"((e!! an% re$en$i&n. T'e !$"%en$’! (areer ('&i(e7 &r a(a%e#i(

("rri(")"# (an (rea$e a ,&!i$ie )earnin/ enir&n#en$ -&r !$"%en$!7 re!")$in/ in /ra%"a$i&n7

$ran!-er7 an% re$en$i&n &- "n%er/ra%"a$e!. I$ i! %&("#en$e% $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in

(areer6-&("!e% (&"r!e! !"(' a! &(a$i&na) n"r!in/7 (ri#ina) 3"!$i(e7 an% ,ara)e/a) !$"%ie! re$ain

#&%era$e)y 'i/' ra$i&! &- a('iee#en$ &n (&))e/e (a#,"!e!. Ni$e(<i 801229 !ai%7



34

Or/ania$i&na) $'e&ry i! (en$ra) $& (&#,re'en%in/ $'e ,&$en$ia) &- $'e ini$ia$ie $&

'&)% &n $& )earner!. In a)) re(&/nie% &r/ania$i&n7 $'ere a!(en% ran<! &- &--i(ia)

an% "n&--i(ia) !"b&r/ania$i&n! $'a$ (rea$e $'eir in%ii%"a) ("!$&#!7 e$'i(!7

!$an%ar%!7 an% !&(ie$a) re)a$i&n!. In!i%e $*& year in!$i$"$i&n!7 an &--i(ia) in!$i$"$e

i$!e)- $'e !y!$e# i! a re(&/nie% !"b&r/ania$i&n7 an% $'e !('&&)r&&# i! an

a%%i$i&na) &--i(ia) !"b&r/ania$i&n. Un&--i(ia) a!!&(ia$i&n! a)!& be/an $& -&r#7

in()"%in/ ,",i) ,eer a))ian(e!7 in!$r"($&r ,eer a))ian(e!7 an% !$"%en$6in!$r"($&r

a))ian(e!. Or/ania$i&n $'e&ry &--er! a )in<a/e a#&n/ $'e /rea$er 3"ni&r (&))e/e

in!$i$"$i&n7 $'e %yna#i(! &- $'e ini$ia$ie7 an% $'e re!")$! -&r )earner!. 8,. 2119A,,re(ia$in/ $'e ,"r,&!e &- a !y!$e# #&%e)7 $'e $'e&ry a)i%a$e! *'y i$ i! i#,&r$an$ $&

"n%er!$an% $'e ra$i&na)e &- &r/ania$i&na) $'e&ry an% $'e i#,a($ i$ 'a! &n en/a/in/ an% re$ainin/

(&))e/e )earner!. A bi&e(&)&/i(a) #&%e) %ee)&,e% by Br&n-enbrenner a(<n&*)e%/e% a

!y!$e#a$i( $'e&ry $'a$ ea)"a$e! $'e in$er(&nne($e%ne!! &- an in%ii%"a) a$ %i--eren$ !$a/e! &-

$'eir enir&n#en$. In $'i! in!$an(e7 $'e #i(r& )ee) (&#,ri!e! &- !,e(i-i( "n%er/ra%"a$e! an%

,r&-e!!&r! *'& eery%ay )e($"re r&&# e?('an/e! an% (&))ab&ra$i&n! !",,&r$ re$ainin/ )earner!.

Vari&"! #e&6)ee) "ni$! 8!"(' a! -a(")$y6!$"%en$ /r&",!7 in!$r"($&r /r&",!7 an% ,eer /r&",!9

e?i!$ a#&n/ $'e #a(r& an% #i(r& )ee)! 8Ni$e(<i7 01229."o+er o! the "ro*ra. T'i! (a!e !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Ni$e(<i 801229 (en$er! &n &ne

!,e(i-i( #e&6)ee) /r&",7 $'e e%"(a$i&na) ("rri(")"#. T'e in!$r"($i&n7 i$! ,rin(i,)e!7 an% i$!

#e$'&% $& "n%er/ra%"a$e! are e!!en$ia) $& in(rea!in/ $'e re$en$i&n ra$i&! &- !$"%en$!. T'e #a(r&

"ni$ a((e,$! $'e 3"ni&r in!$i$"$i&n a! an a!!&(ia$i&n7 $&/e$'er *i$' i$! in!$i$"$i&na) )i#i$a$i&n!7

('a))en/e!7 an% "n(er$ain$ie! $'a$ -re"en$)y )&*er "n%er/ra%"a$e e?,e($a$i&n!. A(a%e#i(

,r&/ra#! are in an e!!en$ia) )&("! *i$'in $'e e%"(a$i&na) in!$i$"$e. Be(a"!e !('&)a!$i( ini$ia$ie!

are a$ $'e #e& )ee)7 $'e!e ,r&/ra#! (&nne($ $'e )ar/er #a(r& )ee) an% $'e #i(r& )ee) &- $'e



35

in%ii%"a) "n%er/ra%"a$e. Re(&/niin/ $'e ,r&#inen(e &- a(a%e#i( ,r&/ra#! $& in(rea!e

!$"%en$ !"((e!!7 a !y!$e#!6ba!e% a,,r&a(' &- &r/ania$i&na) $'e&ry )in<! $'e re!")$! &- $'e

)earner7 ,r&/ra# %yna#i(!7 an% $'e in!$i$"$i&n. T'e &"$(&#e! in%i(a$e '&* (er$ain ,r&/ra#!

-&r# a %i!$in($ie &r/ania$i&na) !"b/r&",7 (a"!in/ #&%era$e)y /rea$er ra$e! &- re$ainin/ !$"%en$!

an% in(rea!in/ a(a%e#i( !"((e!!.Ipact o! Coprehen%i-e Approach. Per('an(e &ne &- $'e /rea$e!$ "n%era)"e%

!$ra$e/ie! -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e a(a%e#i( !"((e!! *i$'in $'e 3"ni&r (&))e/e i! $'e i#,)e#en$a$i&n

an% %ee)&,#en$ &- an in$en%e%7 (&#,re'en!ie #e$'&% $& &rien$in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! $& $'e

(&))e/ia$e enir&n#en$ 8H&))in!7 0119. C&))e/e! in Te?a! rea)ie $'a$ $'e !i/ni-i(an(e &- !"('

ini$ia$ie! in %ea)in/ *i$' $ran!i$i&na) #a$$er! -&r $'e ari&"! <in%! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! re/i!$erin/

in (&##"ni$y (&))e/e!. A)$'&"/' #&!$ (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! !("--)e *i$' ,r&i%in/ !"((e!!-")

!"##er &rien$a$i&n! -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 re!ear(' !i$e% $'e -ir!$6year a$$ri$i&n ra$e -&r 3"ni&r

(&))e/e! a$ !&#e*'a$ )e!! $'an J1. In $'e Uni$e% S$a$e!7 i$ i! a,,r&?i#a$e% $'a$ K &-

(&##"ni$y (&))e/e! ,r&i%e a n"#ber &- -ir!$ year e?,erien(e (&"r!e 8H&))in!7 0119.E%"(a$&r! are a*are $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! ('an/e -r&# year $& year. T&%ay’! (&))e/e

!$"%en$! are in(rea!in/)y 3&b6-&("!e%7 $e('n&)&/i(a))y a%e,$7 an% "neen)y ,re,are% -&r $'e

a(a%e#i( re"ire#en$! &- $'e (&))e/e. En/a/in/ an% re$ainin/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! i! a ('a))en/e a$

a)) )ee)! b"$ ,ar$i(")ar)y !& in $'e -ir!$ year 8Gar%ner7 e*)er7 + Bare-&&$7 01219. Par$i(")ar)y7

$'e %e#&/ra,'i(! &- in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n are re&)"$i&niin/ 8S('ra%er + Br&*n7

0119.Credit Ba%ed "ro*ra%2 A #&"n$in/ !$a$e*i%e -&(a) ,&in$ &n $'e nee% -&r 'i/'

!('&)a!$i( ,rin(i,)e! (&##an%! a /r&*in/ n"#ber &- e%"(a$&r! an% $'e ,"b)i(6a$6)ar/e $&

%ee)&, ini$ia$ie! -&r 'i/' !('&&) )earner! in "e!$ &- a$$ainin/ a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n %e/ree.

T&%ay7 'i/' !('&&) !$"%en$! are en(&"ra/e% $& enr&)) in (&))e/e6)ee) (&"r!e! an% ,&!!ib)y

re(eie ,&!$!e(&n%ary (re%i$ *'i)e in 'i/' !('&&). T'e Cre%i$6Ba!e% Tran!i$i&n Pr&/ra#!



36

8CBTP9 in()"%e! $'e -&))&*in/4 A%an(e% P)a(e#en$7 In$erna$i&na) Ba((a)a"rea$e7 Te(' Pre,.7

#i%%)e (&))e/e 'i/' !('&&)!7 an% %"a) (re%i$. Cre%i$6ba!e% ,r&/ra#! are (rea$e% $& ea!e $'e

('an/e&er &- )earner! $'r&"/' !e(&n%ary $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8F&*)er + L"na7 0119.

In 2K07 Syra("!e Unier!i$y e%"(a$&r! *&r<e% in ,ar$ner!'i, *i$' !e(&n%ary e%"(a$&r!

$& ('a))en/e 'i/' !('&&) /ra%"a$e! $& !ee< -"r$'er e%"(a$i&na) a%an(e#en$! by enr&))in/ in

(re%i$ ba!e% (&"r!e!. Seera) !$"%en$! -ini!'e% $'eir /ra%"a$i&n re"ire#en$! by $'e !$ar$ &-

$*e)-$' /ra%e. Pr&3e($ A%an(e !ere! a! a #&%e) "!e% by #any in!$i$"$i&n! $'r&"/'&"$ $'e !$a$e.

A($ii!$! %e$er#ine% $'a$ a(("ra$e)y ,)anne% an% #ana/e% (&&,era$ie ,r&/ra#! %e(rea!e

a(a%e#i( #&n&$&ny an% $ran!-&r# !('&)ar!’ a*arene!! &- !eni&ri$y by (&n$in"in/ $'eir ea/erne!!

$& a("ire <n&*)e%/e. S"(' ('an/e&er ini$ia$ie! a))&* e)een$' an% $*e)-$' /ra%e )earner! $'e

&,,&r$"ni$y $& enr&)) in ,&!$!e(&n%ary ("rri(")a $'a$ #ee$ $'eir &((",a$i&na) %e!ire! 8F&*)er e$

a).7 0119.:'i)e $'e ini$ia) (&&,era$ie (re%i$6ba!e% ini$ia$ie! !$ar$e% a$ -&"r6year in!$i$"$i&n!7 $'ere

are !eera) 3"ni&r (&))e/e! $'r&"/'&"$ $'e !$a$e $'a$ are !i/ni-i(an$ in $'e ('r&ni()e &- (re%i$6

ba!e% ,r&/ra#!. ;in/!b&r&"/' C&##"ni$y C&))e/e &- $'e Ci$y Unier!i$y &- Ne* Y&r<

(&##en(e% a C&))e/e N&* Pr&/ra# in 2. T'e ,r&/ra# i%en$i-ie% )earner! *'& *ere aera/e

a('ieer! an% )earner! *'& ("#")a$e% an &era)) /ra%e ,&in$ aera/e n& )&*er $'an J. T'e

C&))e/e N&* Pr&/ra# a%&(a$e! $'a$ -)e?ibi)i$y &- ("rri(")"# an% a%an(e% !('e%")in/ in!,ire%

an% ,r&#&$e% -re"en$ a$$en%an(e7 e#,'a!ie% !('&)a!$i( !"((e!!7 an% a!!i!$e% *i$' (&))e/e

a%#i!!i&n a-$er /ra%"a$in/ -r&# ,"b)i( e%"(a$i&n. LaG"ar%ia C&##"ni$y C&))e/e’! Mi%%)e

C&))e/e %ee)&,e% an ini$ia$ie in 2K $'a$ re)a$e% $& $'e C&))e/e N&* Pr&/ra#. T'e ,"r,&!e &-

$'e ,r&/ra# i! $& re(&/nie !$"%en$! (&n!i%ere% by e%"(a$&r! $& %r&, &"$ &- $'e e%"(a$i&na)

!y!$e#. T'e LaG"ar%ia C&##"ni$y C&))e/e ,r&/ra# in(rea!e% $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary



37

$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n by ,r&#&$in/ !('&)a!$i( ri/&r in a 'e),-") !e$$in/ 8F&*)er e$ a).7

0119.A((&r%in/ $& Meyer e$ a). 801197 #any ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&na) re,re!en$a$ie! $e))

"n%er/ra%"a$e! $'a$ -&r ea(' (&"r!e &- !$"%y $*& '&"r! &- !$"%y i! !"//e!$e% -&r ea(' '&"r in

()a!! $& a('iee an a((e,$ab)e !(&re. A))ie Gra!/reen 801229 !$a$e% $'a$ $'e Na$i&na) S"rey &-

S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ reea)e% $'a$ )earner! &n aera/e !$"%ie% -&r 2J '&"r! ,er *ee<7 b"$ i$

%i--ere% by -ie)% &- !$"%y. F&r e?a#,)e7 !('&)ar! in !&(ia) !(ien(e! an% b"!ine!! !$"%ie% n& #&re

$'an 2 '&"r! ,er *ee< an% !('&)ar! enr&))e% in en/ineerin/ !$"%ie% nine$een '&"r! ,er *ee<.

On $'e (&n$rary7 !('&)ar! enr&))e% in en/ineerin/ (&"r!e! *'& re,&r$e% !,en%in/ n& #&re $'an 01

'&"r! !$"%yin/ arrie% $& ()a!! *i$'&"$ (&#,)e$e% a!!i/n#en$!. Na$"ra) S(ien(e7 Ar$! an%

H"#ani$ie!7 an% E%"(a$i&n !$"%ie% &n $'e aera/e &- 2 $& 2 '&"r! ,er *ee<. M&!$ -a(")$y

#e#ber! e?,e($ )earner! $& !,en% &ne &r $*& #&re '&"r! ,er *ee< ,re,arin/ -&r ()a!!. T'e %a$a

!'&*e% $'a$ &- $'e )earner! -a&re% $a<in/ n&$e! '&*eer7 #a<in/ &"$)ine! &- ()a!!

#a$eria)! an% !"##ariin/ rea%in/ a((&"n$e% -&r J2 $& 1 &- )earner! "!in/ !"(' !$ra$e/ie!

-&r a('iein/ !"((e!!.A !$"%y (&n%"($e% by Meyer e$ a).7 80119 a!!er$! $'a$ 1 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! re,&r$e%

$'a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary !('&)a!$i( ri/&r *a! n&$ a! ('a))en/in/ a! $'eir ear)y in!$i$"$i&n e?,erien(e.

T'e in"iry a(("#")a$e% in-&r#a$i&n -r&# J0 "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in a -&"r6year )ibera) ar$!

in!$i$"$i&n in $'e Uni$e% S$a$e!. T'e in$erie*ee! (&n!i!$e% &- $*en$y6!i? -e#a)e! an% 0 #a)e!.

Ca"(a!ian re,re!en$e% .J7 A-ri(an A#eri(an! re,re!en$e% 22.J7 Hi!,ani(! re,re!en$e%

an% $'e n&r#a) a/e *a! 2.0. T'e 011 !$"%y ine!$i/a$e% '&* $'e #e%ia an% in%ii%"a)

re)a$i&n!'i,! i#,a($ -re!'#en ie*! &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary a(a%e#i(!. T'e -ir!$ e?,er$ &- $'i!

re!ear(' a!!i/ne% $& $ea(' Prin(i,)e! &- In$erie*in/ a))&*e% $'ir% year !$"%en$! re/i!$ere% -&r

$'e ()a!! $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e %ee)&,#en$ &- an in$erie* /"i%e.



38

T'e /"i%e ea)"a$e% $'ree ,ar$! &- ,er(e,$i&n4 $'e i%ea "n%er/ra%"a$e! 'a% ab&"$

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n -r&# ,"b)i( re)a$i&n !&"r(e!7 $'eir (&##&n &,ini&n &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary

a(a%e#i(!7 an% $'eir /enera) $'&"/'$! &- !('&)a!$i( a('iee#en$ in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'e

!$"%en$! a%#ini!$ere% an% re(&r%e% $*& in$erie*! *i$' -ir!$ $er# "n%er/ra%"a$e! an% a-$er*ar%

$ran!(ribe% $'e %ia)&/"e a((&r%in/ $& $'e (&%in/ !y!$e#! i%en$i-ie% by $'e in!$r"($&r. T'e -ir!$

e?,er$ &- $'i! in"iry reie*e% $'e $ran!(ri,$i&n a)&n/!i%e $'e %&("#en$e% in-&r#a$i&n -&r

(&rre($ne!!. T'e !e(&n% e?,er$ &- $'i! !$"%y a!!i!$e% $'e -ir!$ e?,er$ in (&%in/ a)) &- $'e

in$erie* in-&r#a$i&n an% -&r#e% /r&",in/ -&r "a)i$a$ie a!!e!!#en$ 8Meyer e$ a).7 0119.T'e e?,er$! a(<n&*)e%/e $'a$ $'ree n&$i(eab)e $'e#e! #a$eria)ie% -r&# $'e "a)i$a$ie

ana)y!i!. T'e -ir!$ -&("! *a! "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& a!!"#e% $'a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n *a!

!$ren"&"! $'e !e(&n% -&("! %e$er#ine% "n%er/ra%"a$e! $'a$ ie*e% ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a!

)e!! %e#an%in/ an% ('a))en/in/ $'an !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% $'e $'ir% -&("! )in<e%

,ar$i(i,an$’! "n%er!$an%in/ &- $'e !('&)a!$i( *&r<)&a% an% (&"r!e!. T'e -ir!$ $er# !$"%en$!

in$erie*e% in $'i! in"iry ,r&i%e i#,&r$an$ in!i/'$ ab&"$ *'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! a((e,$ a! $r"e

re/ar%in/ !('&)a!$i( ri/&r ,ri&r $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% a-$er $'eir -ir!$ (&))e/e

e?,erien(e. A-$er (&#,)e$in/ &ne !e#e!$er &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n7 #&!$ ,ar$i(i,an$’!

,er(e,$i&n ab&"$ a(a%e#i(! in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n arie%. T*en$y6$'ree ,er(en$ &- -ir!$6$er#

!$"%en$! be)iee% $'a$ !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n *ere %i--eren$ in !&#e

*ay!7 1 &- -ir!$6$er# !$"%en$! be)iee% $'a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n *a! )e!! (&#,)e? $'an

&ri/ina))y $'&"/'$7 an% 2K $'&"/'$ $'a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n !('&)a!$i( ri/&r (&rre!,&n%e%

$& $'eir ini$ia) ie* 8Meyer e$ a).7 0119.

S('&)ar! a/ree $'a$ (rea$in/ (re%i$6ba!e% ,r&/ra# ,ar$ner!'i,! be$*een 'i/' !('&&)! an%

(&))e/e! *i)) /ie ri!e $& a !&"n% ;62 8F&*)er e$ a).7 0119. C"rren$ )i$era$"re !e,ara$e! !"('

(&&,era$ie ,r&/ra#! in$& $'ree /enera) ()a!!e! 8F&*)er e$ a).7 01194



39

2. Sin/)e$&n Pr&/ra#!4 T'e -&("! &- $'i! ,r&/ra# i! $& a))&* 'i/' !('&&) )earner!

enr&)) in (&))e/e (&"r!e! a! e)e($ie! *'i)e ,r&i%in/ )earner! a ('an(e $& earn (&))e/e

(re%i$ $'a$ *i)) $ran!-er $& $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n &- ('&i(e. A%an(e%

P)a(e#en$ (&"r!e! are $'e #&!$ -re"en$ -&r# &- !in/)e$&n ini$ia$ie. Learner! *'&

!(&re a -&"r &r a -ie &n $'e AP e?a#ina$i&n earn (&))e/e (re%i$ -&r in$r&%"($&ry

,&!$!e(&n%ary (&"r!e!. Cre%i$ i! &--ere% in !,e(i-i( !"b3e($ area!. 8,. J90. C&#,re'en!ie Pr&/ra#!4 T'e!e ,r&/ra#! "!"a))y re"ire 'i/' !('&&) )earner! $&

$a<e !eera) (&))e/e (&"r!e! a-$er bein/ ,r&#&$e% $& $'e e)een$' /ra%e. Learner! (an

$a<e (&"r!e! a(r&!! !eera) !e#e!$er! &r a! $'eir (&re ("rri(")"#. T'e e?,er$’! (re%i$6

ba!e% ,r&/ra# i%en$i-ie% -&"r (&#,re'en!ie ,r&/ra#!. Fir!$7 $'e In$erna$i&na)

Ba((a)a"rea$e Pr&/ra# 8IB9 a))&*! #&$ia$e% )earner! ar&"n% $'e *&r)% $& $a<e ,ar$

in in$erna$i&na) (&&,era$ie en%ea&r!7 een$"a))y ea)"a$in/ $'eir <n&*)e%/e a/ain!$

*&r)%*i%e (&#,e$i$i&n. Se(&n%7 $'e P&!$6Se(&n%ary Enr&))#en$ O,$i&n 8PSEO9

,r&/ra# ,er#i$! Minne!&$a )earner! *'& #ee$ $'e en$ran(e (ri$eria $& $a<e (&))e/e

(&"r!e! &n a ,ar$6$i#e &r -"))6$i#e ba!i!. T'ir%7 $'e R"nnin/ S$ar$ i! -"n%e% by $'e

,"b)i(. E)een$' an% $*e)-$' /ra%e )earner! *'& "a)i-y (an $a<e (&))e/e (&"r!e! an%

earn (&))e/e (re%i$. A)!&7 i$ i! %e!i/ne% $& !ere "n%era('iein/. )earner! &-

:a!'in/$&n S$a$e. F&"r$'7 Te('ni(a) Pre,ara$i&n 8Te(' Pre,9 ,r&/ra#! a))&*

!$"%en$! in$ere!$e% in a$$en%in/ (&))e/e -&r $e('ni(a) &r &((",a$i&na) enri('#en$ b"$

are n&$ in$ere!$e% in (&#,)e$in/ an a!!&(ia$e &r ba('e)&r’! %e/ree.. A%an(e% C&#,re'en!ie Pr&/ra#!4 T'e!e ,r&/ra#! ('a))en/e "n%er,re,are%

!$"%en$! $& (&#,)e$e $'eir !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n (re%en$ia)! an% #&e -&r*ar% $&

(&))e/e. :'a$ #a<e! $'i! ,ar$i(")ar ,r&/ra# %i--eren$ -r&# $'e Sin/)e$&n an%



40

C&#,re'en!ie Pr&/ra# i! $'a$ i$ &--er! #en$&rin/7 a(a%e#i( (&"n!e)in/7 an% an

in%ii%"a) $& -a(i)i$a$e a,,)i(a$i&n (&#,)e$i&n. 8,,. 69

S('&)ar! #ain$ain $'a$ (re%i$6ba!e% ,r&/ra#! an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$r"($i&n !ere $&

(&nne($ $'e in!$r"($i&na) /a, be$*een !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n by

#a<in/ (er$ain $'a$ )earner! re/i!$er -&r $'e a,,r&,ria$e (&"r!e! %"rin/ $'e -ir!$6$er# &- 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n. T'e!e ini$ia$ie! a))&* )earner! $& e?,erien(e $'e !('&)a!$i( ri/&r! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n

an% #a<e #eanin/ &- $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary en(&"n$er! 8Meyer e$ a).7 0119.Career/Focu%ed "ro*ra%. In $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ (en$"ry7 a (ri$i(a) (&n(ern -&r )earner! i!

$& be rea%y -&r e#,)&y#en$ a-$er &b$ainin/ a !e(&n%ary %i,)&#a. E%"(a$&r! *'& $ea(' &n $'e

(&))e/ia$e )ee) re"ire !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n /ra%"a$e! $& be e"i,,e% !('&)a!$i(a))y -&r !"((e!!

in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n7 *'i(' i#,a($ !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e )ab&r #ar<e$. T&%ay7 (i$ien! &- $'e

Uni$e% S$a$e! are ea/er $& a("ire $'e !<i))! $& #ain$ain $'eir (areer ,&!i$i&n!. ACT in"iry

(&n-ir#! $'a$ !('&)a!$i( a$$ain#en$ in !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n i! a ,&!i$ie !i/n &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary

/ra%"a$i&n a((&#,)i!'#en$ 8ACT7 0119.A! (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! $ry $& -in% !$ra$e/ie! $& $rain !$"%en$! -&r $'e 3&b #ar<e$7 i$ i!

i#,&r$an$ -&r e%"(a$&r! $& (&##"ni(a$e $& !$"%en$! '&* $'e e(&n&#y an% e#,)&y#en$ #ar<e$

are ('an/in/ $'e *&r<-&r(e. T'ere-&re7 ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! #"!$ a%%re!! -&"r !i/ni-i(an$

#a$$er! $'a$ ,er!i!$ $& i#,a($ $'e e#,)&y#en$ &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary )earner!4 Fir!$7 :'a$ $rainin/

!<i))! are re"ire% -&r $'e 3&b #ar<e$ in $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ (en$"ry Se(&n%7 :'a$ 3&b! *i)) be

(rea$e% ba!e% &n ne* $e('n&)&/y be(a"!e &- $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! ine!$#en$! T'ir%7 T& *'a$

e?$en$ *i)) ,ar$i(")ar !<i)) !e$! a--e($ $'e )ab&r arena F&"r$'7 :'i(' ,ar$i(")ar 3&b! *i)) be

&"$!&"r(e% A)$'&"/' $'e!e "e!$i&n! i#,a($ &"r )earner!7 i$ i! i$a) $'a$ e%"(a$&r! a!!i!$

)earner! in a("irin/ $'e !<i))! nee%e% $& (&#,e$e in a /)&ba) !&(ie$y 8De))&*7 011K9.A((&r%in/ $& :a('en7 en<in!7 an% Van N&y 8012297 &$'er (&"n$rie! are e?(ee%in/

Uni$e% S$a$e! )earner! in &b$ainin/ a (&))e/e %e/ree. Mean*'i)e7 ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! are



41

re!,&n%in/ by %ee)&,in/ ,ar$ner!'i,! $& a!!i!$ in an e--&r$ $& #ee$ /&a)! $'a$ %& n&$ re)y &n

in(rea!e% !$"%en$ enr&))#en$. On a na$i&na) !(a)e7 $'ere are ab&"$ 0.J #i))i&n )earner! $a<in/

-e%era))y -"n%e% a%")$ ba!i( !<i)) (&"r!e! 8:a('en e$ a).7 01229. O- $'&!e )earner! *'& enr&))e%

in !"(' (&"r!e!7 &ne6$'ir% (&n$in"e% ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. In $"rn7 $'e -e%era) a%#ini!$ra$i&n

an% ,"b)i( -&"n%a$i&n! -&r e%"(a$i&n re(&/nie% $'e a('iee#en$ &- a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n

(re%en$ia) a('iee#en$ a! a na$i&n*i%e re"ire#en$ 8:a('en e$ a).7 01229.T& i))"!$ra$e7 $'e :a!'in/$&n S$a$e B&ar% -&r C&##"ni$y an% Te('ni(a) C&))e/e

8SBCTC9 ba(<e% $en ,i)&$ ini$ia$ie! a$ $en (&))e/e! $'r&"/'&"$ i$! !eri(e area $& $e!$ ari&"!

#e$'&%! $& rai!e $'e ,er(en$a/e &- $'&!e enr&))e% in ba!i( !<i)) (&"r!e! ,r&/re!! $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary

&((",a$i&na) ,r&/ra#!. T'e b&ar% a/ree% $'a$ $'e re!")$! &- $'e ,i)&$ ,r&/ra# *a! ,&!i$ie an%

%e(i%e% $& -&r# $'e In$e/ra$e% Ba!i( E%"(a$i&n S<i))! Trainin/ #&%e). Learner! *'& ,a!!e% $'e

C&#,re'en!ie A%")$ S$"%en$ C&#,re'en!ie A!!e!!#en$ $e!$ *&")% be e)i/ib)e $& $a<e

,&!$!e(&n%ary )ee) &((",a$i&na) ()a!!e! $a"/'$ by a ba!i( !<i))! $ea('er an% a (er$i-ie% )i(en!e%

$e('ni(a) in!$r"($&r 8:a('en e$ a).7 01229. In &r%er -&r (&))e/e! $& re(eie -"n%in/ -&r $'e ini$ia$ie7 $'e a,,)i(a$i&n #"!$ in%i(a$e

$'a$ $'e ("rri(")"# -&))&*! $'e (areer ,a$'*ay &r !e"en(e &- ()a!!e! *'i(' a))&* )earner! $&

re(eie $rainin/ an% !<i))! $'a$ $'e )ab&r #ar<e$ i! !ee<in/. By 011J7 $'e ,r&/ra# -"n%e%

a,,r&?i#a$e)y 2.KJ $i#e! $'e re,ay#en$ &- a -"))6$i#e !$"%en$ an% #e$ $'e a,,r&e% (ri$eria &-

$'e i#i$a$ie. T'e -"n%in/ #e$'&% a!!i!$e% in!$i$"$i&n! *i$' $'e in("rre% (&!$ &- &,era$in/ $'e

In$e/ra$e% Ba!i( E%"(a$i&n S<i))! Trainin/ 8I6BEST9 ,r&/ra#. Learner! re/i!$er in $'e ,r&/ra#

,ay $'e re/")ar -ee a! !$"%en$! ,ayin/ -&r a ,&!$!e(&n%ary )ee) (&"r!e. T'e ,r&/ra# i! n&$

)i#i$e% $& $'&!e )earner! *'& #ee$ $'e (ri$eria &- $'e i#i$a$ie. In!$i$"$i&n! re(eie $'e a,,r&e%

!$a$e -"))6$i#e e"ia)en$ (&#,en!a$i&n -&r )earner! re/i!$ere% -&r $'e ("rri(")"# 8:a('en e$ a).7

01229.



42

Structurin* Opportunit&) The Ro$e o! Schoo$. A((&r%in/ $& R&*an6;eny&n7 Perna7 +

S*an 8012297 #&!$ &((",a$i&n! in &"r na$i&n (&##an% a ba('e)&r’! %e/ree7 b"$ )earner! *i$' a

!#a))er n"#ber &- re!&"r(e! are n&$ re,re!en$e% in!i%e "nier!i$ie!. E?,er$! a/ree $'a$ #ere)y

in(rea!in/ (areer %e!ire! i! ina%e"a$e. S$"%ie! reea) $'a$ $'e "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n

nee%! a%%i$i&na) re!&"r(e! in a(a%e#i( a%i!in/ an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary in$r&%"($&ry (&re ("rri(")"#.

E?,er$! a!!er$ $'a$ 3&b6re)a$e% &b3e($ie! are in-)"en(e% by )earner!’ e%"(a$i&na) en(&"n$er! an%

enir&n#en$ 8S*an7 01229.R&*an6;eny&n e$ a). 801229 (&n%"($e% a %e!(ri,$ie (a!e !$"%y $'a$ e?,)&re% $'e 3&b6

re)a$e% /&a)! &- !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n )earner! ,)annin/ $& enr&)) in ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n by

"!in/ a #")$i-a(e$e% #&%e) &- in!$i$"$i&n enr&))#en$7 %e!(ri,$ie (a!e !$"%y &- 2J !e(&n%ary

in!$i$"$i&n!7 an% !&(ia) (&/ni$ie (areer $'e&ry. T'e ine!$i/a$i&n ,ane) in()"%e% %&($&ra)

(an%i%a$e!7 ,r&-e!!&r!7 an% $'e -ir!$ $*& a"$'&r! &- $'e !$"%y. Fie !$a$e! ,ar$i(i,a$e% in $'e

!$"%y. Penn!y)ania7 Ge&r/ia7 F)&ri%a7 Mary)an%7 an% Ca)i-&rnia *ere ('&!en ba!e% &n ,&)i$i(a)7

%e#&/ra,'i(7 e%"(a$i&na) %i!$in($iene!!7 an% e(&n&#i( aria$i&n!. In-&r#a$i&n -r&# $'e

(&##&n C&re &- Da$a ,"b)i!'e% by $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! De,ar$#en$ &- E%"(a$i&n’! Na$i&na)

Cen$er &- Da$a 2J !e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n *a! ('&!en. T'ree 'i/' !('&&)! *ere !e)e($e% -r&# ea('

!$a$e. T'e re!ear(' ,ane) ,ar$i(i,a$e% in -&("! !e!!i&n! *i$' !$"%en$! in /ra%e! $'r&"/' 227

in$erie*e% in!$r"($&r! an% a%i!&r!7 an% (&n%"($e% -&("! !e!!i&n! *i$' ,aren$! &- )earner!. T'e

!e!!i&n! *ere a"%i&$a,e% an% re(&r%e%. A,,r&?i#a$e)y 01 $& J in%ii%"a)! -r&# ea('

in!$i$"$i&n ,ar$i(i,a$e% in $'e in"iry7 -&r a !"# &- JJ in%ii%"a)!.A((&r%in/ $& R&*an6;eny&n e$ a). 8012297 $'e %a$a in%i(a$e% $'a$ )earner!’ e%"(a$i&na)

en(&"n$er! an% enir&n#en$ !'a,e% $'e %ee)&,#en$ &- $'eir 3&b6re)a$e% %e!ire!. Par$i(")ar)y7

)earner!’ 3&b6re)a$e% &b3e($ie! an% $'eir <n&*)e%/e &- $'e e%"(a$i&n re"ire#en$! $& &b$ain !"('

/&a)! (&nne($e% *i$' $'e aai)ab)e re!&"r(e! *i$'in $'e !e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!. A#&n/ $'e 2J



43

in!$i$"$i&n!7 $'e n"#ber &- )earner! *i$' !eera) 3&b6re)a$e% &b3e($ie! in(rea!e% a! in!$i$"$i&na)

!&"r(e )ee) en)ar/e%. Learner! a$ 'i/' re!&"r(e in!$i$"$i&n! !$a$e% *an$in/ $& be(&#e $ea('er!

an% ar$i!$! (&#,are% $& )earner! enr&))e% in in!$i$"$i&n! *i$' )&* an% #i%%)e re!&"r(e )ee)!7

*'i)e )earner! in #i%%)e re!&"r(e in!$i$"$i&n! 'a% in$ere!$ in en/ineerin/ an% b"!ine!!. Learner!

in $'e )&* re!&"r(e )ee) !('&&)! in%i(a$e% $'a$ $'ey a!,ire% $& be(&#e )a*yer!7 ,r&-e!!i&na)

a$')e$e!7 !(ien$i!$! a$ a 'i/'er ,r&,&r$i&n $'an )earner! in $'e #i%%)e an% 'i/' re!&"r(e )ee)!.

A)!&7 ,ar$i(i,a$in/ in!$i$"$i&n! 'a% !eera) re(&/nie% ini$ia$ie! $& #ar<e$ $'e &((",a$i&na)

a!,ira$i&n! &- )earner!.S$"%ie! #ain$ain $'a$ !$r&n/ !('&)a!$i( a$$ain#en$7 !"rene!! &- *&r<6re)a$e% ('&i(e7 an%

,&!$!e(&n%ary ea/erne!! en(&"ra/e )earner! $& !ee< $'e (re%en$ia)! re"ire% -&r /ra%"a$i&n an%

3&b a((&#,)i!'#en$ in &((",a$i&n! &- in$ere!$! an% *&r< /ra$i-i(a$i&n 8ACT7 0119. T'e aen"e

$& &((",a$i&na) a('iee#en$ i! ("rren$)y #&re n&$i(eab)e7 an% e%"(a$i&na) a%#ini!$ra$&r!7

a%i!&r!7 an% /"ar%ian! (an a!!i!$ in (&##"ni(a$in/ an% e#,'a!iin/ $'e a)"e &- !('&)a!$i( an%

&((",a$i&na) ,re,ara$i&n by a%'erin/ $& !eera) /"i%in/ ,rin(i,)e!4 Fir!$7 )earner! #"!$ be ab)e

$& #a<e $'e re)a$i&n!'i, be$*een !<i))! a("ire% in #a$'7 !(ien(e7 En/)i!' an% rea%in/7 an% $'e

!<i))! "$i)ie% in %i--eren$ (areer!. Se(&n%7 )earner! #"!$ be ab)e $& (&nne($ $'eir ,er!&na)

!('&)a!$i( e--&r$! $& $'e *&r<-&r(e *&r)%. T'ir%7 )earner! #"!$ be ab)e $& i%en$i-y $'e

('ara($eri!$i(! $'a$ a))&* an in%ii%"a) $& a$$ain a(a%e#i( !"((e!!. F&"r$'7 )earner! #"!$

e?,erien(e ari&"! (areer &,$i&n!. Fi-$'7 )earner! #"!$ 'ae an &,,&r$"ni$y $& e?,erien(e

&((",a$i&n6re)a$e% !"((e!!. Si?$'7 )earner! nee% a #en$&r $& a!!i!$ *i$' -&r#")a$in/ a ,ra($i(a)

&((",a$i&n an% e%"(a$i&na) a($i&n ,)an 8ACT7 0119.(e$pin* Student% Na-i*ate the "ath

T'e ,&*er &- &"r (&"n$ry (en$er! &n $'e (a,abi)i$y &- &"r ,"b)i( !('&&) !y!$e#! $& #ee$

$'e ,re!!"re! -&r *e))6in-&r#e% ,er!&nne). A)$'&"/' a(a%e#i( ,re,ara$i&n a((&"n$! -&r !&#e &-

$'e %i!,ari$ie! in $'e a('iee#en$ !"((e!! ra$e! &- )earner!7 $'e "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n ra$e!



44

,er!i!$ %e!,i$e $'e (&n$r&))in/ &- a(a%e#i( ,re,ara$i&n ,r&/ra#!. Tierney7 Bai)ey7 C&n!$an$ine7

Fin<e)!$ein7 + H"r% 80119 %ee)&,e% a /"i%e $& a!!i!$ a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! in ,)annin/

an% i#,)e#en$in/ !$ra$e/ie! $& i#,r&e a((e!! $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e /"i%eb&&<

in()"%e! %e$ai)e% !$a/e! &n $'e ,r&(e!! &- i#,)e#en$in/ $'e !"//e!$i&n! $'a$ are ai#e% a$

,r&-e!!i&na) !$a--7 !('&&) &--i(ia)!7 a%i!&r!7 an% in!$r"($&r!. T'e /"i%eb&&< a)!& !'&*! $'e )ee)

&- in"iry in-&r#a$i&n a)i%a$in/ $'a$ ea(' ,r&,&!e% ,ra($i(e i! a)"ab)e.S"b!e"en$)y7 $'e $a!< &- in(rea!in/ $'e e%"(a$i&na) a((e!! ra$e i! (&nne($e% $& $*&

,r&b)e#!4 Fir!$7 )earner! are n&$ ,re,are% !('&)a!$i(a))y be-&re $'e -ir!$ !e#e!$er &- (&))e/e.

Se(&n%7 )earner! )a(< $'e <n&*)e%/e re/ar%in/ $'e a%#i!!i&n ,r&(e%"re -&r ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n. T'ere-&re7 a%#ini!$ra$&r!7 e%"(a$&r!7 ,ra($i$i&ner!7 an% ,aren$! are &b)i/a$e% $& a!!i!$

)earner! !('&)a!$i(a))y an% !&(ia))y $'r&"/' $'e !$a/e! $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a%#i!!i&n.

T'e a"$'&r! ,ra($i(e /"i%eb&&< (&n!i!$! &- $'e -&))&*in/ re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r '&* !e(&n%ary

!('&&)! (an i#,r&e !$"%en$ a((e!! $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n 8Tierney e$ a).7 011942. A%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r !'&")% e%"(a$e !$"%en$! &- $'e (&))e/e6rea%y ,)an

by /ra%e nine an% ,r&i%e a ("rri(")"# $'a$ e#")a$e! ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.0. A,,)y ea)"a$i&n ,r&(e!!e! %"rin/ $'e (&"r!e &- $'e year !& $'a$ )earner!

are #in%-") &- '&* e"i,,e% $'ey are -&r ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n7 an% 'e), $'e#in i#,r&in/ *ea<ne!!e! a! $'ey are %e$e($e%.

. En/a/e )earner! in (&ner!a$i&n! *i$' !$a<e'&)%er! *'& b"i)% an% !",,&r$ $'eir(&))e/e /&a)! an% a#bi$i&n!.

. Pr&i%e &,,&r$"ni$ie! -&r )earner! $& (&#,)e$e (&))e/e en$ry %&("#en$!.J. Pr&i%e &,,&r$"ni$ie! -&r /"ar%ian! $& a$$en% a ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n -inan(ia) ai%

*&r<!'&, an% 'e), )earner! (&#,)e$e $'eir FASFA -&r#! 8,. 9.A((&r%in/ $& ;in/ + :e!$ 801197 #any (&))e/e! are (rea$in/ ("rri(")"# /"i%e! $& be

i#,)e#en$e% by ,"b)i( !('&&)! an% bey&n% $'e -ir!$ year &- (&))e/e. S$a$e! en(&"ra/e -&r#a)

ar$i(")a$i&n a/ree#en$! be$*een !e(&n%ary an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!. Crea$in/ ar$i(")a$i&n

(&n$ra($! a#&n/ ,"b)i( !('&&) an% 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! n&$ a !i#,)e $a!<. T'e e?,er$! (i$e% a

!$"%y $'a$ a(<n&*)e%/e% $'a$ J &- ,&!$!e(&n%ary a(a%e#i( a%#ini!$ra$&r! a/ree% $'a$ !"(' an

ar$i(")a$i&n a/ree#en$ *a! ne(e!!ary.(i*h Schoo$ to Co$$e*e "artner%hip%



45

Een n&*7 ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$&r! "n%er!$an% $'e #a3&r bene-i$! &- $'e 'i/'6!('&&)6$&6

(&))e/e (&n$ra($!. T'e!e (&n$ra($! are %ee)&,e% by !e(&n%ary an% ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!

/r&"n%e% &n $'e a!!e!!#en$ &- $'e ,r&/ra# (&n$en$ !i#i)ari$y 8;in/ e$ a)7 0119. On #any

(a#,"!e!7 Te('ni(a) E%"(a$i&n Pr&/ra#! -&!$er re)a$i&n!'i,! a#&n/ !e(&n%ary an%

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n be(a"!e $'e ,r&/ra# a))&*! 'i/' !('&&) )earner! $& re(eie $*&6year! &-

,&!$!e(&n%ary (re%i$ -&r $'e (&"r!e !"((e!!-"))y (&#,)e$e%. Mean*'i)e7 !&#e !$a$e! are

e!$ab)i!'in/ $a!< -&r(e! (&#bine% &- 3"ni&r (&))e/e an% "nier!i$y -a(")$y #e#ber! *'& (&nene

$& reie* ("rri(")"#7 (&n!i%er ('an/e!7 an% %e(i%e &n a,,)i(ab)e ar$i(")a$i&n!. C"rren$

re/")a$i&n ne(e!!i$a$e! /rea$er $'an be-&re (&nne($i&n! a#&n/ ea(' )ee) &- !e(&n%ary an%

,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!. C&n$ra($ a/ree#en$! are i$a) $& /"aran$ee an ea!y $ran!i$i&n -&r

)earner!7 an% !$a$e*i%e (&n$ra($! /ie )earner! #&re &,,&r$"ni$ie! $& (&n$in"e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n 3&"rney 8;in/ e$ a)7 0119.T& i))"!$ra$e7 a (&))e/e in $'e !&"$'6(en$ra) &- Te?a! %ee)&,e% an ar$i(")a$i&n a/ree#en$

(a))e% Tran!-er Enr&))#en$ a$ A+M 8TEAM9. In 01127 $'e in!$i$"$i&n! a,,r&e% $'e ar$i(")a$i&n

a/ree#en$. T'i! ini$ia$ie en(&"ra/e! $'&!e !$"%en$! *'& %i% n&$ re(eie a%#i$$an(e in$& $'e

#a3&r "nier!i$y an &,,&r$"ni$y $& ,"r!"e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e !$"%en$! are

a%#i$$e% &n a ,ar$6$i#e ba!i! $& $'e #a3&r "nier!i$y an% (an a('iee -"))6$i#e !$a$"! i- $'e

!$ra$e/i( $ran!-er ,)an i! (&#,)e$e%. Ea(' !e#e!$er "n%er/ra%"a$e! (an re/i!$er -&r ()a!! a$ $'e

#a3&r "nier!i$y an% $'e re!$ &- $'e ()a!!e! are &--ere% a$ $'e (&##"ni$y (&))e/e. T'&!e !$"%en$!

*'& (&#,)e$e $'e (ri$eria &- $'eir (&n$ra($ &- J (&##"ni$y (&))e/e '&"r! an% 2J '&"r! a$ $'e

#a3&r "nier!i$y *i$'in $*& a(a%e#i( year! *'i)e re$ainin/ a .1 /ra%e aera/e a$ b&$'

in!$i$"$i&n!7 'ae a"$&#a$i( en$ry in$& $'e #a3&r "nier!i$y. I- !$"%en$! (&#,)e$e $'eir TEAM

$ran!-er ,)an (&n$ra($ a'ea% &- $i#e7 $'ey #ain$ain $'eir ri/'$! "n%er $'e a/ree#en$. H&*eer7



46

!$"%en$! *'& %& n&$ -")-i)) $'e TEAM ar$i(")a$i&n a/ree#en$ an% %& n&$ enr&)) #ay re$"rn "n%er

$'e in!$i$"$i&n’! rea%#i!!i&n ,r&(e%"re.TEAM ,ar$i(i,an$! *'& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'i! ar$i(")a$i&n re(eie $'e ('an(e $& e?,erien(e

!$"%en$ )i-e &n $'e "nier!i$y )ee) *'i)e a,,re(ia$in/ $'e !#a))er ()a!! !e$$in/ an% $"i$i&n &- a

(&##"ni$y (&))e/e. On b&$' (a#,"!e!7 ,r&-e!!i&na) !$a-- #e#ber!7 ,r&-e!!&r!7 an% $'e (en$er

-&r !$"%en$ %ee)&,#en$ are a((e!!ib)e. In Te?a!7 $'e ar$i(")a$i&n a/ree#en$ i! $'e -ir!$ $& 3&in a

(&##"ni$y (&))e/e an% "nier!i$y in $'i! #anner 8Te?a! Hi/'er E%"(a$i&n C&&r%ina$in/ B&ar%7

01209.Factor% In!$uencin* "o%iti-e Interaction Acro%% Ethnicit&

T'e 21! %e!e/re/a$i&n &- ,"b)i( !('&&)! an% 21! an% 2K1! (ii) ri/'$! #&e#en$

a))&*e% "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n! $& en$er 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in!$i$"$i&n!. In%ii%"a)! an%

/r&",! be/an $& (&e?i!$. Fe#a)e! be(a#e $'e #a3&ri$y in (&))e/e enr&))#en$ an% A-ri(an

A#eri(an! be/an $& enr&)) in (&))e/e! an% "nier!i$ie! a$ an in(rea!in/ ra$e 8Gar%ner7 e*)er7 +

Bare-&&$7 01219. T'e rea"$'&ria$i&n &- $'e E)e#en$ary an% Se(&n%ary E%"(a$i&n A($ &- 01127

<n&*n a! 8NCLB9 N& C'i)% Le-$ Be'in%7 br&"/'$ a*arene!! $& &"r na$i&n’! (&n(ern -&r

a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$ &- "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n!. A! !('&)ar! ine!$i/a$e% $'e (&nne($i&n

be$*een ra(ia) an% e$'ni( %i!,ari$ie! in ,"b)i( !('&&)! an% (&))e/e a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$ an%

!$"%en$ !"((e!!7 !('&)ar! #"!$ (&n$in"e $& in"ire ab&"$ (a"!e! &- )&* !$"%en$ !"((e!! an%

,er!i!$en(e in e%"(a$i&n 8F)e$('er + Tien%a7 0119."ro*re%%i-e E,chan*e%. A((&r%in/ $& H"%)ey7 M&!('e$$i7 G&na)e7 C'&7 Barry7 +

;e))y 801197 #any !$"%en$! *'& /ra%"a$e -r&# 'i/' !('&&) %& n&$ re/i!$er in (&))e/e &r

/ra%"a$e -r&# (&))e/e7 (a"!in/ a )&!! &- !$"%en$ $a)en$. A#&n/ !('&)a!$i(a))y $a)en$e%

"n%er/ra%"a$e!7 e(&n&#i( !$a$"!7 an% e$'ni( a!!&(ia$i&n are e?'ibi$e% a! in-)"en$ia) ,re%i($&r! &-

in!$i$"$i&n enr&))#en$ an% e?,e($a$i&n!. H"%)ey e$ a).7 80119 !$a$e% $'a$ !('&)ar! are (&n$in"in/

$& #&e -&r*ar% in re(&/niin/ $'e "ni"e r&)e! &- !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n !e$$in/ $& $eena/er!’



47

('an/e in $'e (&"r!e &- a%3"!$in/ $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Pri&r !$"%ie! $'a$ -&("!e% &n $'e

i!!"e re/ar%in/ $'e e--e($! &- in!$i$"$i&n %e!e/re/a$i&n7 n&$e% $'a$ A-ri(an A#eri(an y&"$'

enr&))e% in in$e/ra$e% !e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! re,ea$e%)y (&#,)e$e% a ,&!$!e(&n%ary a,,)i(a$i&n

an% ne$*&r<e% in a !&(ia) (&n$e?$ $'r&"/'&"$ e$'ni( an% ra(ia) (&n-ine! a$ a%an(e% -re"en(ie!

*'en e"a$e% $& &$'er (&'&r$! enr&))e% in A-ri(an A#eri(an in!$i$"$i&n!.On $'e &$'er 'an%7 Saen7 N/ai7 + H"r$a%& 8011K9 !$a$e% $'a$ )earner! a$$en%in/

e$'ni(a))y %ier!e !e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! (&nne($e% $& %e!irab)e ,"b)i( en(&"n$er! $'r&"/'&"$

(")$"ra) a))ian(e! in ,ri#ari)y ,re%&#inan$)y *'i$e in!$i$"$i&n!. A-ri(an6A#eri(an

"n%er/ra%"a$e! !'&*e% $'e 'i/'e!$ )ee)! &- ,r&/re!!ie (&##"ni(a$i&n $'r&"/'&"$ e$'ni(i$ie! a$

$'e ()&!e &- $'e !e(&n% ,&!$!e(&n%ary $er#7 *i$' *'i$e "n%er/ra%"a$e! !'&*in/ $'e !#a))e!$

a#&"n$ &- en(&"n$er! $'r&"/'&"$ (")$"ra) a))ian(e!. A!ian an% La$in& "n%er/ra%"a$e! !'&*e%

!i/ni-i(an$)y /rea$er )ee)! &- ,r&/re!!ie (&##"ni(a$i&n (&#,are% $& *'i$e !('&)ar!. S('ra%er

+ Br&*n 80119 !$a$e% $'a$ by "n%er!$an%in/ $'e a$$i$"%e! an% be)ie-! &- ne*)y a%#i$$e% (&))e/e

"n%er/ra%"a$e! an% $'eir ('an/in/ e?,erien(e!7 e%"(a$&r! are be$$er ,re,are% $& a!!i!$ !$"%en$

/r&*$' an% %ee)&,#en$. A$ $'e (&))e/e )ee)7 #en an% *&#en %e#&n!$ra$e arian(e! in $'e

*ay $'a$ $'ey 'an%)e !$re!!. On $'e aera/e7 #en (&ney 'i/'er )ee)! &- !e)-6e!$ee# a! a re!")$

&- $'eir abi)i$y $& 'an%)e $'eir !e)-6(&n!(i&"!ne!!7 *'i)e *&#en (&ney 'i/'er )ee)! &-

a((&#,)i!'#en$. Gen%er re#ain! an i#,&r$an$ in$ere!$ a'ea% &- ,!y('&)&/i(a) an% (&/ni$ie

%yna#i(!.Ipact o! Di-er%it&. A! in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a(<n&*)e%/e $'e i#,a($ &-

%ier!i$y in e%"(a$i&n7 in!$i$"$i&n! !$ar$e% $& re)a$e $'e ie* &- ra(e $& )earner &,,&r$"ni$ie!

8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219. In!$i$"$i&n! ,er!i!$ $& &,era$e in $'e r&)e #i(r&(&!#! &- a (")$"re $'a$

ne(e!!i$a$e in%ii%"a) $& )ie7 )ab&r7 an% #in/)e *i$' %i--eren$ (")$"ra) an% ra(ia) ()a!!e!. Many

$i#e! $'e $er#in&)&/y e$'ni(i$y an% (")$"re are $'e !a#e7 b"$ $'e $er#! 'ae ery ()ear an%



48

%i!$in($ %e-ini$i&n!. A)$'&"/' i$ i! (&#,)i(a$e% $& i%en$i-y *i$' $'e (&n(e,$!7 i$ i! /rea$ $&

re(&/nie $'e (&n(e,$7 !& )earner! are a("ain$e% *i$' $'e rea) #eanin/!. E$'ni(i$y i! a /r&", &-

in%ii%"a)! *'&!e a!!&(ia$e! i%en$i-y *i$' ea(' &$'er7 $'r&"/' a !'are% 'eri$a/e7 &-$en (&n!i!$in/

&- a (&##&n )an/"a/e. C")$"re

i! $'e a($i&n!7 be)ie-!7 an% a$$rib"$e! &- a !,e(i-i( (&##"ni$y7

ra(ia)7 &r ()a!!i-i(a$i&n &- a/e 8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219. I- a%#ini!$ra$&r!7 e%"(a$&r!7 an% )earner!

are a*are &- e$'ni(i$y an% (")$"re in $'eir )ie e?,erien(e!7 $'ey be$$er "n%er!$an% $'e -abri( &-

&"r #")$i(")$"ra) !&(ie$y 8Gar%ner e$ a).7 01219.T'e %e#&/ra,'i( ('an/e! in $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! (&##an% (&##"ni$y a((e!! $& an

e%"(a$i&n $'a$ (en$er! &n en/a/in/ ,e&,)e *i$' &$'er ra(e!. Een $'&"/' !&#e !('&)ar! re)a$e

)ar/er %ier!i$y $& (a#,"!e! &- 'i/'er )earnin/ a(r&!! e$'ni(i$y an% a(a%e#i( &"$(&#e! re!")$!7

&$'er !('&)ar! be)iee $'a$ i$ (rea$e! !e,ara$i&n an% )e!! en/a/e#en$ a#&n/ )earner!. S('&)ar!

(&n$in"e $& %i!("!! *'e$'er a %ier!e ,&,")a$i&n i! ery i#,&r$an$ in )earner! re)a$in/ $& ea('

&$'er in !i/ni-i(an$ *ay!. C"rren$ !$"%ie! !ee< $& e?,an% !&(ie$a) <n&*)e%/e &- '&* (&))e/e!

an% "nier!i$ie! ,r&#&$e ,&!i$ie in$era($i&n! a(r&!! ra(e -&r A!ian A#eri(an!7 La$in&!7 A-ri(an

A#eri(an!7 an% Ca"(a!ian! (&))e/e )earner! 8Saen7 N/ai7 + H"r$a%&7 011K9.Saen e$ a).7 8011K9 reie* #a<e! "!e &- )&n/i$"%ina) in-&r#a$i&n -r&# a ,r&3e($ (a))e%

Pre,arin/ S$"%en$! -&r a Dier!e De#&(ra(y Pr&3e($. T'e re!ear('er !"reye% 'i/' !('&&)

/ra%"a$e! in nine !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n in!$i$"$i&n!. T'e ,ar$i(i,an$! (&#,)e$e% a !"rey a$ $'e

!$ar$ &- $'e Fa)) 0111 $er# an% (&#,)e$e% a -&))&*6", !"rey a$ $'e en% &- $'e S,rin/ 0110 $er#.

T'e ,ar$i(i,an$! *ere )i#i$e% $& in%ii%"a)! *'& (&n$in"e% in Fa)) &- 0111 a$ &ne &- $'e $en

in!$i$"$i&n! "n%er !$"%y. One &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n! "n%er !$"%y %r&,,e% be(a"!e &- a !#a)) re$"rn &-

!"rey re!,&n!e!7 $'e -ina) nine !('&&)! 'a% a re$"rn ra$e &- J re!,&n!e! -&r $'e -ir!$ year

!"rey an% re!,&n!e! -&r $'e !"rey (&n%"($e% %"rin/ $'e !e(&n% year. T'e !$"%y !a#,)e

in()"%e% 7KJK ,ar$i(i,an$! -r&# nine 'i/'er e%"(a$i&na) in!$i$"$i&n!7 *i$' a)) ,ar$i(i,an$!



49

-ini!'in/ b&$' !"rey!. H&*eer7 $'e $&$a) !a#,)e -&r $'e !$"%y *a! 71 ,ar$i(i,an$! a(r&!! $'e

-&"r e$'ni( /r&",! i%en$i-ie% 8e./.7 70 Ca"(a!ian! ,ar$i(i,an$!7 0 A-ri(an A#eri(an!

,ar$i(i,an$!7 La$in& ,ar$i(i,an$!7 an% A!ian ,ar$i(i,an$!9.

T'e -ina) ana)y!i! (&n()"%e% $'a$ A-ri(an A#eri(an ,ar$i(i,an$! 'a% $'e 'i/'e!$ )ee)! &-

,&!i$ie in$era($i&n a(r&!! e$'ni( /r&",! a$ $'e en% &- year $*&7 *'i$e ,ar$i(i,an$! a((&"n$e% -&r

$'e )&*e!$ )ee) &- in$era($i&n7 an% A!ian!7 La$in&!7 an% A-ri(an A#eri(an ,ar$i(i,an$’! )ee)! &-

,&!i$ie in$era($i&n *ere *e)) ab&e $'e n&r#. T'e A-ri(an A#eri(an )earner! in $'i! re!ear('

i))"!$ra$e! $'a$ $'ere are !i/ni-i(an$ e?,re!!ie %i!(re,an(ie! in a )earner’! )ee)! &- en(&"ra/in/

in$era($i&n!. H&*eer7 $'e re!ear('er! n&$e% $'a$ )earner! ,re6(&))e/e ",brin/in/ a$$rib"$e! %i%

n&$ 'ae a !i/ni-i(an$ (&nne($i&n *i$' en(&"ra/in/ in$era($i&n be$*een e$'ni( /r&",!7 *i$' $'e

e?()"!i&n &- $'e La$in& ,ar$i(i,an$! 8Saen e$ a).7 011K9.Socioeconoic Statu%. T'e (&n(e,$"a) -ra#e*&r< &- $'e !$"%y -"n($i&n! $& re(&/nie a

)ar/e %i!$in($i&n in !&(i&e(&n&#i( ,&!i$i&n7 /en%er7 an% a,$i$"%e a#i% )earner! *'& a$$en% ,"b)i(

in!$i$"$i&n!. A)#&!$ a)) &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$’! ,re6(&))e/e e?,erien(e #ea!"re! *ere -a&rab)e

#ea!"re! &- $'e re!")$!7 !i/ni-yin/ $'a$ )earner! brin/ ,rei&"! en(&"n$er! *i$' &$'er e$'ni(

/r&",! $& (&))e/e (a#,"!e!. T& i))"!$ra$e7 !$"%en$! enr&))e% in a ,re%&#inan$)y *'i$e !('&&)

!e$$in/ -&"n% $& be a #a3&r ,re%i($&r -&r "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n!. F&r $'e!e ,&,")a$i&n!7

$'e #ea!"re (&##"ni(a$e! $'e *&r$' &- %ier!e !"rr&"n%in/!7 in!$i$"$i&n7 an% (&'&r$ !e$$in/! $&

a!!i!$ )earner! $& be(&#e a$ ea!e *i$' in$er#in/)in/ *i$' &$'er e$'ni( ,&,")a$i&n!. T'"!7 'i/'

!('&&) ,r&i%e% !$"%en$! $'e ('an(e $& en(&"n$er an% b"i)% &n a,$i$"%e! $'a$ a))&* $'e# $&

e#bra(e &$'er (")$"re! an% e$'ni(i$ie! 8Saen e$ a).7 011K9. In a !$"%y e?a#ine% by Far#er6Hin$&n + H&))an% 801197 $'e a"$'&r! *an$e% $& e?a#ine

i- $'e !ie &- an in!$i$"$i&n in-)"en(e% )earner’! !&(ia) a%3"!$#en$7 en/a/e#en$ *i$' &$'er!7 an%

een$! a!!&(ia$e% *i$' $'e (&))e/e )i-e. T'e a"$'&r! "!e% !"rey in-&r#a$i&n -r&# $'e

C&n!&r$i"# &n C'i(a/& S('&&) Re!ear('’! 8CCSR9 C'i(a/& P&!$!e(&n%ary Tran!i$i&n Pr&3e($.



50

T'e re!ear('er! re(eie% !"rey in-&r#a$i&n -r&# 17K0 'i/' !('&&) $*e)-$' /ra%er!.

In-&r#a$i&n (&))e($e% in A,ri) 011J -&r $'e !"rey in()"%e% $'e -&))&*in/4 !$"%en$ an% ,er!&nne)

re)a$i&n!'i,!7 ()a!!r&&# een$!7 ,)annin/ an% re!&"r(e! -&r (&))e/e7 an% (&))e/e /&a)!7 an%

!$ra$e/ie! -&r !"((e!!. A)!&7 in!$i$"$i&na)6)ee) %a$a7 !"(' a! enr&))#en$ !ie! an% %e#&/ra,'i(

in-&r#a$i&n "!e% in $'e in"iry.T'e ana)y!i! &- $'i! !$"%y (&n()"%e% $'a$ !#a))er in!$i$"$i&n! ,r&i%e (&))e/e a($ii$ie!

$'a$ en/a/e% )earner! in e?,erien(e! $'a$ e#")a$e% (&))e/e )i-e7 !"(' a! $a)<in/ $& (&))e/e

a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% $ran!-er -air '&!$e% by in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'e ,ar$i(i,an$! !ai%

$'a$ $'e e#,)&yee! a$ $'eir in!$i$"$i&n! ,r&i%e% $'e# *i$' in6%e,$' in-&r#a$i&n re/ar%in/

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'eir a%i!&r! $&&< $i#e $& in-&r# $'e# ab&"$ %ee)&,in/ a !$ra$e/i(

,)an. In (&n$ra!$7 $'e %a$a reea)e% )&* re!,&n!e! $& !,en%in/ $i#e en(&"ra/in/ )earner! $&

a$$en% (&))e/e. A !#a)) n"#ber &- e?,)ana$i&n! -&r $'e!e (&n()"!i&n! in()"%e4 Fir!$7 $'e )earner!7

,er!&nne)7 an% $ea('er! <ne* &ne an&$'er. T'ey (&##"ni(a$e *i$' ea(' &$'er %ai)y. Se(&n%7

$'e ,aren$! e#,)&y ,re!!"re -&r $'eir !$"%en$! $& en/a/e in )ie% e?,erien(e! $'a$ 'e), $'e#

%ee)&, !('&)a!$i(a))y7 !&(ia))y7 an% in%ii%"a))y. T'ir%7 !$"%en$! 'ae #&re aai)ab)e re!&"r(e!

(&#,are% $& )ar/er ,"b)i( in!$i$"$i&n!. T'e re!")$! yie)% $'&!e )earner! a$$en%in/ !#a)) !('&&)!

!$a$e% $'a$ a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! %i% n&$ ,r&i%e $'e# *i$' !"--i(ien$ a!!i!$an(e an%

%ire($i&n $& !"((ee% in a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&na) !e$$in/ 8Far#er6Hin$&n e$ a).7 0119.Student Ad0u%tent "ha%e%

In an a$$e#,$ $& ,re,are "n%er/ra%"a$e! -&r $'eir -ir!$ !e#e!$er (a#,"! e?,erien(e7 #any

,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n! e?,an%e% ,r&/ra#! an% ini$ia$ie! in$en%e% $& ea!e $'e $ran!i$i&n $&

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8S('ra%er + Br&*n7 0119. In a !$"%y by Pa)#er7 O’;ane + O*en 801197 an

i#,&r$an$ !$ra$e/y &- !",eri!in/ )earner! in $ran!i$i&n in$ere!$e% in $'e (&))e/e !e$$in/ i! $& (rea$e

inn&a$ie ini$ia$ie! $'a$ a%%re!! !$"%en$ a%3"!$#en$ i!!"e!. Un%eniab)y7 !&#e in!$i$"$i&n!

!",,&r$ !"(' ,ra($i(e! e#bra(in/ b&$' !$"%en$ )i-e an% ("rri(")ar ini$ia$ie!7 !"(' a! $'e -ir!$ year



51

e?,erien(e &rien$a$i&n!7 !$ra$e/ie! -&r !"((e!! !e!!i&n!7 &,en %ay!7 -ir!$ year !e#inar!7 an%

in%"($i&n ,r&(e!!e! rea%i)y i#,)e#en$e%. N&ne$'e)e!!7 re!ear(' a%&(a$e! $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e’! (&))e/e e?,erien(e! re)a$ie)y

,r&%"(e $'e a#&"n$ &- !('&)a!$i( in"iry nee%e% -&r !('&)ar! $& a)"e $'e ('an/e&er 8Pa)#er e$

a).7 0119. H&*eer7 !&#e reie*! %i!("!!e% a)&n/ !i#i)ar )ine!7 %ra* a$$en$i&n $& $'e

i#,&r$an(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! n&$ -i$$in/ *i$'in $'e (&))e/e !e$$in/. In $'e !$"%y (&n%"($e% by

$'e !('&)ar!7 $'e i%ea &- n&$ be)&n/in/ i! "n%er!$&&% by "n%er$a<in/ a ne* %yna#i( ,&!i$i&n -&r

$'e $'&"/'$ &- )i#ina)i$y in a !('&)ar’! #&e in$& $'e in!$i$"$i&n !"rr&"n%in/! &- a(a%e#i( an%

!$"%en$ )ea%er!'i,. T'e re!ear(' in%i(a$e! $'a$ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# '&#e $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n (an (a"!e an in6be$*een6ne!!’ 6 a be$*i?$ !,a(e 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119.Bet+i,t Space%. T'e ('an/e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! in$& $'e (&))e/e !e$$in/ &- a(a%e#i( an%

!$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, e#b&%ie! (&"n$)e!! -&r#! &- a%3"!$#en$. In an a(r&!!6$'e6b&ar% reie*7

Pa)#er7 O’;ane7 + O*en! 80119 brin/ $& )i/'$ "i$e a -e* (&n(e,$! %ee)&,in/ -r&# $'e

a%3"!$#en$! an% #&e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! in$& $'e (&))e/e !e$$in/7 !"(' a! e?,e($in/ !"((e!! an%

a$$ri$i&n7 in$er,er!&na) re)a$i&n!7 (&))e/e a%3"!$#en$7 an% !$ra$e/ie! -&r !"riin/ (&))e/e )i-e.

Be(a"!e &- $'e!e -a($&r!7 in!$i$"$i&n! an% e?,er$! ,)a(e e#,'a!i! &n !$ra$e/i( $'in<in/ by

ini$ia$in/ ini$ia$ie! $'a$ 'an%)e (&n(ern! re!")$in/ -r&# $'e ('an/e&er. T'e!e in()"%e ,r&i%in/

a #&re "ni-ie% e%"(a$i&na) e?,erien(e7 i#,r&in/ ,r&!,e($ie !$"%en$ re(r"i$#en$ a,,r&a('e!7

(rea$in/ a -ee) &- "ni$y7 in(rea!in/ )earner an% !$a-- in$era($i&n7 an% in&)in/ )earner! in (a#,"!

)i-e 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119. T'e e#er/en$ -i/"re! &- %ier!e ,&,")a$i&n! an% -ir!$6/enera$i&n !('&)ar! (a"!e% a

%i!,ari$y in /ra!,in/ $'e -"n($i&n &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. Fir!$7 #any !$"%ie!

!,e(")a$e% &n $'e ie* &- !$"%en$ in $ran!i$i&n 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119. Be(a"!e !$"%en$! are

enr&))e% in ,&!$!e(&n%ary7 in%ii%"a)! $'in< $'ey are (&#,e))e% by in!$i$"$i&na) re!$ri($i&n!. T'i!

be)ie- %i!re/ar%! $'e i%ea &- )i#ina)i$y $'r&"/' *'i(' )earner! are 'an/in/ *i$'in a $e#,&rary



52

%i!$an(e a#i% re!i%en(e an% $'e (&))e/e. S&#e in"irie! a!!&(ia$e $'e ('an/e *i$' a !"((e!!i&n

&- i!&)a$e% be'ai&r!. T'e a!!"#,$i&n i! /r&"n%e% in $'e a(a%e#i( ,er!,e($ie &- !$"%en$

$ran!i$i&n an% n&$ !$"%en$ !eri(e!. A)!&7 $'e be)ie- i! $'a$ !('&)ar! are !$irrin/ in $'e %ire($i&n &-

a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$ an% "n%er!$an%in/ $'e ini$ia$ie! &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n. Se(&n%7 $'e #a3&ri$y

&- $'e in"iry ,)a(e! in$ere!$ &n $'e !('&)ar’! -ir!$ year. T'ir%7 ,rei&"! in"irie! #a%e )i$$)e

a$$e#,$ $& (&rre)a$e $'e %a$a $& $'e rea) &(("rren(e &- !$"%en$! 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119."oint% o! Bet+i,t Space%2 T'ree ,&in$! &- $'e be$*i?$ !,a(e! in$r&%"(e% in 21 by

an$'r&,&)&/i!$ Arn&)% a Genne, in()"%e %ie!$i$"re $'e !e,ara$i&n7 )i#ina)i$y $'e $ran!i$i&n7

an% ine!$i$"re $'e in(&r,&ra$i&n. T'e (en$er &- a$$en$i&n i! &n $'e *ay in%ii%"a)! !'i-$ -r&#

$'e $ran!i$i&n (&n%i$i&n an% en$er in$& $'e ine!$i$"re ,'a!e. T& be$$er (&#,re'en% $'e )i#ina)i$y

,r&(e%"re an% $'e i%ea &- $"rnin/ ,&in$! in $'e ini$ia) en$ry &- !$"%en$! &n (a#,"!7 $'e $'ree

e?,er$! ,"$ in$& ,ra($i(e a $'ree ,&in$ #e$'&%. Fir!$7 e%"(a$i&na) ,ra($i$i&ner! !'&")% ,re!en$ $'e

(&n(e,$ &- )i#ina)i$y $& $'e !$"%en$!. Se(&n%7 !"rey $'e !$"%en$’! a$$i$"%e! ab&"$ $'e ,r&(e%"re

an% $"rnin/ ,&in$!. T'ir%7 'ae !$"%en$! re-)e($ &n $'eir )ie% e?,erien(e! an% (&#bine $'e

re,)ie!. T'i! 'a! !i/ni-i(an$ i#,)i(a$i&n! -&r ,er!&n! *'& )&&< $& in$er(e%e an% !",eri!e $'e

"n%er/ra%"a$e $ran!i$i&n 8Pa)#er e$ a).7 0119.Ro$e o! Leader%hip

A((&r%in/ $& R&bin!&n 8011K97 re,re!en$a$ie! an% (&##"ni$y6a$6)ar/e are (er$ain $'a$

$'e )ea%er!'i, &- !('&&) e%"(a$&r! an% ,ra($i$i&ner! #a<e! a (&n!i%erab)e %i--eren(e $& $'e

a%an(e#en$ &- !$"%en$ a('iee#en$. T'e re!ear('er !$a$e! $'a$ )ea%er!'i, ('an/e! !('&)ar

)earnin/ "n%er $'ree 'ea%)ine!4 %ee)&,in/ in%ii%"a)!7 !e$$in/ /&a)!7 an% &er'a")in/

&r/ania$i&n!. In !e$$in/ /"i%e)ine!7 -&r in!$an(e7 !"((e!!-") )ea%er!'i, in&)e! ,r&-e!!i&na)

!$a-- in a *ay $'a$ ,er#i$! $'e# $& /ain <n&*)e%/e7 be(&#e (&##i$$e% $& $'e /&a) 8re)a$i&n!'i,9

an% 'ae in,"$. S"((e!!-") )ea%er! in(&r,&ra$e e"a))y !e$! &- )i#i$a$i&n! in$& $'eir ana)y$i(



53

,r&(e!!. In in!$i$"$i&n! *i$' a%an(e% !"((e!! &r a('iee#en$ /ain!7 a(a%e#i( &b3e($ie! are $'e

a$$en$i&n &- )ea%er!'i,. T'e a%#ini!$ra$&r #a<e! ,",i) a('iee#en$ $'e &r/ania$i&n’! 'i/'e!$

ai#. T'i! )ea%er!'i, e)e#en$ &--er! ei%en(e $'a$ !i#")$ane&"!)y (arin/ an% re!,e($ &- #en$&r!7

,ra($i$i&ner!7 an% e%"(a$&r! are (&nne($e% $& in!$i$"$i&n ()i#a$e an% in$era($i&n! $'a$ in-)"en(e

!$"%en$ *e))6bein/ an% !$"%en$ a('iee#en$.A((&r%in/ $& Bra?$&n7 &ne!7 Hir!('y7 an% Har$)ey 801197 $'e i#,&r$an(e &- )ea%er!'i,

&n !$"%en$ ,er!i!$en(e !$e#! -r&# $'e a!!i!$an(e &- e%"(a$&r! re(&/niin/ a($ie )earnin/ a! &ne

,rin(i,)e! &- e--e($ie ,ra($i(e -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e e%"(a$i&n. T'e e%"(a$&r’! abi)i$y $& ,r&i%e

#eanin/-") )earnin/ ,ra($i(e! %ire($)y &r in%ire($)y a--e($! "n%er/ra%"a$e’! %e,ar$"re %e(i!i&n!.

C)a!!r&&# %e)ibera$i&n!7 a #e$'&% &- e--e($ie )earnin/7 'a% a %e-ini$e in-)"en(e &n a !$"%en$’!

!&(ia) in$e/ra$i&n7 &b)i/a$i&n $& $'e in!$i$"$e7 an% in$en$i&n $& re$"rn $& $'e (&))e/e.T'e Uni$e% S$a$e! 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n !y!$e# (&n-r&n$! $'e $e!$ &- rea!!e!!in/ an%

rea%3"!$in/ i$! ,)an $& &--er ,e&,)e $'e e%"(a$i&n an% !eri(e! nee%e% $& (&n$en% &n a *&r)%*i%e

)ee) 8D"%er!$a%$7 01219. :'i)e $'e br&a%(a!$in/ an% /&ern#en$a) -r&n$ !&#e$i#e! (ri$i(ie

in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n7 (&##"ni$y ie*! (&n$in"e $& !",,&r$ $'e "a)i$y &- Te?a!

'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in!$i$"$i&n! an% $'eir re!,&n!ibi)i$ie! in $ea('in/ !$"%en$! an% re!ear('.

N&ne$'e)e!!7 $'ere are in%i(a$&r! $'a$ A#eri(a i! !'i-$in/ in an&$'er %ire($i&n. Many re!ear('

,a,er! a%&(a$e $'a$ A#eri(an )earner! are n&$ a("irin/ $'e <in% &- e%"(a$i&n nee%e% $& /"i%e

an% (&n$en% in $'e na$i&n*i%e #ar<e$,)a(e 8D"%er!$a%$7 01219. A((&r%in/ $& D"%er!$a%$ 8012197 $'e O--i(er’! Na$i&na) C&##i!!i&n &n A((&"n$abi)i$y in

Hi/'er E%"(a$i&n 8011J9 %i!!e#ina$e% !i? !"//e!$i&n! $& brin/ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in a)i/n#en$

*i$' $'e ne(e!!i$ie! &- $'e (&"n$ry7 $&/e$'er *i$'4 8a9 C&n-ir#in/ $'e na$i&n! ,)e%/e $& a))&*

(i$ien! $'e ('an(e $& re(eie a 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8b9 Re-&r# $'e -inan(ia) ai% ,a(<a/e $& ai# a$

,r&i%in/ !",,&r$ -&r $'e "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n! 8(9 Re"irin/ an!*erabi)i$y an% (&n!$an$

i#,r&e#en$ &- &,era$i&n! 8%9 E#bra(in/ a (")$"re &- (&n!$an$ i#,r&e#en$ 8e9 E?,an%in/



54

#a3&r !$ra$e/i( -ie)%!7 !"(' a! #e%i(ine7 en/ineerin/7 !(ien(e7 an% (areer6-&("!e% %i!(i,)ine!

(ri$i(a) $& "nier!a) (&#,e$i$iene!! 8-9 an% !a-e/"ar%in/ $'a$ (&##"ni$ie! are a%#i$$e% in$&

in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n an% ('an(e! $& a$$en% $rainin/! are aai)ab)e 8D"%er!$a%$7 01219.

Socia$ Chan*e Mode$. Pri&r $& $'e 21!7 $'e (&ner!a$i&n ab&"$ !$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, *a!

e?'i)ara$in/. One &b3e($ie &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! $& a!!i!$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! in %ee)&,in/

('ara($er an% in$e/ri$y. I$ i! ei%en$ $'a$ $'e #i!!i&n !$a$e#en$ &- #any in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n a!!i!$! in $'e %ee)&,#en$ &- "n%er/ra%"a$e’! )ea%er!'i, (a,abi)i$ie!. A! i))"!$ra$e% in

Fi/"re A0.07 T'e S&(ia) C'an/e M&%e) &- Lea%er!'i, &--er! a $'e&re$i(a) -ra#e*&r< -&r

"n%er/ra%"a$e! !,e(i-i(a))y in "n%er!$an%in/ $'a$ )ea%er!'i, i! an in$er,er!&na)7 $ran!-&r#a$i&na)7

,r&(e%"re 6&rien$e%7 (")$"re%7 an% ('an/e6%ire($e% een$. Si#i)ar)y7 $'e !i/ni-i(an$ !$an%ar%!

)in<e% *i$' S&(ia) C'an/e M&%e) 8SCM9 ,&!i$i&ne% )ea%er!'i, a! a -&("!e%7 (&&,era$ie7 i%ea)6

ba!e% #e$'&% $'a$ (a"!e! (&n!$r"($ie !&(ie$a) ('an/e. Ana)yin/ $'e S&(ia) C'an/e M&%e)7 $'e

e?,er$! i%en$i-y ei/'$ (&re a)"e! $'a$ -&("! &n in%ii%"a) )ee)! &- !e)-6a*arene!! an% (a,abi)i$y

$& en/a/e *i$' &$'er!. T'e a)"e! in()"%e4 C&n$r&er!y *i$' Cii)i$y7 C&n/r"en(e7

C&##i$#en$7 C&n!(i&"!ne!! &- Se)-7 C&##&n P"r,&!e7 Cii)i$y7 C&))ab&ra$i&n7 Ci$ien!'i,7 an%

C'an/e. T'e!e ,rin(i,)e! &,era$e a$ $'e ,er!&na) )ee) 8D"/an + ;&#ie!7 011K9.A((&r%in/ $& D"/an e$ a).7 8011K97 $'e a($ie (&))ab&ra$i&n a#&n/ a)"e! ,r&#&$e!

!&(ie$a) ('an/e -&r $'e be$$er#en$ &- '"#an<in% a! i))"!$ra$e% in E?'ibi$ 2. T'e $'ree <ey a)"e!

&- $'e #&%e) are $& enri(' )earner! !('&)a!$i(a))y7 $& e?,an% )earner’! )ea%er!'i, abi)i$y an%

,er!&na)6<n&*)e%/e7 an% $& (&n$rib"$e $& $'eir (a#,"!7 (&##"ni$y7 (&"n$y7 an% (&"n$ry. T'e

#&%e) "r/e! !$"%en$! $& be(&#e ,ar$i(i,a$&ry )ea%er! in an e--&r$ $& be(&#e a (a$a)y!$ -&r !&(ia)

('an/e.I$ i! in$ere!$in/ $'a$ !$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, &r )ea%er!'i, i! $'e #&!$ $'&"/'$6,r&&<in/ $&,i(

a$ #any in!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. Re(en$ ar$i()e! in%i(a$e $'a$ a /a, e?i!$! be$*een

e%"(a$&r!’ a*arene!! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e’! in$e))e($ &- )ea%er!'i, an% '&* )earner! in$er,re$ $'&!e



55

e?,erien(e!. A 216year ine!$i/a$i&n &n $'e #a$$er i! ei%en$ $'a$ a%")$! an% y&"n/ a%")$ )ea%er!

%i!a/ree &n $'e ,'en&#ena. Y&"n/ a%")$’! e#,'a!i! i! /r&"n%e% &n $'e /r&",7 $'e !i$"a$i&n7 an%

$'e #&#en$ &n $'e &$'er 'an%7 a%")$’! e#,'a!i! i! &n "n%er!$an%in/ $'r&"/' e?,erien(e.

H&*eer7 $'ere are !i#i)ari$ie! a#&n/ )ea%er! %e$er#ine% )ea%er!'i, "a)i$ie!. F&r e?a#,)e7

Genera$i&n X an% Y *&r<in/ ()a!! a,,ear $& e#bra(e $& *&r< *i$' e#,)&yee! a! ()&!e

!",,&r$er!. Hen(e7 i$ i! i#,era$ie $'a$ e%"(a$&r! be(&#e #in%-") &- $'e %yna#i(!7 *'i('

in!,ire )earner! $& be(&#e ,ar$i(i,an$! in )ea%er!'i, ,r&/ra#! &n (a#,"! 8De#,!$er + Lii&7

011K9.In%titutiona$ Leader%hip and Learner Outcoe. T& -a$'&# $'e %yna#i(! in-)"en(in/

!$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n7 Lii&7 De#,!$er7 + Ne"#ann 801229 !$"%ie% 2K e)een$' /ra%er! *'&

enr&))e% in a ,"b)i( !e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n in "een!)an%7 A"!$ra)ia. T'e ,&,")a$i&n (&n!i!$e% &-

1 y&"n/ #en an% K y&"n/ )a%ie!. Le!! $'an 'a)- &- $'e ,&,")a$i&n ,ar$i(i,a$e% in &$'er

&r/ania$i&n &n (a#,"! 8nK7 .09. T'&!e !$"%en$! *'& 'e)% a )ea%er!'i, r&)e *a! n27

2.. T'e (")$"ra) in-&r#a$i&n reea)e% $'a$ $'e )earner! *ere ,re%&#inan$)y Ca"(a!ian *i$' a

n&$e*&r$'y !"b/r&", &- e$'ni( #in&ri$ie!. T'e!e )earner! (&#e -r&# #i%%)e6()a!! *&r<in/

-a#i)ie!. T'e in"iry !ee<! &"$ a,,r&a('e! by *'i(' e%"(a$&r! "n(&n!(i&"!)y i#,e%e a

!$"%en$’! #&$ia$i&n &- en/a/in/ in -&r#a) an% in-&r#a) !$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, a($ii$ie!. A!

!('&)ar! ine!$i/a$e $'e -a($&r!7 *'i(' i#,a($ )earner’! #&$ia$i&n $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in )ea%er!'i,7

$'e in"iry *an$e% $& an!*er $'ree in"irie!4 2. :'a$ %i!!i#i)ari$ie! are $'ere in $'e )ea%er!'i,

#&$ie! &- )earner! in re(&/nie% )ea%er!'i, -"n($i&n! (&#,are% $& $'eir ,eer! 0. :'a$

%i!!i#i)ari$ie! are $'ere in $'e )ea%er!'i, #&$ie! &- )earner! *'& ,ar$i(i,a$e in e?$ra("rri(")ar

a($ii$ie! (&#,are% $& $'eir ,eer! . :'a$ i#,a($ %&e! (")$"re &- !('&&) i%en$i-i(a$i&n &- ,eer

an% !$"%en$6$ea('er re)a$i&n!'i,! 'ae &n )earner!’ #&$ie $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in )ea%er!'i, 8Lii& e$

a).7 01229.



56

T'e re!ear('er! -&"n% $'a$ -e#a)e! *'& %i% n&$ '&)% a )ea%er!'i, ,&!i$i&n (&neye%

in(rea!e% )ee)! &- in-&r#a) an% -&r#a) )ea%er!'i, %rie $'an #a)e!. T'&!e )earner! *'&

,ar$i(i,a$e% in e?$ra("rri(")ar a($ii$ie! %i% n&$ (&ney in(rea!e )ee)! &- in-&r#a) an% -&r#a)

)ea%er!'i, %rie. T'e )earner’! en/a/e#en$ *i$' ,eer! an% -a(")$y (&n$rib"$e% $& 'i! &r 'er

i%en$i-i(a$i&n *i$' $'e in!$i$"$i&n. H&*eer7 $'e )earner’! ,er(e,$i&n &- i%en$i-i(a$i&n an% n&$

in%ii%"a) a('iee#en$ ,r&3e($e% 'i! &r 'er rea%ine!! $& '&)% a )ea%er!'i, ,&!i$i&n &r $&

,ar$i(i,a$e in )ea%er!'i, a($ii$ie! 8Lii& e$ a)7 01229. S('&)ar! n&$e% $'a$ )ea%er!'i, a--e($! a

ran/e &- in!$i$"$i&na) re!")$! 8L&"i!7 01219.A #e$a6ana)y!i! e?,)&re% by R&bin!&n 8011K9 !"//e!$! $'a$ )ea%er!'i, in"iry re(&/nie!

$'e <in%! &- )ea%er!'i, $'a$ en(&#,a!! !&#e*'a$ ,&!i$ie &r ne/a$ie in-)"en(e &n )earner!7 !&

$'a$ $'e &"$(&#e! are 'i/')i/'$e% in )ea%er!'i, ,)annin/ an% i#,r&e#en$ ,r&/ra#!. T'e

e?,er$! e?a#ine% $'ree a,,)i(ab)e !$"%ie!. Fir!$7 $'e e?,er$ !ear(' a,,r&a(' (&#,ri!e% &-

!ear('in/ %a$a6ba!e! "$i)iin/ $'e *&r% =)ea%er!'i,> an% !$"%en$ &"$(&#e. Se(&n%7 $'e e?,er$

!ear(' a,,r&a(' (&#,ri!e% &- !ear('in/ $ab)e &- (&n$en$! an% !"##arie! &- ,ar$i(")ar )ea%er!'i,

,eri&%i(a)!. T'ir%7 $'e e?,er$ !ear(' a,,r&a(' (&#,ri!e% (&n!i!$e% &- ('e(<in/ $'e a,,en%i? )i!$

&- ,eri&%i(a)!7 ar$i()e! an% ,a,er! in in$erna$i&na) ,eri&%i(a)!7 an% !&"r(eb&&<!. Be(a"!e

"n,"b)i!'e% $'e!e! an% (&n-eren(e ,a,er! *ere n&$ !"b3e($ $& ,eer reie*7 $'ey *ere n&$ "$i)ie%

in $'e !$"%y. T'e ine!$i/a$i&n /enera$e% 0 re,&r$! $'a$ !'&*e% a (&rre)a$i&n be$*een

)ea%er!'i, an% !$"%en$ a('iee#en$. M&!$ &- $'e re!ear(' *a! ine!$i/a$e% in $'e Uni$e% S$a$e!.T'e ,eri&%i(a)! %i!("!!e% $'e e--e($ &- )ea%er!'i, &n a br&a% !(&,e &- )earner &"$(&#e!

an% !('&)a!$i( &"$(&#e! 8R&bin!7 011K9. O- $'e ,eri&%i(a)! e?a#ine%7 00 )&&<e% a$ !('&)a!$i(

&"$(&#e!7 -&"r )&&<e% a$ n&n6!('&)a!$i( &"$(&#e!7 an% &ne )&&<e% a$ b&$'. In !&#e &- $'e

ea)"a$i&n7 (rea$ie ,r&b)e#!6!&)in/7 'i/'er )ee) $'in<in/7 an% a(a%e#i( ('a))en/e *ere

,re!en$. T'e ,eri&%i(a)! %i!("!!e% $'e in-)"en(e )ea%er!'i, 'a% &n )earner’! !&(ie$a) an%



57

in%ii%"a) *e))6bein/ !"(' a! in$era($i&n *i$' $'eir ,eer!7 re$en$i&n ra$e!7 an% a$$i$"%e! $&*ar%

)earnin/. T'e 0 ,eri&%i(a) *ere (a$e/&rie% "n%er $'e -&))&*in/ 'ea%in/!4 !a#,)e

('ara($eri!$i(!7 )ea%er!'i, $'e&ry an% in!$r"#en$a$i&n7 an% #ain -in%in/!. T'e -ina) ana)y!i!

-&"n% $'a$ $'e in"iry %i!(&ere% -ie )ea%er!'i, %i#en!i&n! 8R&bin!7 011K9. R&bin!&n &--ere%

-ie )ea%er!'i, %i#en!i&n &ri/ina$e% -r&# 22 reie*! &n e--e($! &- )ea%er!'i, &n $'e )earner’!

&"$(&#e!42. E!$ab)i!'in/ /&a)! an% e?,e($a$i&n!4 (&##"ni(a$in/ an% &b!erin/ &- )earner /&a)!7

!$an%ar%! an% e?,e($a$i&n!7 an% $'e in&)e#en$ &- e#,)&yee!7 an% &$'er! in

$'e ,r&(e!!.

0. S$ra$e/i( Re!&"r(in/4 a)i/nin/ re!&"r(e !e)e($i&n an% a))&(a$i&n $& ,ri&ri$y $ea('in/

&b3e($ie!.. P)annin/7 C&&r%ina$in/ an% Ea)"a$in/ Tea('in/7 an% $'e C"rri(")"#4 %ire($

in&)e#en$ in $'e !",,&r$ an% ea)"a$i&n &- $ea('in/ $'r&"/' re/")ar

()a!!r&&# i!i$! an% $'e ,r&i!i&n &- -&r#a$ie an% !"##a$ie -ee%ba(< $& in!$r"($&r!.. Pr&#&$in/ an% Par$i(i,a$in/ in Tea('er Learnin/ an% Dee)&,#en$4 -&r#a) &r

in-&r#a) ,r&-e!!i&na) )earnin/.J. En!"rin/ an Or%er)y an% S",,&r$ie Enir&n#en$4 re%"(in/ e?$erna) ,re!!"re! an%

in$err",$i&n! an% e!$ab)i!'in/ an &r%er)y an% !",,&r$ie enir&n#en$ b&$'

in$erna) an% e?$erna) ()a!!r&&#! 8R&bin!&n7 011K7 ,. 9.T'e -ie (&#,&nen$! e?()"%e $'e "!"a) %i!$in($i&n be$*een /"i%in/ $'r&"/' #a<in/

,r&/re!! $a!<! an% /"i%in/ $'r&"/' a!!&(ia$i&n! an% in%ii%"a)!. E?$ra&r%inary )ea%er! a$$e#,$

$'e )earnin/ ('a))en/e! by a!!&(ia$in/ $'e (&rre($ %i#en!i&n! an% $'e!e $y,e! &- )ea%er! in$e/ra$e

$&/e$'er !e$! &- )i#i$a$i&n! in$& $'eir (rea$ie ,r&b)e#6!&)in/ !$ra$e/y 8R&bin!&n7 011K9.Suar&

A)$'&"/' e?,er$! <n&* $'a$ (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! enr&)) 'a)- &- -ir!$6$i#e (&))e/e

"n%er/ra%"a$e!7 re!ear('er! )a(< $'e <n&*)e%/e re/ar%in/ *'y ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n !$"%en$!

are %e,ar$in/ (&))e/e *i$'&"$ (&#,)e$in/ a %e/ree. T'e re(en$ ,"b)i(a$i&n! re/ar%in/ $'e



58

('an/e&er &- (&))e/e !$"%en$! -&("! &n "nier!i$y re!i%en$ia) !('&)ar! 8Dei)6A#en7 01229. T'e

%a$a in $'i! in"iry a%%re!!e! $'e "n%er)yin/ ,rin(i,)e -&r $'e in"iry7 $'e /&a) &- $'e in"iry7

,"b)i( in-&r#a$i&n ab&"$ !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n7 an% %a$a &n S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry.

Per!&n! in $ran!i$i&n /& $'r&"/' $'ree ,&in$!7 =#&in/ in7 = #&in/ $'r&"/'7> an% #&in/ &"$.>

S(')&!!ber/ a(<n&*)e%/e% $'a$ in%ii%"a)! "n%er!$an%in/ &- $'e (&,in/ !$ra$e/y re-erre% $& a!

$'e =’S’!>4 !i$"a$i&n7 !e)-7 !",,&r$7 an% !$ra$e/ie! (an 'e), $'e in%ii%"a) %ea) *i$' an% !&)e $'e

%i)e##a 8G&&%#an e$ a).7 0119.

Chapter III

Methodo$o*&

Identi!ication o! T&pe o! Re%earch Method

One &- $'e bi//e!$ (&n(ern! &- a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! i! $'e in(rea!e% a$$en$i&n $&

"n%er/ra%"a$e! in $ran!i$i&n -r&# 'i/' !('&&) $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary 8H"n$er7 0119. H"n$er 80119

!$a$e! $'e -&))&*in/4D& in!$i$"$i&n! re(&/nie $'e a$$en$i&n )earner! re"ire in $'e $ran!i$i&n ,'a!e

De-ini$e)y7 $'ey !'&")%. In!$i$"$i&n! )ea% !&(ie$y $& be)iee $'a$ *e 'ae

(&#,a!!i&n -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e! in $ran!i$i&n. C"rren$)y7 !&(ie$y (&n$in"e! )iin/



59

in a na$i&n &- -re"en$ a%3"!$#en$. A$ $'e be/innin/ &- ea(' !e#e!$er7 *e re(eie

inn&a$ie )earner!7 %i--eren$ $ea('er! an% %i--eren$ e#,)&yee!7 an% ne*

en(&"n$er!. T'e rea)i$y i! $'a$ ('an/e i! a (&n%i$i&n in *'i(' 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n

in!$i$"$i&n! !$ay a)ie. T'e (&re ("rri(")"# i! re/")ar)y bein/ rei!e%7 $'e

re!&"r(e! (&n$in"a))y a,,ear $& %e(rea!e7 an% re"e!$! -&r &"r &"$,"$ are eer6

e!(a)a$in/. Neer$'e)e!!7 $'e &(("rren(e -&r ,er!&n! *'& i! e#,)&ye% in

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n (&n$in"e!. 8,. K9R&"/')y J1 &- a)) "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& enr&)) in (&))e/e $&%ay %e,ar$ be-&re earnin/

$'eir (&))e/e %e/ree 8S$ray'&rn7 0119. In !,i$e &- n&$e*&r$'y /ain!7 (&))e/e ,re,ara$i&n7

enr&))#en$7 an% !"((e!! are !$ra$i-ie% by /en%er7 e$'ni(i$y7 an% !&(i&e(&n&#i( !$a$"! 8Far#er +

H&))an%7 0119. S$ray'&rn 80119 %i!(&ere% $'a$ $'e ,er(en$a/e &- !$"%en$! %e,ar$in/ i! !$i))

/rea$er be$*een "n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n!7 #ain)y $'r&"/' $'e be/innin/ year &- $'e

-re!'#en e?,erien(e. F&r e?a#,)e7 'i! -in%in/! !"//e!$ $'a$ a,,r&?i#a$e)y J $& 1 &- a))

"n%er/ra%"a$e! %e,ar$ -r&# (a#,"! a$ !&#e ,&in$ in $'e -ir!$ a(a%e#i( $er#. T'e a$$ri$i&n

,er(en$a/e! are /rea$er -&r (&##"ni$y (&))e/e! an% !$a$e "nier!i$ie! 809 a! &,,&!e% $&

,ria$e in!$i$"$i&n! 809. In re,)y $& $'e -in%in/!7 $'ere are n"#er&"! &- *ay! $& !$ren/$'en

'i/' !('&&) (&#,)e$i&n ,er(en$a/e! an% ,"$ #&re )earner! &n $'e ,a$'*ay $& -ini!' a

,&!$!e(&n%ary %e/ree. H&*eer7 H&--#an7 Vaar/a!7 + San$&! 80119 !$a$e $'a$ &ne !$ra$e/y -&r

en!"rin/ $'a$ #&re "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! (&#,)e$e 'i/' !('&&) an% earn a ,&!$!e(&n%ary

(re%en$ia) i! $& ,r&i%e y&"n/ a%")$! $'e &,$i&n $& %& (&))e/e6)ee) *&r< in 'i/' !('&&).Fraen<e) + :a))en 80119 )i!$e% ei/'$ rea!&n! "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' !'&")% be !e)e($e% a!

a re!ear(' %e!i/n. F&"r &- $'e ei/'$ -i$ $'i! !$"%y. T'ey in()"%e4 8a9 $'e ,r&,&!a) i! i#,ar$ia) in

#e$'&%&)&/y in $'e i%ea $'a$ i$ #ere)y !ear(' -&r a(("ra$e %i#en!i&n! an% $e!$in/ &- %ire($

$'e&rie! $& !&)e i$! "e!$i&n7 8b9 $ab)e! an% ('ar$! are (&#,&nen$! $'a$ *i)) a,,ear in $'e



60

e?,)ana$i&n &- in-&r#a$i&n7 *'i(' (&n$ain -i/"re! an% #ea!"re#en$!7 8(9 re!ear(' a))&*! $'e

ine!$i/a$&r $& ,re!en$ a ()ear6("$ ,i($"re &- *'a$ $& in $'e in"iry7 8%9 $'e ine!$i/a$&r i! a))&*e%

an &,,&r$"ni$y $& (&n(en$ra$e &n (a)(")a$in/ an% (a$e/&riin/ n"#eri(a) e?a#,)e! an% -a($! $&

3"!$i-y *'a$ 'a! been n&$e%. T'i! !$"%y e#,)&ye% a "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' #e$'&%. A((&r%in/ $& Franen<e) + :a))en

801197 =re!ear('er! are &-$en in$ere!$e% in $'e &,ini&n &- a )ar/e /r&", &- ,e&,)e ab&"$ a

,ar$i(")ar $&,i( &r i!!"e> 8,. 19. In $'i! !$"%y7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r e?,)&re% ,'en&#ena re)a$e% $&

$'e i#,a($ &- !('&)a!$i( an% !&(ie$a) ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! ba!e% &n /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y.

In a%%i$i&n7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r *i!'e% $& %i!(&er '&* $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! &- $'e ,&,")a$i&n

%i!!e#ina$e $'e#!e)e! &n &ne &r #&re ariab)e!7 !"(' a! a/e7 (")$"re7 ie*,&in$!7 an% -ee)in/!

$&*ar% e%"(a$i&n 8Fraen<e) e$ a)7 0119. T'e &b3e($ie &- $'i! re!ear(' *a! -&"r6-&)%4 829 $&

/a$'er $'&r&"/' an% ("rren$ %a$a $'a$ ar$i(")a$e% ("rren$ e?,erien(e!7 809 $& re(&/nie (&n(ern!

&r %e-en% ,re!en$ $er#! an% ,r&(e%"re!7 89 $& #a<e (&#,ari!&n! an% ea)"a$i&n!7 an% 89 $&

e!$ab)i!' *'a$ ,rei&"! in!$i$"$i&n! are %&in/ *i$' re)a$e% ('a))en/e! &r (ir("#!$an(e! an% /ain

-r&# $'eir in&)e#en$ in -&r#")a$in/ ",(&#in/ !$ra$e/ie! an% a!!e!!#en$! 8Fraen<e) e$ a).7

0119.Re%earch De%i*n

S"rey re!ear(' %e!i/n *a! e?er(i!e% in $'e %e!(ri,$i&n %e!i/n &- $'e "an$i-iab)e

ana)y!i!. T'e ine!$i/a$&r e?er(i!e% a "an$i$a$ie a,,r&a(' $& i%en$i-y $'e ,re%&#inan$ in"irie!

in re)a$i&n $& "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! an%

%e$er#ine i- !"(' ,er(e,$i&n! ary ba!e% &n /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y7 )in< $& $'e re$ainin/ &- -ir!$

year "n%er/ra%"a$e!. Be(a"!e $'e ine!$i/a$&r *a! n&$ a$$e#,$in/ $& (&n$r&) a ariab)e7 $'ere

*a! n&$ a nee% $& ,in,&in$ an in%e,en%en$ ariab)e &r %e,en%en$ ariab)e.De%cription o! the Tar*et "opu$ation

T'e $ar/e$ ,&,")a$i&n -&r $'i! !$"%y *a! $'e en$erin/ /r&", &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! &- a

(&##"ni$y (&))e/e )&(a$e% in $'e !&"$' (en$ra) ,ar$ &- $'e !$a$e &- Te?a!. T'e en$ire !$"%en$ b&%y



61

i! (&#,&!e% &- a,,r&?i#a$e)y 2K712 "n%er/ra%"a$e! in *'i(' 207 &- *'&# are -re!'#en

/en%er4 . -e#a)e7 J2.2 #a)e e$'ni(i$y4 . :'i$e7 . A-ri(an A#eri(an7 2J.2

Hi!,ani(7 2. A!ianPa(i-i( I!)an%er7 1. Na$ie A#eri(an7 1.J F&rei/n7 1.J M")$i6ra(ia)7

J.2 "n<n&*n ()a!!i-i(a$i&n4 K0. -re!'#en7 0. !&,'&#&re7 an% 0. "n()a!!i-ie%

a/e4 0. "n%er ei/'$een7 0.2 26027 2. 00607 22.J 0J6J7 . 6J17 1. J2

an% &er.T'e in!$i$"$i&n in6!$a$e an% &"$6i-6!$a$e re!i%en(y ,r&-i)e i! a! -&))&*!4 in6!$a$e .27

&"$6&- !$a$e7 2.27 -&rei/n (&"n$ry7 1. $"i$i&n !$a$"! -&r in %i!$ri($7 J.2 7 &"$6&-6%i!$ri($7

.17 n&n6re!i%e $"i$i&n7 2. an% -ir!$ $i#e en$erin/ !$"%en$! . an% -ir!$ $i#e $ran!-er

.1. T'e ,&,")a$i&n in $'i! !$"%y i! (&#,&!e% &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$ a (&##"ni$y (&))e/e

)&(a$e% in $'e !&"$' (en$ra) ,ar$ &- $'e !$a$e &- Te?a! 'ain/ earne% er& 0K!e#e!$er '&"r! an%

enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212.The Sap$in* o! "articipant%

A !"rey *a! a%#ini!$ere% &n)ine an% -a(e6$&6-a(e %"rin/ $'e $'ir% *ee< &- $'e 0120

!e(&n% !"##er !e#e!$er $& !$"%en$! a$ a (&##"ni$y (&))e/e in $'e !&"$' (en$ra) ,ar$ &- $'e !$a$e.

A)) !$"%en$ *ere enr&))e% in !e($i&n! &- In$r&%"($i&n $& S&(i&)&/y. T'e $ar/e$ ,&,")a$i&n *a!

11 !$"%en$! *i$' a 'e$er&/ene&"! (&#,&!i$i&n. A((&r%in/ $& $'e (&))e/e’! In!$i$"$i&na)

E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/ O--i(e -&r Fa)) &- 01227 $'ere *a! an aera/e &- 00 Ca"(a!ian

-e#a)e! an% .2 #a)e!7 . A-ri(an A#eri(an -e#a)e! an% 20.0 #a)e!7 K. Hi!,ani(

-e#a)e! an% . #a)e!7 an% &$'er . #a)e. T'e $&$a) ,er(en$ &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! -ir!$ $i#e in

(&))e/e enr&))#en$ in S&(i&)&/y 212 by /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y i! -e#a)e an% 2 #a)e.Sap$in* "rocedure

F&r $'i! ine!$i/a$i&n $'e re!ear('er "$i)ie% ()"!$er ran%&# !a#,)in/. C)"!$er ran%&#

!a#,)in/ !$ra$e/y i! a$$aine% *'en $'e ,&,")a$i&n i! !"b%ii%e% in$& "ni$! (a))e% ()"!$er! !& $'a$

$'ere i! )e!! ariabi)i$y *i$'in ()"!$er! an% a )ar/e ariabi)i$y a#&n/ ()"!$er!. C)"!$er ran%&#

!a#,)in/ i! "!e% *i$' a )ar/e /r&", &- ()"!$er! 8Fraen<e) e$ a).7 0119. T'e re!ear(' %e,ar$#en$



62

&- $'e in!$i$"$i&n "n%er !$"%y a!!i/ne% a n"#ber $& ea(' !e($i&n &- S&(i&)&/y 212an% a $ab)e &-

ran%&# n"#ber! $& !e)e($ !e($i&n! $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e in"iry 8J1 &- $'e ,&,")a$i&n9. A)) $'e

!e($i&n! !e)e($e% (&n!$i$"$e% $'e !a#,)e.

De%cription o! the In%truentationA((&r%in/ $& $'e in!$i$"$i&n "$i)ie% -&r $'i! !$"%y7 $'e *eb6ba!e% S"rey &- S$"%en$

En/a/e#en$ *a! %ee)&,e% by in!$i$"$i&na) !,e(ia)i!$! in $'e %i!(i,)ine &- ,"b)i( an%

$e('n&)&/i(a) re!ear(' an% ,ra($i(e. T'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9 i! in$en%e% $&

&--er a ()ear re,re!en$a$i&n &- b&$' "n%er/ra%"a$e a($i&n! in $'e ini$ia) *ee<! &- !('&&) an% $'e

in!$i$"$i&na) ,ra($i(e! $'a$ a--e($ "n%er/ra%"a$e! $'r&"/' $'i! (r"(ia) ,eri&%. T'e S"rey &-

S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9 i! a re!ear('6ba!e% in!$r"#en$ *i$' n"#er&"! a%an$a/e!4

62 E?a#inin/) T'e in!$r"#en$ a))&*! in!$i$"$i&n! $& ,r&%"(e ra$e! &- re("rren(e an%

n&r# re,&r$! "!in/ !"b3e($ie &r n&n6!"b3e($ie in-&r#a$i&n.72 I%en$i-yin/) T'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9 *eb!i$e ,r&i%e! e#,)&yee!

&- $'e in!$i$"$i&n *i$' $'e ('an(e $& reie* $'e i#,r&e#en$ en%ea&r! by

%i!a//re/a$in/ &"$(&#e! a#&n/ !$"%en$ /r&",! 8e./.7 /en%er7 !$"%en$ enr&))#en$

!$a$"!7 (&))e/e rea%y !. n&n6(&))e/e rea%y9.82 Ben('#ar<in/4 A!!e!!in/ &"$(&#e! in )i/'$ &- !$a$e !$an%ar%! a))&*! e%"(a$&r! $&

ie* e%"(a$i&na) ,ra($i(e! a)"ab)e in (&#,arin/ &"$(&#e! a/ain!$ &$'er in!$i$"$i&n!

&- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n an% !,e(ia) in$ere!$ a))ian(e!.92 Ob!erin/4 :i$' !eera) %i!,en!a$i&n! &- SSE7 in!$i$"$i&n! (an re(&r% an% a!!e!!

in!$i$"$i&na) e--i(a(y &er6$i#e $& ana)ye $'e e--e($ &- in$er(e!!i&n! #ean$ a$

in(rea!in/ !$"%en$ re$en$i&n ,er(en$a/e!.

:2 Re,)yin/4 In!$i$"$i&n! #ay !e)e($ $& "!e SSE !$a$i!$i(! $& a)i%a$e an!*erabi)i$y $& $'e

(&))e/e (&##"ni$y a! *e)) a! $& a((re%i$in/ b"rea"!’ (a))! -&r in!$i$"$i&na) !e)-6!$"%y

an% "a)i$y en'an(e#en$ a,,r&a('e!.



63

T'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9 !"rey7 re,re!en$! a #&%i-ie% er!i&n &- $'e

0121 er!i&n &- $'e Fir!$ Year Se#inar S"rey7 in()"%e! 2 "e!$i&n!7 -ie ,a/e! )&n/7 "!in/ a

Li<er$6$y,e !(a)e7 *'i(' (&n!i!$! &- a !erie! &- %e()ara$ie !$a$e#en$!. T'e !"b3e($! *ere a!<e%

$& in%i(a$e *'e$'er 'e!'er a/ree! &r %i!a/ree! *i$' ea(' !$a$e#en$7 e)i(i$in/ %a$a -r&#

"n%er/ra%"a$e! ab&"$ $'eir -ir!$ $'&"/'$! &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n7 enr&))#en$ ,r&(e!!e!7 !"(' a! !$"%en$

!eri(e!7 re/i!$erin/7 a,,rai!a)7 en/a/e#en$7 a%3"!$#en$7 '&* $'ey "!e $'eir $i#e a! $'ey be/in

()a!!7 '&* $'ey #ea!"re 'i! &r 'er ini$ia) a!!&(ia$i&n! an% (&nne($i&n! *i$' $ea('er!7 (&"n!e)&r!7

an% &$'er "n%er/ra%"a$e! $y,e! &- *&r< $'ey are (&n-r&n$e% *i$'7 '&* $'e in!$i$"$i&n !",,&r$!

$'eir )earnin/ $'r&"/' $'e be/innin/ &- $'e $er#7 an% !& &n. T'e in!$r"#en$ *a! #&%i-ie% an%

%ee)&,e% by $'e re!ear('er $& (a,$"re $'e %a$a nee%e%. By a!!e!!in/ $'e (&))e/e’! !"((e!! &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e enr&))#en$7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r i! a)!& ('e(<in/ $'e a)i%i$y an% re)iabi)i$y &- $'e

S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$. Rein-&r(e% by *i%e!,rea% re!ear(' &n )earnin/ ,ra($i(e! $'a$

are )in<e% $& re$en$i&n an% &$'er an$i(i,a$e% )earner &"$(&#e!7 $'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$

!"rey %ee)&,e% ",&n $'i! b&%y &- <n&*)e%/e by "e!$i&nin/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! ab&"$ 'i! &r 'er

ini$ia) in!$i$"$i&n en(&"n$er! 8TEA7 01229.Stati%tica$ Techni;ue

T'e in-&r#a$i&n -&r $'i! re,&r$ *a! re(&r%e% in$& S$a$i!$i(a) Pa(<a/e -&r $'e S&(ia)

S(ien(e! 8SPSS9 er!i&n 01 -&r $'e a!!e!!#en$ &- %e!(ri,$ie %a$a an% in-eren$ia) %a$a. T'e

ine!$i/a$&r "!e% %e!(ri,$ie %a$a $& i))"!$ra$e $'e -"n%a#en$a) ('ara($eri!$i(! &- $'e !$a$i!$i(! in

$'e re!ear('. :i$' %e!(ri,$ie in-&r#a$i&n7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r i! ba!i(a))y re)a$in/ *'a$ i! &r *'a$

$'e n"#ber! i))"!$ra$e. T'e ine!$i/a$&r *i)) %e!(ribe7 e?,)ain7 an% a)i%a$e !$a$i!$i(a) -in%in/!

$'r&"/' a #i?$"re &- ('ar$e% narra$ie! 8e./.7 %ia/ra#!97 ,i($&ria) %e,i($i&n 8e./.7 $ab)e! an%

/ra,'!9 an% n"#eri(a) ana)y!i! 8e./.7 a %ia)&/"e &- $'e &"$(&#e!9.

F&r $'e brea<%&*n &- in-eren$ia) %a$a7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r e"a$e% $'e $*& /r&",in/!. :i$'



64

in-eren$ia) %a$a7 $'e ine!$i/a$&r *an$e% $& (&n()"%e -r&# $'e !a#,)e in-&r#a$i&n *'a$ $'e

,ar$i(i,an$! #ay be)iee. T'e ine!$i/a$&r ,er-&r#e% a ,ara#e$ri( n"#eri(a) $e!$ (a))e% $6$e!$ $&

&b!ere i- a %i!,ari$y be$*een $'e aera/e! &- $'e $*& !a#,)e! i! n&$e*&r$'y 8Fraen<e) e$ a).7

0119.Suar& o! Re%earch "rocedure%

T'e re!ear('er "$i)ie% "an$i$a$ie %e!(ri,$ie !$a$i!$i(! e#,)&yin/ !"rey re!ear('

%e!i/n. T'e !a#,)e *a! be !e)e($e% by "!in/ ()"!$erin/ !a#,)in/7 an% $'e n")) 'y,&$'e!e! *a!

$e!$e% "!in/ a !a#,)e $6$e!$. A-$er $'e re!ear('er !"((e!!-"))y %e-en%e% $'e ,r&,&!a)7 $'e

re!ear('er !e("re% a,,r&a) -r&# $'e "nier!i$y’! In!$i$"$i&na) Reie* B&ar%. U,&n re(eiin/

a,,r&a) $& (&n%"($ $'e !$"%y7 $'e re!ear('er !"b#i$$e% a -&r#a) )e$$er $& $'e in!$i$"$i&n

i%en$i-yin/ $'e na#e &- $'e in!$r"#en$7 %a$e &- !"rey ,&!$in/ &n $'e in!$i$"$i&n’! *eb!i$e7 !"rey

re#&a) %a$e7 an% e?,)aine% '&* $'e %a$a *a! a!!e!!e%. In a%%i$i&n7 $'e re!ear('er re"ire% $'a$

a)) ,ar$i(i,an$! !i/n an e)e($r&ni( (&n!en$ !'ee$ be-&re $'e !"rey *a! a%#ini!$ere%. T'e

re!ear('er ,r&$e($e% $'e i%en$i$y an% (&n-i%en$ia)i$y &- ea(' ,ar$i(i,an$ by (&))e($in/

%e#&/ra,'i( in-&r#a$i&n an% n&$ ,er!&na) in-&r#a$i&n.

T'e (&))e/e !'a)) (&n%"($ $'i! "an$i$a$ie ine!$i/a$i&n $'r&"/'&"$ $'e -&"r (&))e/e

!y!$e#!. T'e in!$i$"$i&n (&n%"($in/ $'e !"rey ,&!$e% a S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 8SSE9

!"rey &n $'e S&(i&)&/y 212 -a(")$y "i(< )in< ,a/e $'ree %ay! ,ri&r $& a%#ini!$erin/ $'e

!"rey. T'e in!$r"#en$ be(a#e a($ie a$ 411 a.#. &n $'e -ir!$ %ay &- $'e $'ir% *ee< &- -ir!$

!"##er !e#e!$er in 0120. S$"%en$! 'a% &ne *ee< $& (&#,)e$e $'e &n)ine in!$r"#en$. T'e

in!$r"#en$ *a! %ea($ia$e% a$ J411 ,.#. &n $'e -ina) %a$e &- !"rey a%#ini!$ra$i&n. T'e !y!$e#6

*i%e !"rey abi%e% by $'e /"i%e)ine! a,,r&e% by $'e in!$i$"$i&n. T'e re!ear('er ,r&(ee%e% in

a((&r%an(e *i$' in!$i$"$i&na) re!ear(' ,ra($i(e! an% $'e Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y

in!$i$"$i&na) re!ear(' b&ar% ,&)i(ie! an% ,r&(e%"re!.



65

Chapter I5Ana$&%i% o! Data

"urpo%e Stateent

T'e ,"r,&!e &- $'i! !$"%y *a! $& ine!$i/a$e "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e!

*i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% %e$er#ine *'e$'er &r n&$ !"(' ,er(e,$i&n! %i--er a((&r%in/ $&

/en%er an% e$'ni(i$y. A)$'&"/' #"(' i! *ri$$en &n $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e!

enr&))e% a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!7 )e!! (&n!i%era$i&n i! -&("!e% $& "n%er!$an%in/ $'e

,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! a!

$'ey #a<e $'e ('an/e&er $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'i! !$an%,&in$ *a! !i/ni-i(an$ a! !e(&n%ary $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary ('an/e&er (&n$in"e $& be re-)e($e% in re$en$i&n %a$a -&r $'e -ir!$ year e?,erien(e

&- "n%er/ra%"a$e! an% a('iee#en$ ,er(en$a/e! 8Te?a! Trib"ne7 01219.Introduction

One '"n%re% an% -&"r$een ,ar$i(i,an$! (&#,)e$e% $'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$. In

$'e -&))&*in/ ('a,$er $'e re!ear('er *i)) %i!("!! a !"##ary &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$!7 $'e -in%in/!

re)a$e% $& $'e /"i%in/ "e!$i&n!7 'y,&$'e!e!7 n")) 'y,&$'e!e!7 an% an i%en$i-i(a$i&n an%

%&("#en$a$i&n &- i#,re!!i&n!. De#&/ra,'i( an% a(a%e#i( %a$a -&r ea(' ,ar$i(i,an$ in()"%e%4

()a!!i-i(a$i&n7 a/e7 /en%er7 e$'ni(i$y7 /&a) -&r a$$en%in/ (&))e/e a$ $'e $i#e &- enr&))#en$7 ini$ia)

(&))e/e !$ar$e%7 (&"r!e )&a% -&r $'e -ir!$ !e#e!$er7 *i$'in $'e -ir!$ $'ree *ee<! n"#ber &- (&"r!e!

a%%e% &r %r&,,e%7 n"#ber &- (&"r!e! %r&,,e% a-$er $'e -ir!$ ()a!! %ay7 an% re/i!$ra$i&n $i#e

-ra#e -&r (&))e/e (&"r!e!.T'i! re!ear(' *a! /"i%e% by $'e -&))&*in/ "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' "e!$i&n!7 'y,&$'e!e!7

an% n")) 'y,&$'e!e!4

Re%earch 'ue%tion%



66

2. I! $'ere a !i/ni-i(an$ i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n0. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$!

in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $&re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er

Re%earch (&pothe%e%


H04 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$

ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by e$'ni(i$y &n $'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e

$& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

a-$er &ne !e#e!$er.

Re%earch Nu$$ (&pothe%e%


$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H104 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n


('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n




(&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er.Re$atin* Sch$o%%#er*4% Tran%ition Theor&

T'e ine!$i/a$&r ba!e% $'e in"iry &n S(')&!!ber/’! Tran!i$i&n T'e&ry. T'e !y!$e#a$i(

,r&(e!! &- #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$ ,r&i%e% a -ra#e*&r< -&r $'e in"iry.



67

T'e $ran!i$i&n #&%e) ,r&i%e% an "n%er!$an%in/ &- *'i(' ,er!,e($ie i! ,ara#&"n$ -&r %ea)in/

*i$' in%ii%"a)! in $ran!i$i&n. T& %e$er#ine i- $'ere *ere ,a$$ern! &r !i#i)ari$ie! a#&n/ $'e

,ar$i(i,an$!7 $'e ra* %a$a *a! en$ere% in$& an e?(e) !,rea%!'ee$ an% reie*e%7 ana)ye%7 an%

(&%e% in $'eir $&$a)i$y an% by in%ii%"a) !"rey "e!$i&n. Re,)ie! -r&# ea(' ,ar$i(i,an$ *ere

ana)ye% an% (&%e% by in%ii%"a) in$erie* "e!$i&n7 $'en $'e !"rey "e!$i&n! *ere /r&",e% by

,'a!e!.Mo-in* In2 T'e (&"r!e &- e?i$in/ &ne !e$ &- -"n($i&n!7 a!!&(ia$i&n!7 ,ra($i(e!7 an% i%ea!7

an% -&r#in/ %i--eren$ &ne! 8G&&%#an7 S(')&!!ber/7 + An%er!&n7 0119.Mo-in* Throu*h2 T'e ('an/e&er i! !een a! a ,a!!a/e $'r&"/'7 /enera))y $& !&#e$'in/

"n-a#i)iar7 ne(e!!i$a$in/ $'e braery $& $a<e ('an(e! an% $'e (a,abi)i$y $& %ea) *i$' -ear

8G&&%#an e$. a).7 0119.Mo-in* Out2 T'e -ini!' -&))&*e% by a ,'a!e &- "n(er$ain$y an% (&n(ern !'&*in/ $'e

*ay $& a -re!' !$ar$ in $'e in!$an(e! &- ,er!&n! *'& 'a% arrie% $'a$ -ar 8G&&%#an e$. A).7 0119.Suar& o! Findin*%

A !"rey *a! (&#,)e$e% by "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! a$ a )ar/e6!ie !$a$e (&##"ni$y

(&))e/e )&(a$e% in $'e !&"$' (en$ra) ,ar$ &- $'e !$a$e &- Te?a! *i$' an enr&))#en$ &- a,,r&?i#a$e)y

2K7111.11. A !"rey *a! a%#ini!$ere% b&$' *eb6ba!e% an% ,a,er6ba!e% %"rin/ $'e -&"r$' *ee<

&- $'e S"##er II7 0120 !e#e!$er $& !$"%en$! enr&))e% in $*e)e !e($i&n! &- In$r&%"($i&n $&

S&(i&)&/y 212. A-$er &ne %ay &- *eb6ba!e% ,&!$in/7 i$ *a! re(&##en%e% by $'e In!$i$"$i&na)

E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/ De,ar$#en$ &- $'e (&))e/e "n%er !$"%y $& a%#ini!$er a ,a,er6ba!e%

!"rey -&r be$$er ,ar$i(i,a$i&n an% re!")$!. A $&$a) &- 01 "n%er/ra%"a$e! *ere enr&))e% in $'e!e

$*e)e !e($i&n! an%22 (&#,)e$e% $'e !"rey -&r a re!,&n!e ra$e &- JJ ,er(en$. T'e re!ear('er

('&!e In$r&%"($i&n $& S&(i&)&/y be(a"!e i$ a))&*e% (&))e/e6rea%y an% n&n6(&))e/e rea%y !$"%en$!

$& re/i!$er -&r $'e (&"r!e7 *'i(' ,r&i%e% $& !&#e e?$en$ a '&)i!$i( ,i($"re &- $'e !$"%en$

,&,")a$i&n. Tab)e 2 %i!,)ay! $'e %e#&/ra,'i(! &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! *'& re!,&n%e% $& $'e S"rey

&- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$.



68

Tab)e 2

+emographics of articipants

E$'ni(i$y Ma)e Fe#a)e N& Re!,&n!e T&$a)

A#eri(an In%ian &r A)a!<an

Na$ie

1

A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(an7 &r

Pa(i-i( I!)an%er

2 8.9 2 8.9 0 82.9

Na$ie Ha*aiian 1B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an A#eri(an7

N&n6Hi!,ani(

8J.9 21 8.9 80.9 2 82.K9

:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani( 00 82.9 0 80.29 8K.19 0 8J.9Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7 S,ani!' 8J.9 2 822.9 80.9 00 82.9Pre-er n&$ $& re!,&n% 1M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e! 8J.9 80.9 8K.9T&$a) 1 8J.29 J 8J2.9 2J 82.29 22 82119

T'e &era)) !"##ary &- %e#&/ra,'i( %a$a -&r $'e !"rey !"//e!$e% $'a$ 89 &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e! *ere -re!'#en7 JJ 8JJ9 !&,'&#&re!7 an% 01 801 9 "n()a!!i-ie% a/e4 "n%er

ei/'$een K 8 97 2627 8.J9 7 0160272 80K97 00607 22897 0J607 21 8 97 167

897 167 0 829 7an% J167 0 82 9. T'e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$! %a$a !'&*e% $'a$

1 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! e?,e($ $& $ran!-er $& a "nier!i$y7 2 &b$ain an a!!&(ia$e’!

%e/ree7 K (&#,)e$e a (er$i-i(a$e7 ('an/e (areer!7 an% 0 -&r !e)-6i#,r&e#en$.Suar& o! Re%u$t%

T'e %a$a a)!& !"//e!$! $'a$ K. 8J9 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! be/an (&))e/e a$ $'e in!$i$"$i&n

"n%er !$"%y *'i)e 02.2 809 !$ar$e% e)!e*'ere7 . 8229 "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in &ne

(&"r!e7 80. 9 enr&))e% in $*& (&"r!e!7 8. 9 22 enr&))e% in $'ree (&"r!e!7 an% 8J1 9 JK

enr&))e% in -&"r &r #&re. :i$'in $'e -ir!$ $'ree *ee<! &- $'eir -ir!$ !e#e!$er 8. 9 22 a%%e% &r

%r&,,e% a ()a!! *i$'&"$ (&n!")$in/ an a%i!&r7 8.29 K a-$er (&n!")$in/ an a%i!&r7 an% 8K.9

2 %i% n&$ a%% &r %r&, any ()a!!e! *i$'in $'e -ir!$ $'ree *ee<!. H&*eer7 8.9



69

"n%er/ra%"a$e! !$a$e% $'a$ $'ey %i% n&$ %r&, any ()a!!e! a-$er $'e -ir!$ ()a!! %ay7 8. 9 21

%r&,,e% &ne ()a!!7 82.9 0 %r&,,e% $*& ()a!!e!7 8. 9 2%r&,,e% -&"r &r #&re ()a!!e!. I$ i!

in$ere!$in/ $& n&$e $'a$ 81.9 21 &- $'e "n%er/ra%"a$e! re/i!$ere% -&r ()a!! #&re $'an &ne

*ee< be-&re ()a!!e! be/an7 8.29 K %"rin/ $'e *ee< be-&re ()a!!e! be/an7 an% 82.9 0 %"rin/

$'e -ir!$ *ee< &- ()a!!e!.T'e Cr&nba('’! a),'a re)iabi)i$y i! -&"n%e% &n $'e n&$i&n $'a$ %i--eren$ i$e#! #"!$

/enera$e &"$(&#e! (&n!i!$en$ *i$' $&$a) !"rey. Cr&nba('’! a),'a i! a (&e--i(ien$ &- re)iabi)i$y7

n&$ a n"#eri(a) a!!e!!#en$. I$ a))&*! ine!$i/a$&r! $& !ee '&* ()&!e)y (&nne($e% a ()"!$er &-

i$e#! are in a "ni$. T'e 'i/'er $'e !(&re7 $'e #&re re)iab)e $'e /enera$e% !(a)e i!. T'e re!")$! &-

$'e Cr&nba('’! a),'a re)iabi)i$y -&r !"rey "e!$i&n! e)een7 $'ir$een7 an% -&"r$een are ,re!en$e%

in Tab)e 0.

Tab)e 0

$ronbach-s "lpha eliability %cores for !//, !/0, and !/1

"e!$i&n Cr&nba('’! N

2 .0 0

2 .J 202 .K T&$a) .JJ

A((&r%in/ $& $'e %a$a in Tab)e 7 $'ere i! n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een

/en%er! &n $'e i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. H&*eer7 !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e! be$*een e$'ni(i$ie! *ere

-&"n% 2 87229 .7 p .112. T'e A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(an7 an% Pa(i-i( I!)an%er /r&", *a!

!i/ni-i(an$ (&#,are% $& a)) &$'er /r&",! 8, W .1J9.



70

Tab)e

esults of #ypothesis *ne Between enders on %ocial +ynamic (echanisms%um !//

S&"r(e %- F Si/.

E$'ni(i$y . .

111Gen%er 0 0.020 .22JIn$era($i&n E--e($! 2.21 .

2

N&$e. A. R S"are% .0J 8A%3"!$e% R !"are% .29

N& &$'er /r&",! 'a% !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e!. T'e re!")$! &- $'e ANOVAS are ,re!en$e% in

Tab)e an% Tab)e J.



71

Tab)e

esults of #ypothesis *ne Between Ethnicities on %ocial +ynamic (echanisms

%um !//

E$'ni(i$y Mean S$%.Err&r

A!ian7 A!ian

A#eri(an7 Pa(i-i(

I!)an%er!

2.111a .K

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(

1.22 .1J

:'i$e7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(

K.0J 0.11

Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'

.2J .JJ

M")$i,)e

Re!,&n!e!

J2.J11a .K

a. Ba!e% &n #&%i-ie% ,&,")a$i&n #ar/ina) #ean.



72

Tab)e J

esults of #ypothesis *ne comparisons on %ocial +ynamic (echanisms

%um !//8I9 E$'ni(i$y 89 E$'ni(i$y

Di--eren(e

8I69

Mean S$%. Err&r Si/. b

A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(an

Pa(i-i( I!)an%er

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6Hi!,ani(:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e!

J1.7a

.JKJ7a

.1J7a

.J117a7(

21.J22

21.121.

22.17a7(

.111

.111

.111

.112

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(


Pa(i-i( I!)an%er7:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7


6J1.7(

6.26.1

621.(

21.J22

.2J.1J1

.22

.111

.21J

.

.1K

:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani( A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(anPa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7


6.JKJ7(

.2

0.J22

6.1KJ(

21.1

.2

.21K

J.2

.111

.21J

.J0

.

Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'


Pa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(7 :'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e!

6.1J7a7(

.1

60.J22

6.JJ(

21.

J.1J1

.21K

.1K0

.111

.

.J0

.02

M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e! A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(an

Pa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(7:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(

6.J117a7(

21.a

.1KJa

22.1

.22

J.2

.112

.1K

.



73

Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'

.JJa .1K0 .02

Ba!e% &n e!$i#a$e% #ar/ina) #ean!a. An e!$i#a$e &- $'e #&%i-ie% ,&,")a$i&n #ar/ina) #ean 8I9.

b. An e!$i#a$e &- $'e #&%i-ie% ,&,")a$i&n #ar/ina) #ean 89.(. A%3"!$#en$ -&r #")$i,)e (&#,ari!&n!4 Lea!$ Si/ni-i(an$ Di--eren(e 8e"ia)en$ $& n& a%3"!$#en$!9.

. T'e #ean %i--eren(e i! !i/ni-i(an$ a$ $'e .1J )ee)

T'e %e()ara$ie !$a$e#en$! a!<e% ,ar$i(i,an$! ab&"$ $'eir ear)ie!$ e?,erien(e a$ $'e (&))e/e

-r&# $'e $i#e &- $'eir %e(i!i&n $& a$$en% $'i! (&))e/e $'r&"/' $'e en% &- $'e -ir!$ $'ree *ee<! &-

$'eir -ir!$ !e#e!$er. F&r $'e ,"r,&!e &- "n%er!$an%in/ an% (&#,arin/ $'e !(&re! -&r ea('

"e!$i&n7 2 re,re!en$e% Strong "gree7 0 "gree, Neutral 7 +isagree7 an% J Strongly +isagree.

A !(&re &- 2 i! $'e 'i/'e!$ !(&re an% a !(&re &- 0 i! 'i/'er $'an an% !& &n. T'e Li<er$6$y,e

"e!$i&n! an% -re"en(ie! &- $'eir an!*er! are !"##arie% in Tab)e .T*& 'y,&$'e!e! *ere !$a$e% $& e?a#ine $'e i#,&r$an$ a!,e($ &- $'e re!ear(' "e!$i&n! &-

$'i! in"iry. T'e 'y,&$'e!i! 8H09 !$a$e% $'a$ $'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r

%yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&#

!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e 'y,&$'e!i! 8H9 !$a$e% $'a$ $'ere *i)) be a

%i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e

!$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. In &r%er $&

$e!$ $'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i!7 ,ar$i(i,an$! *ere a!<e% $& #ar< '&* i#,&r$an$ *ere ea(' &- $'e

%e()ara$ie !$a$e#en$! in $'eir %e(i!i&n $& a$$en% $'e (&))e/e. T& e?a#ine $'e !(&re! &- $'e n"))

'y,&$'e!e! 8H10 7 H197 A MANOVA *a! "$i)ie%. R&na)% Fi!'er’! #")$iaria$e ana)y!i! &-

arian(e *a! (&n%"($e% $& %e$er#ine i- $'ere *i)) be a !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e by

/en%er! &n $'e #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y an% ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e

!$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e re!")$!

%i% n&$ in%i(a$e !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e! -&r $'e !(a)e &- #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y

&r ne/a$ie)y i#,a($e% "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! by /en%er7 2 827 9 2.00K7 p .00 . H&*eer7

a -&))&*6", &- "niaria$e ana)y!i! reea)e% !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e! in $'ree %e()ara$ie !$a$e#en$!.



74

I$e# 22n *a! !i/ni-i(an$ 2 827 9 3 .27 p .11J. Fe#a)e! re,&r$e% #&re ,&!i$ie re!,&n!e!

8 ( 2.1K9 $'an #a)e! 8 ( 2.9. I$e# 22" *a! !i/ni-i(an$ 2 8279 3 .K7 p .110.

Fe#a)e! re,&r$e% #&re ,&!i$ie re!,&n!e! 8 ( 2.19 $'an #a)e! 8 ( 2.9. I$e# 22 *a!

!i/ni-i(an$ 2 827 9 3 K.KJ7 p .11. Fe#a)e! re,&r$e% #&re ,&!i$ie re!,&n!e! 8 ( 2.K9

$'an #a)e! 8 ( 2.K9. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! re3e($e% 8!ee Tab)e J9.

Tab)e

esult of #ypothesis )wo (a4or +ynamic (echanism )hat ositively Impact 5ndergraduates

I$e# Ma)e re!,&n!e!

S

A

A N D S

D

Fe#a)e re!,&n!e!

S

A

A N D S

D

( 8%+9

Ma)e Fe#a)

e

2

22n. 2

2

2

K

0 2 2.

8

.

1

9

2.

1

K8

.

9

.2a

22". 2

2

2 2

K

0

2

2 2.

8

.

1

9

2.

18

.J

0

9

.K b

22. 2

2

0

1

2 2.

K

8

.K

J9

2.

K

8

.J

0

09

K.KJ(

a. p .11J b. p .110(. p .11

T'e 'y,&$'e!i! 8H9 !$a$e% $'a$ $'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by e$'ni(i$y &n $'e

enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir



75

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er. In &r%er $& $e!$ $'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! 8H197 an

ANOVA *a! "!e%. T'e re!")$! reea)e% !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e in e$'ni(i$y7 2 8227 9 .K07 p

.112. T'e #ean %i--eren(e i! !i/ni-i(an$ a$ $'e .1J )ee). A (&#,ari!&n &- e$'ni(i$y i!

,re!en$e% in Tab)e K an% Tab)e . A)$'&"/' $'ere *ere #any %i--eren(e! be$*een $'e *ay

e$'ni(i$ie! re!,&n%e% $& enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e% $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$

$& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er7 $'e A!ian! re,&r$e%

!i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e (&#,are% $& &$'er e$'ni(i$ie! p .1J.

Tab)e K +ifferences Between the 6ay Ethnicities esponded on Environmental 2actors

%um !I1

E$'ni(i$y Mean S$%.Err&r

A!ian7 A!ian

A#eri(an7 Pa(i-i(

I!)an%er!

0.J11 .J1K

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(

2J.2 2.0

:'i$e7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(

2.J0 .1

Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'

2.2 2.J

M")$i,)e

Re!,&n!e!

0.222 0.20



76

Tab)e

esults of #ypothesis 2our (ean +ifference $omparison on Ethnicity

%um !/1

8I9 E$'ni(i$y 89 E$'ni(i$y

Di--eren(e

8I69

Mean S$%. Err&r Si/. b

A!ian7 A!ian

A#eri(anPa(i-i( I!)an%er

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6Hi!,ani(:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7


22.2

.21.200.

622.2

.K

.JK.K1K.0.K

.101

.22

.1

.

.101

B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(


Pa(i-i( I!)an%er7:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7


622.2

6.0262.1106.KJ

.K

2.K22.0.JK

.101

.12

.2K

.112

:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(

A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(anPa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7


6.

.02

.02

6.JK

.JK

2.K2

2.J0

0.0K

.22

.12

.1J

.1

Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7 A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(an 621.20 .K1K .1



77

S,ani!' Pa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(7:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e!

2.110

6.026K.K

2.

2.J00.J00

.2K

.1J

.11

M")$i,)e Re!,&n!e! A!ian7 A!ian A#eri(anPa(i-i( I!)an%er7B)a(<7 &r A-ri(an

A#eri(an7 N&n6

Hi!,ani(7:'i$e7 N&n6Hi!,ani(Hi!,ani(7 La$in&7

S,ani!'

60.

.KJ

.JKK.K

.0

0.JK

0.0K0.J00

.

.112

.1

.11

Ba!e% &n e!$i#a$e% #ar/ina) #ean!a. A%3"!$#en$ -&r #")$i,)e (&#,ari!&n!4 Lea!$ Si/ni-i(an$ Di--eren(e 8e"ia)en$ $& n& a%3"!$#en$!9.. T'e #ean %i--eren(e i! !i/ni-i(an$ a$ $'e .1J )ee)

"e!$i&n! !"(' a! $'e!e ,r&i%e ne(e!!ary %a$a in-&r#a$i&n $& !'&* $'e re)a$i&n!'i,

be$*een $'e !$"%en$ an% 'i! &r 'er !"rr&"n%in/!. In $er#! &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n a! a !in/)e "ni$

'&*eer7 i$ i! ne(e!!ary $& re(&/nie $'e a!!&(ia$i&n be$*een i$! ,re!(ribe% ('ara($eri!$i(! an%

$'e -ee) &- i$! enir&n#en$. On $'e ba!i! &- $'e %a$a7 "n%er/ra%"a$e! 89 J0 !$a$e% $'a$ a$ !&#e

$i#e $'ey *ere ",!e$ be(a"!e &- !&#e$'in/ $'a$ 'a,,ene%7 8J9 -e)$ $'a$ !&#e $i#e $'ey

*ere "nab)e $& (&n$r&) $'e i#,&r$an$ $'in/! in $'eir )i-e *'i)e 89 01 neer -e)$ $'a$ *ay7 89

a$ !&#e ,&in$ -e)$ ner&"! an% !$re!!e% *'i)e 809 0 -air)y &-$en -e)$ ner&"! an% !$re!!e%.

Un%er/ra%"a$e! ery &-$en 809 0K -e)$ (&n-i%en$ ab&"$ $'eir abi)i$y $& 'an%)e ,er!&na)

,r&b)e#!7 82J9 2K-e)$ $'a$ $'in/! *ere /&in/ $'eir *ay7 829 J -&"n% $'a$ $'ey a)#&!$ neer

(&")% n&$ (&,e *i$' a)) $'e $'in/! $'ey 'a% $& %&7 8J9 J2 a$ !&#e ,&in$ *a! ab)e $& (&n$r&)

irri$a$i&n in $'eir )i-e (&#,are% $& 89 *'& neer *a! ab)e $& (&n$r&) irri$a$i&n in $'eir )i-e.An in!,e($i&n &- $'e %a$a !"//e!$e% $'a$ 809 K "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$ !&#e ,&in$ -e)$ $'ey

*ere &n $&, &- $'in/!7 819 J in%i(a$e% $'a$ *i$'in $'e )a!$ #&n$' &- (&))e/e !&#e 'a% been



78

an/ere% be(a"!e &- $'in/! $'a$ *ere &"$!i%e &- $'eir (&n$r&)7 an% 829 J #ar<e% !&#e -e)$

%i--i(")$ie! *ere ,i)in/6", !& 'i/' $'a$ $'ey (&")% n&$ &er(&#e $'e# in a%%i$i&n7 829 J

#ar<e% $'a$ $'ey a)#&!$ neer -e)$ %i--i(")$ie! *ere ,i)in/6", !& 'i/' $'a$ $'ey (&")% n&$

&er(&#e $'e#.

Chapter 5

Suar&< Conc$u%ion%< Ip$ication%< and Recoendation%Introduction

C'a,$er V in()"%e! a !"##ary &- $'e in"iry7 re!ear(' "e!$i&n!7 'y,&$'e!e!7 ,r&(e%"re!7

an% en% re!")$!. C&n()"!i&n! are %erie% -r&# $'e reie* &- $'e )i$era$"re7 'y,&$'e!e!7 an% $'e

"an$i$a$ie re!ear(' "e!$i&n! ,"$ -&r*ar% %"rin/ $'e in"iry. I#,)i(a$i&n! an%

re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r -"r$'er !$"%ie! are a)!& in()"%e% in $'e !"b!e"en$ in-&r#a$i&n. T'e

in$r&%"($i&n -&r $'i! in"iry i! ,re!en$e% -ir!$ an% in()"%e! 829 $'e !$a$e#en$ &- $'e ,r&b)e#7 809

$'e ,"r,&!e &- $'e !$"%y7 89 "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' "e!$i&n!7 89 'y,&$'e!e!7 8J9 n")) 'y,&$'e!e!7

an% 89 #e$'&%&)&/y. A !yn&,!i! &- $'i! in"iry i! $'en &--ere%. N&$e*&r$'y re!")$! an% $ren%!

are (&##"ni(a$e% in $'i! !e($i&n. T'e $'ir% !e/#en$ ,re!en$! $'e !",,&!i$i&n! -&r $'e in"iry

ba!e% &n i#,&r$an$ -in%in/! &- $'i! !$"%y7 e%"(a$i&na) %ee)&,#en$!7 an% !('&)a!$i( re!ear(' an%

,ri&r ,"b)i!'e% re!ear(' !$"%ie!. Re(&##en%a$i&n! -&r a%%i$i&na) !$"%y an% ine!$i/a$i&n are

a)!& in$e/ra$e% in $'i! ('a,$er.Suar& o! the Stud&

Stateent o! the "ro#$e

T'e $ran!i$i&n -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n i! a ('ie- (&n(ern

in$erna$i&na))y a! e!$ab)i!'e% by re!ear('. T'e a(a%e#i( ("rri(")"#7 $'e ri/&r! &- a(a%e#i(

e?,e($a$i&n! an% ea)"a$i&n!7 $'e aai)ab)e re!&"r(e! an% (&"r!e &- !$"%y an% ,er-&r#an(e in



79

'i/' !('&&) are #a3&r %yna#i(! $'a$ ,)ay a ,ar$ in %e$er#inin/ $'e ('a))en/e &- $'e $ran!i$i&n

-r&# 'i/' !('&&) $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n 8Brin<*&r$'7 M(Cann7 Ma$$'e*!7 + N&r%!$r&#7 0119.In 0117 &ne in -&"r "n%er/ra%"a$e! a$$en%in/ a "nier!i$y %i% n&$ re$"rn $'e ne?$ year an% a)#&!$

J1 &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in 3"ni&r in!$i$"$i&n! %i% n&$ re/i!$er $& -ini!' $'eir (&"r!e &-

!$"%y &r %e/ree 8S('ra%er + Br&*n7 0119. A(<n&*)e%/in/ $'e -a($ $'a$ a ,&!i$ie $ran!i$i&n

-r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n ,)ay! an i#,&r$an$ r&)e in "n%er/ra%"a$e

a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$7 $'ere i! a nee% $& -&("! &n $'e ini$ia) (&re &- $'e ('an/e&er &- a))

"n%er/ra%"a$e!. T'e #a$$er &- (&n(ern an% !$a$e#en$ &- $'e ,r&b)e# $& be a%%re!!e% in $'i!

in"iry (an be (&##"ni(a$e% a! -&))&*!4 =I! $'ere a !i/ni-i(an$ i#,a($ &- e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia)

%yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n>"urpo%e o! the Stud&

T'e ,"r,&!e &- $'i! "an$i$a$ie !$"%y *a! $& ine!$i/a$e "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an%

e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% %e$er#ine *'e$'er &r n&$ !"(' ,er(e,$i&n! %i--er

a((&r%in/ $& /en%er an% e$'ni(i$y. A)$'&"/' #"(' i! *ri$$en &n $'e Fir!$ Year E?,erien(e &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% a$ ,&!$!e(&n%ary in!$i$"$i&n!7 )e!! (&n!i%era$i&n i! -&("!e% $&


"n%er/ra%"a$e! a! $'ey #a<e $'e ('an/e&er $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. T'i! !$an%,&in$ *a!

!i/ni-i(an$ a! !e(&n%ary $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary ('an/e&er (&n$in"e $& be re-)e($e% in re$en$i&n %a$a

-&r $'e -ir!$ year e?,erien(e &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! an% a('iee#en$ ,er(en$a/e! 8Te?a! Trib"ne7

01219.'uantitati-e Re%earch 'ue%tion%

T'i! re!ear(' 'a! been /"i%e% by $'e -&))&*in/ "an$i$a$ie re!ear(' "e!$i&n!7

'y,&$'e!e!7 an% n")) 'y,&$'e!e!42. I! $'ere a !i/ni-i(an$ i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n



80

0. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$!

in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. Are $'ere enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $&

re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$erRe%earch (&pothe%e%


H04 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by /en%er &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$

ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H4 T'ere *i)) be a %i--eren(e by e$'ni(i$y &n $'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e

$& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

a-$er &ne !e#e!$er.Nu$$ (&pothe%e%


$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H104 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n


('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.H14 T'ere *i)) be n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n




(&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er.

Suar& o! Findin*%'uantitati-e Re%earch Findin*%

Ea(' in"iry "e!$i&n a%%re!!e% in $'i! !$"%y i! )i!$e% be)&* *i$' an e?,)ana$i&n &- $'e

#a3&r -in%in/! reea)e% %"rin/ $'i! !$"%y. An a),'a )ee) &- .1J *a! "$i)ie% -&r a)) !$a$i!$i(a)

$e!$!.



81

Re%earch 'ue%tion One2 T'e -in%in/! -&r re!ear(' "e!$i&n &ne *ere -&"n% by

/enera$in/ an &ne6*ay ana)y!i! &- arian(e "!e% $& (&#,are $'e #ean! &- $*& &r #&re /r&",

#ean! *i$' $'e -&))&*in/ (&n()"!i&n!. :i$' an a),'a )ee) &- .1J7 p .22J. Ba!e% &n $'e

!$a$i!$i(a) -in%in/!7 $'ere *a! n& !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n $'e

i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! n&$ re3e($e%.Re%earch 'ue%tion T+o2 T'e ana)y!i! reea)e% $'ere *ere !eera) i$e#! *i$' !i/ni-i(an$

%i--eren(e! &n $'e #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$!.

:i$' an a),'a )ee) &- .1J7 p .22J. Ba!e% &n $'e !$a$i!$i(a) -in%in/!7 $'ere *a! a !$a$i!$i(a))y

!i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n $'e i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in

$'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a!

re3e($e%.Re%earch 'ue%tion Three2 T'e -in%in/! -&r re!ear(' "e!$i&n $'ree *ere -&"n% by

/enera$in/ a &ne6*ay ana)y!i! &- arian(e "!e% $& (&#,are $'e #ean! &- $*& &r #&re /r&",

#ean! *i$' $'e -&))&*in/ (&n()"!i&n!. Ba!e% &n $'e !$a$i!$i(a) -in%in/!7 $'ere *a! n& !$a$i!$i(a))y

!i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een /en%er! &n #a3&r %yna#i(! #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($

"n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.

T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! n&$ re3e($e%.Re%earch 'ue%tion Four2 T'e -in%in/! -&r re!ear(' "e!$i&n -&"r *ere -&"n% by

/enera$in/ a &ne6*ay ana)y!i! &- arian(e "!e% $& (&#,are $'e #ean! &- $*& &r #&re /r&",

#ean! *i$' $'e -&))&*in/ (&n()"!i&n!. :i$' an a),'a )ee) &- .1J7 p .112. Ba!e% &n $'e

!$a$i!$i(a) -in%in/!7 $'ere *a! a !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ %i--eren(e be$*een e$'ni(i$y &n $'e

enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $& (&#,)e$e $'eir

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! re3e($e%.



82

C$a%%roo En-ironent2 T'e ()a!!r&&# !e$$in/ &--er! an &r/anie% an% &r%inary

)earnin/ ('an(e -&r "n%er/ra%"a$e!. T'e in$era($i&n *i$' ,r&-e!!&r! an% "n%er/ra%"a$e! a))&*

-&r $'e e?('an/e &- in-&r#a$i&n an% ,)ay a i$a) ,ar$ in in-)"en(in/ in%ii%"a) ,'i)&!&,'y.

A((&r%in/ $& $'e -in%in/! in $'e !"rey7 )e!! $'an 'a)- &- $'e "n%er/ra%"a$e! a/ree $'a$ $'eir

in!$r"($&r! are *e)) "a)i-ie% in $'eir -ie)% 897 )e!! $'an 'a)- a/ree $'a$ $'ey (an &b$ain 'e),

&"$!i%e &- $'e ()a!! i- $'ey re"e!$ i$ 89 809. T'e -in%in/! !"//e!$ $'a$ 809 0 &-

"n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! a/ree $'a$ ()a!!e! a$ $'i! (&))e/e *ere $a"/'$ #"(' )i<e 'i/' !('&&)

()a!!e! (&#,are% $& 89 0 *'& !$r&n/)y a/ree $'a$ ()a!!e! a$ $'i! (&))e/e *ere %e#an%in/.

F&r #any "n%er/ra%"a$e!7 $'e ,re-erre% ()a!! -&r#a$ *a! !#a)) )e($"re 809 -"r$'er#&re7

"n%er/ra%"a$e! in%i(a$e% $'a$ a(a%e#i( ()a!!e! ,re,are% $'e# -&r )i-e a-$er 'i/' !('&&) 897

K0 (&#,are% $& e?$ra("rri(")ar a($ii$ie! 8019 .:i$'in a ()a!! &r $'r&"/' an&$'er e?,erien(e a$ $'i! (&))e/e7 "n%er/ra%"a$e a/ree $'a$

$'ey )earne% $& i#,r&e $'eir !$"%y !<i))! 8J19 J7 "n%er/ra%"a$e! a/ree $'a$ $'ey )eane% $&

"n%er!$an% $'eir a(a%e#i( !$ren/$'! an% *ea<ne!!e! $'r&"/' $'e en% &- $'e -ir!$ $'ree *ee<! &-

$'eir -ir!$ !e#e!$er 8J09 J7 an% "n%er/ra%"a$e! a/ree $'a$ $'ey )earne% !<i))! an% !$ra$e/ie! $&

i#,r&e $'eir $e!$6$a<in/ abi)i$y 8K9 J.

Conc$u%ion%

Conc$u%ion One2 T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! -&r H12 *a! %ee)&,e% $& $e!$ $'e #ean be$*een

/en%er! &n $'e i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! &n !$"%en$ !"((e!! in $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. A ANOVA *a! ,er-&r#e% &n %a$a -r&# "n%er/ra%"a$e!

enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212 %"rin/ $'i! $i#e ,eri&%. T'e re!")$! &- $'e ANOVA $e!$ -&r $'e

'y,&$'e!i! H12 *a! n&$ !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ *'en $'e a),'a )ee) *a! !e$ a$ p 1J. T'e n"))

'y,&$'e!i! *a! n&$ re3e($e%.T'e reie* &- $'e )i$era$"re rein-&r(e! a! *e)) a! (&n$e!$! $'e ,re!en(e &- /en%er

%i--eren(e! in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in&)e#en$. By "n%er!$an%in/ '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e!



83

(&##"ni(a$e an% a%3"!$ $& a ne* !&(ia) enir&n#en$7 'i/'er e%"(a$i&na) a%#ini!$ra$&r!7

e%"(a$&r!7 ,r&-e!!i&na) !$a--7 an% /"ar%ian! (an a!!i!$ *i$' 'e),in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! #a<e a

!#&&$' ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary 8Ab%"))a'7 E)ia!7 Ma'y"%%in7 +

U)i7 0119.T'e i#,a($ &- !&(ia) %yna#i(! re/ar%in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! in $ran!i$i&n i! e&)in/. In

&r%er -&r !('&)ar! $& be$$er /ra!, $'e ,re!!"re! an% ('an/e! in "n%er!$an%in/ $'e "n%er/ra%"a$e

e?,erien(e7 e?a#ina$i&n! #"!$ a%%re!! '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e! (an e!$ab)i!' !&(ia) in&)e#en$ in

$'e /r&",! &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n. :i$'in $'e a%3"!$#en$ ,eri&%7 "n%er/ra%"a$e! %i!(&er '&* $& b"i)%

re)a$i&n!'i,! *'i(' are (ri$i(a) in $'e a%a,$a$i&n $& $'e !&(ia) !"rr&"n%in/! &- $'e (&))e/e. T'e

a%a,$a$i&n *i)) re"ire )earner! $& e#bra(e ne* re)a$i&n!'i,! $'a$ are !&#e$i#e! in&)"n$ary7 b"$

!$"%en$! #"!$ )earn $& a)$er e?i!$in/ a!!&(ia$i&n! be(a"!e &- $'e %ie!$i$"re -r&# '&#e

enir&n#en$ 8S#i$' + 'an/7 0119.T'ere-&re7 (&##"ni(a$i&n a%a,$abi)i$y be(&#e! (r"(ia) in "n%er!$an%in/ !&(ia)

(&#,&!"re. S&(ia) (&#,&!"re i! e?,erien(e% *'en $'e in%ii%"a) -ee)! (&#-&r$ab)e in !&(ia)

!i$"a$i&n! *i$' a )i$$)e )ee) &- (&##"ni(a$i&n ner&"!ne!!. F"$"re !$"%ie! (an )&&< &"$!i%e $'e

!('&)a!$i( an% (&n(en$ra$e &n $'e ne(e!!i$y &- !&(ia) a%3"!$#en$ &- !$"%en$! in $'i! ('an/e&er

8S#i$' e$ a).7 0119.Conc$u%ion T+o2 T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! -&r H10 *a! %ee)&,e% $& $e!$ $'e #ean be$*een

/en%er! &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ,&!i$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. A ANOVA *a! ,er-&r#e% &n

%a$a -r&# "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212 %"rin/ $'i! $i#e ,eri&%. T'e re!")$! &- $'e

ANOVA $e!$ -&r $'e 'y,&$'e!i! H10 *a! !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ *'en $'e a),'a )ee) *a! !e$ a$ p

.1J. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! re3e($e%.A((&r%in/ $& Meyer e$ a).7 801197 "n%er/ra%"a$e! are -a(e% *i$' a (&n!i%erab)e a#&"n$

&- ('an/e! !&(ia))y7 e#&$i&na))y an% ,'y!i(a))y a$ $'e !$ar$ &- ea(' !e#e!$er !e!!i&n. T'e

#e('ani!#! &- $'e ('an/e&er e?,erien(e are ('a))en/in/ a!!i/n#en$!7 )en/$'y a#&"n$ &- $i#e



84

a*ay -r&# -a#i)y an% ()&!e -rien%!7 in$era($in/ *i$' %ier!e ,&,")a$i&n!7 an% )earnin/ '&* $&

#ana/e -inan(ia) re!,&n!ibi)i$ie!. Mean*'i)e7 $'e re!ear(' in%i(a$e% $'a$ %i--eren(e e?i!$e%

be$*een /en%er7 n&$ e$'ni(i$y7 &r $'e n"#ber &- a($ii$ie! an% by (&))e/e enr&))#en$7 &era))

,&!i$ie ('an/e! &r &era)) ne/a$ie ('an/e!. H&*eer7 %e,en%en$ re)a$i&n!'i,! *ere -&"n%

be$*een ()a!! )ee)7 re!i%en(y7 $'e $&$a) &- be'ai&r! %e!(ribe%7 an% $&$a) &- ne/a$ie ('an/e!.T'e ,ar$i(i,an$’! !"rey re!,&n!e! &- $'e enir&n#en$! are n& #ean! a(("ra$e an% #i/'$

/ie an a#bi/"&"! (&n()"!i&n &- $'e !i$"a$i&n!. Par$i(i,an$! in%i(a$e% $'a$ $'e abi)i$y $& (&,e

*i$' $'e !$re!! &- (&))e/e )i-e7 $i#e #ana/e#en$ !<i))!7 an% !$"%y !<i))! #i/'$ ,r&i%e !",,&r$

%"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'i! -in%in/

,r&,&!e! $'a$ e%"(a$&r! #"!$ ini$ia$e ('an/e&er ini$ia$ie! be-&re "n%er/ra%"a$e! en$er 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n *i$' $'e &b3e($ie &- ,re,arin/ )earner! -&r $'e 3&"rney &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n an%

,r&i%e )earner! !,e(i-i( in-&r#a$i&n ab&"$ *'a$ i! e?,e($e% &- $'e# be-&re $'ey are re/i!$ere%

an% be(&#e a(<n&*)e%/e% a! a (&))e/ia$e !$"%en$ 8;e))y e$ a).7 011K9.Conc$u%ion Three2 T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! -&r H1 *a! %ee)&,e% $& $e!$ $'e #ean be$*een

/en%er! &n #a3&r %yna#i( #e('ani!#! $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ "n%er/ra%"a$e !$"%en$! in $'e

('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary. A ANOVA *a! ,er-&r#e% &n %a$a -r&#

"n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212 %"rin/ $'i! $i#e ,eri&%. T'e re!")$! &- $'e ANOVA

$e!$ -&r $'e 'y,&$'e!i! H1 *a! n&$ !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ *'en $'e a),'a )ee) *a! !e$ a$ p 1J.

T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! n&$ re3e($e%.Many #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! 'ae been e"a$e% $& in-)"en(e $'e i#,a($

&- "n%er/ra%"a$e !('&)a!$i( ,er-&r#an(e *'e$'er &r n&$ i$ *a! ,&!i$ie &r ne/a$ie.

Un%er/ra%"a$e! *'& %& n&$ 'ae a%e"a$e in$era($i&n *i$' (&))ea/"e! &n (&))e/e /r&"n%! &r

'ae ne/a$ie en(&"n$er! #ay ('&&!e $& )eae $'e (&))e/e be(a"!e &- $'i! )a(< &- -&r#a) an%

in-&r#a$i&na) in$era($i&n. F&r $'&!e "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& are $'e -ir!$ $& a$$en% (&))e/e in $'eir

-a#i)y7 $'e #a$$er re/ar%in/ (&))e/e a%3"!$#en$ (an be %i--i(")$. One #a3&r e)e#en$ $'a$ #i/'$



85

a--e($ a%3"!$in/ $& (&))e/e i! an "n%er/ra%"a$e’! abi)i$y $& re$ain (&nne($i&n! *i$' -a#i)y an%

-rien%! &n(e &n (a#,"!. A)$'&"/' $'ere i! !&#e %i!a/ree#en$ re/ar%in/ $'e a(a%e#i( an% !&(ia)

in$e/ra$i&n7 Van Genne,’! ie* $'a$ !e,ara$i&n -r&# ,a!$ re)a$i&n!'i,! i! ne(e!!ary in a !$"%en$’!

!"((e!!-") ('an/e&er in$& (&))e/e )i-e 8Fi!('er7 011K9.T'i! ,'a!e &- $'e ('an/e&er i! %i--i(")$ -&r #&!$ /"ar%ian!. Neer$'e)e!!7 /"ar%ian!

#"!$ re%ire($ $'eir !('e%")e an% re)in"i!' (&n$r&). Paren$! #"!$ $a<e !$&(< &- &*n )ei!"re

,"r!"i$ an% -inan(e! $'a$ #i/'$ 'ae been i/n&re%7 /"ar%ian! #"!$ rea%a,$ $'eir in%ii%"a)i$y a!

/"ar%ian! an% ,er!&na) re)a$i&n!'i,!7 an% be-&re $'e %ie!$i$"re7 i$ i! 'e),-") $& %i!("!! ,ar$i(")ar

$&,i(!7 !in(e "n%er/ra%"a$e! are $y,i(a))y ('a))en/e% *i$' !e$$in/! (&n(ernin/ /en%er7 !"b!$an(e

ab"!e7 an% %rin<in/ in a%%i$i&n7 %e#an%in/ !('&)a!$i( an% re)a$i&na) #a$$er! 8S'a$<in7 01229.Conc$u%ion Four2 T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! -&r H1 *a! %ee)&,e% $& $e!$ $'e #ean be$*een

e$'ni(i$y &n $'e enir&n#en$a) -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ (&##i$#en$ $& re$"rn $&

(&#,)e$e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n a-$er &ne !e#e!$er. A ANOVA *a! ,er-&r#e% &n %a$a

-r&# "n%er/ra%"a$e! enr&))e% in S&(i&)&/y 212 %"rin/ $'i! $i#e ,eri&%. T'e re!")$! &- $'e

ANOVA $e!$ -&r $'e 'y,&$'e!i! H1 *a! !$a$i!$i(a))y !i/ni-i(an$ *'en $'e a),'a )ee) *a! !e$ a$ p

.1J. T'e n")) 'y,&$'e!i! *a! re3e($e%.One &- $'e #&!$ a$$en$i&n6/rabbin/ (&n()"!i&n! in $'e in"iry re)a$e! $& $'e

a(<n&*)e%/e#en$ -&r a$$en%in/ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n. Oer 'a)- &- $'e ,ar$i(i,an$! in%i(a$e% $'a$ a

!,iri$"a) a%i!&r7 ,a!$&r7 re)i/i&"! )ea%er7 an% re)i/i&"! (a#,"! &r/ania$i&n! *a! n&$ i#,&r$an$

in $'eir %e(i!i&n $& $ran!i$i&n in$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e rea)i$y &- be)ie- %i!,ari$y i!

ei%en$7 b"$ $'e (&n$e?$ -&r (&n!i%erin/ $'e &b!erab)e -a($ are (&n$in"&"!)y "e!$i&ne% an%

a#en%e%. In !"#7 e%"(a$i&na) )ea%er! #"!$ a%%re!! $'e %yna#i(! (&nne($e% *i$' e%"(a$i&na)

!,iri$"a)i$y #a$"ri$y $'r&"/' $'e #&!$ !i/ni-i(an$ an% $ran!-&r#a$ie ,eri&% in a )earner’! )i-e7 $'e

"n%er/ra%"a$e year! 8Bryan$7 011K9.



86

A((&r%in/ $& S'er<a$ 8011K97 re)i/i&n i! $'e $&,i( &- %i!("!!i&n a#&n/ ,&!$!e(&n%ary

a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% !('&)ar!. A%#ini!$ra$&r! are re(&/niin/ $'a$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! are -ai$' ba!e%

(&#,are% $& ,rei&"! year!7 $'&"/' $'ey are ("ri&"! &- $'e *'y. Vari&"! in"irie! &- in-)"en$ia)

an% re!i%en$ia) in!$i$"$i&na) re!i%en$! ne/)e($ $& "n%er!$an% $'e e!!en(e re)i/i&n &n (&))e/e

(a#,"!e! !in(e -ai$' ba!e% een$! (an 'ae an a%er!e &"$(&#e &n a$$en%in/ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n.

Neer$'e)e!!7 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n )ea%er! #"!$ (&n$in"e $& ine!$i/a$e $'e ba!i( %e#&/ra,'i(

,ra($i(e *'i(' -re"en$)y !",,&r$! !,iri$"a) %yna#i(! *'e$'er &r n&$ $'e i#,a($ i! bene-i(ia)7

i##&ra)7 &r "n,)ea!an$.Ip$ication !or Action2 A! "n%er/ra%"a$e! are be/innin/ $'eir -ir!$ year e?,erien(e7 $'ey are

e?,erien(in/ a ('an/e&er in $'eir e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ie$a) )ie!. A!$in 829 an% Tin$& 829

are (i$e% ab&"$ $'e nee% $& !",,&r$ "n%er/ra%"a$e! in $'e a%3"!$#en$ &- $'eir !('&)a!$i( an% !&(ia)

)ie!. H&*eer7 $'e!e ,rin(i,)e! %& n&$ a%e"a$e)y ()ari-y $'e ('an/e&er &- #any !$"%en$!

8T&ar + Si#&n7 0119. In &r%er $& "n%er!$an% "n%er/ra%"a$e!’ a($"a) e?,erien(e!7 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n in!$i$"$i&n! #"!$ e#,)&y a ('an/e&er ,ara%i/# $'a$ $a<e in$& a((&"n$ $'e!e

"n%er/ra%"a$e! &n a ,er!&na) ba!i! a! $'ey !$rie $& a%a,$ $& $'e -ir!$ year e?,erien(e 8T&ar e$

a).7 0119. T'i! in"iry ine!$i/a$e% "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n an% e?,erien(e *i$' #a3&r

e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e )i$era$"re &n ,r&#&$in/ $'e $ran!i$i&n &- !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

!$"%en$! $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n ,r&i%e% i#,&r$an$ (&n$e?$ -&r $'i! in"iry7 an% i$ i! $'&"/'$6

,r&&<in/ $& n&$e '&* ,ar$i(i,an$! in $'i! in"iry !",,&r$e% an% a)!& ('a))en/e% *'a$ i! <n&*n

ab&"$ !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n.T'i! in"iry i! &- i#,&r$an$ in$ere!$ $& !('&)ar! *'& $ea(' !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n an% 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n a%#ini!$ra$&r! *'& are e#,)&ye% in $'e area &- !$"%en$ !eri(e!. In a br&a%er (&n$e?$7

i$ i! i$a) -&r in!$i$"$i&n! a! $'ey (&n$in"e $& a%%re!! $'e i!!"e &- re$en$i&n &n (&))e/e (a#,"!e!.



87

A((&r%in/ $& Brin<*&r$'7 M(Cann7 Ma$$'e*!7 an% N&r%&!$r&# 801197 (&))e/e e%"(a$&r!

a$$rib"$e a %e(rea!e in 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a('iee#en$ an% 'i/'er )ee)! &- a$$ri$i&n %"rin/ $'e -ir!$

year "n%er/ra%"a$e /r&",! $& a ,a"(i$y &- !('&)a!$i( ,re,ara$i&n. I- "n%er/ra%"a$e! be)iee $'a$

$'ey are ,re,are% $& !$"%y a$ $'e ,&!$!e(&n%ary )ee)7 an% $'e (&))e/e &--er! !('&)a!$i( !",,&r$

!eri(e!7 (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! are bein/ ,r&a($ie in 'e),in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! &er(&#e $'e

e?,an!ie arie$y &- a%er!i$ie! $'a$ %i!$re!! &"r !$"%en$ b&%y !"(' a! an ina%e"a$e !('&)a!$i(

enir&n#en$. T'e re!")$! &- $'i! in"iry 'i/')i/'$ $'a$ /en%er a%3"!$#en$ $& #a3&r e%"(a$i&na)

an% !&(ia) %yna#i( are !i/ni-i(an$. Fe#a)e! (&#,are% $& #a)e! 'a% a ,&!i$ie i#,a($.

A)$'&"/' !&#e re,&r$! %i!(&ere% ()ear (&nne($i&n be$*een $'&!e ariab)e!7 &$'er re!ear('

!"//e!$ $'e e--e($ &- in%ii%"a) %i!,ari$ie! are -&re(a!$er! &- a ,&!i$ie ('an/e&er an%

a%3"!$#en$ 8N&&r6Ania7 Ma)e<7 Ibra'i#7 + M"!$a-a7 01229.P&!!ib)e !&)"$i&n! in()"%e C&))e/e B&ar% #e#ber! an% (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! bein/

in-&r#e% ab&"$ %a$a re/ar%in/ -ir!$ year !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n7 !$"%en$ !eri(e %e,ar$#en$! nee%

$& -in% &"$ *ay! $& in$e/ra$e /rea$er a(a%e#i( an% !$"%en$ )ea%er!'i, een$! -&r $'e

"n%er/ra%"a$e ,&,")a$i&n7 ,r&i%e *&r<!'&,! -&r ,r&-e!!i&na) !$a-- an% !('&)ar! $'a$ en)i/'$en

$'e# &- $'e !e(&n% e%"(a$i&n an% 'en(e-&r$' -a(i)i$a$e $'e ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n

$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. In a%%i$i&n7 $'e Te?a! Le/i!)a$"re #"!$ rei!i$ i$! 011J P62 !$a$"$e

$'a$ *a! ,a!!e% in 011J. T'e P62 ini$ia$ie &b3e($ie! #"!$ a%i!e e%"(a$&r! &- !$"%en$

a((&"n$! &- $"rnin/ ,&in$ e?,erien(e! in $'e -ir!$6year ('an/e&er <n&*n a! be$*i?$ !,a(e!. T'e

#&!$ re(&/niab)e *ay &- %ea)in/ *i$' "n%er/ra%"a$e! *i$' $'e ('an/e&er in$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n enir&n#en$ 'a! been $& (rea$e n"#er&"! be!$ ,ra($i(e ,r&/ra#! $'a$ $ry $& &er,&*er

"n%er/ra%"a$e ('an/e&er i!!"e! 8Pa)#er7 O’;ane7 + O*en!7 0119. T'ere-&re7 a%#ini!$ra$&r!

an% e%"(a$i&na) ,ra($i$i&ner! #"!$ e?,)&re '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e! nai/a$e in$& $'e enir&n#en$ $&

-&r# a !y!$e#a$i( ,r&(e!! &- a('iein/ a(a%e#i( !"((e!!. In &r%er $& a((&#,)i!' $'i! $a!<7



88

in!$i$"$i&n! #"!$ (rea$e a ,r&-e!!&r %ier!i$y (a,i$a) ,r&/ra#. T'e ,r&/ra# -&("! i! %ee)&,e%

&n !('&)ar abi)i$y $& b"i)% &n $'e <n&*)e%/e $'a$ !$"%en$! brin/ in$& $'e ()a!!. Pr&-e!!&r

%ier!i$y (a,i$a) ,r&/ra# i! ai#e% $& i%en$i-y $'e $y,e &- in!$r"($i&na) en'an(e#en$ $'a$

e#bra(e! e#&$i&n an% %rie! e%"(a$&r! $& -in% a%%i$i&na) &,,&r$"ni$ie! an% i%ea! -&r b"i)%in/

,&!i$ie (&nne($i&n! *i$' )earner!.Recoendation% !or Future Re%earch Studie%

Recoendation One2 T'e -in%in/! &- $'e in"iry are in a)i/n#en$ *i$' $'e #&!$

re(en$ re!ear(' re,&r$! an% (&n()"!i&n! (&n(ernin/ !$"%en$! in $ran!i$i&n. :'i)e 'y,&$'e!i! $*&

an% -&"r *ere re3e($e%7 a re!ear('6ba!e% -&"n%a$i&n !"//e!$ $'a$ 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a%#ini!$ra$&r!

#"!$ ,r&i%e a%%i$i&na) ,r&-e!!i&n %ee)&,#en$ in $'e area &- "n%er!$an%in/ $'e !$"%en$

'e#i!,'ere. I$ i! i#,era$ie $'a$ e%"(a$&r! *'& )a(< ()a!!r&&# e?,erien(e "n%er!$an% $'a$

"n%er/ra%"a$e! en$er in$& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n *i$' #")$i6%i#en!i&na) e?,erien(e!. E?,er$!

in $'e -ie)% -"r$'er !'&*e% $'a$ "n%er!$an%in/ an in%ii%"a)’! in$e))e($ (a,abi)i$y i! n&$ !"--i(ien$

be(a"!e $'ere are ari&"! -a($&r! $'a$ (&n$rib"$e $& an in%ii%"a)’! !('&)a!$i( in,"$ an% &"$,"$ a!

%i!,)aye% in $'e ()a!! 8M(Le&%7 0119.Recoendation T+o2 In an e--&r$ $& ,r&#&$e !$"%en$ a('iee#en$7 a #an%a$&ry

$rainin/ !'&")% be i#,)e#en$e% -&r -a(")$y #e#ber! re/ar%in/ a(a%e#i( ,r&!,eri$y -&r $&

$&%ay’! %ier!e ,&,")a$i&n &- )earner!. A((&r%in/ $& M(Le&% 801197 !"(' a $rainin/ i! an

e?,erien$ia) a,,r&a(' in b"i)%in/ (")$"ra))y re!,&n!ie )earnin/ !e$$in/! $'a$ (&a(' e%"(a$&r! $&

-a(i)i$a$e a !('&)a!$i( enir&n#en$ in *'i(' e$'ni(i$y7 a$$i$"%e!7 an% ,ra($i(e! are %ee)&,e% an%

%rie )earner! in $'e %ire($i&n &- a('iein/ !('&)a!$i( !"((e!! -air)y I$ a))&*! e%"(a$&r! $&

(&n%"($ a !e)-6e?a#ina$i&n an% %& a*ay *i$' any ,re3"%i(e $'a$ ne/a$ie)y i#,a($ )earner

,er-&r#an(e.Recoendation Three2 In!$i$"$i&n! &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n *'& $ea(' !$"%en$ in

$ran!i$i&n !'&")% %ee)&, a Train6$'e6Trainer! Man"a) an% *&r<!'&,. T'e #an"a) !'&")% be



89

%e!i/ne% -&r $'&!e *'& *i)) be )ea%in/ *&r<!'&,! an% !e#inar! -&r ,ar$i(i,an$! -r&# in!$i$"$i&n!

*i$' !i#i)ar ,&,")a$i&n!. T'e -&("! i! &n %ee)&,in/ )earnin/ &,,&r$"ni$ie! $'a$ )ea% $&

(&#,e$en(y an% !<i)) in "n%er!$an%in/ '&* &ne be(&#e in-&r#e% &n e$'ni( i!!"e! an%

a,,)i(a$i&n &- $'a$ "n%er!$an%in/ in ,r&-e!!i&na) an% &ne6&n6&ne in$era($i&n7 b&$' )&(a))y an%

na$i&na))y. T'e ("rri(")"# (&#,&nen$! !'&")% in(&r,&ra$e $'ree #&%")e!. Fir!$7 #&%")e &ne

*i)) )ay a -&"n%a$i&n -&r "n%er!$an%in/ e$'i( /r&",!7 &ne’! &*n &ri/in &r )an/"a/e an% $'&!e &-

&$'er!. Se(&n%7 #&%")e $*& *i)) ,r&i%e *ay! $& a,,)y $'a$ "n%er!$an%in/ in a ("!$&#er !eri(e

(&n(e,$"a) -ra#e*&r<. T'ir%7 #&%")e $'ree *i)) -a(i)i$a$e $'&"/'$! *i$'in )i<e !eri(e

()a!!i-i(a$i&n!A #")$i,)i(i$y &- e?er(i!e! !'&")% be in()"%e% in $'e #an"a) -&r $'e *&r<!'&,! an%

!e#inar! ab&"$ $'e a"%ien(e $'ey *i)) )ea% an% be ,re,are% $& #a<e a%3"!$#en$! $& e?er(i!e! a!

nee%e%. Ti#in/ re(&##en%e% -&r ea(' e?er(i!e i! an e!!en$ia) an% #ay ary -r&# $rainer $&

$rainer an% *i)) %e,en% &n $'e !ie &- $'e /r&",. T'e Train $'e Trainer :&r<!'&, &r Se#inar i!

%e!i/ne% -&r $*& %ay an% $'e ,ar$i(i,an$ !e#inar i! %e!i/ne% -&r &ne. T'e $rainer! *&r<!'&,

!'&")% be %e!i/ne% $& $rain 20 $rainer!. T'e ,ar$i(i,an$ *&r<!'&, #ay '&)% a! #any a! 2J601

*i$' a #ini#"# &- 21 ab&"$ 01 i! $'e #&!$ %e!ire% /r&", !ie a! i$ (an ea!i)y be br&<en in$&

(&n$r&))ab)e "ni$!. T'e r&&# !ie !'&")% (&rre!,&n% $& $'e !ie &- $'e /r&", an% a))&* -&r

brea<&"$ !e!!i&n! *i$' #&eab)e ('air! $& a((&##&%a$e !e!!i&n!. T'e -&))&*in/ /&a)! &- $'e

$rainin/ !'&")% be42. Pr&i%in/ $rainin/ $'a$ *i)) a!!i!$ ,ar$i(i,an$! $& be$$er be ,re,are% $&

"n%er!$an% an% in$era($ *i$' ,e&,)e -r&# &$'er e$'ni( ba(</r&"n%! $'a$ are

%i--eren$ -r&# $'eir &*n.0. In(rea!in/ in&)e#en$ an% in$era($i&n &- (a#,"! e%"(a$&r! an% )earner! *i$'

$*& (&))ab&ra$in/ in!$i$"$i&n! an% $'e )&(a) (&##"ni$ie! in *'i(' $'ey )ie.



91

'&"r in-&r#a$i&na) !e!!i&n!. 0.

S'&")% &rien$a$i&n be /ien &n)ine :i$' $'e a$$ra($iene!! &- &n)ine ()a!!e!7

i$ *&")% be %i--i(")$ $& %i!re/ar% $'e a,,ea) &- ,"$$in/ &rien$a$i&n &n)ine in

&r%er $& !ere a #a?i#"# a#&"n$ &- )earner!. F&r r"ra) (a#,"!e! &r

(a#,"!e! e?,erien(in/ a )ar/e &n)ine )earner ,&,")a$i&n7 )i<e Ri&

Sa)a%& C&))e/e7 i$ i! i#,&r$an$ $& &--er &rien$a$i&n &n)ine. I$ a)!&

a))&*! $'e (&))e/e $& $"$&r &n)ine )earner! in ba!i( (&#,"$er a,,)i(a$i&n! !& $'ey #ay

be #&re !"((e!!-") be-&re be/innin/ $'eir &n)ine ()a!!. S&#e

in!$i$"$i&n!7 )i<e :a!'$ena* C&##"ni$y C&))e/e an% Ta(&#a

C&##"ni$y C&))e/e7 &--er a (&#bina$i&n &- &n)ine an% &n6(a#,"!

&rien$a$i&n! in &r%er $& ,)ea!e a)) !$"%en$!. Iner Hi))! C&##"ni$y

C&))e/e &--er! an &n)ine &rien$a$i&n7 *'i(' (&n!i!$ &- #&%")e! &n )i-e !<i))!7

!"(' a! $i#e an% #&ney #ana/e#en$. . S'&")% &rien$a$i&n

in()"%e a!!e!!#en$ an% (&"r!e !('e%")in/ C&)"#bia S$a$e C&##"ni$y

C&))e/e’! Ri/'$ S$ar$ &rien$a$i&n ,er#i$! -&r an &n)ine an% &n6 (a#,"!

&rien$a$i&n7 *'i(' in()"%e! $'e a%#ini!$ra$i&n &- COMPASS an% ASSET

!<i))! a!!e!!#en$ $e!$!7 a! *e)) a! a (&"r!e ,)annin/ !e!!i&n.

N&r#an%a)e C&##"ni$y C&))e/e &rien$a$i&n -ea$"re! a $'ree6,ar$ !y!$e# &-

&n)ine &rien$a$i&n7 -&))&*e% by a!!e!!#en$!7 an% &n6(a#,"! a%i!in/ an%

re/i!$ra$i&n. T'i! (&#,re'en!ie a,,r&a(' ,er#i$! -&r a -a")$)e!! ('an/e&er

-&r en$erin/ !$"%en$!. A)$'&"/' $'i! $y,e &- a,,r&a(' $y,i(a))y re"ire!

in(rea!e% !$a-- an% #an,&*er '&"r! a$ $'e &"$!e$7 $i#e #ay be

!ae% )a$er -r&# !$"%en$! *'& are #i!$a<en)y re/i!$ere% -&r ()a!!e! &r 'ae n&$

http://www.riosalado.edu/Pages/default.aspx



http://www4.wccnet.edu/studentservices/studentconnection/orientation/index

http://www.tacomacc.edu/currentstudents/newstudentorientation/

http://www.inverhills.edu/onlineorientation/



http://www.columbiastate.edu/orientation




http://www.normandale.edu/propsective/onlineOrientation.cfm



http://www4.wccnet.edu/studentservices/studentconnection/orientation/index

http://www.tacomacc.edu/currentstudents/newstudentorientation/





http://www.normandale.edu/propsective/onlineOrientation.cfm



92

$a<en $'e nee%e% a!!e!!#en$! be-&re en$erin/ $'e ()a!!.

. S'&")% &rien$a$i&n in&)e ,aren$! M&n$/&#ery C&"n$y an%

:e!$('e!$er C&##"ni$y C&))e/e! ,r&i%e in%ii%"a) in-&r#a$i&n !e!!i&n!

-&r ,aren$! a! *e)) a! )earner!. T'i! #ay 'e), in !i$"a$i&n! *'ere $'e )earner i!

$'e -ir!$ /enera$i&n $& a$$en% 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n an% #ay )en% a 'an% $&

$'e -a#i)y "ni$ in $ran!i$i&nin/ $'r&"/' $'i! e%"(a$i&na) )i-e ('an/e&er.

I$ a)!& ,er#i$! )earner! $& -ee) a 'i/'er )ee) &- ba(<in/ *'en ,aren$!

re(&/nie $'e e?,e($a$i&n! *'i(' *i)) be ,)a(e% ",&n $'e# in re/ar%!

$& !('&)a!$i( a%an(e#en$ an% in a$$ainin/ $ran!-er &,,&r$"ni$ie!.

J. S'&")% &rien$a$i&n in&)e an in$erna$i&na) -&("!. Lee*ar% C&##"ni$y

C&))e/e ,r&i%e! a !,e(ia) !e!!i&n -&r in$erna$i&na) )earner! in an e--&r$ $&

a!!i!$ $'e# in $'e a%3"!$#en$ & (a#,"!7 b"$ $& in&)e $'e#!e)e! #&re

-"))y in !$"%en$ )i-e a($ii$ie! an% be(&#e -a#i)iar *i$' $'e re!&"r(e!

a((e!!ib)e.

. S'&")% -a(i)i$ie! an% (a#,"! !a-e$y !$a-- be #&re -"))y a)i/ne% in$& $'e

&rien$a$i&n ,r&(e!! Orien$a$i&n i! an een$ $'a$ re"ire! $'e ,ar$i(i,a$i&n &-

a)) %ii!i&n *i$'in $'e in!$i$"$i&n an% eery&ne (an *&r< in (&&,era$i&n

$& #a<e (er$ain )earner ! -ee) !a-e an% a)"ab)e %"rin/ $'eir ,eri&% &n

(&))e/e /r&"n%!. By )i#i$in/ )i$$er $& $'e )&*e!$ a#&"n$7 'ain/ ()ear

an% )ar/e6,rin$ !i/na/e ar&"n% $'e ,ar<in/ )&$! an% b"i)%in/!7 an%

'ain/ a in!$i$"$i&n ,&)i(e ,re!en(e i!ib)e7 &rien$a$i&n an% /"e!$! -ee)

*e)(&#e% an% a$ '&#e in $'eir e%"(a$i&n !"rr&"n%in/!. Orien$a$i&n

http://www.mc3.edu/orientation

http://www.sunywcc.edu/events/club_events/parent.htm

http://www.leeward.hawaii.edu/?q=ipoorientation



http://www.mc3.edu/orientation

http://www.sunywcc.edu/events/club_events/parent.htm





93

,re,ara$i&n re"ire! ,ar$i(i,a$i&n -r&# a)) )ee)! &- $'e a!!&(ia$i&n7 n&$ 3"!$ !$"%en$

!eri(e! e#,)&yee! 8Sen%i&)7 01219.Recoendation Se-en2 C&##"ni$y (&))e/e! ,re!i%en$! !'&")% &--er a ir$"a)

,re!en$a$i&n re)a$in/ $& =Fin%in/ Tr"$' in $'e S$"%en$ E?,erien(e>. T'e -&("! !'&")% be/in *i$'

in-&r#in/ en$erin/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! &- $'e (&))e/e ini$ia$ie! -&r $'e year.Recoendation Ei*ht2 E%"(a$i&na) )ea%er! !'&")% re!ear(' &n $'e e--e($iene!! &-

"$i)iin/ T'e C)i-$&n S$ren/$'!Fin%er in $'e ()a!!r&&# %ee)&,e% by Dr. D&na)% O. C)i-$&n. T'i!

a!!e!!#en$ 'a! a))&*e% #any in%ii%"a)! $& "n(&er $'eir a($"a) abi)i$ie! an% a('iee !"((e!!.Recoendation Nine2 C&))e/e! !'&")% a))&* %e,ar$#en$! &- in!$i$"$i&na) re!ear(' an%

,)annin/ '&!$ a &ne %ay ,&!$er e?'ibi$ *'i(' (&n(en$ra$e! &n ,re!en$7 ei%en(e ba!e% re!ear('

$'a$ a%an(e! <n&*)e%/e in $'e "n%er/ra%"a$e re$en$i&n an% !"((e!! -ie)%! .

Recoendation% !or Future Re%earch

Ba!e% &n $'e re!")$! &- $'i! in"iry7 $'e re!ear('er ,r&,&!e! $'e -&))&*in/ ,r&,&!i$i&n! -&r

-"r$'er in"iry4

2. E%"(a$i&na) ,ra($i$i&ner! (&")% (&n$in"e in"irie! &n "n%er!$an%in/ $'e $r"$'

re/ar%in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e a((&"n$! &- $"rnin/ ,&in$! e?,erien(e! in $'e -ir!$6

year ('an/e&er.0. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% $'a$ ana)ye! $'e -a($&r! 'ae !&#e bearin/ &n

ne/a$ie)y in$era($i&n a#&n/ e$'ni(i$ie!.. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% $'a$ ana)ye! S(')&!!ber/’! $ran!i$i&n $'e&ry &n $'e

$ran!i$i&n &- !$"%en$! *i$' %i!abi)i$ie!.. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% ana)yin/ $'e e--e($ &- $'e ,!y('&)&/i(a) %&#ain &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$ &- a ('an/e&er.J. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% ana)yin/ $'e e--e($ &- $'e in$e))e($"a) %&#ain &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$ &- a ('an/e&er.. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% ana)yin/ $'e e--e($ &- $'e ,'y!i(a) %&#ain &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$ &- a ('an/e&er.K. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% ana)yin/ $'e e--e($ &- $'e !&(ia) %&#ain &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e! #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/ &"$ &- a ('an/e&er.



94

. An in"iry (&")% be (&n%"($e% a$ a "nier!i$y ana)yin/ $'e e--e($ &- $'e

enir&n#en$a) %&#ain &n !('&)ar! #&in/ in7 #&in/ $'r&"/'7 an% #&in/

&"$ &-

a ('an/e&er.Leader%hip Cha$$en*e2 A)$'&"/' e$'ni( an% ra(ia) /r&",! are (&n$in"in/ $& a('iee

!"((e!! in e%"(a$i&n7 Hi!,ani( an% A-ri(an A#eri(an )earner! are (&n$in"a))y -a))in/ be'in%

:'i$e )earner! in b&$' !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n an% 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a('iee#en$. N"#er&"!

na$i&na) ,"b)i!'e% %&("#en$! 'ae a(<n&*)e%/e% #a3&r &b!$a()e! $'a$ )earner! &-

"n%erre,re!en$e% ,&,")a$i&n!7 e$'ni(i$ie!7 an% e(&n&#i( %i!a%an$a/e en(&"n$er *'en #a<in/ a

('an/e&er $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. T'e &b!$a()e! in()"%e !('&)a!$i( in!$r"($i&n7 $'e (&!$ &-

a$$en%in/ (&))e/e7 )a(<in/ a!!e!!#en$7 "na*are &- $'e e?,e($a$i&n &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n a%#i!!i&n

,r&(e!!7 an% in!$i$"$i&na) a((&"n$abi)i$y 8Te?a! Trib"ne7 01219.A((&r%in/ $& S$ri<e 8011K97 e%"(a$i&na) in!$i$"$i&n! #"!$ a)"e an% #a<e "!e &- re!ear('

in"irie!. T'e -"n%a#en$a) re!,&n!ibi)i$y &- $'e )ea%er i! $& e!$ab)i!' an enir&n#en$ in *'i('

,r&-e!!i&na) !$a-- an% -a(")$y )&&< a$ $'e#!e)e! a! in%ii%"a)! *'& are ,ar$a<er! in a !'are%

(&"r!e &- a($i&n $& (rea$e a -)&"ri!'in/ in!$i$"$e. Lea%er! #"!$ )ea% )earnin/ ,r&/ra#! by

in$r&%"(in/ e?,e($a$i&n! re/ar%in/ $'e in!$i$"$i&n e%"(a$i&na) -"n($i&n in e--&r$! $& be$$er re!,&n%

$& $'e ('a))en/e! &- !$"%en$! in #a<in/ a ('an/e&er -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n. F"r$'er#&re7 )ea%er! !'&")% re(eie in,"$ -r&# i$! $ea#7 a%%re!! a)) i%ea! br&"/'$

-&r*ar%7 an% &--er in%i(a$i&n $'a$ $'e ,er!&n in ('ar/e $'&"/'$! #"!$ *in $'r&"/'.T'e !y!$e# &- 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n in $'e Uni$e% S$a$e! 'a! a "ni"e (&#bina$i&n &- a)"e!7

be)ie-!7 nee%!7 an% ,ra($i(e!. Sin(e (&##"ni$y (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! are e?,e($e% $& ,"$ in$&

e--e($ n"#er&"! )a*! an% re/")a$i&n! an% $& !&)e a (&n$in"&"! -)&* &- ,r&b)e#!7 $'eir

"n%er!$an%in/ $'e ,&!$#&%ern $'e&ry a))&*! &ne $& a((e,$ $'a$ $'ere are #")$i,)e *ay! &-

in(&r,&ra$in/ !$ra$e/ie! an% !$y)e! (&##&n)y a!!&(ia$e% *i$' )ea%er!'i,. T'e #&%e)! $'a$ #any



95

in!$i$"$i&n! 'ae been "!in/ in $'e ,a!$ n& )&n/er !ee# $& ,r&i%e $'e e--e($iene!! an% !"((e!!

in $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ (en$"ry &r/ania$i&na) !e$$in/ 8A/b&r7 0119. T'e ,&!$#&%ern ie*

('a))en/e! $'e #&%ern ie* $'a$ (")$"re7 !$ra$e/y7 $e('n&)&/y7 an% &$'er #ana/e#en$ $&&)! are

i$a) in /enera$in/ e--e($iene!!. H&*eer7 -&r inn&a$i&n an% (rea$ii$y $& $a<e ,)a(e7 (&))e/e

a%#ini!$ra$&r! #"!$ e#bra(e an% i#,)e#en$ ne* !$ra$e/ie!. T'e!e !$ra$e/ie! #"!$ be -"$"ri!$i(

in na$"re. I- $'e (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$i&n "$i)ie! $'e ,&!$#&%ern ie*7 =i$ i! n&$ *ai$in/ -&r !&#e

brae ne* *&r)% $& be %i!(&ere%. Ra$'er i$ i! #any ne* *&r)%! *ai$in/ $& be (&n!$r"($e%>

8En/)i!'7 0117 ,. J9.In rea)i$y7 $'ere 'a! been n& ,ara%i/# !'i-$ in e%"(a$i&na) a%#ini!$ra$i&n inn&a$i&n an%

(rea$ii$y. One ea!y *ay $& re(&/nie $'i! i! $& %ee)&, a ,&!$#&%ern ie* &- $'e %i!(i,)ine.

=P&!$#&%erni!# reea)! $'i! b)in% !,&$7 an% a! i$ %&e! !&7 ne* %ire($i&n!7 ,&!!ibi)i$ie! an%

"n%er!$an%in/ ab&"$ ,e&,)e7 )ea%er!7 !('&&)!7 an% !&(ie$y (an be -&r/e%> 8En/)i!'7 0117 ,. J9.

Fr&# a ,&!$#&%ern ,er!,e($ie7 (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$&r! #"!$ en(&"ra/e an% #ana/e %ier!i$y in

$'eir in!$i$"$i&n7 a! *e)) a! %ee)&, an e--e($ie )ea%er!'i, !$r"($"re $'a$ (&n$in"e! $'e inn&a$i&n

,ra($i(e *i$'in $'e &r/ania$i&n. Un%er!$an%in/ $'a$ #any #&%erni!$! (ann&$ e?$ri(a$e

$'e#!e)e! -r&# $'eir &*n (&n(e,$"a) b&?7 $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ a%#ini!$ra$&r !$an(e #"!$ ('a))en/e

$'e #&%erni!$i( (&n(e,$"a) b&? an% i$! (&n$in"e% e--i(a(y -&r $'e&ry an% ,ra($i(e 8En/)i!'7

0119.Adini%trator% Mu%t Becoe Generati-e Leader%2 =Crea$ie an% e--e($ie

in!$i$"$i&n! %& n&$ e#er/e by a((i%en$. T'ey re"ire )ea%er! $& %rie an% (&n$r&) %e)ibera$e

('an/e! in !$r"($"re7 (")$"re7 an% ,r&(e!! in &r%er $& $ran!-&r# $'e# in$& (rea$ie7 e--e($ie7 an%

,r&%"($ie &ne!> 8A/b&r7 0119. Li<e*i!e7 $'e ,&!$#&%ern /enera$ie )ea%er! &n (&))e/e

(a#,"!e! brin/ $& )i<e ne* ,&!!ibi$ie! -&r a('iee#en$ an% %ee)&,#en$. T'ey brin/ $& $'eir

*&r< a ,&*er-") ba)an(e &- <n&*)e%/e7 ,er!&na) #a!$ery7 'i/' ener/y7 (rea$ie $'in<in/7 an%



96

*i))in/ne!! $& $a<e a($i&n. ;)i#e<7 Ri$en'ein7 an% S"))ian 80119 re(&/nie! $'a$ (&))e/e

a%#ini!$ra$&r! *'& $a, an% /"i%e $'e (rea$ie ener/ie! &- $'e en$ire in!$i$"$i&n -&!$er an

enir&n#en$ &- a,,re(ia$i&n7 re!,e($7 an% ,er!&na) re-)e($i&n &n $'e (a#,"! !'a,e in ne* *ay!

'&* !$"%en$! )earn in $'e ()a!!r&&# $& $'e in!$r"($&r! an% ,r&-e!!i&na) !$a-- (&#in/ $&/e$'er $&

%ee)&, ne* ("rri(")"# &r ,)an ,r&-e!!i&na) %ee)&,#en$. T'i! a*arene!! ,er#ea$e! eery

&"$)&&< &- '&* ,&!$#&%erni!# ie* $'e /enera$ie )ea%er &- $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ (en$"ry.Li<e ()&(<*&r<7 $'e ,&!$#&%erni!# %&#inan$ -ra#e*&r< &- &"r (")$"re i! &ne &-

(&n!$an$ ('an/e. Genera$ie )ea%er!'i, *i)) /ie a%#ini!$ra$&r! ,&*er-") ne* "n%er!$an%in/ &-

$'e %yna#i(! &- /"i%in/ an% 'e),in/ &$'er! $a(<)e (&#,)e? ('a))en/e! &- $'eir enir&n#en$.

T'e!e )ea%er! be(&#e (a$a)y!$ $'a$ (rea$e an% #ana/e $'e enir&n#en$7 &r/ania$i&na) (")$"re7

an% %ee)&, !$ra$e/ie! $'a$ en(&"ra/e! an% !"!$ain inn&a$i&n7 e--e($iene!!7 an% !"((e!! in $'e

&r/ania$i&n 8A/b&r7 0119. H&* i! ('an/e $& be (&n(e,$"a)ie% *i$'in ,&!$#&%erni!# "!in/

$'i! ,ara%i/# !'i-$ :e #"!$ re(&/nie $'a$ &"r (&))e/e! %& n&$ e?i!$ $& ,r&i%e in!$r"($i&n *e

e?i!$ $& (rea$e )earnin/. A)$'&"/' #any (&))e/e! 'ae n&$ e#bra(e% $'e ,ara%i/# !'i-$7 !&#e

ne(e!!ary ('an/e! an% ,ra($i(e! $& #a<e $'i! ,ara%i/# !'i-$7 -r&# $'e &)% (&))e/e7 $& $'e

,&!$#&%ern in!$i$"$i&n #"!$ ('a))en/e $'e n&$i&n =$'a$ $'e&re$i(a) ('an/e! *ere *e%%e% $& $'e

a((re$i&n &- =-a($!> an% $'a$ *'en $'e!e ,&in$e% in ne* %ire($i&n!7 $'ere *ere !"b!e"en$

a)$era$i&n! &- $'e&ry> 8En/)i!'7 0117 ,. 09.F&r $'e ,&!$#&%erni!$ /enera$ie )ea%er!7 i$ i! i#,&r$an$ $'a$ $'e )ea%er be(&#e in$ere!$e%

in inn&a$i&n &$'er*i!e7 $'ey (&")% re!$rain (rea$ii$y an% inn&a$i&n in $'e &r/ania$i&n. I$

e#,'a!ie! !y!$e#a$i( $'in<in/7 a *i))in/ne!! $& "e!$i&n $'e !",,&!e% )i#i$! &- an i!!"e7 $&

$'in< (rea$ie)y &"$!i%e $'e a!!"#e% (&n!$rain! an% (&n$in"&"! e?,eri#en$a$i&n! 8C&&,erri%er7

:'i$ney7 + S$ar&!7 0119. T'i! ,&!$#&%ern ,er!,e($ie in&)e! a -"n%a#en$a) !'i-$ in $'e

#en$a) #&%e)! by *'i(' a%#ini!$ra$&r! an% e%"(a$&r! ,er(eie7 re!,&n% $&7 an% in$era($ *i$' $'e



97

*&r)% ar&"n% $'e#7 b&$' $'e *&r)% in!i%e $'eir in!$i$"$i&n an% $'e &"$!i%e enir&n#en$. T'i!

(&n$e?$"a) #&%e) be(&#e! a *ay &- bein/ ra$'er $'an 3"!$ a ne* !e$ &- $e('ni"e! -&r %&in/ $'e

*&r< &- an e?$ra&r%inary )ea%er /rea$ne!! in a /enera$ie )ea%er i! ea!i)y &b!ere% in *&r%! an%

a($i&n! 8;)i#e< e$ a).7 011942. T'e /enera$ie )ea%er !ee! $'e in!$i$"$i&n a! a %yna#i( !y!$e# *'ere a)) ,ar$i(i,an$!

be(&#e an e!!en$ia) (&#,&nen$7 a--e($in/ i$! ,re!en$6%ay a($i&n! an% (&n%i$i&n!.

0. T'e /enera$ie )ea%er !ee! $'e -"$"re &- $'e in!$i$"$i&n a! !'a,eab)e. . T'e /enera$ie )ea%er -&("!e! &n ini$ia$ie!7 i%ea!7 an% inn&a$i&n!.. T'e /enera$ie )ea%er re(&/nie! $'e ,era!ie in-)"en(e &- in%ii%"a) an% (&))e($ie

#en$a) #&%e)! an% (&n!$an$)y "e!$i&n $'e a!!"#,$i&n! e#be%%e% in $'e#.

Leader% Need To Identi!& The Loo3 and Fee$ O! Generati-it&2 :'a$ %&e! /enera$ie

)ea%er!'i, )&&< )i<e in a (&))e/e !e$$in/ I#a/ine bein/ a /"e!$ *'& 'a! 3"!$ en$ere% in$& a

(&))e/e &r "nier!i$y b"i)%in/ -&r $'e -ir!$ $i#e. :'a$ %& y&" $'in< y&" *&")% !ee an% 'ear I$ i!

n&$ ea!y $& %e!(ribe /enera$ie )ea%er!'i, in a -e* !i#,)e "$$eran(e!. I$ i! n&$ 3"!$ an&$'er "i(<

-i? $e('ni"e7 an% %ee)&,in/ i$ (an’$ be re%"(e% $& a !$an%ar% !(ri,$. I$ i! (&n!$r"($e% a! $'e

"n%er!$an%in/ &- $'ree -&"n%a$i&na) e)e#en$! $'a$ e?,an%! an% %ee)&,! in$& a -"n%a#en$a))y

ne* *ay &- !eein/ &ne’! in!$i$"$i&n. T'e $'ree -&"n%a$i&na) e)e#en$! are4 /enera$ii$y7 )iin/

!y!$e#! ,rin(i,)e!7 an% brain#in% !(ien(e. En/)i!' !ay! $'a$ $'e &b!erer (ann&$ be !e,ara$e%

-r&# *'a$ 'e &r !'e &b!ere! be(a"!e (&n!(i&"!ne!! i! ,rere"i!i$e $& $'e #a<in/ &- an

&b!era$i&n 8T&*n!e))7 011K9. Seein/ *i$' $'e =ne* eye!> &- /enera$ie )ea%er!'i, i! ,&*er-").

:i$' $'e!e ne* eye!7 ,rei&"!)y "n!een ,a$'*ay! -&r a($i&n are %i!(&ere% $'a$ (rea$e ne*

-"$"re! -&r in!$i$"$i&n! a! *e en$er in$& $'e $*en$y6-ir!$ (en$"ry 8;)i#e< e$ a).7 0119.T'e ,&!$#&%ern )ea%er! #"!$ re-)e($ &n $'eir r&)e an% #e$'&%! a! a )ea%er7 an% )&&< ane*

a$ $'e ,a$$ern! an% ne$*&r<! $'a$ e#b&%y an% re-)e($ $'e )iin/ !y!$e# 8in!$i$"$i&n9

('ara($eri!$i(!. Many in!$i$"$i&n! $&%ay %& n&$ -i$ $'e ,&!$#&%ern (")$"re. M&!$ are )&(<e%



98

-ir#)y in$& $'e #&%ern !$r"($"re an% (en$er! &n ,ra($i(e! %e!i/ne% $& #ain$ain ri/i% (&n$r&). By

-ar7 $'e #&!$ i#,&r$an$ $a!< &- /enera$ie )ea%er i! $& -&!$er an% !"!$ain a (")$"re $'a$ i! *i%e

&,en $& in-&r#a$i&n7 '&!,i$ab)e $& ne* i%ea!7 an% !e("re -&r in%ii%"a) (rea$ii$y. T'e !"ria)

an% !"((e!! &- any in!$i$"$i&n %e,en%! &n $'eir $ea#’! (&n$in"a) )earnin/7 (rea$ii$y7 an%

inn&a$i&n 8E%*ar%!7 011K9.F"r$'er#&re7 /enera$ie )ea%er! (an be #&re e--e($ie in en(&"ra/in/ (rea$ii$y by $a<in/

in$& a((&"n$ $'a$ in!$i$"$i&n! are )iin/ !y!$e#! -i))e% *i$' %yna#i(! &- inn&a$i&n!. A((&r%in/

$& ;)i#e<7 Ri$en'ein7 an% S"))ian 801197 $'e !$i#")a$in/ /enera$ie )ea%er (rea$e! -&(a) ,&in$!

-&r $'&!e *'& are 3"!$ !e$$in/ &"$ &n $'eir )ea%er!'i, 3&"rney by in$r&%"(in/ $'e# $& $'e !i?

'a))#ar<! &- /enera$ie )ea%er!. Fir!$7 $'ey %ee,en ,er!&na) <n&*)e%/e $'ey ('a))en/e e?i!$in/

<n&*)e%/e an% a!!"#,$i&n! &- a /r&", $& brin/ ne* ,&!!ibi)i$ie! $& $'e -&re. T'ey !ee< ne*

<n&*)e%/e an% e?,)&re %i--erin/ ,er!,e($ie! *i$' )e/i$i#a$e ("ri&!i$y. Se(&n%7 $'ey en/a/e in

,er!&na) re-)e($i&n i$ in&)e! a ri(' in$er,)ay &- e#&$i&n7 in$"i$i&n7 an% !en!&ry in,"$ a! *e)) a!

(&/ni$i&n. T'ir%7 $'ey <n&* $'a$ (&ner!a$i&n i! $'e )i-eb)&&% &- $'eir in!$i$"$i&n7 (arryin/ i$!

i$a) in-&r#a$i&n an% n&"ri!'in/ $'e a"$'en$i( re)a$i&n!'i,! $'a$ *i)) a))&* i$ $& $'rie.

Re(&/niin/ $'a$ (&ner!a$i&n i! $'e ear)ie!$ an% !$i)) #&!$ ,&*er-") &- '"#an !&(ia)

$e('n&)&/ie!7 $'ey ,)a(e a"$'en$i( (&ner!a$i&n a$ $'e (&re &- a)) a%#ini!$ra$ie ,r&(e!!e!7 -r&#

!$a-- #ee$in/! $& b"%/e$in/ an% ,)annin/. F&"r$'7 $'ey b)en% )iin/ !y!$e#! $'e&ry *i$' ,ra($i(e

$'ey ,"$ $'i! "n%er!$an%in/ in$& ,ra($i(e in eery in$era($i&n7 -r&# a &ne6$&6&ne en(&"n$er *i$' a

!$"%en$ $& !$a-- #ee$in/! an% ini$ia$ie!. Fi-$'7 $'ey rea)ie $'a$ (rea$ii$y an% inn&a$i&n are

e!!en$ia) -"n($i&n! &- $'e brain $'ey re3e($ $'e (&##&n n&$i&n $'a$ (rea$ii$y an% inn&a$i&n are

$'in/! &ne %&e! &n)y in %e!i/na$e% ,eri&%! &r &n(e a year a! a $&<en !$e, in ,)annin/. Si?$'7 $'ey

are a*are &- $'e e#er/in/ (&n%i$i&n! $'a$ !"rr&"n% $'e#7 an% $'e -"$"re $'a$ )ie! be-&re $'e#.



99

Generati-e Leader% Mu%t Be A#$e To De-e$op Generati-it&2 One &- $'e #&!$

!i/ni-i(an$ a!,e($! &- a%&,$in/ a /enera$ie a,,r&a(' i! $'a$ $'i! ,er!,e($ie 'e),! !'i-$ $'e

#&%e! &- $'in<in/ *i$'in an in!$i$"$i&n an% re!'a,e i$! ,)annin/ an% &,era$i&n ,r&(e!!. :'en

/enera$ie )ea%er! e#er/e7 i$ i! n&$ be(a"!e &- in%ii%"a) /ain ri!in/ $& $'e #&"n$ain ,ea< i$ i!

$'e !",,&r$er! *'&!e (rea$ii$y an% inn&a$i&n e#,&*ere% $'e ,&!!ibi)i$y $& &(("r. T'e

/enera$ie )ea%er )earn! '&* $& %ee)&, /enera$ii$y $'r&"/' "n%er!$an%in/ ,&!$#&%erni!#

#e$'&%! an% ,ra($i(e!. =I 'ae (&#e $& $'i! -"n%a#en$a) (&n()"!i&n $'a$ i- y&" *an$ !&#e$'in/

rea))y i#,&r$an$ $& be %&ne7 y&" #"!$ #ere)y !a$i!-y $'e rea!&n7 y&" #"!$ #&e $'e 'ear$ a)!&>

8En/)i!'7 0117 ,. 29.Genera$ie )ea%er! #"!$ e?'ibi$ a ,&!i$ie a$$i$"%e a! *e)) a! a (a,a(i$y $& a($ in re!,&n!e

$& ('an/e $'i! (an -a(i)i$a$e rene*a) an% a('iee#en$ $& $'e &r/ania$i&n. T'e ,&!$#&%ern

a,,r&a(' in %ee)&,in/ /enera$ii$y %&e! n&$ re"ire )ea%er! $& aban%&n ("rren$ #e$'&%!7 b"$

a%% $'e /enera$ie %i#en!i&n $& )earnin/ $'a$ *i)) &,en ne* ,&!!ibi)i$ie! $& !&(ie$y. Genera$ie

)ea%er! #"!$ *e)(&#e $'e ,&*er &- a"$'en$i( (&ner!a$i&n! a"$'en$i( (&ner!a$i&n! are e!!en$ia)

$& !&(ia) (&'e!i&n an% are &ne &- $'e )ea%er’! #&!$ i#,&r$an$ $&&). T'e ,rin(i,)e! an% ,ra($i(e!

&- a"$'en$i( (&ner!a$i&n are *&en in$& #any !&(ia) $e('n&)&/ie! in "!e $&%ay $'a$ -&!$er !'are%

)earnin/ an% (&))ab&ra$ie %ia)&/"e &n (ri$i(a) &r/ania$i&n an% !&(ie$a) i!!"e! 8;)i#e< e$ a).7

0119.T'e )ea%er (an &,era$e &n $'e ,rin(i,)e! &- e?,)&rin/ "e!$i&n! $'a$ #a$$er7 (&nne($

%ier!e ,e&,)e an% i%ea!7 #a<e (&))e($ie <n&*)e%/e i!ib)e7 (rea$e '&!,i$ab)e !,a(e7 an%

en(&"ra/e ea(' ,ar$i(i,an$’! (&n$rib"$i&n. T'e #&!$ i#,&r$an$ ,&in$! &- a ,&!$#&%ern /enera$ie

)ea%er are (&n%i$i&ne% ar&"n% $'e -&))&*in/ ,ra($i(e! &- an(ien$ )e!!&n! an% (ir()e (&ner!a$i&n!.

Fir!$7 )ea%er! #"!$ )i!$en *i$' a$$en$i&n6re!,e($in/ $'e )earnin/ ,r&(e!! an% &i(e &- i$!

in!$i$"$i&na) (&##"ni$y. Se(&n%7 )ea%er! #"!$ !,ea< *i$' in$en$i&n6n&$in/ *'a$ i! re)ean$ $&



100

$'e (&ner!a$i&n a$ $'e #&#en$. T'ir%7 )ea%er! #"!$ !"!,en% 3"%/#en$6$ry $& "n%er!$an% &$'er’!

#eanin/ an% in$en$i&n. F&"r$'7 )ea%er! #"!$ &--er *'a$ y&" (an an% a!< -&r *'a$ y&" nee%.

Fi-$'7 )ea%er! #"!$ a((e,$ !i)en(e a! ,ar$ &- $'e (&ner!a$i&n a))&* i$ an% '&n&r i$ 8;)i#e< e$ a).7

0119.T'e ,&!$#&%erni!$ )ea%er in!i/'$! re"ire a #a3&r !'i-$ in $'e (&n(e,$ &- in"iry. N&

)&n/er are )ea%er! (&n-ine% $& ,re6e?i!$in/ rea)i$ie! ra$'er $'ey are in&)e% in %ee)&,in/ an

"n%er!$an%in/ &- &n$&)&/y. T'e "6,r&(e!! re,re!en$! $'e a($ii$ie! $'a$ /enera$ie )ea%er! "!e in

$ran!-&r#a$ie )earnin/. T'e $'ree !,a(e! are (&6!en!in/6&b!erin/ ("rren$ rea)i$ie!7 (&6

,re!en(in/6$ran!-&r#in/ !e)- an% *i))7 an% (&6rea)iin/6$ran!-&r#in/ a($i&n. T'i! ,r&(e!!

%i!(&er! !&)"$i&n! an% $ran!)a$e! $'e# in$& re!,&n!e! $'a$ (an -&!$er i#,r&e#en$ *i$'in $'e

("rren$ &r/ania$i&na) ,ara%i/# $'a$ !",,&r$! $'e ,&!$#&%erni!$ ie*. P&!$#&%erni!# !ay! $'ere

are a #a!! &- $r"$'! an% $'a$ )ea%er! #"!$ be &,en6#ine% in $'eir "e!$ &- #eri$ -&r $'eir

in!$i$"$i&n! 8;)i#e< e$ a).7 0119.Suar&

A)$'&"/' ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $e?$ i! re,)e$e *i$' *ri$in/! re/ar%in/ -ir!$ year

"n%er/ra%"a$e! in $ran!i$i&n7 #&re e?a#ina$i&n i! %e!ire% $'a$ a%%re!!e! $'e ,r&(e!! be(a"!e

e?,er$! $& a %e/ree %i!re/ar%e% $& ine!$i/a$e7 '&* "n%er/ra%"a$e! be(&#e a*are &- $'e

%yna#i(! $'a$ i#,a($ $'eir ('an/e&er e?,erien(e 8S#i$' + 'an/7 0119.A((&r%in/ $& ;"' 8011K97 "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& (&ner!e ab&"$ $'eir (&))e/e e?,erien(e!

*i$' ,r&-e!!&r an% (&))ea/"e! are ('a))en/e% $& ,er-&r# a$ a /rea$er )ee)7 'ae a be$$er

in!$i$"$i&na) e?,erien(e7 an% are %e$er#ine% $& (&n$in"e $'eir ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.

H&*eer7 $'&!e "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& are a$6ri!< &-$en bene-i$ -r&# e%"(a$i&na) ,r&/ra#! an%

a($ii$ie! $'e #&!$. Ye$7 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n #"!$ !ee< $& "n%er!$an% $'e ,re(&))e/e en(&"n$er! an%

ie*,&in$! &- "n%er/ra%"a$e! *'& #i/'$ n&$ en(&"ra/e &$'er )earner! $& $ran!i$i&n -r&# 'i/'

!('&&) $& 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n.



101

Re!erence%

Ab%"))a7 M.7 E)ia!7 H.7 Ma'y"%%in7 R.7 + U)i7 . 80119. A%3"!$#en$ a#&n/!$ -ir!$ year !$"%en$!

in a Ma)ay!ian Unier!i$y. European ournal of %ocial %ciences, 7897 6J1J.

Re$riee% -r&# ***.e"r&3&"rna)!.(&#e3!!5552.,%-

ACT7 I. (. 80119. T'e ,a$' $& (areer !"((e!!4 Hi/' !('&&) a('iee#en$7 (er$ain$y &- (areer

('&i(e7 an% (&))e/e rea%ine!! #a<e a %i--eren(e. Issues In $ollege %uccess. "$), Inc.

Re$riee% -r&#

***.a($.&r/re!ear(',&)i(y#a<er!,%-Pa$'CareerS"((e!!.,%-

A/b&r7 E. 80119. Crea$ii$y an% inn&a$i&n4 T'e )ea%er!'i, %yna#i(!. ournal of %trategic

8eadership. Re$riee% -r&# ***.re/en$.e%"a(a%/)&ba),"b)i(a$i&n! 3!)&)2i!!2SL5V&)2i!!2...

A)e?an%er7 . S.7 + Gar%ner7 . N. 80119. Bey&n% re$en$i&n4 A (&#,re'en!ie a,,r&a('

$& $'e -ir!$ (&))e/e year. "bout $ampus7 /18097 260. %&i421.2110ab(.0J

Ban/!er7 M. 80119. Pre,arin/ 'i/' !('&&) !$"%en$! -&r !"((e!!-") $ran!i$i&n! $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary

e%"(a$i&n an% e#,)&y#en$. Re$riee% -r&# ***.be$$er'i/'!('&&)!.&r/%&(!

Pre,arin/HSS$"%en$!-&rTran!i$i&n.

Ba)-an7 R. 80119. Can $'e a#eri(an 'i/' !('&&) be(&#e an aen"e &- a%an(e#en$-&r a)). 2uture of $hildren7 /98297 2K6. Re$riee% -r&# '$$,4***.br&&<in/!.&r/in%e?,"b)i(a$i&n!.'$#

Barba$i!7 P. 801219. Un%er,re,are%7 e$'ni(a))y %ier!e (&##"ni$y (&))e/e !$"%en$!4

Fa($&r! (&n$rib"$in/ $& ,er!i!$en(e. ournal of +evelopmental Education7 00897

260. Re$riee% -r&# ,%-!ear(',r&.(&#,%-"n%er,re,are%6e$'ni(a))y6

%ier!e6 (&##"ni$y6(&))e/e.'$#)



102

Bar$&n7 A.7 + D&na'"e7 C. 80119. M")$i,)e A!!e!!#en$! &- a Fir!$6Year Se#inar Pi)&$.

ournal of eneral Education7 :7897 0J60K. Re$riee% -r&#

'$$,4%?.%&i.&r/21.2J3/e.1.11J2

Ber/er!&n7 A. 80119. C&))e/e ('&i(e a! a (&#,re'en!ie ,r&(e!!. "%#E #igher Education eport 7 0:897 026.Bra?$&n7 .7 &ne!7 :.7 Hir!('y7 A.7 + Har$)ey7 H. 80119. T'e r&)e &- a($ie )earnin/ in (&))e/e

!$"%en$ ,er!i!$en(e. New +irections 2or )eaching and 8earning . //:, K26. %&i

1.2110$).0Brin<*&r$'7 R.7 M(Cann7 B.7 Ma$$'e*!7 C.7 + N&r%!$rZ#7 ;. 80119. Fir!$ year

e?,e($a$i&n! an% e?,erien(e!4 !$"%en$ an% $ea('er ,er!,e($ie!. #igher

Education7 :78097 2JK62K. %&i421.211K!21K611626

Bryan$7 A. 8011K9. Gen%er %i--eren(e! in !,iri$"a) %ee)&,#en$ %"rin/ (&))e/e year!. %e; roles.

:< 82262097 J6. %&i4 21.211K!222611K60160

Cabrera7 A. F.7 N&ra7 A.7 + Ca!$ane%a7 M. B. 829. C&))e/e ,er!i!$en(e4 S$r"($"ra) e"a$i&n!

#&%e)in/ $e!$ &- an in$e/ra$e% #&%e)! &- !$"%en$ re$en$i&n. ournal of #igher Education.

<1, 2062 %&i4 21.01K0110

Cen$er -&r C&##"ni$y C&))e/e S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ 801219. %EN%E= "bout the survey.

Re$riee% -r&# ***.((!!e.&r/!en!e!$ar$in/ri/'$in%e?.(-#C&&,erri%er7 D.7 :'i$ney7 D.7 + S$ar&!7 . 80119. "ppreciative in>uiry handboo? . San

Fran(i!(&7 CA4 Barre$$6;&e')er.Cre"!ere7 M.7 F)e$('er7 C.7 Nea)7 M.7 + S'&&<7 M. 801229. S$a$e &- !$"%en$ ai% an% 'i/'er

e%"(a$i&n in $e?a!. Re$riee% -r&# ***.$/!)(.&r/,%-!&!a.,%- Cri!,7 G.7 Pa)#er7 E.7 T"rnb"))7 D.7 Ne$$e)be(<7 T.7 :ar%7 L.7 LeC&"$e"r7 A.7 + S('nei%er7 L.

80119. Fir!$ year !$"%en$ e?,e($a$i&n!4 Re!")$! -r&# a "nier!i$y6*i%e !$"%en$ !"rey.

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103

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104

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http://pewresearch.org/pubs/139/college-enrollment-all-time-high-

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105

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http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-wi07/document.

http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-wi07/document.



106

L&"i!7 ;.7 Dre$<e7 B.7 + :a')!$r&#7 ;. 801219. H&* %&e! )ea%er!'i, a--e($ !$"%en$

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http://www.mendeley.com/research/student-outcomes-identifying-

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http://journals.prufrock.com/IJP/c.abs/journal-of-advanced-



108

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S$ri<e7 ;. 8011K9. Ethical leadership in schools= $reating community in an environment of

accountability. T'&"!an% Oa<!7 Ca)i-&rnia4 C&r*in Pre!!.

Te?a! Hi/'er E%"(a$i&n C&&r%ina$in/ B&ar% 801209. Te?a! 'i/'er e%"(a$i&n %a$a. Re$riee%

-r&# ***.$?'i/'ere%%a$a.&r/Te?a! Trib"ne 801219. (ost community college students never graduate. Re$riee% -r&#

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109

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Figure A2.2. T'e S&(ia) C'an/e M&%e) &- Lea%er!'i, Dee)&,#en$ . Re,rin$e% -r&#

=Dee)&,in/ Lea%er!'i, Ca,a(i$y in C&))e/e S$"%en$!4 Fin%in/! -r&# a Na$i&n S$"%y7> by . P.

D"/an an% S. R. ;&#ie!7 011K7 National $learinghouse for 8eadership rograms7 ,.01.



113

C&,yri/'$ 011K by M")$i6In!$i$"$i&na) S$"%y &- Lea%er!'i,. Re,rin$e% *i$' ,er#i!!i&n &- $'e

Na$i&na) C)earin/'&"!e -&r Lea%er!'i, Pr&/ra#!.

Appendi, B

Sur-e& o! Student En*a*eent In%truent



114



115

Sur-e& o! Student En/a/e#en$https://survey.blinn.edu/classclimate/indestud.php!typ"html#user$tan"%raves



116



117



118



119



120

Appendi, C

Letter to Co$$e*e Adini%trator%



121

Bennie Grae!2J22 Ni/'$in//a)e Fa))! C$.

Cy,re!!7 Te?a! KK00260J620 8H&#e9 026K6J1 8Ce))9

b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

Dear C&))e/e Pre!i%en$ + C&))e/e A%#ini!$ra$&r!4

I a# a %&($&ra) !$"%en$ a$ Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y an% *i)) be (&n%"($in/ re!ear('&n "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(!%"rin/ $'e $ran!i$i&n -r&# 'i/' !('&&) $& (&))e/e. ;n&*in/ $'a$ !$"%en$ re$en$i&n i! $'e n"#ber&ne /&a) &- #any (&))e/e! in Te?a!7 I 'ae ('&!en $& re!ear(' $'e!e ,'en&#ena. I *i)) be "!in/$'e B)inn C&))e/e S"rey &- S$"%en$ En/a/e#en$ %ee)&,e% by $'e O--i(e &- In!$i$"$i&na)E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/. S",,&r$e% by e?$en!ie re!ear(' &n e%"(a$i&na) ,ra($i(e! $'a$ are%ire($)y re)a$e% $& re$en$i&n an% &$'er %e!ire% !$"%en$ &"$(&#e!7 $'e !"rey b"i)%! ",&n $'e b&%y&- <n&*)e%/e by a!<in/ "n%er/ra%"a$e! ab&"$ $'eir ear)ie!$ (&))e/e e?,erien(e!. T& be/in $'e!$"%y7 $'e In!$i$"$i&na) Reie* B&ar% 8IRB9 'a! re"e!$e% $'a$ I 'ae ,er#i!!i&n -r&# $'e(&))e/e $& (&n$a($ $'e (&re %i!(i,)ine ,r&-e!!&r! &n 'i! &r 'er (a#,"! in re/ar%! $& ,ar$i(i,a$i&n-&r $'i! !$"%y.

P)ea!e ('e(< $'e a,,r&,ria$e b&? an% re$"rn $'i! (&#,)e$e% -&r# by -a?. :i$' y&"r ,er#i!!i&n7 I *i)) $'en (&n$a($ $'e Dii!i&n C'air! in &r%er $& ini$e $'e ,r&-e!!&r! &- S&(i&)&/y212 $& be a ,ar$ &- $'i! !$"%y.

I- y&" nee% -"r$'er in-&r#a$i&n7 ,)ea!e -ee) -ree $& (&n$a($ #e a$ any $i#e.FAX NUMBER4 K6016KK Ce))4 026K6J1 H&#e4 0260J620

55555Ye!7 y&" #ay (&n$a($ $'e S&(i&)&/y 212 (&re %i!(i,)ine ,r&-e!!&r! in &r%er $& ini$e $'eir ()a!! ,ar$i(i,a$i&n in $'e !"rey.

55555N&7 I %& n&$ /ie ,er#i!!i&n -&r S&(i&)&/y 212 (&re %i!(i,)ine ,r&-e!!&r! $& be ini$e% $& be a ,ar$ &- $'i! !$"%y.

Si/ne%45555555555555555555555555555555555555555 Prin$ Na#e45555555555555555555555555555555 Ca#,"!55555555555 Da$e Si/ne%45555555555555555555555555C&n$a($ N"#ber45555555555555555555555555555

T'an< y&" -&r y&"r (&n!i%era$i&n an% ,ar$i(i,a$i&n.Bennie Lee Grae!7 M.E%.D&($&ra) S$"%en$7 E%"(a$i&na) Lea%er!'i,7 Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y

"e!$i&n! &r (&##en$! re/ar%in/ $'i! in!$r"#en$ #ay be %ire($e% $& Dr. Pa$ri(ia H&--#an6Mi))er7 P'D7

Di!!er$a$i&n Can%i%a$e a$ 6026K7 ,'#i))er`,a#".e%"

mailto:[email protected]





122



b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

Dear Ca#,"! Pre!i%en$4




55555Ye!7 y&" #ay (&n$a($ $'e S&(i&)&/y 212 (&re %i!(i,)ine ,r&-e!!&r! in &r%er $& ini$e $'eir ,ar$i(i,a$i&n in $'e !"rey.











123



b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

Dear Dean &- In!$i$"$i&na) Re!ear(' an% P)annin/4




55555Ye!7 y&" #ay (&n$a($ $'e S&(i&)&/y 212 (&re %i!(i,)ine ,r&-e!!&r! in &r%er $& ini$e $'eir ,ar$i(i,a$i&n in $'e !"rey.











124

Appendi, D

Co-er Letter to Co$$e*e Socio$o*& "ro!e%%or%



125

Bennie Lee Grae!2J22 Ni/'$in//a)e Fa))! C$.


b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

Dear C&))e/e S&(i&)&/y Pr&-e!!&r4

I 'ae re(eie% ,er#i!!i&n -r&# y&"r (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$i&n $& ini$e y&"r S&(i&)&/y

212!e($i&n $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in an i#,&r$an$ re!ear(' in"iry ba!e% &n "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n!

an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e $ran!i$i&n -r&#

!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. I- y&" a/ree $& ,ar$i(i,a$e7 !i#,)y (&#,)e$e

$'e (&"r!e ,ar$i(i,a$i&n (&n!en$ -&r# an% re$"rn (&n!en$ -&r# $& $'e -a? n"#ber K6016KK.

By ,ar$i(i,a$in/ in $'i! in"iry7 !$"%en$! &,ini&n *i)) ,r&i%e re!ear('e% ba!e%

in-&r#a$i&n $'a$ *i)) a!!i!$ $& -a(i)i$a$e an% !$ren/$'en !$"%en$ a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$ an%re$en$i&n &n $'e (&))i/a$e )ee). Ea(' (&"r!e !e($i&n ,ar$i(i,a$in/ in $'e in"iry *i)) re(eie a

(er$i-i(a$e &- ,ar$i(i,a$i&n -&r $'eir %ii!i&n a(a%e#i( ,&r$-&)i&. U,&n re(ei,$ &- $'e (&#,)e$e%

in!$r"#en$7 ea(' ,ar$i(i,a$e *i)) re(eie a $'an< y&" re!,&n!e -&r ,ar$i(i,a$i&n in $'e !$"%y.

Fin%in/! &- $'i! !$"%y *i)) be aai)ab)e ",&n re"e!$ a-$er $'e !$"%y 'a! been (&#,)e$e%. P)ea!e

(&n$a($ $'e O--i(e &- In!$i$"$i&na) E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/ re/ar%in/ "e!$i&n! ab&"$ $'e

!"rey re!")$!.

Y&"r (&"r!e !e($i&n ,ar$i(i,a$i&n i! (&n-i%en$ia). I- y&" 'ae any "e!$i&n! re/ar%in/ $'i!

in"iry7 ,)ea!e -ee) -ree $& (&n$a($ #e a$ any &- $'e ab&e n"#ber! &r e6#ai) a%%re!!. Y&"r

in&)e#en$ i! /rea$)y a,,re(ia$e%.

Re!,e($-"))y !"b#i$$e%7

Bennie Lee Grae!7 M. E%.D&($&ra) Can%i%a$e7 E%"(a$i&na) Lea%er!'i,Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y

"e!$i&n! &r (&##en$! re/ar%in/ $'i! in!$r"#en$ #ay be %ire($e% $& Dr. Pa$ri(ia H&--#an6Mi))er7 P'.D.7 Di!!er$a$i&n C'air a$ 6026K7 ,'#i))er`,a#".e%"






126

Appendi, E

C$a%% "articipation Con%ent For



127



b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

&lass 'articipati(n &(nsent )(rm*+(ci(l(%y 1301,

P)ea!e ('e(< $'e a,,r&,ria$e b&? an% re$"rn $'i! (&#,)e$e% -&r# by -a?. :i$' y&"r ,er#i!!i&n7 I *i)) $'en (&n$a($ $'e O--i(e &- In!$i$"$i&na) E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/ $& (&n-ir#

y&"r %e!ire $& ,ar$i(i,a$e &r n&$ $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e in an i#,&r$an$ re!ear(' in"iry ba!e% &n

"n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e! *i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(!%"rin/ $'e $ran!i$i&n -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $& ,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n.


55555Ye!7 I *i)) a))&* #y S&(i&)&/y 212 ()a!! $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e in"iry.

55555N&7 I *i)) n&$ a))&* #y S&(i&)&/y 212 ()a!! $& ,ar$i(i,a$e in $'e in"iry.

Si/ne%45555555555555555555555555555555555555555

Prin$ Na#e4555555555555555555555555555555 Ca#,"!55555555555

Da$e Si/ne%45555555555555555555555555

C&n$a($ N"#ber45555555555555555555555555555

T'an< y&" -&r y&"r (&n!i%era$i&n an% ,ar$i(i,a$i&n.

-ennie ee raves .d.D&($&ra) S$"%en$7 E%"(a$i&na) Lea%er!'i,7 Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y







128



b/rae!`b)inn.e%"

Dear B)inn S$"%en$!4

I 'ae re(eie% ,er#i!!i&n -r&# y&"r (&))e/e a%#ini!$ra$i&n $& ini$e y&"r S&(i&)&/y

,ar$i(i,a$e in an i#,&r$an$ re!ear(' in"iry ba!e% &n "n%er/ra%"a$e ,er(e,$i&n! an% e?,erien(e!

*i$' #a3&r e%"(a$i&na) an% !&(ia) %yna#i(! %"rin/ $'e $ran!i$i&n -r&# !e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n $&

,&!$!e(&n%ary e%"(a$i&n. I- y&" a/ree $& ,ar$i(i,a$e7 ,)ea!e (&#,)e$e $'e !"rey.

By ,ar$i(i,a$in/ in $'i! in"iry7 !$"%en$! &,ini&n *i)) ,r&i%e re!ear('e% ba!e%

in-&r#a$i&n $'a$ *i)) a!!i!$ $& -a(i)i$a$e an% !$ren/$'en !$"%en$ a(a%e#i( a('iee#en$ an%

re$en$i&n &n $'e (&))i/a$e )ee). Ea(' (&"r!e !e($i&n ,ar$i(i,a$in/ in $'e in"iry *i)) re(eie a(er$i-i(a$e &- ,ar$i(i,a$i&n -&r $'eir %ii!i&n a(a%e#i( ,&r$-&)i&. U,&n re(ei,$ &- $'e (&#,)e$e%

in!$r"#en$7 ea(' ,ar$i(i,a$e *i)) re(eie a $'an< y&" re!,&n!e -&r ,ar$i(i,a$i&n in $'e !$"%y.

Fin%in/! &- $'i! !$"%y *i)) be aai)ab)e ",&n re"e!$ a-$er $'e !$"%y 'a! been (&#,)e$e%. P)ea!e

(&n$a($ $'e O--i(e &- In!$i$"$i&na) E--e($iene!! an% P)annin/ re/ar%in/ "e!$i&n! ab&"$ $'e

!"rey re!")$!.

Y&"r ,ar$i(i,a$i&n i! (&#,)e$e)y &)"n$ary an% (&n-i%en$ia). I- y&" 'ae any "e!$i&n!

re/ar%in/ $'i! in"iry7 ,)ea!e -ee) -ree $& (&n$a($ #e a$ any &- $'e ab&e n"#ber! &r e6#ai)

a%%re!!. Y&"r in&)e#en$ i! /rea$)y a,,re(ia$e%.

Re!,e($-"))y !"b#i$$e%7

Bennie Lee Grae!7 M. E%.D&($&ra) Can%i%a$e7 E%"(a$i&na) Lea%er!'i,Prairie Vie* A+M Unier!i$y

"e!$i&n! &r (&##en$! re/ar%in/ $'i! in!$r"#en$ #ay be %ire($e% $& Dr. Pa$ri(ia H&--#an6

Mi))er7 P'.D.7 Di!!er$a$i&n C'air a$ 6026K7 ,'#i))er`,a#".e%"






129

Appendi, F

Certi!icate o! "articipation



130

Certifcate o

ParticipationThis certifes that

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

has participated in

2012 Undergraduate Perception Research Study

“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become

more, you are a leader.” ohn !uincy "dams

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Signature Date

dr. william allan kritsonis, phd - dissertation committee - bennie graves

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