draft environmental impact assessment - all...

Socialist Republic of VietnamQuang Ninh Provincial People's Committee

HA LONG CITY AND CAM PHA DRAINAGE AND SANITATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT

4 Cao Xanh Road, Ha Long City, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam

HA LONG CITY AND CAM PHA TOWN DRAINAGEAND SANITATION PROJECT - PHASE II

Loan Agreement No. 3211-VN

ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Management Plan

Public Consultation

May 2005

BLACK & VEATCH (INTERNATIONAL)in Joint Venture with

BAC BO WATER & ENVIRONMENT JOINT STOCK COMPANY - WECO

E256Vol.13

Ha Long City & Cam Pha Town Drainage & Sanitation Project – Phase IIEnvironmental Impact Assessment

Contents

Executive Summary

PART 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION.......................................................1

1.1 Background of the Project.................................................................................................11.2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project

11.3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and

Sanitation Project – Phase II..............................................................................................21.4 Background, Objectives, Location and Scope of the Work of Additional Work in Hon

Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha..............................................................................................31.5 Implementation Schedule..................................................................................................4

2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION............................................5

2.1 Environmental Management..............................................................................................52.2 Environmental Law, Decree and Standards.......................................................................62.3 World Bank Guidelines.....................................................................................................7

3 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................8

3.1 Environmental Setting.......................................................................................................83.2 Previous and Ongoing Sanitation Projects and Studies.....................................................83.3 Ha Long City Master Plan.................................................................................................93.4 Cam Pha Town Master Plan............................................................................................11

4 BASELINE DATA.........................................................................................................12

4.1 Location...........................................................................................................................124.2 Climate Conditions..........................................................................................................124.3 Topography and Soil Conditions.....................................................................................134.4 Flora and Fauna...............................................................................................................134.5 Sea and River Conditions................................................................................................154.5.1 Tide Regime.....................................................................................................................154.5.2 Sea Water Quality............................................................................................................154.5.3 River Water Quality.........................................................................................................164.5.4 Pollution Loads and Dilution Capacity according to Water Quality Models..................164.6 Population and Socio-economic Environment................................................................174.6.1 Population........................................................................................................................174.6.2 Health...............................................................................................................................184.6.3 Economic Structure.........................................................................................................184.6.4 Tourism............................................................................................................................19

5 DRAINAGE AND SANITATION STATUS...............................................................19

5.1 Drainage Areas and Capability of Drainage and Sewerage System in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha....................................................................................................................19

5.2 Flooding...........................................................................................................................201 Black & Veatch International


5.3 Wastewater Quality in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha...............................................21

6 ALTERNATIVES OF THE PROJECT......................................................................22

6.1 Without the Project Situation...........................................................................................226.2 Selection of the Location of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai...........................226.3 Selection of Alternatives of Wastewater Treatment in Hon Gai.....................................236.3.1 Wastewater Flow and Load Projections of Phase II........................................................236.3.2 Effluent Discharge Standards..........................................................................................256.3.3 Choice of Treatment Technology....................................................................................256.4 Selection of the Alternatives of Sewerage and Drainage Improvements in Hon Gai, Bai

Chay and Cam Pha...........................................................................................................28

7 IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS....................................................................29

7.1 General Impacts on Socio-Economy...............................................................................297.2 Impacts during Design and Construction........................................................................307.2.1 Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai.......................................................307.2.2 Impacts of Combined Sewers, Interceptor Sewers and Wastewater Pumping Stations in

Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha....................................................................................307.2.3 Impacts on Rehabilitation of Canals and Drains in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha and

Tidal Gates in Hon Gai....................................................................................................317.3 Impacts during Operation................................................................................................317.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant............................................................................................317.3.2 Sewerage System.............................................................................................................337.3.3 Drainage System..............................................................................................................33

PART 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8 MITIGATIONS MEASURES......................................................................................35

8.1 General.............................................................................................................................358.2 Mitigation Measures during Detailed Design..................................................................358.2.1 Generic Design Instructions............................................................................................358.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Instructions............................................................368.2.3 Drainage and Sewerage System Design Instructions......................................................368.3 Mitigation Measures during Construction Works...........................................................378.4 Mitigation Measures during Operation and Maintenance...............................................378.4.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant............................................................................................418.4.2 Drainage and Sewerage System.......................................................................................428.5 Summary of Mitigation Measures...................................................................................42

9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING.....................................44

9.1 Generic Environmental Monitoring during Construction and Operation........................449.2 Present Water Quality and Wastewater Quality Monitoring...........................................459.3 Water and Effluent Quality Monitoring of Phase II........................................................459.4 Monitoring of Flooding Areas.........................................................................................46

10 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING.....................................................47

2 Black & Veatch International


10.1 Overall Environmental Management...............................................................................4710.2 Training............................................................................................................................48

11 COST ESTIMATES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT...........................49

PART 3 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENTS AND CONSULTATION

12 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENTS AND CONSULTATION.............................................49

12.1 General.............................................................................................................................4912.2 Key principles..................................................................................................................4912.3 Disclosure........................................................................................................................4912.4 Public Consultation Meetings..........................................................................................48

13 environmental education and public hygiene awareness programme.............................49

AnnexesAnnex 1 Water Quality in Ha Long Bay Area 2002 – 2003 Annex 2 Estimated Pollution Loads according to the Previous Studies (ESSA, JICA)Annex 3 Project Performance Indicators of Phase I 2001 - 2003Annex 4 Wastewater Inflow and Load Mass Balance – Hon Gai Collector Sewer

CatchmentAnnex 5 Environmental Impacts of the Project ComponentsAnnex 6 Public Consultation DocumentsAnnex 7 Environmental Training MaterialAnnex 8 Approval of Phase II Feasibility Study

DrawingsDrawing 1 General layout of the proposed sewerage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-SW-

01)Drawing 2 General layout of the proposed drainage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-TTTN-

01)Drawing 3 Detailed locations of proposed drainage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-TN-01)Drawing 4 Detailed locations of proposed drainage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-TN-02)Drawing 5 Detailed locations of proposed drainage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-TN-03)Drawing 6 Detailed locations of proposed drainage system in Hon Gai Phase II (HG-TN-04)Drawing 7 Location of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Bai Muoi in Hon Gai (HG-WWTP-

01)Drawing 8 Proposed drainage system in Bai Chay in Phase II (BC-TN-01)Drawing 9 Proposed sewerage system in Bai Chay in Phase II (BC-TN-02)Drawing 10 General layout of the proposed drainage system in Cam Pha Phase II (CP-TN-04)Drawing 11 General layout of the proposed drainage system in Cam Pha Phase II (CP-TN-05)Drawing 12 General layout of the proposed drainage system in Cam Pha Phase II (CP-TN-06)Drawing 13 Flooding areas in Hon GaiDrawing 14 Flooding areas in Cam Pha



List of Abbreviations

Organisations

QNPPC Quang Ninh Province People’s CommitteeHa Long URENCO Ha Long Urban Environment CompanyCam Pha URENCO Cam Pha Urban Environment CompanyCMS Consulting Management ServicesMOC Ministry of ConstructionMOF Ministry of FinanceMPI Ministry of Planning and InvestmentMNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and EnvironmentDONRE Department of Natural Resources and EnvironmentPMU Project Management UnitTUPWS Transportation and Urban Public Works ServiceWB, the Bank The World BankNGO Nongovernmental organisation

Other

EIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanO&M Operation and Maintenance PIP Project Implementation PlanRAP Resettlement Action PlanPhuong ward



Executive Summary

Background of the Project

Consistent with Government strategy of developing the sanitation and drainage components of urban infrastructure in Vietnam in the period 2001 to 2010, Quang Ninh province is included in a three cities programme in World Bank funded sanitation project. The other two cities are Danang and Haiphong.

The first project formulation and feasibility study was done in 1995. Feasibility study for Phase I was completed in 1998 followed by detailed design and bid documentation. The tendered rates for the construction packages were lower than anticipated. In late 2002 the Ha Long City and Cam Pha Sanitation Project Management Unit (PMU) requested the World Bank approval to utilize unused funds for a second phase of improvement works. The funds would be used to expand on drainage, sanitation and wastewater treatment in accordance with the concept laid out in the Phase I feasibility study, as approved by the Government of Vietnam.

The feasibility study for the Phase II works was approved by the Quang Ninh People’s Committee on 22 April 2003, which included the location of the wastewater treatment plant at Deo Sen, Ha Khanh Ward, Hon Gai (see Annex 8).

Draft Environmental Impact Assessment for Additional Works was prepared during the detailed design phase of the Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage & Sanitation Project – Phase II in July – August 2004. The EIA report has been updated based on the comments in December 2004.

Scope and Objectives of the Phase II

The investment aim, as defined in the Decision from the Peoples Committee of Quang Ninh Province dated 22 April 2003 is to continuously invest in the drainage and wastewater systems, and solid waste management, to protect the environment from flooding and to improve the drainage and sanitation system.

More specifically, using funds remaining from the first phase, the objectives of the project are to:

Mitigate flood and inundation of areas of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town not covered under the Phase I works.

Provide significant reduction in pollution of the ocean waters of Hon Gai by intercepting and treating wastewater carried in the storm water drains in the central area of the city.

Further reduce the pollution of the Bai Chay coastline emanating from wastewater carried in storm water drains by increasing the length of interceptor sewers installed in Phase I.

Water Quality and Pollution Loads

According to the State Environmental Quality Report of Quang Ninh Province (2003) the coastal sea water quality of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town is directly influenced by domestic wastewater, port services and sea reclamations. However, the parameters like DO, BOD, turbidity, coliform, oil and grease, heavy metals, total nitrogen and total phosphorous meet the requirement limits of the standard TCVN 5943:1995. The water quality in Ha Long Bay area is rather clean, clear and unpolluted. The water quality around floating fish farming area is suitable for aquaculture.



The results according to the water quality model calculated in 1998 show that the dilution capacity of Ha Long Bay is very good. It can be estimated that dilution capacity with the proposed load is in Cua Luc Bay 8,570:1 and in Ha Long Bay 900,000:1. This is expected because of its connection with the Gulf of Tonkin. On the other hand, the dilution capacity of Cua Luc estuary (Bai Chay bay, Hon Gai Bay) is limited and is related in a large measure to the area of the estuary. If the bay is reduced, as seem to be happen, in size by reclamation, the dilution capacity will also be reduced, but is still very good compared to the discharged effluent volume.

Alternatives of the Project

The Phase II is the extension and finalisation of the ongoing Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and Sanitation Project Phase I and it is necessary to fulfil the scope of the project, which was proposed in the Phase I feasibility study in 1998. Without the Phase II there would be no wastewater collection and treatment in Hon Gai and intended improvements of living and hygienic conditions would not be reached. Without the project improvement of drainage system would not be completed in the extension to be agreed and flooding problems would be solved only partly and in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha.

The most important criteria in determining the best wastewater treatment plant site was agreed to be the number of houses requiring resettlement. This in turn necessitated the determination of the likely buffer zone around the site perimeter, based on Government regulations. The most appropriate standard is TCVN 7222:2002, and this dictates a 300m buffer zone in the case of open sludge treatment and a 210m buffer zone (a 30% reduction) in the case of closed sludge treatment. It also allows for a further 30% reduction (to 147m) in the event tree landscaping is provided around the WWTP site perimeter. The local authorities have approved the location of wastewater treatment plant in Bai Muoi in Hon Gai.

SBR (Seqvencing Bacth Reactor) has been selected for the wastewater treatment process and the process has been designed to meet the Vietnamese standards TCVN 6987:2001 and TCVN 7222:2002. The removal efficiency of BOD, suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorous would be 70 – 90 %. The quality of the effluent after treatment is calculated to be as follows: BOD 20 – 30 mg/l, SS 30 mg/l, total N 5 mg/l, total P 2 mg/l. Effluent from the wastewater treatment plant will be discharged to the nearby large drainage channel, which discharges to the sea through the new coastal urban development area. Due to the self-purification mechanism starting in discharge channel and continuing in the sea, the pollutants are easily diluted and decomposed, which further mitigates the impacts on water quality in Cua Luc Bay and Ha Long Bay.

Environmental Impacts

General

The main impacts in the proposed project area will mainly affect the human and aquatic environment, in lesser amount the atmospheric and terrestrial environment. The atmospheric and terrestrial impacts are mainly temporary during construction and rehabilitation and therefore of short duration. Possible negative impacts on air quality from operation of wastewater treatment plant can be minimised through mitigation measures. The overall impacts of the project are positive and are very important step in improving sanitation situation in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town.



The improvement of urban sanitation, which is currently badly hampered by frequent flooding, towards a clean and healthy environment for the population of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town as well as the numerous domestic and international tourist visiting the area is essential. The overall impact of the on going project and the proposed additional works is positive and it is an important step in improvement of sanitation in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town. The Phase II Project includes additional works to the first sanitation project aiming at the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the city.

Improvement of the wastewater collection and treatment in Hon Gai and prevention of flooding in low-lying areas in Hon Gai and Cam Pha will improve considerably the living and environmental conditions in the project area. However, untreated wastewater will partly still flow in the open channels, which cross the residential areas. The negative impacts of untreated wastewater are mainly concentrated in the city area. The discharge of untreated wastewater to the sea will continue the contamination of the sea water. However, the concentrations of contaminants will be diluted by the large amount of seawater.

The water use will increase in the city (new water connections, more household facilities, conversion from bucket latrines to flush toilets, etc.), which will increase wastewater amounts. This shall be taken into account in the designs and in dimensioning the improvements in flood prevention. The installation and regular desludging of septic tanks connected to sewers will improve the wastewater quality.

On any of the proposed construction sites there are no cultural properties, historical places or buildings or other structures, which should be protected.

All the excavated material is normal soil and there is no need for treatment of this material.

Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai

The wastewater treatment plant will be constructed in Bai Muoi on the vicinity of Deo Sen landfill, Deo Sen cemetary and mining quarry, where the original landscape has been already changed. On the proposed construction site there are fish ponds which need dewatering and land reclamation before construction. Separate socio-economic and detailed measurement survey will be done for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan.

During the dewatering and filling there will be noise from pumps, and an increase in channel water turbidity due to pumping, this can be minimised with avoiding mixing of sediment and using stabilisation pond. The pond can be dewatered through existing channel to Cua Luc Estuary on the other side of the road.

During the construction of the wastewater treatment plant the traffic will increase due to the transportation of excavated material and construction equipment and materials. The excavated material is normal soil and there is no need for treatment. Working should be avoided during night from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. The maximum permitted noise level in public and residential areas is given in Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998.

Construction of some structures might need piling, which will temporarily cause an increase of noise in the vicinity of the construction sites.

Sewerage and Drainage System



Sewers will be constructed in street areas and there is no need for site-clearance and resettlement. However, some temporary disturbance might be caused to businesses along the streets during the excavation of sewer trenches. Pumping stations are constructed next to the streets and in some places some site clearance might be needed, if there is not enough vacant land available.

Most of the rehabilitation of channels will occur on the ends of channels, but some parts of the channels or whole channels are located along narrow alleys where it is difficult to use any machines, and only manual methods can be used. Some channels or part of channels to be rehabilitated are located under houses or other structures, and this will cause some difficulties both for rehabilitation and for people living next to the channels. Site clearance might be needed in some areas. A detailed survey will be done for the Resettlement Action Plan.

There will be temporary nuisance to traffic and traffic congestion is possible due to the construction. On highway 18 and Hau Can Road in Bai Chay there might be some disturbance for tourist transportation. The traffic will increase due to the transportation of equipment, pipes and excavated material. Dust and noise will increase temporarily in the vicinity of construction sites. Open trenches might be dangerous if not marked and identified carefully.

Impacts during Operation

The capacity of the wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai is 7,000 m3/d and the capacity can be increased later to 14,000 m3/d. The wastewater treatment plant is necessary first step to treat the wastewaters in the densely populated Hon Gai area.

In general the positive impact of the wastewater treatment is the decrease of pollution load to the environment and especially to the sea. Wastewater treatment plant will guarantee from its part that the pollution load to the sea will not at least increase due to the possible increased wastewater quantity. Wastewater treatment will have positive impact on the hygienic situation, decrease the risk of water related diseases, and thus improve the living conditions of the people. The decreased pollution load to the sea will improve the living conditions for aquatic life and therefore improve the fishing catches.

Nowadays both rainwater and wastewater is discharged into the combined system. Sections of the channels have collapsed and are blocked by solid waste and O&M is neglected, all of which decreases the flow. After the rehabilitation the flow will increase and there will be no stagnant water.

Wastewater flow in open channels will decrease when wastewater is collected through the new interceptor sewer pipes to be constructed in Hon Gai. This will also decrease the discharge of untreated wastewater to the sea. In the dry season all wastewater will be treated at the wastewater treatment plant. The foul odour in the vicinity of channels will decrease and the risk of water related health problems will also decrease due to the improved sanitation situation.

Breakdowns in wastewater pumping might cause serious environmental risks if there are no spare pumps, electricity supply or enough capacity in the system.

Mitigation Measures

Environmental matters shall be integrated in all the design work and planning of the project. The designing shall be done by minimising the adverse impacts on environment using as much as possible existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the



disturbance to environment, people and existing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way should be used rather than create new ones.

Location of the wastewater treatment plant has been selected in co-operation with the local authorities paying attention to the approved master plan and the present and future land use. Densely populated areas have been avoided to minimise the resettlement. On the proposed construction site there are no cultural properties, historical places or buildings or other structures, which should be protected. Buffer zones should be designed around the wastewater treatment plant according to the standards TCVN 7222:2002.

Very special attention has to be paid to the strengthening of the management system and long-term O&M training since in practice these will be the weak points, and might put the whole system at risk if not arranged carefully. SBR (Sequencing batch reactor) as the treatment method needs trained staff to operate. If the given and agreed O&M guidelines are neglected the wastewater treatment plant can cause big environmental problems when all wastewater is discharged from one outlet instead of several and the local impact might be significant.

Handling of sludge has to be done according to the given guidelines. If gravity thickened sludge will be transported to final treatment to Deo Sen septage treatment facility the transportation has to be done in closed tankers and only to the agreed treatment facility. Spillages have to be avoided during loading, transportation and unloading of sludge. Special attention has to be paid to occupational health and to training of workers to avoid direct contact with wastewater and sludge. Protective clothing including overalls, gloves and wellingtons has to be provided to workers.

In the operation and maintenance of drainage and sewerage system has to be considered regular inspection of the condition of sewerage and drainage system. Solid waste disposal into drains, sewers, channels and sea has to be prevented to keep the drains and sewers open. Illegal housing in the channel embankments has to be prevented. In all operation and maintenance operational and safety standards have to be followed.

Summary of Mitigation MeasuresPhase Main mitigation measures Responsible

organisationDesign - International and Vietnamese design criteria and standards to be used

- Wastewater treatment plant, sewers and pumping stations designed so that need for resettlement is minimised

- Works designed to implemented during dry season

Design ConsultantDesign Consultant

Construction - Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

- Appropriate working methods shall be followed- Sites shall be kept clean and safe during and after the work- Safety and health regulations shall be strictly followed - Protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential- Transportation shall be minimised and routes selected to avoid public nuisance- Transportation during rush hours and night shall be avoided- Tight and proper equipment to transport sludge shall be used to avoid accidental

spills and odour nuisances - Excavated material has to be transported only to the agreed tip sites- Construction sites and time shall be informed to the local people in advance

Contractor

ContractorContractorContractorContractor

ContractorContractorContractor

ContractorPMU

O&M - Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

- Appropriate working methods shall be adopted and followed- Sites shall be kept clean and safe during and after the work

Ha Long URENCO,Cam Pha URENCO



- Safety and health regulations shall be strictly followed - Protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential- Transportation shall be minimised and routes selected to avoid public nuisance- Transportation during rush hours and nights shall be avoided- Tight and proper equipment to transport thickened sludge shall be used to avoid

accidental spills and odour nuisances. Unloading only to the agreed treatment facility

Monitoring

Vietnam: Three Cities Sanitation Project – Quang Ninh Sub-Project (Phase I Project) takes wastewater samples twice per year from sewers No. 13 and 21 in Bay Chay, from sewer No. 11 in Hon Gai and sewer No.5 in Cam Pha. The parameters to be analysed are BOD5, total suspended solids and coliform bacteria.

From Bai Muoi wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai would be analysed the process and effluent quality at the discharging point to the open channel discharging to the sea. Due to the several other pollution sources to the channel and especially to the sea it is not possible to separate the impact of effluent from the impact of other load sources, therefore no analysing point from Cua Luc Bay, which is recipient water body, is proposed. Wastewater treatment process will be analysed daily and effluent samples will be taken four times per year.

Monitoring of Bui Muoi Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai

Sampling Point Frequency ParametersWastewater treatment ponds Daily On-site: Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperatureTreated wastewater at discharging point to the channel

4 / year On-site: Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature

Treated wastewater at discharging point to the channel

4 / year Laboratory: BOD5, COD, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, faecal coliform

In Bai Chay there is no need to have additional sampling points because there are already now two sampling points for Phase I in the project area. In Cam Pha one sampling point would be added to Km 8 Stream and one sampling point to Eastern of Mechanical Enterprise Stream. Samples will be taken twice per year after the construction.

Monitoring of the flooding areas is proposed to be done in the same way than in Phase I. In Phase is proposed to have the following flooding monitoring areas in Hon Gai: Cau 2 Channel (Cao Xanh ward), Dong Thanh Channel (Cao Thang ward), Ha Lam Channel (Ha Lam ward) and Technical Construction College (Hong Hai ward); and in Cam Pha: Cam Thach market (Cam Thach ward, Western of Mechanical Enterprise (Cam Phu ward), Bridge No. 6 (Cam Phu ward), Thanh Nien Mining Enterprise (Cam Phu ward) and Quang Hanh area.

All reporting of Phase II will be done in the same way than in Phase I including semi-annual Report to WB, monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractors and all other relevant reports already in use.

Institutional Development

Organisation responsible for Ha Long and Cam Pha Sanitation and Drainage Project is Ha Long URENCO on the behalf of Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO according to the decision of QNPPC 300/QD-UB 3.2.1999. Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO as the statutory providers of the sector services in Ha Long and Cam Pha will be implementing agencies of the Project, advised and supervised by Quang Ninh Province People’s Committee



(QNPPC) and municipal People’s Committees. For practical day-to-day work of this Project URENCOs have set up a Project Management Unit (PMU).

PMU, Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO shall pay attention to protection of environment and implement EMP during construction. PMU shall observe and follow resettlement rules and pay resettlement compensations on the behalf of the companies. Technical assistance will be used to improve management systems.

Public Involvement and Consultation

The World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP 4.01) on Environmental Impact Assessment requires that affected groups and local NGOs to be informed and consulted as a part of the EIA preparation during at least two stages of the EIA-process: shortly after the EA category has been assigned and after the draft EIA-report has been prepared. Proper consultation is a requirement for EIA category A projects. Participation should be enabled during project preparation under certain conditions and is generally recommended as part of implementation. Projects that require involuntary resettlement (OP 4.30), consultation on social issues should be included.

The Vietnamese version of the executive summary of draft EIA report was disclosed in all phuongs including to the project from August 2004. At the same time the full text of the draft EIA report was available at PMU office and informed to the project affected households. The final EA documents will be disclosed in InfoShop and VDIC at the World Bank office in Hanoi.

The first public consultation meeting was arranged already on 24 April 1998 in Ha Khanh ward People’s Committee. However, the wastewater treatment plant for Hon Gai was not implemented during the Phase I of the project.

The second public consultation meeting for wastewater treatment plant was organised on 3 August 2004 and there were representatives from Ha Khanh, Hong Gai and Bach Dang wards from where the wastewater is collected and where the wastewater treatment plant will be located. There were totally eight participants. In the meeting the participants agreed the location of the wastewater treatment plant, but wanted to have proper mitigation measures to prevent the negative impacts caused by the wastewater treatment plant, e.g. buffer zone around the site. Resettlement and site clearance issues were also discussed.

The public consultation for sewerage and drainage component in Bai Chay and Hon Gai was organised on 30 November 2004 and there were representatives from Hong Hai, Cao Thang, Tran Hung Dao, Yet Kieu and Bai Chay wards. There were totally nine participants. In the meeting the participants supported the sewerage and drainage construction because it will decrease the flooding problems and improve environmental condition. The participants noticed that impacts during construction are obvious and requested that construction regulations and mitigation measures should be strictly followed. The representatives of the wards fully agreed to support and co-operate with PMU in the implementation of the project.

The public consultation for drainage component in Cam Pha was organised on 1 December 2004 and there were representatives from Cam Thinh, Cam Phu, Cam Son, Cam Thach and Quang Hanh wards. There were totally ten participants. In the meeting the participants made practical proposals for the design how to improve the streams in their wards. The participants fully supported the project because it will reduce the flooding problems in the area. The participants also proposed to speed up the construction. In addition during the RAP



consultation meeting arranged on 3 December 2004 have been informed and discussed the environmental issues with the project affected people. There were 23 severely project affected people and representatives of the communes. The PAPs wanted that the appropriate boundaries of the buffer zone around the wastewater treatment plant should be identified to minimise the possible adverse impacts

For environmental education and hygiene awareness it is recommended in the Phase II to continue the group training method, which results are already noticed to be good and effective. Women’s Unions would be the correct facilitators, because they have already experience from the Phase I to run the training on group level. Actually Women’s Unions have already made proposal to continue the training. Community participation and environmental training of Phase I already covers the central areas of the project area and therefore it is recommended to have environmental awareness campaign in those areas which have not got any training until now.



PART 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT



1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Background of the Project

Consistent with Government strategy of developing the sanitation and drainage components of urban infrastructure in Vietnam in the period 2001 to 2010, Quang Ninh province is included in a three cities programme in World Bank funded sanitation project. The other two cities are Danang and Haiphong.

The first project formulation and feasibility study was done in 1995. Feasibility study for Phase I was completed in 1998 followed by detailed design and bid documentation. The tendered rates for the construction packages were lower than anticipated. In late 2002 the Ha Long City and Cam Pha Sanitation Project Management Unit (PMU) requested the World Bank approval to utilize unused funds for a second phase of improvement works. The funds would be used to expand on drainage, sanitation and wastewater treatment in accordance with the concept laid out in the Phase I feasibility study, as approved by the Government of Vietnam.

1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project

The 1998 published EIA-study was divided into two separate reports: Volume IIIA – EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites and Volume IIIB – EIA for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System. Separate Environmental Management Reports have been prepared for Proposed Landfill Sites (IIIC) and Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System (IIID). A common Environmental Assessment Summary (IIIE) has also been prepared.

The EIA Study for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System was based on:

collection of background data in situ in Vietnam and updating data from previous EIAs in Vietnam;

review documents and project overview; review of the documents of other environmental studies in Halong Bay area, e.g. Ha Long

Bay Environmental Pollution Study and The Study on Environmental Management for Ha Long Bay;

site visits and preliminary assessment of wastewater treatment plant sites at Bai Chay (7 sites), Hon Gai (14 sites) and Cam Pha (6 sites);

biological-ecological and socio-economic surveys in Bai Chay (Cai Dam and Vuon Dao) and Hon Gai (Cua Luc shoreline in Yet Kieu) which were included in the earlier report (A Biological Study for the EIAs for three Landfills and three Wastewater Treatment Plant Sites in Halong City, Socio-economic Survey Data, and Summary of Results of Household Surveys in areas surrounding the proposed Yet Kieu – Bai Chay- Hung Thang wastewater treatment plant sites);

site visits to the proposed areas in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha; Feasibility study and EIA of the recently constructed municipal wastewater treatment

plant in Bai Chay Public hearings in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha, analysis of existing data

The following steps were taken in producing this environmental assessment report:



analyse and specify environmental effects on the physical, biological and human environment caused by the location, rehabilitation, construction and operation of drainage channels, sewers and wastewater treatment plans in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha;

examine the existing environmental policy and legislation concerning the project; examine the positive and negative impacts and their significance; propose appropriate mitigative measures and recommendations for adverse effects of the

proposed project; examine the need of possible further investigations; propose a monitoring plan; define the costs and financing of mitigation and monitoring; assess and propose possible institutional and training needs; provide general information regarding the project for local authorities and the public

Public consultation with parties potentially affected by the project has been an integral part of the environmental assessment methodology. It has provided baseline information; has assisted in the identification of issues requiring resolution; and has established a mechanism for constructive exchange of information between the proponent and local residents. The consultation process followed in this environmental assessment; the results obtained to date; and future plans for this ongoing program.

A land acquisition and compensation plan was presented in a separate Resettlement Action Plan report.

1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and Sanitation Project – Phase II

Draft Environmental Impact Assessment for Additional Works was prepared during the detailed design phase of the Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage & Sanitation Project – Phase II in July – August 2004. The EIA report has been updated based on the comments in December 2004.

This Environmental Impact Assessment is based on the following:

Sanitation Feasibility Study, Annex 1 On-Site Sanitation, Ha Long City Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Kampsax International for Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Danida, April 1998

Sanitation Feasibility Study, Annex 2 Sewerage and Drainage Component, Ha Long City Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Kampsax International for Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Danida, April 1998

Sanitation Feasibility Study, Annex 3 Discussion of WWTP Options, Ha Long City Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Kampsax International for Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Danida, April 1998

Sanitation Feasibility Study, Volume I Main Report, Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Kampsax International for Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Danida, August 1998

Preliminary Design Report Drainage and Sewerage Annexes Volume IIA, Halong City and Cam Pha Drainage and Sanitation Project, Kampsax International August 1999

EIA for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System Volume IIIB, Kampsax International for Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Danida, December 1998

Feasibility Study Ha Long City and Cam Pha Drainage and Sanitation Project (Using Surplus Funds from [Phase I] Bidding), VIWASE for Quang Ninh Provincial Peoples Committee, February 2003



State Environmental Reports of Quang Ninh Province, Quang Ninh DONRE 2002, 2003 Environmental Law 1993 and Decree 175 1994, updated 2004 Vietnamese Environmental Standards, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 MOSTE Site visits Discussions with DONRE, PMU and Additional Works design team Review of documents and project overview

1.4 Background, Objectives, Location and Scope of the Work of Additional Work in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

The investment aim, as defined in the Decision from the Peoples Committee of Quang Ninh Province dated 22 April 2003 is to continuously invest in the drainage and wastewater systems, and solid waste management, to protect the environment from flooding and to improve the drainage and sanitation system.

More specifically, using funds remaining from the first phase, the objectives of the project are to:

Mitigate flood and inundation of areas of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town not covered under the Phase I works.

Provide significant reduction in pollution of the ocean waters of Hon Gai by intercepting and treating wastewater carried in the storm water drains in the central area of the city.

Further reduce the pollution of the Bai Chay coastline emanating from wastewater carried in storm water drains by increasing the length of interceptor sewers installed in Phase I.

The following table gives the scope of works. Locations of the project area and works are presented in Drawings 1 to 12.

Table 1.1 Scope of Works

Location Items of Work QuantityHon Gai Wastewater treatment plant (SBR) and access road in Bai Muoi area to

meet standard TCVN 7222:2002 and TCVN 6987:2001 (Drawing 7)7,113 m3/d

Combined sewers and interceptors with diameters from 300 to 800mm including storm overflow chambers (Drawing 1)

10,000 m

Sewerage pumping main with diameters from 100 to 500mm (Drawing 1)

3,470 m

Wastewater sewers with diameters from 150 to 200mm (Drawing 1) 12,000 mWastewater pumping stations with capacities from 630 to 7000m3/day (Drawing 1)

8

Rehabilitation and construction of tidal gates (Drawing 1) 1Rehabilitation of canals and drains (Drawings 2 - 6) 3,910 m

Bai Chay Combined sewers with diameters from 150 to 300mm (Drawing 9) 2,500 mRehabilitation of streams (Drawing 8) 1,370 m

Cam Pha Rehabilitation of streams (Drawings 10 – 12) 9,250 mProcurement Trucks with cranes to dredge streams 3 of Equipment Boats to collect solid waste from the sea 2

Mobile WC's 7

In Bai Chay and Cam Pha the rehabilitation of drains will be mainly forming lined drainage channels from existing streams. In Hon Gai there will be making some new drains, enlarging some drainage channels and lining some streams. The preliminary rough estimation of total volume of sludge and excavated earth would be about 10,700 m3, of which should be transported to the landfill about 6,300 m3, the rest about 4,400 m3 could be used as i.e. backfilling material.



Table 1.2 Estimated amount of the material to be dredged

Location Length (m) Total volume of sludge and excavated earth (m3)

Volume of dredged sludge to be transported to landfill (m3)

Volume of dredged sludge and earth which can be used as backfilling (m3)

HON GAI DRAINAGE SYSTEMCao Thang area 300 300 300Ha Lam area 400 400 400Nguyen Van Cu area 500 500 500Dong Thanh area 250 250 250Cau 2 channel (only lining) 500 -Cau 3 channel (only lining) 150 -Total 2,300 1,450 1,450BAI CHAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMProvincial Union Stream (no. 12) (only lining)

400 -

Nha Tron Stream (no. 16) (only lining) 300 -Dia Chat Stream (no.19) (only lining) 670 -Total 1,370CAM PHA DRAINAGEEastern of Mechanical Enterprise 1,050 1,050 500 550Western of Mechanical Enterprise 1,100 1,100 550 550Bridge No.6 at km 154 950 950 400 550Bridge No.4 300 300 300Thanh Nien Mining Enterprise 770 770 770Cam Son Market 250 250 250Bridge No.3 700 700 700Cay Si 780 780 390 390Km No. 6 960 960 480 480Ha Giang Mining Enterprise Km No.7 530 530 260 270Km No. 8 500 500 250 250R.C channel to Goat Mountain 600 600 600Km No.12 760 760 760Total 9,250 9,250 4,850 4,400Grand total 12,920 10,700 6,300 4,400

In Hon Gai there will be interception and treatment of about 45 % of the estimated total generated dry weather wastewater. The surplus will be diverted to drains at each of the eight pumping stations and discharged to the sea.

1.5 Implementation Schedule

The bidding is planned to be started in the year 2004 and the construction is planned to be started in 2005 and to be completed in the year 2006.



2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION

2.1 Environmental Management

The National Assembly approved the government’s proposal to create the Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) by decision 02/2002/QH11 on August 5, 2002. Decree No 86/2002/ND-CP on November 5, 2002 provides in general functions, tasks, powers and organisation structure of the ministry and ministerial agencies. Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP on the functions, tasks, powers and organisational structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment was promulgated on November 11, 2002. The new ministry will co-operate with the General Department of Land Administration, the General Hydro-Meteorology Department and environmental offices that now operate under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

MONRE is the government body to exercise the state function of management over the land, water resources, minerals, environment, meteorology, hydrogeography, measuring and mapping in the national scope; exercise the governance over the public services and represent the owner of state capital in enterprises using state budgets relating to natural resources of land, water, minerals, environment, meteorology, hydro-geography, measuring and mapping in accordance with the legislation.

Concerning the environment the tasks and powers are as follows:

Direct and supervise the implementation of the regulations and measures for the protection of the environment, the programs and projects on the prevention of combat and overcoming the degradation and pollution, environmental break-down as assigned by the government

Uniformly manage the national environmental monitoring system; summarise and process data from environmental monitoring and regularly assess the environment; forecast the environmental changes

Appraise the environmental impact assessment reports of the projects and business and production units; regulate environmental standards and uniformly manage the licensing, restoring the environmental standards satisfied certificates according to the regulations of the laws;

Mobilise the donor resources, receive the investment capital from the State to support programmes, projects, activities and tasks to protect the environment and manage the utilization of Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund.

On the provincial level DONRE is the legal body with responsibility for environmental regulation. DONRE has the overall responsibility that the Vietnamese environmental regulations are followed during the construction. DONRE carries out environmental monitoring as follows:

Inspect execution of regulations, norms of the prevention and overcoming of environmental degradation caused by the pollution and environmental problems during the project implementation

Co-operate with the PMU to inspect execution of relevant environmental law, regulations and standards to be followed

Determine and report all environmental pollution and problems, which occur in project area and submit the inspection report to the People’s Committee for consideration and decision



On the project level PMU has the main responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of the EMP and will ensure that the necessary sampling, analysing and reporting is carried out. PMU follows that the contractors will follow and implement the mitigation measures and monitoring mentioned in EMP. PMU will submit all monitoring reports to DONRE.

2.2 Environmental Law, Decree and Standards

In Vietnam, the basic national environmental policy is based on the Law on Organisation of the Government (September 30, 1992), the Law on Environmental Protection (December 27, 1993) and the Decree No. 175-CP (October 18, 1994).

According to the Decree 91/2002/ND-CP under MONRE has been established among many other departments Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal department. The EIA can, however, be appraised by the local DONRE based on their knowledge of local conditions and further be delivered to PC for approval, if delegated so by MONRE. There are no specific stipulations in the law and decree concerning the approval of EMP.

MOSTE has published in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 Vietnamese Environmental Standards, and standardisation work is in progress. From now on MONRE will continue the standardisation work. In such cases, where the applicable Vietnamese standard is inadequate, not regulated or applicable, project agencies must obtain MONRE’s approval for the use of equivalent standards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment to Vietnam, or apply equivalent standard from a third country.

The most relevant environmental related laws, standards and regulations are listed as follows:

Table 2.1 Vietnamese environmental standards (MOSTE 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002)

Number of standard Name of standardTCVN 5998:1995 Guidance on sampling on marine waters (ISO 5667-9:1992)TCVN 5999:1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10:1992)TCVN 5298:1995 Requirements to the use of wastewater and their sludge for watering and

fertilising purposeTCVN 5524:1995 General requirements for protecting surface water against pollutionTCVN 5525:1995 General requirements for protection of underground waterTCVN 5943:1995 Water quality – Coastal water quality standardTCVN 5945:1995 Industrial wastewater – Discharge standardsTCVN 6986:2001 Water quality – Standards for industrial effluents discharged into coastal

waters using for protection of aquatic lifeTCVN 6987:2001 Water quality – Standards for industrial effluents discharged into coastal

waters using for water sports and recreationTCVN 7222:2002 Water quality – General environmental requirements for central domestic

(municipal) wastewater treatment plants TCVN 5937:1995 - 5940:1995

Monitoring system for the air quality

TCVN 5948:1999 Allowed limitation values for road motor vehicle noiseTCVN 5949:1998 Allowed limitation values for noise in public and residential areasTCVN 6962:2001 Vibration and shock – Vibration emitted by construction works and

factories – Maximum permitted levels in the environment of public and residential areas

The standard TCVN 5298:1995 defines the requirements for use of wastewater and sludge for watering and fertilising purposes. According to the requirements in the standard, the wastewater



and sludge should not content any harmful and toxic matters and the sludge can only be used for fertilising purposes after treatment of toxic matters.

2.3 World Bank Guidelines

The environmental impact assessment study for the sanitation project was designed to evaluate its status with respect to all applicable World Bank environmental and social policies and guidelines.

During the EA process for this project, a review of World Bank environmental and social policies was carried out with respect to their relevance to this project. The policies directly relevant to this project are Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Cultural Property (OP 4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.30). The specific World Bank guidelines that were identified as being applicable to this project are Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I and II (1991) and Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1997.

For all Category A projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their vies into account. For Category A projects, the borrower consults these groups at least twice: shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA is finalised; and once the draft EA report is prepared.

For meaningful consultations between the borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs on all Category A projects for IBRD or IDA financing, the borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.

For a Category A project, the borrower provides for the initial consultation a summary of the proposed project’s objectives, description, and potential impacts; for consultation after the draft EA report is prepared, the borrower provides a summary of the EA’s conclusions. In addition, for a Category A project, the borrower makes draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs.

Once the borrower officially transmits the Category A EA Report to the Bank, the Bank distributes the summary (in English) to the executive directors (EDs) and makes the report available through its InfoShop. If the borrower objects to the Bank’s releasing an EA report through its InfoShop, Bank staff (a) do not continue processing an IDA project or (b) for IBRD project, submit the issue of further processing to the EDs.



3 BACKGROUND

3.1 Environmental Setting

The environmentally sensitive subjects in the project area are: coal mining activities in Cam Pha, sewerage and drainage discharge in Ha Long Bay, shipping, and raw water sources.

The coal mining activities in Cam Pha have a significant environmental impact on the environment. The open-pit mining produces coal dust and tailings. These are generally tipped over the mountain escarpment facing the township. There is no buffer zone between the mining site and the township and the rainwater carries coal dust down towards the township. The coal dust settles all over and blocks the drains and channels. Coal dust and coal particles contaminate the shoreline, offshore waters and bottom sediments thus damaging shoreline terrestrial and aquatic habitats, particularly the coral reefs. Large quantities of sulphur dioxide are released into the air and water bodies causing acidification. Coal mining causes also deforestation and land destruction, thus increasing erosion, surface runoff and lowering of groundwater levels. The large barren areas that are left without any landscaping after mining activities destroy the area’s natural scenic beauty. Coal dust and inadequate mine safety increases health hazards.

The provincial administration is conscious of the negative environmental impact of the coal industry and its conflict with the tourist development. Processing and shipment of coal has been moved from Han Gai to Cam Pha, and the harbour presently used for coal shipment has been changed to cater for passenger ships. It has been decided to encourage only underground mining in the Hon Gai area in order to minimise the dust problems.

Discharge of untreated wastewater and solid waste into the channels, natural streams and the sea causes deterioration of the bay water quality and affects fishing and tourism activities. Deterioration of bay water quality is a health risk both for bathers and seafood consumers.

Sea traffic and harbour activities increase the risk of pollution. At present there is no bilge water collection system, and in spite of existing regulations all vessels throw garbage and bilge water into the sea causing serious pollution. As a result the harbour areas are very dirty and there is often a visible oil film in the water.

There are several rivers both large and small discharging into Cua Luc estuary and Ha Long bay bringing large amounts of suspended solids from upstream areas. Non-point source pollution provides a large contribution to the overall pollution load in this area.

3.2 Previous and Ongoing Sanitation Projects and Studies

Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank financed water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities of Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang and, in Quang Ninh province, Ha Long City and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) provided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component including in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to define a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage and sanitation services.

The objectives of the Phase I of the project, which cover Ha Long City (Bai Chay and Hon Gai) and Cam Pha were to:

improve environmental conditions in the urban areas



help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has ben designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO

encourage economic growth reduce flooding promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient customer-oriented

organisations

The Phase I project includes measures for rehabilitation and extension of the drainage system; installation of new collector sewers; limited installation of new separate sewers in the centre of Bai Chay; wastewater treatment, septage collection and treatment in Bai Chay; the construction of septage treatment facilities in Hon Gai and Cam Pha; organisation of community awareness participatory programme in environmental issues; and improvement of on-site sanitation facilities in Hon Gai and Cam Pha through the provision of credit for septic tanks.

The construction phase, commenced in 2000, is expected to b completed by the end of 2004.

3.3 Ha Long City Master Plan

Land Use

According to the new Ha Long City Master Plan 2020 development target for Ha Long City is to develop infrastructure and other facilities and reserve land for construction to ensure the development of ecotourism. Target of the spatial development is to develop at the same time industrial areas, buffer zones, and residential and tourism areas focusing on two basic structural systems in the area namely sea and mountains.

Urban spatial development orientation of Ha Long City according to approved master plan to 2020 can be summarized as below:

1. The former centre (Eastern Hon Gai): Provincial centre for administration and public services like post office, hospital, stadium etc.

2. The Southern and Western-Northern sea encroachment areas: Area for comprehensive development and close structural management of infrastructure system. The sea encroachment of urban zones in the Western-Northern direction of Cua Luc estuary need to be limited in order to protect mangrove forests and tidal expanses to avoid effect to natural environment, minimize impacts on river currents flowing to the estuary and avoid changing the narrow passage of Cai Lan port.

3. Bai Chay area: The highest priority is development of tourism and tourism services4. The North of Western Hon Gai: Modern industrial zones and ports and therefore this area

needs close management of development plans and environment protection.5. Expanded urban areas: Reserve for residential areas near centre 6. Natural reserves, national forests and cultural and historical sites: Development belongs to

Ordinance of Vestige and Landscape Protection as well as Ordinance and International Convention of Heritage Protection

7. Development reservation area: Areas on the hills and mountains, which can used for construction, the reasonable sea encroachment areas and some satellite urban areas in order to meet the requirements in the situation of high growth of population.

8. Central public areas: Areas for services, tourism, industry and urban residence 9. Satellite urban areas: Preparation for three new urban areas: An ecotourism urban area at

Hoanh Bo with capacity of 50,000 habitants and two urban areas at Bieu Nghi and Hoang



Tan. These areas have business centres, tourism services, sport parks, mangrove forest reservations etc. There is also reservation to construct an international airport.

10. Peripheral buffer zones: Zones surrounding city including forests, limestone mountains,

hills and coastal mangrove forests. These ecosystems surrounding the city and need to be protected.

Water Supply

STT Type of demand Norm of water supply Demand of water supply (m3/day)

2010 2020 2010 20201 Domestic 110 l/capita/day 150 l/capita/day 25,600 60,3002 Public 10% of

domestic use10% of

domestic use2,560 6,030

3 Plant and street watering 8% of domestic use

10% of domestic use

2,000 6,030

4 Tourism 400 l/capita/day 400 l/capita/day 3,600 7,2005 Industry 40 m3/ha/day 40 m3/ha/day 26,000 35,0006 Leakage & preservation 30%Q15 30%Q15 18,000 28,6007 Water treatment plant 5%Q16 5%Q16 3,900 7,000

Total 81,660 150,160Rounding 90,000 150,000

Water sources are up to 2020 Cao Van lake, Thac Nhong dam, Yen Lap lake, Man river dam and Luong Ky lake.

The sewerage system will be combined including interceptor sewers, pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants. Wastewater treatment has been planned as follows:

Domestic wastewater: Lagoon systems for treatment priority usage to safe costs Hospital wastewater: Each hospital has a WWTP Industrial wastewater: Each IZ has a WWTP, each plant located outside IZ has a WWTP Effluent Discharge Standard: Meet the requirement in level A, TCVN 5942:1995 (Note:

TCVN 5942: 995 is standard for surface water quality, not Effluent Discharge Standard)

Investment demand for wastewater treatment:

No Category Quantity NoteA Domestic wastewater1 Pipelines 100 5002 Pump stations 45 stations Capacity 360 10.680 m3/day3 WWTP 20 plants Capacity 400 21.000 m3/dayB Industrial wastewater4 Pipelines 100 3005 Pump stations 8 stations6 WWTP 6 plants Capacity 760 7560 m3/day

Two complex solid waste treatment plants with capacity of 450 tons/day (Eastern Cua Luc) and 300 tons/day (Western Cua Luc) are planned.

3.4 Cam Pha Town Master Plan

Land Use



The development of coal mine industry and commercial and services activities are especially important in Cam Pha Town. Urbanization of the town shall mainly concentrate on area along road 18 and new expansion urban areas planned from road 18 to the sea. Residential areas are divided into three main areas:

Area 1 : Including wards in old town, from KM6 to bridge No 1 Area 2 : Including new wards in Eastern part of the town such as Cam Thinh, Cam Son,

Cam Phu Area 3 : New area in the Western part of the town up to Deo But in Quang Hanh

Water Supply and Drainage

Standard norm of water supply in the first stage:130 l/capita/day Long term water supply standard: 170 l/capita/day Plan to build a separate drainage system. Wastewater from households will be discharged

into secondary drainage leading to interceptor and then to the WWTP Flow of domestic wastewater in old Cam Pha town is 18,000m3/day

Environment protection plan in coal mine area (Source: Project coded 52-05-05 of the Ministry of Energy)

There should be appropriate plan on locations for cinder and soil discharge to prevent impact on residential areas. It is necessary to plant trees on buffer zones to prevent dust spreading.

To protect Dien Vong water treatment plant it is necessary to survey sedimentation of the reservoir and study solutions to improve quality of water in the Dien Vong River. It is important to have vegetated buffer zone especially around Dien Vong and Cao Van reservoirs.

Treatment of water from coal mine areas: pH level of leachate is 2.5-6 and it is necessary to add lime into water. High level of ammoniac is proposed to be treated by lime and aeration.

Trees and grass should be planted in new cinder and soil disposal sites to prevent dust and erosion. Tree plantation is needed to create buffer zone for protection of residential areas.

Dust from road is prevented by tarmac the roads and increasing road watering. If sea water is used for this purpose, dust volume will be less than 5-7 times in comparison with using surface water. Watering with 1.8l/m2 seawater once a day will keep dust level on the permitted limitation.



4 BASELINE DATA

4.1 Location

Quang Ninh province is located about 160 km North-East from Hanoi in the Northern Mountain Region of Vietnam. It is bordering China in the North, Haiphong City and Hai Duong province in the South-East, and Bac Giang and Lang Son provinces in the West. Quang Ninh has 14 administrative units including Ha Long city, 3 towns and 10 districts with total area of 5,900 km2.

Ha Long City is political, economic and cultural center of the province, and it is also attractive resort with Ha Long Bay, which is UNESCO’s World Natural Heritage area. Ha Long City has two main parts; Bai Chay and Hon Gai, which are separated by the Cua Luc strait. Bai Chay is the tourism centre and Hon Gai is commercial and industrial centre of the city. Cam Pha is an industrial town located 30 km far from Ha Long city to the Northeast. In Cam Pha the main industrial activities are coal mining and mechanical factories.

4.2 Climate Conditions

Some climate indicators recorded in the year of 2003 at Bai Chay and Cua Ong in Cam Pha Town are shown in the table below.

Table 4.1 Climate Condition at the Project Area in 2003

Average temperature (oC)

Sunny hours (hrs) Rainfall (mm) Relative average humidity (%)

Bai Chay

station

Cua Ong

station

Bai Chay

station

Cua Ong

station

Bai Chay

station

Cua Ong

station

Bai Chay

station

Cua Ong

stationJanuary 15.9 15.4 128.3 121.5 49.6 40.6 82 80February 19.7 19.2 76.2 75.2 17.1 14.6 88 88March 20.9 20.5 71.8 66.2 16.2 21.6 84 84April 25.2 24.6 110.6 105.3 86.5 85.1 85 86May 27.8 27.8 183.3 188.5 336.3 479.4 84 84June 28.9 28.5 149.5 150.5 413.4 304.5 83 84July 29.2 29.1 233.7 268.0 186.8 400.4 83 84August 28.2 27.8 93.0 136.0 291.6 466.5 88 89September 27.1 26.8 155.1 158.9 439.0 533.6 85 86October 25.3 24.9 154.7 188.4 7.4 29.5 78 78November 22.6 22.4 168.3 173.0 0.4 2.6 77 77December 17.6 17.1 133.7 133.6 0.0 1.9 71 73

24.0 23.7 1,658 1,765 1,844 2,380 82 83Source : Quang Ninh Statistics Department, 2004

Based on this table the climate indicators in the project area can be summarized as follows:

Average temperature: 23.7oC – 24.0 oC Sunny hours: 1,658 hrs – 1,765 hrs Rainfall: 1,844 mm – 2,380 mm Relative average humidity: 82% – 83%



4.3 Topography and Soil Conditions

The Ha Long Bay area is characterised by steep hills of weathered limestone running from East to West and ranging from 100 to 300 meters high. The lowlands between the steep hills and the bay consist of alluvial and marine sediments, with an average height of 4 to 5 meters.

All coal mining activity is in the Lower and Middle Triassic stratigraphic areas. North of these regions are the Ordovician layers, where there is no coal mining.

Rates of erosion are associated with climate, particularly the amount and intensity of rainfall, and can be modified by vegetative cover. Deforestation, mining activities, increased intensive agriculture and other human activities such as housing on the hill slopes increase erosion in the Ha Long City and Cam Pha areas.

4.4 Flora and Fauna

General

In Quang Ninh Province there have been originally more than 35,000 ha of mangrove. Causes for the deterioration include permanent dumping of coal waste, conversion to coastal agriculture, fuel wood exploitation, land conversion to freshwater agriculture, alteration of tidal and salinity regimes caused by dike construction and extensive land reclamation.

The original forest area in Quang Ninh Province was about 507,000 ha in 1943, but only 208,000 remained in 1985, and the forested area is certainly much less today.

Table 4.2 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of Quang Ninh Province (Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study, 1998)

Ecosystem CharacteristicsAquaculture systems Brackish water fish and shrimp

Frequently reclaimed from mangrove wetlandsEstuaries, deltas Semi-enclosed, brackish waterand lagoons Highly productive, important fish/shrimp spawning, nursery and feeding

areasHigh biodiversity

Mangroves and wetlands Estuaries, sheltered bays, along river banksImportant for shrimp production

Beaches (limited) Important for tourismSeagrass beds Well-lit, shallow waters

Associated with protected area inside coral reefs and with mangrovesCoral reefs Important for many invertebrates, fish, sea turtles and dugongs

Very fragile and sensitiveIslands Unique ecosystems, often no predators

Important for sea birds and sea turtlesTourism potential

Near shore Less than 50-75 meters deepInclude coral reefs, seagrass and ecosystemsVery productive, but over utilized

Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitats of Ha Long Bay

The Ha Long bay area has many natural ecosystems and high biodiversity both in terrestrial and aquatic habitats:



Natural forests developed in the limestone mountains for example: Bai Tho, Giap khau, Ha Tu mountains

Secondary forests or savannas developed on the "soil" mountains or hills for example Bai Chay, Ghenh Tau Mountains. Secondary forests compose of plant species Pinnus spp, Eucaliptusspp, and Acacia spp

Sea shorelines are composed of different sub- ecosystems and sand beaches, mudflat beaches, mangrove forests and brackish lagoons and lakes

Cua Luc estuary

The aquatic Ha Long bay has a total surface area of 1,566 km2 with 1969 small isles. Of these 788 isles with a surface area of 434 km2 are protected by UNESCO as apart of World Natural Heritage.

Vulnerable Ecosystems in Ha Long Bay

Tropical rain forests developed on limestone mountains and Ha Long bay islets have been degraded by human activities. There are some hundreds of Phanerogame plants, which have developed in these mountains. There are 19 mammals in the forests and hundred of bird species.

Mangrove forests of the coastal zones of Ha Long city can be divided into three types of coastal geomorphology: shoreline of Hon Gai, shoreline of Bai Chay; and mudflat beaches of Cua Luc. The mangrove forest in the shoreline of Hon Gai coast have not been developed very well, because there are very few rivers and little alluvium deposits. The mangrove forests form only narrow bands near the seashore. The mangrove forests in the shore line of Bai Chay and in the Cua Luc areas are better developed than in Hon Gai, particularly in the mudflat beaches in the Cai Dam area. In Ha Long Bay area there are mangroves growing along the coastline and in the bay. The larger mangrove areas are protected, but most of the mangrove forests have been cut down due to land reclamation. There are 34 species of mangroves found in the whole of northern Viet Nam. Cua Luc has rather less with 13 species of mangroves, of which 6 species distribute broadly over the entire saline swamps, and 4 of these have high density and large qualities.

Coral reefs in Ha Long Bay: There are 117 species belonging to the 40 genera and 12 families of hard corals (Scleractinian). Living corals cover about 15% of the near shore area and up to 50% of the offshore areas. The Corals occur normally in a depth of 0 to 7 m, the most of them live in a water depth of 2m to 4m. According to the survey done by Hai Phong Institute of Oceanology (HIO) for the Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study there are no hard corals near to the mainland due to the muddy bottom and high turbidity. The distribution of number of taxon and species of living coral are found with increased distance from seashore towards the outer sea direction. The amount of living coral varies from 15-55% with most of the reefs being categorised as poor quality, and only the reefs at Dau Be and Hang Trai being in the good category. No excellent reefs were found in the region. Species, which can tolerate turbidity of sea water, were the most common. The biggest threats to coral reefs besides the turbidity are fishing with dynamite and collection for souvenir business.

Threats to Ha Long Wetlands

Wetland and marine coastal ecosystems have been rapidly degraded particularly near Ha Long city and Cam Pha Town. It has been estimated that over 60% of the mangrove systems have been destroyed. The biggest threats are: land reclamation, population pressure and industrial development; concession to agriculture; discharge of highly contaminated coal mine drainage;



and decreased freshwater discharge. Wetland use and management strategies and action plans are proposed in Ha Long Bay Pollution Study.

4.5 Sea and River Conditions

4.5.1 Tide Regime

The Ha Long Bay area is influenced by a diurnal tide. Average tidal amplitude is 2-3.8 m in height, with maximum amplitude of 4.70 m. The tides are the strongest in December-January and June-July. They are the weakest in March-April and August-September. During strong tides the average tidal height is 2.8 - 3.6 m. The weak tides are only 0.2 to 0.5 m in height. Velocity of the tidal currents is in the range 0.2-0.5 m/s. Bac Bo gulf tide regime has impact on the see water level. The following information is based on data from national gauging station:

No. Name of gauging station Hmax (m) Htb (m) Hmin (m)1 Hon Gai station + 4.10 + 2.06 + 0.202 Hon Dau station + 3.80 + 1.86 + 0.10

Source: Master Plan of Ha Long City to the year of 2020 (August 2003)

4.5.2 Sea Water Quality

According to the State Environmental Quality Report of Quang Ninh Province (2003) the coastal sea water quality of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town is directly influenced by domestic wastewater, port services and sea reclamations. However, the parameters like DO, BOD, turbidity, coliform, oil and grease, heavy metals, total nitrogen and total phosphorous meet the requirement limits of the standard TCVN 5943:1995. In general the values of DO were from 4.3 to 6.8 mg/l, BOD from 1.3 to 12 mg/l, TSS from 0.7 - 63 mg/l. The detailed information from some of the sampling points is presented in Annex 1. The water quality in Ha Long Bay area is rather clean, clear and unpolluted. The water quality around floating fish farming area is suitable for aquaculture. Oil and grease concentration at Cai Lan port was about 1.86 times higher than that in the TCVN 5943:1995. The number of coliform bacteria at Ha Long boat station was about 4.1 times higher than that in the TCVN 5943:1995 because of the operation of fish port.

Table 4.3 Water Quality in Cua Luc Bay in 2002 – 2003No. Parameters Units Monitoring months TCVN 5943:1995

(swimming area)07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/20031 Current velocity m/s 0.22 0.1 0.26 0.21 NA2 Temperature oC 31.1 25.2 15.9 21.5 303 pH - 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.9 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 11 9.6 14.3 5.2 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 38.7 45.7 39.3 41.8 NA6 Salinity %o 22.4 28.9 29.35 29.1 NA7 DO mg/l 6.5 6.0 6.8 0.3 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 22.7 29.0 29.8 29.4 NA9 TSS mg/l 8.6 8.1 12.9 4.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 4.5 3.0 4.0 < 2011 Total Phosphorous mg/l 0.5 0.53 1.5 0.43 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.54 2.07 0.713 2.160 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.07 0.07 0.19 0.07 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.296 0.056 0.196 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.048 0.056 trace 0.042 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.867 trace trace 1.067 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 2.679 0.175 0.722 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 12 105 52 116 1.000

Source: State Environmental Quality Report of Quang Ninh Province 2003



4.5.3 River Water Quality

The Halong City area has several rivers flowing into the Cua Luc estuary, the most significant of these being Troi, Mau, Vuoai and Dien Vong Rivers. Dien Vong River is the source for the domestic and industrial water supply for Hon Gai, Ha Tu, Cam Pha, Coc 6 and Cua Ong. The waters of Troi River are utilised mainly for domestic and industrial use but also for agricultural use in Dong Dang, Bai Chay and Gieng Day. There are a number of minor surface water resources in Bai Chay and Hon Gai including many small ponds and lakes and numerous small streams with small catchment areas. None of these are of any interest for public water supply due to the small and unreliable flows. Many of these ponds and rivers are polluted by the coal mining and other human activities.

Based on The study on Environmental Management for Ha Long Bay (carried out by JICA, 1999) as well as the environmental monitoring results of Quang Ninh DONRE from July 2002 to February 2003, the river quality in the project areas is still unpolluted. The DO values are about 6 mg/l to 7 mg/l, BOD values are about 6 mg/l to 12 mg/l. The Total SS values are about 18 mg/l to 120 mg/l in the dry season and about 500 mg/l to 1,000 mg/l in the rainy season because of the high slope of rivers. The concentrations of other parameters like heavy metals, total nitrogen and total phosphorous are rather low.Table 4.4 Water Quality in Troi River Estuary in 2002 – 2003

No. Parameters Units Monitoring months TCVN 5943:1995

(swimming area)07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.12 0.05 0.35 0.08 NA2 Temperature oC 30.0 23.3 15.0 25.7 303 pH - 7.8 7.3 7.8 7.5 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 18.3 10.3 9.2 13.8 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 1.75 23.2 22.16 32.8 NA6 Salinity %o 0.8 15.8 16.87 19.9 NA7 DO mg/l 6.8 6.3 4.77 5.8 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 1.04 16.7 17.76 20.8 NA9 TSS mg/l 18 9.4 9.0 12.5 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 7 6.8 7.5 < 2011 Total Phosphorous mg/l 0.2 1.2 3.2 1.0 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.89 1.920 0.736 2.730 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.16 0.34 0.18 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.000 trace 0.225 0.078 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.000 0.016 0.004 0.030 0.00516 Hg mg/l 1.241 0.233 0.417 0.467 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 2.381 1.404 0.444 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 210 910 678 9 1.000

Source: State Environmental Quality Report of Quang Ninh Province 2003

4.5.4 Pollution Loads and Dilution Capacity according to Water Quality Models

Impacts of the discharge of effluent from the wastewater treatment plants the according to the water quality model calculated in 1998 are presented in Annex 2. The results show that the dilution capacity of Ha Long Bay is very good. It can be estimated that dilution capacity with the proposed load is in Cua Luc Bay 8,570:1 and in Ha Long Bay 900,000:1. This is expected because of its connection with the Gulf of Tonkin. On the other hand, the dilution capacity of Cua Luc estuary (Bai Chay bay, Hon Gai Bay) is limited and is related in a large measure to the area of the estuary. If the bay is reduced, as seem to be happen, in size by reclamation, the



dilution capacity will also be reduced, but is still very good compared to the discharged effluent volume.

4.6 Population and Socio-economic Environment

4.6.1 Population

The total population of Quang Ninh province was 1,058,752 inhabitants and the population density was 179 persons/km2 by the end of 2003. The current and forecast populations of some wards and communes in the Project area are as follows:

Table 4.5 Current and Forecast Populations of Wards and Communes in Project AreaNo Area Current Forecast

2002(*) 2003 2010(***) 2015(****) 2020(***)

I Ha Long City Bai Chay

1 Bai Chay ward 14,434 28,800 38,7002 Gieng Day ward 9,932 23,000 35,0003 Ha Khau ward 9,135 17,100 24,8004 Hung Thang commune 3,891 9,000 10,0005 Tuan Chau commune 1,549 3,000 4,2006 Dai Yen commune 7,968 20,100 57,0007 Viet Hung commune 9,139 11,400 16,000

Sub-Total (Bai Chay) 56,048 112,400 185,700Hon Gai

8 Hong Gai ward 8,137 9,000 12,836 10,5009 Yet Kieu ward 7,866 12,500 10,516 18,200

10 Tran Hung Dao ward 9,329 11,000 12,710 15,50011 Bach Dang ward 11,250 11,700 16,931 11,70012 Cao Xanh ward 14,471 23,833 32,255 50,66713 Hong Hai ward 13,070 23,800 23,237 26,30014 Ha Khanh ward 5,610 11,833 52,16715 Cao Thang ward 15,037 26,333 39,46716 Ha Lam ward 9,010 11,000 13,00017 Ha Tu ward 11,099 14,000 16,00018 Ha Trung ward 6,865 10,300 10,30019 Ha Phong ward 8,986 16,000 16,00020 Hong Ha ward 11,939 17,500 20,500

Sub-Total (Hon Gai) 132,669 198,799 108,485 300,301Cam Pha Town(**)

21 Cam Thinh ward 9,360 9,43722 Quang Hanh ward 13,415 13,63023 Cam Dong ward 10,529 10,57624 Cam Son ward 12,904 13,03525 Cam Phu ward 15,352 15,46326 Cua Ong ward 16,511 16,58027 Cam Tay ward 7, 983 7,96728 Cam Thuy ward 9,591 9,73329 Cam Thanh ward 8,483 8,57230 Cam Thach ward 10,737 10,85331 Cam Binh ward 7,654 7,69632 Cam Trung ward 12,115 12,299

Sub-Total (Cam Pha) 126,651 135,841Total population in project area 315,368 Total population in Hon Gai centre for wastewater treatment (8 - 13)

64,123 91,833 108,485 132,867

Note : (*): Data from Ha Long City Statistics Department (**): Data from Cam Pha Town Statistics Department (***): Data from Master Plan of Ha Long City to the year of 2020(****): Data from FS – Phase II



Population of Ha Long City was 189,356 inhabitants and the population density 908 persons/km2

by the end of 2003. Population of Cam Pha Town was 157,432 inhabitants and the population density 469 persons/km2. Population of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town is 32.8% of the total population of Quang Ninh province, although their area is only 9.2% of the whole area of the province. The current total population in project area is 315,368 inhabitants. The forecast total population in Hon Gai centre for wastewater treatment system design is 108,485 inhabitants in the year of 2015.

4.6.2 HealthAccording to the data from Quang Ninh Statistical Department in the year 2003 there are 19 hospitals, 9 local general surgeries, 1 sanatorium and 183 health stations for 184 wards and communes over the province. All of these health services are state owned. Number of hospital beds in the province is 3,309 in the year 2003, from which in Ha Long City there are 924 hospital beds (27.9% of the total hospital beds) and Cam Pha Town has 558 hospital beds (16.9% of the total hospital beds).

Health indicators recorded at five wards in the project area for Phase I project performance indicator indicate that no typhoid, cholera, dysentery or malaria has been recorded. Nevertheless, the number of diarrhoea cases has been significant and usually only the serious cases are recorded and treated at health centres.

Table 4.6 Number of Diarrhoea Cases 2001 - 2003

No. Areas surveyed Number of diarrhoea cases2001 2002 2003

1 Bach Dang ward (Ha Long City) 50 66 532 Bai Chay ward (Ha Long City) 30 42 493 Ha Khanh ward (Ha Long City) 12 20 194 Cam Trung ward (Cam Pha Town) 40 65 495 Cam Binh ward (Cam Pha Town) 27 46 27

Total 159 239 197Source : Phase I PMU

4.6.3 Economic Structure

Economic structure of Quang Ninh province from 2000 to 2003 is presented on the table below. The economic structure has changed into positive direction; especially services like tourism and transportation have been developed. Table 4.7 Economic Structure of Quang Ninh Province

No. Items Economic structure (%)2000 2001 2002 2003

I Agriculture, forestry, aquaculture 9.5 9.2 8.6 8.8 Agriculture 8.0 7.7 7.2 7.4 Forestry 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 Aquaculture 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6

II Industry, capital construction 52.4 52.3 52.1 47.8 Industry 50.3 50.0 49.8 45.7 Capital construction 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1

III Services 38.0 38.0 39.2 43.4 Trade 5.9 5.3 5.0 5.2 Hotel 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.3 Transportation, post 4.6 5,4 5,3 5,6 Imported tax 22.7 17.0 17.5 17.7Total (I + II + III) 100 100 100 100

Source: Quang Ninh Statistics Department, 2004



Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth, and GDP per capita of Quang Ninh province from 2000 to 2003 are presented in table below. The economic growth of Quang Ninh province from the year 2000 to 2003 has been over 16% per year. GDP per capita has been increasing regularly and it reached value of 8,197,000 VND/capita in the year of 2003.

Table 4.8 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Economic Growth and GDP per Capita of Quang Ninh Province

Economic indicators Value 2000 2001 2002 2003

1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Million VND)

5,423,751 6,363,501 7,475,557 8,678,975

2 Economic growth (%) 16.4 17.3 17.5 16.13 GDP per capita (1000 VND) 5,323 6,165 7,153 8,1974 Growth of GDP per capita (%) - 15.8 16.0 14.6

Source : Quang Ninh Statistics Department, 2004

4.6.4 Tourism

Quang Ninh province has special tourism resources with attractive resorts and especially Ha Long Bay which has been recognized as the World Natural Heritage area by UNESCO. In the province there are also hundreds of historical places and buildings. There are a lot of opportunities to discover the sea, land and islands.

The tourism turnover in the year 2003 was 879 billion VND and 2,590,064 tourists visited the area. The number of tourists increased 10.2% from the year 2002. The number of foreign tourists was 1,107,813 which increased 21.8% in comparison with the year 2002.

There were 51,462 people working in trade, tourism, hotel and restaurant in the province in the year 2003, of which in Ha Long City there were 21,217 workers (41.2% of total labour of the province) and in Cam Pha Town 6,717 workers (13.0% of total labours of province).

5 DRAINAGE AND SANITATION STATUS

5.1 Drainage Areas and Capability of Drainage and Sewerage System in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO are responsible for operation and maintenance of drainage system in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town. The drainage system is about 50 years old and suffering from poor maintenance, including significant blockage due to the solid waste, sewage and coal fines from the nearby coal mines. Many parts are broken or plated and have not been prepared.

In general in the project area the channels are short and discharge directly to the sea. The channels are usually not lined except in the town centres. The channels are frequently partially blocked by household garbage. The number of drainage is limited and they concentrate on centres and along coastline areas, and therefore there is no drainage system in valleys or residential areas far from the centres.

In recent years the high degree of urbanisation has changed the characteristics of the surface and reduced the penetration capacity of storm water into the ground, thus increasing the water volume to be discharged through drainage system and the existing drainage system is becoming even more overloaded.



The sewerage system is combined. Wastewater from household kitchens, baths and sinks are typically disposed directly to the drainage channels. However, in the new development areas these grey waters are discharged to the septic tanks. Many areas have not been connected to the drainage system and wastewater will soak to the ground or is discharged to the ponds and reservoirs.

Industrial wastewater is usually discharged untreated directly to the sea through private drainage channels although the national legislation requires on-site treatment. Some factories have built own wastewater treatment plants, however, the number of treatment plants is small and efficiency low.

In Vuon Dao in Bai Chay there is a small 2,500 m3/d wastewater treatment plant, in which part of the wastewater from tourist area is treated.

The wastewater treatment plant including to the Phase I of the Project is under construction in Cai Dam area in Bai Chay.

5.2 Flooding

Flooding is still common in some areas in Ha Long and Cam Pha, but the situation will improve after finalisation of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Sanitation and Drainage Project. The main causes for flooding are insufficient channel capacity combined with channel blockages caused by uncontrolled dumping of solid waste and especially in Cam Pha coal mining waste. Some construction activities have also blocked channels recently.

In Bai Chay there are no significant flooding problems in inhabited areas, except when the channels are blocked by solid waste and soil deposits from the hillsides. The coastline is relatively narrow with a high mountainous hinterland, hence storm water is transported to the bay via the existing drainage and natural channels. During high intensity rainfall, the storm water flows over the roads near the Halong Hotel where drainage is either insufficient or blocked.

In the populated areas of Hon Gai there is regular flooding especially in the market area during heavy rainfall. The flooding is due mainly to blocked drainage channels. The most disruptive flooding occurs on the Road 18 along the Southern coastline at the Kenh Niem area near the Water Supply Company office. This area is not fully channelled. The Ministry of Transportation and Communication operates and maintains the drainage channels but not on a regular basis. The main reason for the flooding is inadequate design of the drainage channels combined with the blockage of the channels and lack of access for the rainwater to reach the channels. During high tide the seawater flows to the channels and when the tide coincides with heavy rain there is not enough slope to drain the area.

The present Yiet Kieu Lake was earlier a bay but construction of a causeway has cut the access to the sea. A tidal gate has been installed to the causeway and this appears to keep out the tide from the low-lying area, but during rains there are regularly floods. For the time being through this area is discharged a large amount of sewage. The main sewage flow is separated from the central ponds, which are used for aquaculture, but during and after heavy rains the whole area is flooding causing extremely unhygienic conditions.

The Hon Gai town centre is a low lying flat area, which is drained through four main channels towards the harbour. During heavy rains certain areas are subject to flooding, particularly the Ha Long market area beside Le Thanh Tong Road. Because the channels are used also for sewage this causes serious health risk.



In the whole project area the most serious flooding occurs in Cam Pha especially during high tide. The main drainage channels are encroached upon by unplanned house and infrastructure construction. The channels are at least partially blocked and do not have enough capacity to transport all storm water. To the East of Cam Pha at Can Thinh, Cam Phu and Cam Son the situation is worsened due to the tailings from the mining activities in the hills behind the town.

Phase I has partly solved the flooding problems and rehabilitation of drains in Phase II in the rest serious flooding area will still improve the situation.

5.3 Wastewater Quality in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

In the construction stage of the Phase I the PMU has been cooperating with Preventive Health Centre of Quang Ninh Province to monitor the wastewater quality of four sewers flowing to the sea (sewers No. 13 and 21 in Bai Chay, sewer No. 11 in Hon Gai and sewer No. 5 in Cam Pha). Samples have been taken twice per year during high tide. The monitoring results indicate that the pollutant concentrations do not vary systematically; however, it seems that the concentrations are higher in dry season in December than during in the beginning of rainy season in June. Results of the project performance indicators are presented in Annex 3.

The sewers are combined sewers and water is collected from many different sources. Therefore new domestic wastewater standard TCVN 6772:2000 cannot be used because that standard classifies very detailed the effluent according to the size of the hotel, restaurant and other commercial enterprise. The limits of TCVN 6772:2000 can be used only for the assessment of wastewater pollution of each separate enterprise. Standards TCVN 6986:2001 and 6987:2001 can be used to assess point-source industrial effluent discharge when the effluent flow is known. Standard TCVN 7222:2002 is meant for effluent after wastewater treatment plant. None of these new standards is applicable for the assessment of this kind of combined untreated wastewater and therefore limits of standard TCVN 5945:1995 Class B (water used for swimming) Industrial wastewater – Discharge standards are still used as reference.

In Hon Gai BOD values in wastewater varied a lot, some results being well under the limit of standard TCVN 5945:1995 (class B) and some results many times over the limit. Total suspended solids were usually higher than the limit. The biggest problem is coliform bacteria, which very high numbers indicate strong and direct wastewater pollution.

Table 5.1 Water Quality of Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai) Parameters 2001 2002 2003 TCVN

5945:1995 BJun Dec Jun Dec Jun DecBOD5 (mgO2/l) 92 300 32 40 80 8 50TSS (mg/l) 24 214 150 195 241 150 100Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 2.4x104 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 10,000

Source: Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Sanitation and Drainage Project - Phase I

Also in Bai Chay BOD and TSS values varied randomly and the two sewers have a little bit different level of concentrations, some results being well under the limit of standard TCVN 5945:1995 (class B) and some results were many times over the limit. The biggest problem is coliform bacteria, which very high numbers indicate strong and direct wastewater pollution.

Table 5.2 Water Quality of Sewer No. 13 (Bai Chay)21 Black & Veatch International


Parameters 2001 2002 2003 TCVN 5945:1995 BJun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec

BOD5 (mgO2/l) 42 910 24 40 100 32 50TSS (mg/l) 115 330 226 158 223 121 100Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 4.3x103 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 1.1x106 10,000


Table 5.3 Water Quality of Sewer No. 21 (Bai Chay)


BOD5 (mgO2/l) 67 86 16 56 60 16 50TSS (mg/l) 9.5 117 549 227 60 117 100Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 2.4x104 4.3x104 2.4x106 1.1x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 10,000


In Cam Pha the BOD were very low in June and even in December only 1.3 – 1.6 times higher than the limit of standard TCVN 5945:1995 (class B). Total suspended solids were only in 2003 higher than the limit. There is also in Cam Pha strong and direct wastewater pollution because the numbers of coliform bacteria were very high.

Table 5.4 Water Quality of Sewer No. 5 (Cam Pha)


BOD5 (mgO2/l) 12 71 1.6 80 4.0 64 50TSS (mg/l) 34 64 23 39 185 147 100Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 2.4x104 1.1x108 9.3x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 10,000


6 ALTERNATIVES OF THE PROJECT

6.1 Without the Project Situation

The Phase II is the extension and finalisation of the ongoing Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and Sanitation Project Phase I and it is necessary to fulfil the scope of the project, which was proposed in the Phase I feasibility study in 1998. Without the Phase II there would be no wastewater collection and treatment in Hon Gai and intended improvements of living and hygienic conditions would not be reached. Without the project improvement of drainage system would not be completed in the extension to be agreed and flooding problems would be solved only partly and in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha.

6.2 Selection of the Location of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai

During the preparation of Phase I EIA for proposed Drainage and Sewerage System (1998) totally 14 locations for wastewater treatment plant were reviewed.

During Phase II site location PA 2A was chosen from three options at a meeting convened at Ha Long City PC on 10th April 2003. This site is on the edge of the hill of Deo Sen cemetery, it being chosen principally because the projected number of houses (30) requiring relocation was smaller than for the other two site options considered.



In mid-April 2004 open coal mining quarrying was noted by the Consultant to be encroaching on the south-western side of the designated WWTP site. This was brought to the attention of the PMU who immediately arranged for the mining company to cease excavating in the direction of the WWTP site. The PMU also arranged a site meeting with the mining company (29 th April 2004) at which they were requested to demarcate their official mining area.

The PMU then instructed the Consultant to propose two new alternative sites. The first (Alternative A presented in Drawing 7) was similar in orientation to the existing, only located about 100m further in a north-easterly direction along the base of Deo Sen hill; the second (Alternative B) was the same site orientated through 90 degrees.

The most important criteria in determining the best site was agreed to be the number of houses requiring resettlement. This in turn necessitated the determination of the likely buffer zone around the site perimeter, based on Government regulations. The most appropriate standard is TCVN 7222:2002, and this dictates a 300m buffer zone in the case of open sludge treatment and a 210m buffer zone (a 30% reduction) in the case of closed sludge treatment. It also allows for a further 30% reduction (to 147m) in the event tree landscaping is provided around the WWTP site perimeter.

From recently acquired land use plans it was determined that for Alternative A the respective number of PAF’s for the closed sludge option with no tree landscaping would be about 105, whilst for Alternative B the corresponding PAF numbers would be about 125. The final number of houses to be resettled will be given in RAP. The reason for the greater number of PAF’s than that determined in 2003 is that earlier evaluations did not take account of the buffer zone. When taking account of seasonal wind directions it was found that fewer extra PAF’s could be expected under Alternative A than under Alternative B. The reason for this was the greater wind protection offered to Alternative A from the Deo Sen hill.

Accordingly, it was recommended to PMU that the Alternative A site be recommended for adoption to Ha Long PC. This duly transpired in early June 2004.

The original overall site dimensions have been retained being 200 m by 353 m, equating to some 7 ha of land. The design presented is estimated to cover an area of less than 3 ha, covering preliminary treatment, sequencing batch reactors, gravity thickeners and maturation ponds. A doubling of capacity to 14,000m3/day in the future is therefore viable.

On the proposed wastewater treatment plant construction site there are no cultural properties, historical places or buildings or other structures, which should be protected.

6.3 Selection of Alternatives of Wastewater Treatment in Hon Gai

6.3.1 Wastewater Flow and Load Projections of Phase II

For the needs of wastewater treatment plant design of Phase II have been done wastewater flow and load projections. Table 6.1 summarises the flow and BOD load projections made in the Kampsax 1998 Phase I Report and the VIWASE 2003 Phase II Report. The third column gives proposed figures, based on adjusted population figures and BVI’s experience in Asia. A mass balance diagram based on the proposed flows and loads given in Table 6.1 is presented in Annex 4 and more detailed in Final Inception Report.

Table 6.1 Summary Review of Flows and Loads in 2015 (Final Inception Report 2004)



2015 Projection Data Proposal for Phase IIUnits FS Report 1998 FS Report 2003 Inception Report 2004

Hon Gai population 90,571 108,485 108,067Per capita flow l/h/d 130 130 130Infiltration 50% 10% 50%Wastewater connected 80% 75% 75%First phase 50% 60% 45%WWTP inflow m3/d 7065 6981 7,113

Per capita raw BOD g/h/d 60 50 50Septic tank coverage 85% 70% 70%Septic/system BOD reduction 40% 35% 35%BOD from connected septic tanks kg/d 1,109 1,111 830BOD from direct discharge kg/d 326 732 547BOD load kg/d 1,435 1,843 1,377BOD concentration mg/l 203 264 194

In the Final Inception Report it is proposed to design the treatment facility to meet a range of flows and loads. Due regard will be given to the cost and operational implications of such flexibility. The 2003 report design parameters have been adopted, but the impact of higher or lower loads on the design considered. This range has been defined as:

Upper end: assumes no effective pre-treatment in septic tanks Lower end: assumes greater infiltration than predicted by past reports, reflecting

experience elsewhere in the Asia region.

This is illustrated in Table 6.2 below. Note that the pollutant concentrations given in milligrams per litre relate to dry weather flow conditions.

Table 6.2 Design Inflow Conditions

Parameter 2003 Report Design Input Suggested Design RangeBOD 1842 kg/d

(260 mg/l)600 – 2440 kg/d(80 – 350 mg/l)

Suspended solids 1330 kg/d(190 mg/l)

600 – 2440 kg/d(80 – 350 mg/l)

COD 3684 kg/d 1200 – 4880 kg/d(160 – 700 mg/l)

Total nitrogen 370 kg/d 120 – 488 kg/d(16 – 70 mg/l)

Total phosphorus 48 kg/d 12 – 49 kg/d(1.6 – 7 mg/l)

Alkalinity (as CaCO3) - 200 mg/l

The estimated input BOD load at the WWTP is 1,377 kg/d and input suspended solids load is 984 kg/day. With an effluent standard of 30 mg/l for both BOD and SS, maximum theoretical pollution loads at 7,133 m3/day will be 213 kg/d both BOD and SS. This means a 84 % removal for BOD and a 78 % removal for SS. In practice, however, the removal efficiencies will be much higher. This is because the determining criteria for maturation pond sizing is faecal coliform level 3,000 MPN/100 ml being specified as a maximum in the effluent. The resulting large ponds size is such as to virtually guarantee a minimum 90 % BOD reduction though the works, i.e. a BOD of 20 mg/l.

Nitrogen and phosphorous removal has been designed for an anoxic zone to provide denitrification to get the total N level down to 10 mg/l or less, as stipulated in the effluent standards below.



6.3.2 Effluent Discharge Standards

In discussion with PMU it has been agreed to combine the TCVN 7222:2002 and TCVN 6987:2001 standards to produce an appropriate list of design parameters for Hon Gai WWTP. TCVN 6987:2001 is Industrial Wastewater Quality Standard for Discharging into Coastal Water Body used for Sport and Recreation and TCVN 7222:2002 General Environmental Requirements for Central Domestic (Municipal) Wastewater Treatment Plants. This standard defines certain relevant parameters (but not all of them, for example coliform levels are not stipulated) and has not as yet been developed to allow application with varying receiving waters. It copes with this by quoting a range of permissible standards for five of the seven parameters listed. The standard also attempts to be flexible by allowing the application of industrial effluent standards - such as TCVN 6987:2001.

Table 6.3 Effluent Standards for use in the Design of Hon Gai WWTP

Parameter Phase I Design Proposed for Phase IIpH 6.5 - 8.5 6 - 9COD, mg/l Not specified 50BOD, mg/l 20 30TSS, mg/l 25 30Total N mg/l Not specified 10Amm. N mg/l 0.1 Not specifiedTotal P, mg/l Not specified 4Fats, oils & greases, mg/l 2 5Coliform, MPN/100ml 1,000 3,000Dissolved oxygen, mg/l >4 Not specified

The criteria laid down by PMU was that no standard must be less stringent than the equivalent TCVN 7222:2002 standard. Examples are suspended solids (SS) and COD, where TCVN 6987:2001 quotes, respectively, a less stringent standard and none at all. PMU have been advised that the COD value of 50mg/l to be applied is low and that a figure in excess of 100mg/l would be more appropriate. The 50mg/l limit should, however, be achievable for weak wastewaters with no industrial component.

The implication of the low nitrogen and phosphorous values is that denitrification must be included in the design. The preferred method is the inclusion of an anoxic zone in the SBR tank (thus making the tank larger) rather than the alternative of lime addition.

6.3.3 Choice of Treatment Technology

Much has been done previously by other in evaluating the most appropriate treatment technology. In practice, for the specific circumstances of the project, there is no one option that precludes all others and that a number of technologies could be used successfully.

Factors for process selection typically cover: type of waste, including industrial component; land area available at appropriate site, and relative investment and operating costs. However, it is important that all viable options must: meet be capable of meeting the required effluent discharge consent; be sustainable based on adequate available local resources including funding and revenue; provide for future changes in flows and loads and provide sufficient operational flexibility, and not utilise new untested or novel technologies be harnessed, presenting unacceptable risk to the municipality.

It is envisaged that to meet the discharge standards, the treatment works must comprise: preliminary treatment (gross solids, screenings and grit removal); biological treatment;



disinfection and effluent polishing, and biological sludge treatment and secure disposal. An evaluation of the latter three components is presented in the Final Inception Report. Table 6.4 summarises the comparative analysis of treatment technology options.

Table 6.4 Comparison of Treatment Technology Options

Criteria Chemical Enhanced Primary Treatment

Lagoon / Pond System

Oxidation Ditch

SBR (Seqvencing Batch Reactor)

Meets consent Not Amm-N Yes Yes YesMeets relaxed (no Amm.N) consent Yes Yes Yes YesBOD reduction 30 – 70 % 70 – 90 % 80 - 90 % 80 – 90 %SS reduction 60 – 90 % 60 – 80 % 70 – 80 % 70 – 80 %Flexibility to future changes in consent Limited Limited Good GoodFlexibility to increase in pollutant loads OK Poor – extra

landLimited for SS increase

Limited for SS increase

Ability to treat low strength wastes (e.g. 80 – 120 mg/l BOD)

Good Good Not so good Good

Robustness to shock loads Poor Poor Good GoodSimplicity of operation Good Simple More complex More complex

Sludge High yield chemical sludge

Difficult to desludge

Lower yield, easy desludging

Lower yield, easy desludging

Odour Low Potentially high

Low Low

Capital cost (1 = low; 5 = high) 2 1 (excluding land)

5 4

Operating cost (1 = low; 5 = high) 5 1 4 3OVERALL ASSESSMENT Not acceptable Good Good Best

Biological Treatment

Viable options previously considered included the following biological treatment systems: lagoon systems; oxidation ditches, and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge. Other options, such as chemically-enhanced settlement, may not be considered viable on the basis of inability to provide ammonia-nitrogen removal and a heavy dependence on expensive chemicals.

The Phase 1 Bai Chay wastewater system is in the process of implementing SBR technology. This configuration was chosen on the basis of: system robustness and flexibility; low land requirement; simple construction; high treatment efficiency: reduced odours, and facility for removal of treated sludge.

There are several benefits to adopting the same approach as Bai Chay, they are: flexibility to discharge limit upgrading (e.g. to include enhanced nutrient removal); common operating and maintenance scheduling; common staff training and development, and maintenance and spares economies through common ordering and preventative maintenance programmes.

In the case of Hon Gai, land availability is not such a problem and all listed viable technologies could be accommodated. Nevertheless, pond systems may require further land for future expansion of capacity.

Comparative to conventional activated sludge or oxidation ditch plant, SBR systems have: lower structural and equipment costs; lower operation and maintenance costs, and greater flexibility in managing weaker wastewater loads. Nevertheless, operator knowledge is a critical factor in their performance and this may be an area of concern.



Whilst the 2003 Phase II FS outlines SBR design without accounting for nitrification capacity, the overall impact on the adequacy of the allocated land is expected to be negligible, given the intensive nature of this technology configuration.

SBR is recommend is recommended to be selected for the wastewater treatment method. Other options, such as chemically-enhanced settlement, may not be considered viable on the basis of inability to provide ammonia-nitrogen removal and a heavy dependence on expensive chemicals. The Phase 1 Bai Chay wastewater system is in the process of implementing SBR technology and for the further operation and maintenance practices it would be good that the two wastewater treatment plant operated by Ha Long URENCO would have the same treatment technology.

In environmental point of view SBR gives some advantages i.e. the flexibility and ability to treat low concentration wastewater and it is not so sensitive to shock loads, which are common to the combined sewer network and high rainfall.

Disinfection and Effluent Polishing

Given the sensitivity of the receiving water, with respect to nearby bathing and tourist amenities, it is recommended that some form of tertiary treatment is provided in addition to nitrification. Tertiary treatment facilitates opportunities for higher levels of disinfection, fine particulate material, phosphorus removal, and denitrification (reduction of nitrate-nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen). Of these, disinfection is an essential requirement. Table 6.5 summarises the advantages and disadvantages of a number of technologies against each of these determinands.

Table 6.5 Disinfection and Tertiary Treatment Option EvaluationDeterminand Chloride dosing Ultra-violet

radiationSand filtration Maturation

pondsReed beds

Disinfection Effective – problem of residual Cl in environment

Effective – no residuals, but limited effect on solids

NO Effective multiple shallow ponds – sun’s UV

NO - Habitat for fauna tend to increase FC count

Particulate polishing

NO NO YES – reuse opportunity for irrigation

Yes Yes

Phosphorus reduction

NO NO NO Yes Yes – adsorbed by reeds & harvested

Denitrification Yes – but residual problem

NO NO Limited by carbon source

Yes – reed nitrogen fixation

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

Negative environmental impact

High O&M cost – disinfection only

Inadequate disinfection

Multiple benefit Multiple benefit – but not effective disinfection

From Table 6.5 it can be concluded that: sand filtration and reed beds should be rejected since they do not form secure disinfection. Chlorinated disinfection presents a negative environmental impact with the risk of organo-chlorine formation. Ultra-violet disinfection is not generally effective on virus-bearing particulates, such as with the likes of cryptosporidium and it is also an expensive option. Subject to land availability, multiple shallow maturation ponds provide a combination of secure simple to operate disinfection along with a range of other effluent polishing benefits.

Biological Sludge Treatment and Secure Disposal

Sludge treatment options include:

Gravity thickening - digestion - dewatering



Gravity thickening - lime/alum conditioning - dewatering Gravity thickening - open drying beds Gravity thickening - tankering to a landfill site

Gravity thickened sludge could be transported to the Deo Sen Landfill to the new Deo Sen sludge treatment facility which is located very close to the Hon Gai WWTP site (less than 1km) and is designed to provide drying bed treatment to 56m3/day of septage on a year round basis. Because it must function through the wet season the real dry-weather design capacity is 112m3/day. The provision of canopies over all or part of the drying beds (as has been done at Bai Chay WWTP) would increase capacity by 100%. It is estimated that thickened sludge production at the Hon Gai WWTP when operating at full Stage I capacity (7,000m3/day) will be in the order of 18m3/day. Hence it can be judged that there is more than sufficient design capacity to handle WWTP sludges, as well as normal septage loads.

The predicted slow sludge build-up at the Hon Gai WWTP means that any mechanical dewatering facility installed is likely to be under-used for some time. It is therefore sensible to start operations by providing tankers to transport thickened sludge to the Deo Sen landfill. One tanker (9 m3 capacity) will easily suffice initially. Later, as sludge volumes build up at the WWTP, possibly even after the later extension of the works to accept flows in excess of 7,000 m3/day, serious consideration can be given to installing a sludge plate type facility.

6.4 Selection of the Alternatives of Sewerage and Drainage Improvements in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

In Phase II will be implemented the rest of the sewerage and drainage works which were agreed in Phase I, but could not implemented for different reason e.g. due the construction of new Hau Can road in Bai Chay tourist area.

In hydraulic design of sewers has been used Manning’s Formula, which is accepted internationally for design of open channels, and used also in Vietnam for pipe design. Manning’s Formula applied in sewer design gives comparable results and its use is therefore recommended here.

Although it is standard Vietnamese practice to use a minimum size of 300mm sewer in roads, the adoption of a minimum size of 200mm is normal international practice. A smaller pipe is less expensive and will give higher sewage velocities. However, the 300mm diameter pipe is less likely to block, which is the concern of the Vietnamese authorities. This size will therefore be adopted in the design. Pipe gradients should be such as to give a minimum daily peak flow velocity of 0.75m/s.

In the design of storm water drainage systems the internationally used Rational Method is proposed by the Phase II FS. This is in accordance with standard Vietnamese practice. The formula is quoted as Q = CqF (L/s), whereas it is usually expressed as Q = CiA, where C is a coefficient, I is rainfall intensity and A area of sub-catchment in hectares. However, the end result is the same. The Mannings formula is proposed for the hydraulic design of drainage channels.



7 IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS

7.1 General Impacts on Socio-Economy

All kind of construction works as well as activities related to these, will lead to certain cause (activity) and impacts on the environment. In this EIA-study will be analysed and specified both the negative and positive environmental impacts on the physical, biological and human environment caused by the construction of wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai and rehabilitation and construction of sewerage and drainage system in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha.

The environmental impact assessment adopts a concise format, where the linkages between environmental issues (or potential impacts), management measures (or mitigation), net effects (or residual impacts) and management information (or monitoring) are made explicitly. A comprehensive summary of these factors and their linkages is presented as tables in Annex 5. These tables provide the basis to develop and implement a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) dealing with all phases of the project.

The main impacts in the proposed project area will mainly affect the human and aquatic environment, in lesser amount the atmospheric and terrestrial environment. The atmospheric and terrestrial impacts are mainly temporary during construction and rehabilitation and therefore of short duration. Possible negative impacts on air quality from operation of wastewater treatment plant can be minimised through mitigation measures. The overall impacts of the project are positive and are very important step in improving sanitation situation in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town.

The improvement of urban sanitation, which is currently badly hampered by frequent flooding, towards a clean and healthy environment for the population of Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town as well as the numerous domestic and international tourist visiting the area is essential. The overall impact of the on going project and the proposed additional works is positive and it is an important step in improvement of sanitation in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town. The Phase II Project includes additional works to the first sanitation project aiming at the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the city.

Improvement of the wastewater collection and treatment in Hon Gai and prevention of flooding in low-lying areas in Hon Gai and Cam Pha will improve considerably the living and environmental conditions in the project area. However, untreated wastewater will partly still flow in the open channels, which cross the residential areas. The negative impacts of untreated wastewater are mainly concentrated in the city area. The discharge of untreated wastewater to the sea will continue the contamination of the sea water. However, the concentrations of contaminants will be diluted by the large amount of seawater.

The water use will increase in the city (new water connections, more household facilities, conversion from bucket latrines to flush toilets, etc.), which will increase wastewater amounts. This shall be taken into account in the designs and in dimensioning the improvements in flood prevention. The installation and regular desludging of septic tanks connected to sewers will improve the wastewater quality.

On any of the proposed construction sites there are no cultural properties, historical places or buildings or other structures, which should be protected.



The cause and effect relationship of different activities are discussed below in detail according to the project components.

7.2 Impacts during Design and Construction

7.2.1 Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai

The wastewater treatment plant will be constructed in Bai Muoi on the vicinity of Deo Sen landfill, Deo Sen cemetary and mining quarry, where the original landscape has been already changed. On the proposed construction site there are fish ponds which need dewatering and land reclamation before construction. Separate socio-economic and detailed measurement survey will be done for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan.

During the dewatering and filling there will be noise from pumps, and an increase in channel water turbidity due to pumping, this can be minimised with avoiding mixing of sediment and using stabilisation pond. The pond can be dewatered through existing channel to Cua Luc Estuary on the other side of the road.

During the construction of the wastewater treatment plant the traffic will increase due to the transportation of excavated material and construction equipment and materials. The excavated material is normal soil and there is no need for treatment. Working should be avoided during night from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. The maximum permitted noise level in public and residential areas is given in Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998.

Construction of some structures might need piling, which will temporarily cause an increase of noise in the vicinity of the construction sites.

7.2.2 Impacts of Combined Sewers, Interceptor Sewers and Wastewater Pumping Stations in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

Sewers will be constructed in street areas and there is no need for site-clearance and resettlement. However, some temporary disturbance might be caused to businesses along the streets during the excavation of sewer trenches.

Pumping stations are constructed next to the streets and in some places some site clearance might be needed, if there is not enough vacant land available.

There will be temporary nuisance to traffic and traffic congestion is possible due to the construction. On highway 18 and Hau Can Road in Bai Chay there might be some disturbance for tourist transportation.

The traffic will increase due to the transportation of equipment, pipes and excavated material. Dust and noise will increase temporarily in the vicinity of construction sites. Open trenches might be dangerous if not marked and identified carefully.

The excavated material is normal soil and there is no need for treatment of this material.



7.2.3 Impacts on Rehabilitation of Canals and Drains in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha and Tidal Gates in Hon Gai

Traffic will increase due to the transportation of equipment and excavated material. There might be temporary traffic congestion during the works.

Most of the rehabilitation will occur on the ends of channels, but some parts of the channels or whole channels are located along narrow alleys where it is difficult to use any machines, and only manual methods can be used. Some channels or part of channels to be rehabilitated are located under houses or other structures, and this will cause some difficulties both for rehabilitation and for people living next to the channels. Site clearance might be needed in some areas. A detailed survey will be done for the Resettlement Action Plan.

Noise will increase temporarily in the vicinity of the channels to be rehabilitated. Working should be avoided from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. The maximum permitted noise level is given in Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998. During the removal of sludge, which includes a lot of solid waste, there might be an increase in foul odours.

Some of the channels are located in the tourist area in Bai Chay, and rehabilitation work might cause the some disturbance to tourists, therefore it is recommended to do the rehabilitation and construction work outside the tourist season. However, from the technical point of view construction work should be done mainly during the dry season when the amount of storm water and surface runoff is the smallest in the channels.

Rehabilitation and construction of tidal gates have long-term positive impacts by increasing the possibility to control the flooding. There is no need of resettlement to rehabilitate and construct tidal gates.

The material to be removed from channels to be rehabilitated in Hon Gai is mostly solid waste, which has to be transported to the landfills. In Cam Pha coal waste causes a special problem for the drains. The preliminary rough estimation of the total volume of sludge and excavated earth is about 10,700 m3, of which about 6,300 m3 should be transported to the landfill and about 4,400 m3 could be used for backfilling (Table 1.2). This material should be transported to a landfill or other designated area agreed with the URENCO and the Constructor. If the dredged material is mostly coal waste it can be used as cover material.

The excavated material is normal soil and there is no need for treatment of this excavated material.

7.3 Impacts during Operation

7.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant

The capacity of the wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai is about 7,000 m3/d and the capacity can be increased later to 14,000 m3/d. However, due to the limited sewer network in the beginning the actual capacity would be much lower. About the half of the population in Hon Gai will include to the area of wastewater treatment and the wastewater from the rest of the area is still discharged untreated to the sea through drains and channels. The wastewater treatment plant is necessary first step to treat the wastewaters in the densely populated Hon Gai area.

In general the positive impact of the wastewater treatment is the decrease of pollution load to the environment and especially to the sea. Wastewater treatment plant will guarantee from its part



that the pollution load to the sea will not at least increase due to the possible increased wastewater quantity.

Wastewater treatment will have positive impact on the hygienic situation, decrease the risk of water related diseases, and thus improve the living conditions of the people. The decreased pollution load to the sea will improve the living conditions for aquatic life and therefore improve the fishing catches.

The following calculations are based on the latest pollution loads used in the wastewater treatment plant design. The treated wastewater will be discharged into Cua Luc Bay (named also Bai Chay Bay or Hon Gai Bay). The concentrations of some typical pollutants according to the Table 6.3 Effluent Discharge for use in the Design of Hon Gai WWTP used for calculations are as follows: BOD 30 mg/l; TSS 30 mg/l and coliform bacteria 3,000 MPN/100ml. For calculation the dilution capacity of Ha Long Bay area were used four different treated wastewater flows namely 3,000 m3/day; 5,000 m3/day; 7,000 m3/day and 14,000 m3/day. In the beginning of the use of the wastewater treatment plant the wastewater flow is most probably under the nominal capacity of 7,000 m3/day.

Table 7.1 Pollution Loads from Treated Wastewater in Four Cases

Wastewater flows(m3/day)

Pollution loadsBOD (kg/day) TSS (kg/day) Coliform (MPN/day)

Case 1 3,000 90 90 90 x 109

Case 2 5,000 150 150 150 x 109

Case 3 7,000 210 210 210 x 109

Case 4 14,000 420 420 420 x 109

Based on JICA study (1999), the volume of water of Cua Luc Bay and Ha Long Bay is estimated to be about 60 x 106 m3 and 6,300 x 106 m3, respectively. Due to the tide regime water is currently changing between Cua Luc Bay and Ha Long Bay. This mechanism makes the dilution and self-purification processes happen even quicker. It can be estimated that dilution capacity with the proposed load is in Cua Luc Bay 8,570:1 and in Ha Long Bay 900,000:1.

SBR (Seqvencing Bacth Reactor) has been selected for the wastewater treatment process and the process has been designed to meet the Vietnamese standards TCVN 6987:2001 and TCVN 7222:2002. The preliminary estimated loads and effluent quality using wastewater flow 7,113 m3/d are presented in the table below. The input design loads are presented in Table 6.2. Effluent from the wastewater treatment plant will be discharged to the nearby large drainage channel, which discharges to the sea through the new coastal urban development area. Due to the self-purification mechanism starting in discharge channel and continuing in the sea, the pollutants are easily diluted and decomposed, which further mitigates the impacts on water quality in Cua Luc Bay and Ha Long Bay.

Table 7.2 Wastewater Load to Recipient Water (Cua Luc Bay)

Parameter Input load to WWTP

(kg/d)

Maximum load from WWTP

(kg/d)

Removal efficiency

(%)

Effluent after treatment

(mg/l)

Effluent standard TCVN 6987:2001, TCVN

7222:2002BOD 1,377 213 84 - 90 20 -30 30SS 984 213 78 30 30Total N 278 83 70 -80 5 10Total P 36 11 70 -80 2 4



The effectiveness and quality of the operation and maintenance of the wastewater treatment plant is the critical point. During the operation there might be odour problems, if the operation and maintenance is not done in the proper way and mitigation measures are neglected.

Amount of thickened sludge will be 18 m3/day with the 7,000 m3/day treatment capacity and this amount could be easily transported to the existing Deo Sen landfill septage treatment facility also managed by Ha Long URENCO. In Deo Sen there is enough capacity to treat this amount of sludge.

7.3.2 Sewerage System

Wastewater flow in open channels will decrease when wastewater is collected through the new interceptor sewer pipes to be constructed in Hon Gai. This will also decrease the discharge of untreated wastewater to the sea. In the dry season all wastewater will be treated at the wastewater treatment plant. The foul odour in the vicinity of channels will decrease and the risk of water related health problems will also decrease due to the improved sanitation situation.

Breakdowns in wastewater pumping might cause serious environmental risks if there are no spare pumps, electricity supply or enough capacity in the system.

7.3.3 Drainage System

Nowadays both rainwater and wastewater is discharged into the combined system. Sections of the channels have collapsed and are blocked by solid waste and O&M is neglected, all of which decreases the flow. After the rehabilitation the flow will increase and there will be no stagnant water.

In Bai Chay there are several outlets along the beach area, which pose a health and aesthetic problem. These outlets will be connected to sewer system, and dry season wastewater will be collected and treated. This will protect the most sensitive areas from further pollution.

In Hon Gai the general environmental situation especially in the central market area is quite bad due to the inadequate solid waste management, the neglected O&M of the present drainage channel system and from the impacts of the coal stores. In some cases houses are constructed almost on the top of the channels causing some of the channels to collapse.

Stinking drainage channels full of solid waste cause a serious health and aesthetic problem. Rehabilitation of drainage channels will improve the living quality and health situation, but at the same time there should be an improvement in the solid waste management. Very strong public awareness campaigns to give people information about the importance of their own contribution to the quality of the environment and the connection between good sanitary practices and health will be required. A strong O&M component has to be related to the rehabilitation of the drainage channels, otherwise the positive impacts will be short lasting.



PART 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN



8 MITIGATIONS MEASURES

8.1 General

The main mitigative measures are summarised below according to measures during the design, rehabilitation and operation phases. The mitigative measures, which are outlined in this EIA, will be further developed in a separate Bidding Document Volume 5 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of each contract.

A project’s EMP consists of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures.

The EMP provides details on proposed work programme and schedules. The EMP helps to ensure that the proposed environmental actions are in phase with the design and construction work. After discussing and agreeing with the project design engineers, the recommendations will be translated into a simple, practical and action oriented EMP.

The EMP identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impact to acceptable levels. The EMP also includes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of necessary mitigation measures and the progress of these.

The EMP estimates any potential environmental impact of the above-mentioned measures. Moreover, the EMP provides linkage with any other mitigation plans required for the project (e.g. involuntary resettlement). The EMP covers also the Occupational Health and Safety issues.

Costs for all environmentally related mitigation have been developed and included in the EMP report. Moreover, the plan also includes compensatory measures if the proposed mitigative measures are not feasible or cost-effective.

The EMP addresses institutional issues. The main focus is on how to strengthen URENCOs so that it not only can run the system in an environmentally sound manner, but also helps in building up community awareness and participation.

For the mitigation, monitoring and capacity development the EMP provides an implementation schedule for the measures and the capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP.

8.2 Mitigation Measures during Detailed Design

8.2.1 Generic Design Instructions

Environmental matters shall be integrated in all the design work and planning of the project. The designing shall be done by minimising the adverse impacts on environment using as much as possible existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and existing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way should be used rather than create new ones.



According to the Vietnamese Construction Regulation Standard Article 3.3 Protection of Natural Resources and Environment construction projects should:

Not cause adverse effect to environment, and technical regulations on scenery and environment protection should be observed

Protect the natural preservation areas, and historical, cultural and architectural places Extracting natural resource must ensure the rationality and cause no obstacle to the next

exploitation Respect traditional customs, practices, religions of people living in and around the

construction area.

In Construction Regulation Standard there are instructions especially for master plan including general instructions for designing sewerage and drainage system. Urban drainage system should be assured:

To discharge all types of urban waste water To have suitable solution for treating wastewater so that the urban area is not flooded, and

environment and water sources are not polluted

In Standard Branch Sewerage and Drainage System and Works, Standard Designs there are more detailed design instructions. However, also international design standards shall be applied and used in design work.

8.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Instructions

Location of the wastewater treatment plant has been selected in co-operation with the local authorities paying attention to the approved master plan and the present and future land use. Densely populated areas have been avoided to minimise the resettlement. On the proposed construction site there are no cultural properties, historical places or buildings or other structures, which should be protected.

Buffer zones should be designed around the wastewater treatment plant according to the standards TCVN 7222:2002. A 147m. wide tree-lined buffer zone is proposed in order to minimize resettlement and compensation costs. This meets the requirements of TCVN 7222:2002 since the works will have closed sludge treatment.

Until now there is very limited experience about designing and operation and maintenance of a similar wastewater treatment facility. Therefore the wastewater treatment method has to be technically easy to manage and complicated equipment should be avoided.

8.2.3 Drainage and Sewerage System Design Instructions

To prevent the possibility of contamination water supply system a special attention shall be paid to the crossing of water pipes and collectors and other sewers. It is not allowed to install water pipes going through the sewer manholes or box culverts. If possible the sewers should be designed in the lower level than water pipelines.

Discharging points of the collectors shall be selected so that the dilution will be maximised. The discharging points shall have adequate distance from the tidal gates. However, the impact of busy boat traffic shall be considered, too.



8.3 Mitigation Measures during Construction Works

8.3 Mitigation Measures during Construction Work

All work included in the project has to be implemented following the appropriate standards, specifications and any restrictions on working methods given in the contract document. These conditions imposed on the contractor will include the environmental mitigation measures proposed in the EIA and EMP. Compliance will be monitored and supervised during construction by an international consultant. These measures will comprise a general framework of environmental constraints and also specific measures dependent on the particular conditions at each work location.

The following table covers the main impacts and the general framework of environmental constraints proposed during the construction phase.

Table 8.1 General Environmental Constraints during Construction

Impact Environmental ConstraintsNoise, Odour, Litter and Dust

The maximum permitted noise levels shall be those given in the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998. (The strongest limitations are from 10 pm to 6 am in the vicinity of hospitals, libraries and kindergartens where maximum noise level is 40 dB)

Air quality and dust emissions shall be mitigated through dust suppression measures compliant with TCVN 5937:1995

Appropriate equipment shall be used to prevent overloading of trucks. Accidental spills, sludge, oils and lubricants from equipment etc. shall be absorbed and collected immediately.

At the construction sites dust, litter and public inconvenience shall be minimised by good construction management and supervision.

Water shall be sprinkled in streets in the vicinity of construction sites to minimise dust.

Waste Disposal Solid household and commercial wastes shall be collected from work sites and transported

to to an approved URENCO the landfill- Dredged or excavated materials shall be removed from the works sites to disposal sites

selected by the contractor, provided that they are not contaminated. Any contaminated materials shall be transported to sites approved by URENCO and DONRE

- No waste material shall be stored on site for more than 24 hours- Water from excavations or stream diversions shall be discharged only to an existing drain

or stream. No discharges shall be made to land or public areas.

Public & Private Property

The contractor shall not cause any damage to public or private property during the construction work and shall compensate the owners for any damage except where damage is unavoidable due to the permanent works

Health and Safety

The Contractor shall provide appropriate safety equipment, tools and protective clothing to the workers and ensure that safe working methods are applied.

Facilites shall be provided for worker to wash with clean water during and after the working hours.

Clean water and first aid kit shall be available to wash and treat any cuts and wounds. The contractor shall follow the national safety and health regulations during the use of

selected earth stabilisation and support methods in excavation work. Protection masks againgst dust shall be provided to the workers.

Traffic and Transportation Arrangements

All works shall be carried out so as not to interfere unnecessarily with public access to and use of roads and footpaths to or from properties.

The contractor shall select transportation routes, choose vehicles and distribute loads so that the transportation from and to the site shall not damage roads and bridges

The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage to roads and bridges



Working Time and Site Arrangements

Working time and site arrangements and instructions concerning site clearance, fencing, watching and lighting, working at night etc. given in contract documents shall be followed by the contrcator.

Public Relations - Construction methods at each work location shall be agreed in advance between the

contractor and the PMU’s supervising consultant

- The PMU shall announce the construction works and all arrangements in the method statement which are relevant to the public during construction work. The information shall be conveyed to the public by newspapers, TV and radio. Locally the announcement should be given to the ward representatives who will inform the residents. Loudspeakers could be used during the construction work to give the latest information in concerning areas.

Most of these environmental impacts will apply to construction in all of the 22 urban locations for drainage improvements through new channels and the rehabilitation of streams. However, the degree of impact at each location will depend mainly on the extent to which residents are affected since they are most sensitive to impacts of noise, dust, accesses and construction methods. The general environmental constraints have therefore been used to formulate specific mitigation measures applicable to the two separate cases of residential and non- residential areas.

The allocation of drainage work sites into residential (R) and non-residential (NR) conditions is indicated in the table below. The residential case will apply also to sewerage work locations which are mainly in streets and in view of the public sensitivity to the wastewater treatment plant we recommend that it should apply to this siten also.

Table 8.2 Environmental Classification of Drainage Works

Area Stream/Drain Location Length (m) Environmental Impact Situation

Hon Gai Zone 5 Channel, Cao Thang RoadDong Thanh Channel, Cao Thang RoadDong Thanh Channel (Remainder)Tech. Construction College ChannelCau 3 Channel, Cao Xanh RoadCau 2 Channel, Cao Xanh RoadHa Lam Channel, Coal Enterprise areaHa Lam Channel (Remainder)

220150100500350500150250

RR

NRRRR

NRR

Bai Chay Stream No. 19, Ha Long RoadStream No. 16, Hau Can RoadStream No. 12, Hau Can Road

200300400

RNRR

Cam Pha Km 8 StreamKm 7 StreamKm 6 StreamCay 51 StreamNui De Box CulvertBridge No. 3 StreamCam Son Market StreamThanh Nien Mining StreamBridge No. 4 StreamBrige No. 6 Stream

5005309607807007002501770300950

RRRRRRRRRR



Western Mechanical Enterprise StreamEastern Mechanical Enterprise Stream

11001050

RR

The specific mitigation measures proposed for the two cases are indicated in the two tables below.

Table 8.3 Mitigation Measures during Construction in Residential Areas

Impact Mitigation MeasuresNoise, Odour, Litter and Dust

The maximum permitted noise levels shall be those in the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998 applicable to residential areas.

Air quality and dust emissions shall be mitigated through dust suppression measures required by TCVN 5937:1995 for residential areas

Appropriate equipment shall be used to prevent overloading of trucks. Accidental spills, sludge, oils and lubricants from equipment etc. shall be absorbed and collected immediately.


Water shall be sprinkled in streets in the vicinity of construction sites to avoid dust. Streets shall be kept continuously clean of mud, dirt, spillage and waste from the

construction activities The contractor shall immediately remove any materials or liquids that cause offensive

odours to nearby residents







The contractor shall not cause any damage to public or private property during the construction work. He shall adeqautely support all excavations to avoid movement or undermining of adjacent ground. He shall compensate the owners for any damage except where damage is unavoidable due to the permanent works

The contractor shall not sever or interfere with any utility services unless the owner has consented to suitable temporary arrangements

Health and Safety


Facilites shall be provided for worker to wash with clean water during and after the working hours.

Clean water and first aid kit shall be available to wash and treat any cuts and wounds. The contractor shall follow the national safety and health regulations during the use of

selected earth stabilisation and support methods in excavation work. Protection masks againgst dust shall be provided to the workers. The contractor shall provide and maintain safe temporary accesses through construction

sites for residents to reach their properties


All works shall be carried out so as not to interfere unnecessarily with public access to and use of roads and footpaths to or from properties. The width of the contractor’s vehicles shall not exceed half the available width of any access road, street or alley

The contractor shall select transportation routes, choose vehicle weights and distribute loads so that the transportation from and to the site shall not damage roads and bridges

Tracked vehicles shall not be used on paved roads Where permanent access routes are to be constructed as part of the works they shall be used



in preference to roads through residential areas The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage to roads and bridges


Working time shall not extend before 7a.m. nor after 6pm.. There shall be no working on Sunday

Site arrangements and instructions concerning site clearance, fencing, watching and lighting, given in contract documents shall be followed by the contractor.


contractor., DONRE and the PMU’s supervising consultant. Method statements shall be submitted by the contractor simultaeously to the supervising consultant, the PMU and to DONRE. The construction methods for each location shall be agreed by discussion of the method statement at a meeting attended by representatives from the contractor, DONRE, the PMU and the supervising consultant.

- When required by DONRE or the PMU the construction method statement shall be explained and discussed at a meeting with residents or their representatives


Table 8.4 Mitigation Measures during Construction in Non-Residential Areas

Impact Mitigation MeasuresNoise, Odour, Litter and Dust

The maximum permitted noise levels shall be those in the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949:1998 applicable to non-residential areas.

Air quality and dust emissions shall be mitigated through dust suppression measures required by TCVN 5937:1995 for non-residential areas

Appropriate equipment shall be used to prevent overloading of trucks. Accidental spills, sludge, oils and lubricants from equipment etc. shall be absorbed and collected


Water shall be sprinkled to minimise dust on those access roads which are predominantly used by the contractor.







The contractor shall not cause any damage to public or private property during the construction work. He shall adeqautely support all excavations to avoid movement or undermining of adjacent ground. He shall compensate the owners for any damage except where damage is unavoidable due to the permanent works

The contractor shall not sever or interfere with any utility services unless the owner has consented to suitable temporary arrangements

Health and Safety


Facilites shall be provided for worker to wash with clean water during and after the



working hours. Clean water and first aid kit shall be available to wash and treat any cuts and wounds. The contractor shall follow the national safety and health regulations during the use of

selected earth stabilisation and support methods in excavation work. Protection masks against dust shall be provided to the workers.


The contractor shall select transportation routes, choose vehicle and distribute loads so that the transportation from and to the site shall not damage roads and bridges

Tracked vehicles shall not be used on paved roads Where permanent access routes are to be constructed as part of the works they shall be used

in preference to roads through residential areas The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage to roads and bridges


Working time shall not extend before 7a.m. nor after10pm.. Site arrangements and instructions concerning site clearance, fencing, watching and

lighting, given in contract documents shall be followed by the contractor.


contractor. and the PMU’s supervising consultant.


8.4 Mitigation Measures during Operation and Maintenance

8.4.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant

Very special attention has to be paid to the strengthening of the management system and long-term O&M training since in practice these will be the weak points, and might put the whole system at risk if not arranged carefully. SBR (Sequencing batch reactor) as the treatment method needs trained staff to operate. If the given and agreed O&M guidelines are neglected the wastewater treatment plant can cause big environmental problems when all wastewater is discharged from one outlet instead of several and the local impact might be significant.

Handling of sludge has to be done according to the given guidelines. If gravity thickened sludge will be transported to final treatment to Deo Sen septage treatment facility the transportation has to be done in closed tankers and only to the agreed treatment facility. Spillages have to be avoided during loading, transportation and unloading of sludge.

Special attention has to be paid to occupational health and to training of workers to avoid direct contact with wastewater and sludge. Protective clothing including overalls, gloves and wellingtons has to be provided to workers.

To mitigate the impacts of the wastewater treatment plant to the neighbouring area, mainly odour, there will be a 147 meter wide buffer zone with trees surrounding the wastewater treatment plant.

According to the detailed land use plan (scale 1:1000) of the 112 ha urban area named Bai Muoi – Cao Thang – Ha Long proposed by Quang Ninh Department of Construction and approved by Chairman of Ha Long City People Committee dated 28/07/2004 and by Chairman of Quang Ninh Province People Committee dated 12/10/2004, there is area about 17.4 ha for the



wastewater treatment plant and the buffer zone, and some other activities belonging to this urban area project. To minimise the impacts of wastewater treatment plant on the urban area project, it is advised to have a co-operation between the Ha Long City & Cam Pha Town Drainage & Sanitation Project – Phase II and Bai Muoi – Cao Thang – Ha Long Urban Area Project for proper adjusting the land use plan.

8.4.2 Drainage and Sewerage System

In the operation and maintenance of drainage and sewerage system has to be considered regular inspection of the condition of sewerage and drainage system. Solid waste disposal into drains, sewers, channels and sea has to be prevented to keep the drains and sewers open. Illegal housing in the channel embankments has to be prevented.

In all operation and maintenance operational and safety standards have to be followed.

Regular monitoring of wastewater and sea water quality at discharging points has to be standard operating practices of URENCO and DONRE.

8.5 Summary of Mitigation Measures

Table 8.5 Summary of Mitigation Measures

Phase Main mitigation measures Responsible organisation

Design - International and Vietnamese design criteria and standards to be used

- Wastewater treatment plant, sewers and pumping stations designed so that need for resettlement is minimised

- Works designed to implemented during dry season

Design ConsultantDesign Consultant

Construction - Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

- Appropriate working methods shall be followed- Sites shall be kept clean and safe during and after the work- Safety and health regulations shall be strictly followed - Protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential- Transportation shall be minimised and routes selected to avoid

public nuisance- Transportation during rush hours and night shall be avoided- Tight and proper equipment to transport sludge shall be used to

avoid accidental spills and odour nuisances - Excavated material has to be transported only to the agreed tip sites- Construction sites and time shall be informed to the local people in

advance

Contractor


ContractorContractorContractor

ContractorPMU

O&M - Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

- Appropriate working methods shall be adopted and followed- Sites shall be kept clean and safe during and after the work- Safety and health regulations shall be strictly followed - Protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential- Transportation shall be minimised and routes selected to avoid

public nuisance- Transportation during rush hours and nights shall be avoided- Tight and proper equipment to transport thickened sludge shall be

used to avoid accidental spills and odour nuisances. Unloading only

Ha Long URENCO,Cam Pha URENCO



to the agreed treatment facility



9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING

9.1 Generic Environmental Monitoring during Construction and Operation

Generic

Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely as monitoring of development of project performance indicators done by PMU; monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by DONRE.

Project Performance Indicators

PMU is in charge of monitoring of the Project Performance Indicators. The PMU will prepare to the WB semi-annual report, which includes among other things reporting of the progress of the project also environmental project performance indicators, which are the same than in the Vietnam: Three Cities Sanitation Project – Quang Ninh Sub-Project (Phase I Project). Project performance indicators are as follows:

Water quality and flooding Health data Solid waste collected Tourist visits and revenues Household sanitation improvements

Monitoring of Implementation of Mitigation Measures

Monitoring duties of the Contractor are specified in the Contract Documents and are related to the impacts during construction.

Monitoring during the construction shall concentrate on safety aspects. Special attention shall be paid to the protection of construction sites, excavations and cleaning of the streets.

The Contractor prepares monthly reports, which PMU compiles to quarterly reports to the WB. The Contractor monitors the implementation of the main mitigation measures listed below i.e. the quantity of dredged and transported material, number of loads, type of transportation, measures to keep streets clean, fencing etc.

The quarterly reports include the following:

List of priority identified in last quarterly monitoring report List of progress, which the Contractor has made to solve the problems List of issues, which have not been adequately resolved and give recommendations how to

solve the problems and explain force majeure

All reporting of Phase II will be done through Semi-Annual Progress Report to WB, monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractors and all other relevant type of reports already in use in Phase I.



Main mitigation measures during construction Responsible organisation

- Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

- Appropriate working methods have to be followed- Sites have to be kept clean and safe during and after the work- Safety and health regulations has to be strictly followed - Transportation has to be minimised and routes selected to avoid public nuisance- Transportation during rush hours and night has to be avoided- Tight and proper equipment to transport sediment and garbage has to be used to

avoid accidental spills and odour nuisances - Excavated material has to be transported only to the agreed tip sites- Construction sites and time has to be informed to the local people in advance

Contractor


ContractorContractorContractorPMU

Overall Regulatory Monitoring

During the operation Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO, to whom the facilities will be handed over, will continue related water quality monitoring reporting to the WB. Copies of monitoring reports will be sent to DONRE, which performs the state environment management.

The monitoring for the sanitation project is mainly based on the environmental standards of Vietnam (1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002). There are no specific standards for the contamination of soil, except the limits for maximum concentration of pesticides and fertilisers. Water analyses should be carried out in experienced and authorised laboratories.

9.2 Present Water Quality and Wastewater Quality Monitoring

DONRE carries out overall environmental water quality monitoring in Quang Ninh province and especially in the Ha Long Bay sea area (Annex 1). Vietnam: Three Cities Sanitation Project – Quang Ninh Sub-Project (Phase I Project) takes wastewater samples twice per year from sewers No. 13 and 21 in Bay Chay, from sewer No. 11 in Hon Gai and sewer No.5 in Cam Pha. The parameters to be analysed are BOD5, total suspended solids and coliform bacteria (Annex 3).

9.3 Water and Effluent Quality Monitoring of Phase II

From Bai Muoi wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai would be analysed the process and effluent quality at the discharging point to the open channel discharging to the sea. Due to the several other pollution sources to the channel and especially to the sea it is not possible to separate the impact of effluent from the impact of other load sources, therefore no analysing point from Cua Luc Bay, which is recipient water body, is proposed. Wastewater treatment process will be analysed daily and effluent samples will be taken four times per year.

Table 9.1 Monitoring of Bai Muoi Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hon Gai

Sampling Point Frequency ParametersWastewater treatment ponds Daily On-site: Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperatureTreated wastewater at discharging point to the channel

4 / year On-site: Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature

Treated wastewater at discharging point to the channel

4 / year Laboratory: BOD5, COD, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, faecal coliform

In Bai Chay there is no need to have additional sampling points because there are already now two sampling points for Phase I in the project area.



In Cam Pha one sampling point would be added to Km 8 Stream and one sampling point to Eastern of Mechanical Enterprise Stream. Samples will be taken twice per year after the construction.

Table 9.2 Location of Water Sanpling Points in Phase I and Phase II

Location Phase I sampling points Phase II sampling pointsHon Gai Sewer No. 11 Discharging point of effluent from WWTP to the drainage

channelBai Chay Sewer No. 13

Sewer No. 21No new sampling points

Cam Pha Sewer No. 5 Km 8 StreamEastern of Mechanical Enterprise Stream

Table 9.3 Monitoring of Streams in Cam Pha

Sampling Point Frequency ParametersKM8 Stream Eastern Mechanical Enterprise Stream

2 / year BOD5, total suspended solids, faecal coliform

9.4 Monitoring of Flooding Areas

Monitoring of the flooding areas is proposed to be done in the same way than in Phase I. The existing monitoring areas for Phase I and the new proposed monitoring points for flooding in Phase II are presented in the following table. Phase II monitoring areas are presented also in Drawings 13 - 14.

Table 9.4 Location of Flooding Area Monitoring

Location Phase I monitoring areas Phase II monitoring areasHon Gai HG 1: Cay Thap (Bach Dang Ward)

HG 2: Foot of Church hill (Tran Hung Dao Ward)HG 3: Construction Department Gate (Hong Hai Ward)HG 4: Foot of Da Tuong hill (Yet Kieu Ward)

Cau 2 Channel (Cao Xanh ward) Dong Thanh Channel (Cao Thang ward)Ha Lam Channel (Ha Lam ward)Technical Construction College (Hong Hai ward)

Bai Chay BC 1: Corner of Vuon Dao - Construction GuesthouseBC 2: Vuon Dao Hotel - Trade Union HotelBC 3: Doi stream

No need of new monitoring areas

Cam Pha CP 1: Cat stream (Cam Trung Ward)CP 2: Ba Toa stream (Cam Tay Ward)CP 3: Bridge 1 (2001)/Tong Hop crossroad (2002 - 2003) (Cam Dong Ward)

Cam Thach market (Cam Thach ward)Western of Mechanical Enterprise (Cam Phu ward)Bridge No. 6 (Cam Phu ward)Thanh Nien Mining Enterprise (Cam Phu ward)Quang Hanh area



10 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING

10.1 Overall Environmental Management

Organisation responsible for Ha Long and Cam Pha Sanitation and Drainage Project is Ha Long URENCO on the behalf of Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO according to the decision of QNPPC 300/QD-UB 3.2.1999. Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO as the statutory providers of the sector services in Ha Long and Cam Pha will be implementing agencies of the Project, advised and supervised by Quang Ninh Province People’s Committee (QNPPC) and municipal People’s Committees. For practical day-to-day work of this Project URENCOs have set up a Project Management Unit (PMU).

Based on the Decision Ha Long URENCO will act as the Employer, on whose behalf PMU will monitor and control the contractor and suppliers and efficiency and adequacy of the work of the Engineer.

PMU, Ha Long URENCO and Cam Pha URENCO shall pay attention to protection of environment and implement EMP during construction. PMU shall observe and follow resettlement rules and pay resettlement compensations on the behalf of the companies. Technical assistance will be used to improve management systems.

Figure 10.1 Environmental Implementation Organisation

In order to ensure compliance with national policies, strategies and regulations Ministry of Planning and Department (MPI), Ministry of Construction (MOC) and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) are expected to participate in controlling the project implementation by sending their representatives for periodic evaluation missions.


Quang Ninh People’s Committee

Ha Long URENCO Project Management UnitProject Manager

Construction Management Consultants (Engineer)

(Foreign Experts)(Local Experts)

ContractorsSuppliers

Cam Pha People’s Committee

DONRE

Ha Long People’s Committee

Cam Pha URENCO


The local Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) is responsible for setting technical standards, for promotion of new environmentally sound production technologies and for monitoring of compliance with environmental regulations. DONRE monitors the quality of water in rivers and sea.

Several city organisations e.g. City Planning Committee, Investment and Development Department, Construction Service, Transportation and Public Works Service, Electrical Service, Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Land Management Service and Water Supply Company have a critical role as issuers of various permits needed for the execution works. The post office, railway and the Army will issue the permits related to their utilities and participate in the field supervision of the works. PMU shall keep close relations with these organisations in order to avoid any delays in receiving appropriate permits.

Street excavation, dust, noise cuts in services etc. will cause nuisance to the population. PMU shall be responsible for ensuring that the contractors follow exactly the environmental mitigation measures specified in the Environmental Management Plan and in the bidding documents for minimising nuisances to public. PMU shall also take care of adequate public information concerning the project objectives and progress of the works.

PMU and URENCOs should work closely with phuong authorities to promote community participation in the planning, management and operation of investments. The population shall be educated to understand the problems of sanitation and their role in overcoming the problems like regular de-sludging of septic tanks, regular cleaning and maintenance of the network, proper in-house plumping and connection to the sewer system, and conservation of assets like manhole covers and lane paving.

Into PMU has nominated one person in charge of public relations and one person in charge of environmental monitoring.

10.2 Training

In the Phase I there has been a very strong institutional strengthening component including comprehensive training programme for PMU and URENCOs. Therefore there is no need for environmental or other basic training in Phase II.

During the Phase II a special attention should be paid to the training of the Bai Muoi wastewater treatment plant staff, to guarantee the continuous and smooth operation of the wastewater treatment plant. Experience from the Phase I training should be collected and if possible, the training of the O&M staff of Phase II wastewater treatment plant should be organised in the same way than in Phase I. During the training period the similar wastewater treatment plant should be already in operation in Bay Chay and on-the-job training could be given there.

The training of the Employer's staff of the facilities to be installed shall be performed by the Contractor during the erection, commissioning and testing of the facilities. The operation and maintenance (O&M) staff of the Employer shall be trained during the construction. The theoretical instruction in the facilities and the component operation and maintenance activities shall be provided by a professional trainer employed by the Contractor.

Public awareness campaigns are discussed in Chapter 13.



11 COST ESTIMATES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Most of the costs for mitigative measures created by environmental demands are already included in the investment costs of the proposed project, or they should be part of normal operation and maintenance procedures. The biggest separate mitigation cost is buffer zone around the wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai.

The total annual cost of Phase II environmental monitoring is 20 million VND. In the future in the operation and maintenance budgets of URENCOs there should be annual reservation for the whole environmental monitoring of both Phase I and Phase II.

Table 11.1 Annual Monitoring Costs of Additional Wastewater and Water Analysis

Type of Monitoring Frequency Unit cost Total Annual Cost

Responsibility

Wastewater Treatment Plant Monitoring(1 discharge point sample)(2 river samples)

Four times per year

1.5 MVND

18 MVND During construction PMU hires laboratoryDuring operation URENCO hires laboratory

Other Project performance indicators

Twice per year

1,0 MVND

2 MVND PMU collects

Monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures

Monthly Includes to the contract

Contractor observes

Grand total 20 MVND

Table 11.2 Environmental Awareness Campaign Costs

Locations of Campaings Frequency Unit cost Total Cost ResponsibilityEnvironmental awareness campaigns9 phuongs in Ha Long City8 phuongs in Cam Pha

Once per phuong

4 MVND 68 MVND PMU / Ha Long City and Cam Pha Women’s Unions

Cost estimation for environmental awareness campaigns including training of trainers and group meetings is totally 68 MVND if all the remaining 17 phuongs are covered in Ha Long City and Cam Pha Town.

Monitoring of the safety aspects during the construction includes to the Contract.

Financing of the O&M training related to the Phase II is including to the Contract. The Employer will pay the salaries of the Employer’s staff assigned for training for the training period. The Contractor shall report the attendance of the trainees to the Engineer.



PART 3 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENTS AND CONSULTATION



12 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENTS AND CONSULTATION

12.1 General

The World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP 4.01) on Environmental Impact Assessment requires that affected groups and local NGOs to be informed and consulted as a part of the EIA preparation during at least two stages of the EIA-process: shortly after the EA category has been assigned and after the draft EIA-report has been prepared. Proper consultation is a requirement for EIA category A projects. Participation should be enabled during project preparation under certain conditions and is generally recommended as part of implementation. Projects that require involuntary resettlement (OP 4.30), consultation on social issues should be included.

12.2 Key principles

The overall goals of the public consultation and disclosure are to inform all stakeholders (interested and project affected parties) about the important aspects of the proposed project and solicit their comments, ideas and concerns. Further objectives include:

Commence consultations at the earliest stages of the project, in order to establish an open and participatory process

Take care that groups being consulted are representative including representatives of women and youth associations, ethnic and religious minorities

Enhance previously acquired knowledge of stakeholder concerns Employ culturally and socially appropriate consultation methods and provide all written

materials and reports and orally in Vietnamese Utilise several different, complementary methods of receiving public input such as

individual and public meetings, opinion surveys and document review Document the comments of the stakeholders Communicate information received from the stakeholders to the technical/design team

members, and ensure that legitimate concerns are addressed appropriately File the EIA document in the communities affected by the project for public review and

comments Continue to consult the public prior to, and during the construction, operation and

maintenance phases of project development

12.3 Disclosure

The World Bank, like other donors, lenders and governments around the world, have recognised that many planned interventions in the past have led to undesirable impacts, often exacerbating economic inequalities and socio-political injustices. As such, these agencies have developed guidelines to ensure that meaningful consultation occurs, whereby relevant information is provided to the stakeholders and their inputs are encouraged. The World Bank’s guideline entitled Policy on Disclosure of Information requires both public consultation and public disclosure by the project sponsors in the preparation of an environmental assessment.

The Vietnamese version of the executive summary of draft EIA report was disclosed in all phuongs including to the project from August 2004. At the same time the full text of the draft EIA report was available at PMU office and informed to the project affected households. The final Vietnamese EIA report will be available at PMU office and the Vietnamese summary will be delivered to the ward office and put to the note board. The final EA documents will be disclosed in InfoShop and VDIC at the World Bank office in Hanoi.



12.4 Public Consultation Meetings

WWTP

The first public consultation meeting was arranged already on 24 April 1998 in Ha Khanh ward People’s Committee. However, the wastewater treatment plant for Hon Gai was not implemented during the Phase I of the project.

The second public consultation meeting for the wastewater treatment plant was organised on 3 August 2004 and there were representatives from Ha Khanh, Hong Gai and Bach Dang wards from where the wastewater is collected and where the wastewater treatment plant will be located. There were totally eight participants. At the meeting the participants agreed the location of the wastewater treatment plant, but wanted to have proper mitigation measures to prevent the negative impacts caused by the wastewater treatment plant, e.g. buffer zone around the site. Resettlement and site clearance issues were also discussed.

In addition, during the RAP public consultation meeting of 3 December 2004, environmental issues were raised with the project affected people. There were 23 severely project affected people in attendance, plus representatives of the communes. The PAPs requested that appropriate boundaries of the buffer zone be set by the authorities around the wastewater treatment plant to minimise possible adverse impacts.

The minutes of these last two public consultation meetings, with lists of main participants, are included together in Annex 6.

Sewerage and Drainage

The public consultation for sewerage and drainage component in Bai Chay and Hon Gai was organised on 30 November 2004 and there were representatives from Hong Hai, Cao Thang, Tran Hung Dao, Yet Kieu and Bai Chay wards. There were totally nine participants.

At the meeting the participants supported the sewerage and drainage construction because it will decrease the flooding problems and improve environmental condition. The participants noticed that impacts during construction are obvious and requested that construction regulations and mitigation measures should be strictly followed. The representatives of the wards fully agreed to support and co-operate with the PMU in the implementation of the project.

The public consultation for drainage component in Cam Pha was organised on 1 December 2004 and there were representatives from Cam Thinh, Cam Phu, Cam Son, Cam Thach and Quang Hanh wards. There were totally ten participants.

At the meeting the participants made practical proposals for the design how to improve the streams in their wards. The participants fully supported the project because it will reduce the flooding problems in the area. The participants also proposed to speed up the construction.

The minutes of these two public consultation meetings on the drainage and sewerage components, with lists of main participants, are presented in Annex 6.

12.5 Consultation with PAP’s

Project Affected People (PAP’s) by the wastewater treatment plant were present at the pbulic consultation meeting of 3 December 2004. The minutes of the meeting in Annex 6 indicate that



their main concerns were about odour and the need to provide an adequate buffer zone around the treatment area. The design of the works layout therefore includes the mitigation measure of a 147m wide tree-lined buffer zone in accordance with Vietnam standard TCVN 7222:2002.

Unforetunately, the public consultation meetings for sewerage and drainage in November/December 2004 were attended only by local representatives and not by any PAP’s. Consultation with PAP’s was therefore carried out by distribution of a briefing note to all PAP’s by ward chairmen in February 2005. The briefing note was prepared by BVI and described both environmental impacts and the mitigation measures proposed. The note was issued in 11 wards in order to give PAP’s the opportunity to express their views. Issue was confirmed by letters from the ward chairmen to the PMU. Copies of the briefing note, lists of PAP’s and letters from the ward chairmen are included in Annex 6.

Briefing notes were issued to 400 project affected households (PAH’s) as follows:

Hon Gai Ha Lam Ward 3PAH’sTran Hung Dao 17Hong Hai 5Cao Thang 6Cao Xanh 10

Bai Chay Suoi 12 9Suoi 19 11

Cam Pha Cam Thach 114Quang Hanh 46Cam Thinh 125Cam Son 39Cam Phu 15

No concerns were expressed by any of the PAP’s in response this consultation by 30 April 2005 when this report was finalised. This was confirmed by a letter from the PMU dated 6 May 2005 which is included in Annex 6. The mitigation measures for sewerage and drainage works proposed by the briefing note and included in the EIA and EMP were therefore assumed to be adequate.



13 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HYGIENE AWARENESS PROGRAMME

In the Phase I the community participation activities have been concentrating on septic tank and other revolving fund related issues. According to the province level and town level decision community participation boards have been established. It is proposed to make evaluation of these community activities using participatory methodology where communities, local authorities and other stakeholders should participate to analyse the results and achievements. The finding of the evaluation should be used as background information to plan the detailed environmental awareness programme for communities.

In the Phase I Ha Long City Women’s Union and Cam Pha Women’s Union organised environmental training and awareness campaigns in 11 phuongs in Ha Long City and 8 phuongs in Cam Pha to train the people to stop throwing the solid waste to drains and sewers and keep the streets and residential areas clean. To the awareness campaign included training of the trainers and meetings on the group level, which was found to be the most effective way. A brochure was prepared (Annex 7) and it has been delivered to 47,000 households in 16 phuongs in Ha Long City and 35,000 households in 11 phuongs in Cam Pha Town. There are enough brochures left also for the training of the groups in remaining phuongs.

In the Phase II it is recommended to continue this group training method, which results are already noticed to be good and effective. Women’s Unions would be the correct facilitators, because they have already experience from the Phase I to run the training on group level. Actually Women’s Unions have already made proposal to continue the training. Community participation and environmental training of Phase I already covers the central areas of the project area and therefore it is recommended to have environmental awareness campaign in those areas which have not got any training until now.

In Ha Long City the proposed phuongs are: Ha Lam, Gieng Day, Ha Trung, Ha Tu and Ha Phong including to the revolving fund, but not received environmental training until now, and Hung Thang, Tuan Chau, Dai Yen and Viet Hung not including to the revolving fund.

In Cam Pha town the proposed phuongs are: Cam Thinh, Cam Son and Cam Phu including to the revolving fund, not received environmental training until now, and Cua Ong, Mong Duong, Cam Hai, Cong Hoa and Duong Huy not including to the revolving fund.

The training would include two days training for the trainers, quarter leaders and representatives of WU in phuongs, and after that these trainers organise training of each group separately to have sustainable solutions and people would have good opportunities to discuss and solve the environmental problems of their own living area.


Ha Long City & Cam Pha Town Drainage & Sanitation Project – Phase IIEnvironmental Impact Assessment - Annexes

ANNEXES

Black & Veatch International


ANNEX 1

WATER QUALITY IN HA LONG BAY AREA 2002 – 2003 Quang Ninh DONRE



Tuan Chau Island - swimming area

No. Parameters Units Monitoring months TCVN 5943: 1995

(swimming area)07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.1 0.02 0.18 0.08 NA2 Temperature oC 31.2 24.1 14.2 25.6 303 pH - 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 15.6 20.9 6.6 42.8 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 40.5 46.2 34.8 44.7 NA6 Salinity %o 22.7 29.1 28.3 26.9 NA7 DO mg/l 5.5 6.0 4.6 5.8 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 23.5 29.2 28.5 27.5 NA9 TSS mg/l 13.7 19.4 5.3 39 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 3 4.5 4.2 4.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.6 0.6 1.95 0.56 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.357 0.750 0.736 2.210 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.04 0.19 0.45 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.296 0.172 0.281 0.117 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.056 0.340 0.052 0.024 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.730 0.233 0.333 0.800 0.00517 As mg/l 0.460 2.976 3.864 1.167 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0.1 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 21 48 24 57 1.000

Bai Chay - swimming area

No. Parameters Units Monitoring months TCVN 5943:1995

(swimming area)07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.3 0.18 0.17 0.32 NA2 Temperature oC 31.6 26.2 15.9 21.8 303 pH - 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.8 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 13.7 10.1 9.3 8.2 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 38.5 45.0 36.1 45.6 NA6 Salinity %o 21.0 28.3 28.2 28.2 NA7 DO mg/l 6.2 4.9 6.7 6.8 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 22.0 28.6 28.4 28.7 NA9 TSS mg/l 12.0 9.3 8.3 6 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 4.5 4.7 4.0 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.45 0.6 1.8 0.49 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.16 2.30 1.478 2.660 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.296 0.178 0.394 0.117 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.048 0.056 0.052 0.036 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.584 0.465 0.750 0.333 0.00517 As mg/l 0.399 7.440 3.333 0.611 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0.1 0.2 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 76 48 212 410 1.000



Cai Lan port

No. Parameters Units Monitoring months TCVN 5943:1995 (swimming

area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.1 0.15 0.26 0.15 NA2 Temperature oC 30.9 26.3 16.0 23.9 303 pH - 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.6 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 10.5 13.9 10.5 4.9 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 31.4 45.4 36.1 46.3 NA6 Salinity %o 17.4 28.4 28.4 28.4 NA7 DO mg/l 5.7 4.0 6.3 5.6 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 18.2 28.7 28.5 28.9 NA9 TSS mg/l 8.0 12.8 10.0 4.6 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4.0 5.2 5.7 5.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.3 0.42 1.8 0.43 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.76 1.71 0.51 2.45 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.06 0.05 0.28 0.14 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.059 0.178 0.281 0.196 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.016 0.04 0.044 0.036 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.511 0.465 0.583 0.600 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 4.167 3.684 1.889 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 18 11 32 118 1.000

Ha Long Boat station


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.11 0.15 0.1 0.12 NA2 Temperature oC 32.4 26.9 16.5 21.5 303 pH - 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.8 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 9.8 11.4 14.8 7.0 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 41.2 46.8 37.3 47.3 NA6 Salinity %o 22.6 29.1 28.8 27.9 NA7 DO mg/l 5.3 5.16 5.8 5.5 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 23.4 29.3 29.0 28.4 NA9 TSS mg/l 8.5 10.8 13.6 6.4 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 5.0 4.5 6.1 7.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.5 0.46 1.83 0.56 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.57 3.34 0.645 3.190 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.13 0.26 0.13 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.118 0.113 0.235 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.056 0.04 trace 0.024 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.584 0.581 0.250 0.467 0.00517 As mg/l 0.337 6.845 1.228 0.833 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 48 119 244 78 1.000



Sato Island


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.43 0.28 0.35 0.18 NA2 Temperature oC 31.3 26.2 15.8 21.6 303 pH - 7.6 7.8 7.6 8.0 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 7.4 16.2 16.2 6.1 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 39.4 45.5 38.6 47.1 NA6 Salinity %o 22.3 28.6 29.1 28.8 NA7 DO mg/l 6.4 5.58 6.2 4.2 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 23.2 28.8 29.3 29.3 NA9 TSS mg/l 5.8 14.9 14.8 5.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 4 4.5 4.2 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.7 0.61 1.68 0.63 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.62 1.51 0.722 2.610 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.237 0.281 0.117 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.048 0.024 0.052 0.030 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.438 0.349 0.500 0.600 0.00517 As mg/l 0.399 3.869 3.158 0.944 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0.1 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 21 47 95 40 1.000

Do Bang


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.175 0.22 0.20 0.06 NA2 Temperature oC 32.4 27.1 15.6 25.1 303 pH - 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 20 18 17.9 16.0 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 20 21.2 35.58 8.6 NA6 Salinity %o 10.3 10.4 27.97 5.1 NA7 DO mg/l 6.3 5.9 6.6 5.1 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 11.5 11.6 28.19 6.7 NA9 TSS mg/l 18.2 16.4 16.8 12.7 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 5 5 5.5 4.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.4 0.56 1.1 0.71 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 2.2 2.03 1.357 2.460 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.118 0.178 0.281 0.078 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.008 0.048 0.037 0.030 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.511 0.930 0.500 0.600 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 4.167 2.632 0.722 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 420 81 70 195 1.000



Middle of Cua Luc Bay


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.22 0.1 0.26 0.21 NA2 Temperature oC 31.1 25.2 15.9 21.5 303 pH - 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.9 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 11 9.6 14.3 5.2 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 38.7 45.7 39.3 41.8 NA6 Salinity %o 22.4 28.9 29.35 29.1 NA7 DO mg/l 6.5 6.0 6.8 0.3 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 22.7 29.0 29.8 29.4 NA9 TSS mg/l 8.6 8.1 12.9 4.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 4.5 3.0 4.0 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.5 0.53 1.5 0.43 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.54 2.07 0.713 2.160 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.07 0.07 0.19 0.07 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.296 0.056 0.196 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.048 0.056 trace 0.042 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.867 trace trace 1.067 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 2.679 0.175 0.722 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 12 105 52 116 1.000

Dau Go - Thien Cung


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.28 0.22 0.32 0.26 NA2 Temperature oC 31.8 26.8 17.5 20.9 303 pH - 7.8 7.6 7.9 7.7 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 2.1 5.1 9.7 2.8 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 42.8 46.9 38.7 50.2 NA6 Salinity %o 24 29.3 29.3 29.4 NA7 DO mg/l 6.5 5.2 6.4 6.2 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 24.7 29.5 29.34 29.7 NA9 TSS mg/l 2.3 4.0 8.3 3.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 3 3.0 3.5 2.6 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.3 0.54 1.7 0.52 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.29 2.24 0.642 3.360 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.04 0.05 0.34 0.07 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.414 0.059 trace 0.196 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.04 0.008 trace 0.030 0.00516 Hg mg/l 1.387 0.698 0.167 0.800 0.00517 As mg/l 0.460 5.952 0.351 0.944 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 5 32 90 58 1.000



Middle of Ha Long Bay


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.11 0.12 0.20 0.24 NA2 Temperature oC 30.8 27.7 17.9 21.1 303 pH - 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 8.8 4.8 15.8 4.4 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 38.3 48.3 39.1 48.5 NA6 Salinity %o 21.6 29.7 30.3 29.1 NA7 DO mg/l 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.5 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 22.4 29.9 30.3 29.4 NA9 TSS mg/l 7.5 4 14.0 4.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 2 4 3.5 4.0 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.3 0.68 1.77 0.61 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.88 3.80 1.320 1.320 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.08 0.36 0.08 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.237 0.113 0.113 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.04 0.056 trace trace 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.511 0.930 0.083 0.083 0.00517 As mg/l 0.215 3.869 0.351 0.351 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 3 0 44 0 1.000

Bo Nau – Sung Sot


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.17 0.3 0.32 0.22 NA2 Temperature oC 31.1 27.1 18.6 20.0 303 pH - 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.6 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 3.6 3.3 7.9 3.4 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 39.7 48.2 35.5 48.6 NA6 Salinity %o 22.3 30.0 27.4 29.1 NA7 DO mg/l 6.2 6.8 7.0 6.1 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 23.1 30.2 27.6 29.4 NA9 TSS mg/l 3.2 2.8 7.1 3.0 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 3 2 2.5 2.0 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.35 0.37 1.1 0.32 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.337 2.03 1.840 3.400 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.05 0.33 0.09 0.114 Pb mg/l 0 0.237 trace 0.117 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.473 0.040 trace 0.042 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.056 0.465 0.083 0.800 0.00517 As mg/l 0.511 2.381 1.228 1.167 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 1.04 0 0 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 4 3 0 0 1.000



Me Cung


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.06 0.33 0.19 0.20 NA2 Temperature oC 30.3 27.0 18.6 19.7 303 pH - 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.5 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 2.8 3.7 6.5 2.2 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 47.9 48.3 39.9 50.0 NA6 Salinity %o 27.9 30.1 30.4 29.7 NA7 DO mg/l 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 28.3 30.2 30.5 29.9 NA9 TSS mg/l 2.5 3.2 6.1 2.6 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 2 2 2.5 3.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.4 0.31 1.1 0.30 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.56 1.63 0.564 4.130 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.237 0.178 0.056 0.196 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.056 0.048 trace 0.042 0.00516 Hg mg/l 0.511 0.116 0.083 0.933 0.00517 As mg/l 0.337 5.655 0.526 0.333 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0.1 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 5 2 0 0 1.000

Troi River Estuary


area)

07/2002 10-11/2002 01/2003 02-03/2003

1 Current velocity m/s 0.12 0.05 0.35 0.08 NA2 Temperature oC 30.0 23.3 15.0 25.7 303 pH - 7.8 7.3 7.8 7.5 6.5 – 8.54 Turbidity NTU 18.3 10.3 9.2 13.8 NA5 Conductivity mS/cm 1.75 23.2 22.16 32.8 NA6 Salinity %o 0.8 15.8 16.87 19.9 NA7 DO mg/l 6.8 6.3 4.77 5.8 ≥ 48 TDS mg/l 1.04 16.7 17.76 20.8 NA9 TSS mg/l 18 9.4 9.0 12.5 2510 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 7 6.8 7.5 < 2011 Total phos. mg/l 0.2 1.2 3.2 1.0 NA12 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.89 1.920 0.736 2.730 NA13 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.16 0.34 0.18 0.114 Pb mg/l 0.000 trace 0.225 0.078 0.115 Cd mg/l 0.000 0.016 0.004 0.030 0.00516 Hg mg/l 1.241 0.233 0.417 0.467 0.00517 As mg/l 0.276 2.381 1.404 0.444 0.0518 Oil & Grease mg/l 0 0 0 0.1 219 Coliforms MPN/100ml 210 910 678 9 1.000



ANNEX 2

ESTIMATED POLLUTION LOADS ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS STUDIESHa Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study (February 1998)

The Study on Environmental Management for Ha Long Bay (September 1999)



Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSanitation Feasibility Study Volume IIIB

EIA for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System December 1998 Revised

Impacts According to Water Quality Model

The impacts of the proposed wastewater treatment plants have been calculated by using the Water Quality Model in the Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study (February 1998). In the final report the scenario was made for year the 2000 with and without wastewater treatment.

In that study the dilution capacity of Ha Long Bay is determined by its ability to disperse pollutants. The mechanism for dispersing pollutants consists of dilution and flushing, which is provided largely by the tidal water movement. The river runoff entering Cua Luc estuary (Hong Gai Bay) also contributes to the dilution capacity of the bay, but its contribution is small in relation to the tidal exchange with Ha Long Bay. Dilution capacity is defined by pollutant concentrations below the Vietnam national water quality standards or other appropriate standard.

The dilution capacity depends on:- The type of pollutant;- The location in the study area (Ha Long Bay and Cua Luc estuary);- The level of treatment applied to the pollutant;- The methods of disposal whether close to shore or through a marine outfall.

The primary pollutants considered here are:1. BOD, biochemical oxygen demand, which affects the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the receiving water. DO is mainly related to marine ecosystem health and to the ability of the receiving water to oxidise other contaminants e.g. ammonium nitrogen;2. Coliform bacteria, which is an indicator of safe water conditions for public health, both for recreation and edible shellfish;3. TSS, total suspended solids, derived from land-based contaminant discharges, with storm water runoff being the main source near the urban areas. The impacts from suspended solids are related particularly to the coral reefs and aesthetics as reflected in water clarity. The latter is related mainly to tourist activities and the perception of polluted water from low visibility.

Dilution capacity has been investigated for BOD/DO, TSS and coliform bacteria using the C2DTD model and the pollution loads with five scenarios. The statistical summaries for the 2000 scenario were viewed using the Seainfo software.

The original five sites for presentation of the scenarios were as follows: - Hon Gai, central market area, South shore of Hon Gai- Hon Gai east, eastern South shore of Hon Gai, one of the options for a long-term WWTP; - the narrowest point in Cua Luc strait at the entrance to Cua Luc estuary, close to the originally proposed WWTP site (January 1998); - the central Bai Chay coast immediately offshore of the central tourist hotel and swimming district (where the new package plant will discharge effluent);



- Cai Lan, the future site for major port facilities, located inside Hon Gai Bay, can be used as a reference for the proposed WWTP sites for both Bai Chay and Hon Gai.

According to the Final Report of the Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study the key findings from the scenario results are: DO level is generally not a problem, and BOD is well assimilated now. Coliform bacteria is a potential problem now and in the future. The benefits from the proposed treatment options are large and treatment appears effective in reducing coliform levels in the receiving waters near shore. The benefit is significant for Bai Chay in both the short-term and long-term options. TSS from upland runoff dominates conditions in Cua Luc, but may not be the main source of low transparency in Halong Bay.

Table 1 Estimated major pollution loads without and with wastewater treatment in Bai Chay and Hon Gai (no treatment in Hon Gai during the first phase of the project) according to Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study Final Report February 1998

Baseline scenario (1997)

Year 2000 scenarioWithout WW treatment

Year 2000 scenario with WW treatment

Total load

Load from Human population

Total load


Total load


Impact of WWT

Bai ChayBOD (kg/day)

633 494 720 578 138 87 85 %

TSS (kg/day) 1,542 1,070 1,724 1,252 660 188 85 %Coliform(1012 /day)

478 475 559 555 87 83 85 %

Hon GaiBOD (kg/day)

518 402 597 470 (106) (70) (85 %)

TSS (kg/day) 1,051 870 1,200 1,018 (334) (153) (85 %)Coliform(1012 /day)

387 386 453 452 (69) (68) (85 %)

Several conclusions have been reached based on the model outputs and the scenario simulations: The water quality model is an effective tool to relate land-based sources of pollutant loads to receiving water quality conditions. The hydrodynamic model is accurate, and the software system has proved to be easy to use. The model provides a good understanding of the dilution and flushing processes. The results show that the dilution capacity of Ha Long Bay is large, which is expected because of its connection with the Gulf of Tonkin. On the other hand, the dilution capacity of Cua Luc estuary (Hong Gai Bay) is limited and is related in a large measure to the area of the estuary. If the bay is reduced in size by reclamation, the dilution capacity will be also reduced. Pollutant concentrations are the highest close to shore, and decrease rapidly out from the shore. Concentrations are reduced to below background in Ha Long Bay. Generally pollution impacts are confined to within 1-2 km of the shore, and problem areas tend to be localised around discharge points. For this reason, pollution loads can be reduced through treatment and will result in improved water quality in the bay.



In order to estimate the impacts of the proposed wastewater treatment plant in Bai Chay a separate calculation was requested from DOSTE. The calculations were done according the situation pertaining in April 1998. The following baseline information was submitted:

Table 2 Sewage quantity to be treatedYear Location Quantity

m3/dayBOD will be treated

kg/day

BOD after treatment plant

kg/dayBai Chay

2008 Cai Dam area – Kenh Dong Pond 930 338 33.82008 Vuon Dao area 1650 600 602015 Vuon Dao area 3884 1362 136

Hon Gai2008 North Sato (nearby Deo Sen cemetery) (7000) (1400) (175)2015 North Sato (nearby Deo Sen cemetery) (14000) (2800) (350)

The following discharging points were asked to be included to the calculations:

1. Outfall of Cai Dam shrimp pond nearby Hung Thang island;2. Cai Lan new port nearby Ship Building Enterprise;3. North Sato island nearby Deo Sen cemetery;4. 1 km far from Hon Gai Km 5 sea shore.

Pollution loads were calculated for dry season, and winter 1997 was used as baseline scenario. The model was to be run for BOD/DO and coliform bacteria. The results were inconclusive and the printed input data appeared not to reflect the scenario requested. The impact of other load sources was so large that the impact of the proposed wastewater treatment plants did not show in the results though in the previous presentation in Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study the impact was clear.

Comparing the baseline condition in 1997 with the 2008 scenario it can be noticed that the number of bacteria in the shoreline will decrease. However, the number of bacteria is still over the limit of 1000 MPN/100 ml according to the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5943-1995) for acceptable levels of pollutants in coastal waters for bathing and recreation areas.

It can be estimated that if the collection and treatment of wastewater is done in the proper way there will be an improvement in the aquatic environmental quality. According to the pollution load model based on the WHO Rapid Methodology the impacts of treated effluent are minor.



THE STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR HA LONG BAYJICA / NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

September 1999

14 POLLUTION LOAD

14.1 Setting Sub-catchments

The catchment of the bays was divided into 14 sub-catchments for estimation of pollution loads, except for Cat Ba island and other islands. The sub-catchments having main rivers (No. 1, 4 to 6, and 14) located in the northern part of the catchment from the east to the west. The others (No. 2, 3, 8 to 13) are located in along the coast line of the bays, these gradient varies from 12 to 20 %.

The land use pattern of each sub-catchment was analyzed by satellite image analysis. The amount of freshwater flowing into the bays from each sub-catchment was estimated based on the hydrological data and analyzed land use pattern. The estimated total freshwater inflow is about 980 million m3/year, 82 % of which is discharged from the main rivers (Mip, Troi, Man, Dien Vong, Mong rivers).

14.2 Specific and Non-specific Pollution Sources

Database

An inventory of pollution sources was taken to develop a database. The various data especially on the land-based specific pollution sources in the study area were collected by conducting questionnaire survey by the JICA study team in 1998. The established database was provided to DOSTE by the JICA study team. It is recommended that database should be updated in appropriate timing to provide users latest data and information, to accumulate data, and to analyze time series changes of data. Pollution source inventory data should be updated as soon as possible when new factory or any change of existing factory concerned as a pollution source is registered of informed.

Pollution Sources

For pollution load estimation, specific pollution sources in the study area are largely classified into three groups, namely, domestic wastewater including tourism, industrial wastewater including coal mining activities, and livestock wastewater based on the types and/or activities.

While normally non-specific pollution sources are classified into two groups, land runoff and precipitation. Land runoff in the study area consists of pollution loads from forest, agricultural area, bare areas including denuded area by coal mining and urban areas.

14.3 Runoff Pollution Load to the Bays

The pollution loads flowing into the bays are calculated based on the generated pollution loads and runoff ratios. Domestic and livestock pollution loads are estimated by each population and pollution load units. Pollution loads from industries are estimated by volume of wastewater data obtained by the questionnaire survey for inventory and the Field Survey, and a typical water quality of each type of factory in Vietnam and Japan.



Runoff ratio depends on land use, type of pollution sources, distance between location of sources and the bays, and intensity of rainfall. In order to obtain the runoff ratios in the rivers, calibration is to be considered between water quality taken by the Field Survey and estimated runoff pollution loads. The pollution loads generated in the sub-catchments locating along the coastline, flow into the bays directly or via streams with relatively high runoff ratio.

A runoff pollution load is estimated by means of parameters such as runoff ratio and pollution load units which are set based on the result of the Field Survey. The pollution loads of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P flowing into the bays are estimated as shown below.

Pollution Loads Inflow (Unit: ton/day)

Items Domestic Industries Livestock Non-specific TotalBOD 3.0 0.3 1.9 1.9 7.2COD 4.9 1.9 2.8 12.3 21.9SS 8.5 22.1 16.3 194.0 241.1T-N 2.7 0.5 2.5 9.7 15.5T-P 0.3 negligible 1.5 4.2 6.1

Notes: Domestic pollution load includes that of tourism

15 MASS BALANCE OF POLLUTANTS IN THE BAYS

Material circulation and balance in the bays should be taken into consideration for the analysis of organic pollution mechanism in the bays. For the analysis of mass balance of pollutants in the bays, four representative calculation areas were set, namely, Bai Chay bay, Bai Chay and Hong Gai, Cam Pha and Cua Ong, and Ha Long bay and Bi Tu Long bay. The box mixing method was used for calculation. This method is that once pollution loads poured in each area, the water and pollutants are mixed one tidal period (assumed 24 hours), and pollutants are conveyed to the outsides with same water volume as inflow. In order to simplify the calculation, exchange of water between outside of each area was not considered. BOD was used as an indicator of pollutants.

Primary production, decomposition, settlement, and elution are key components for clarification of organic pollution mechanism in the bays. These parameters are used to carry out the material balance calculation as well as to establish water quality simulation model in the bays. In order to obtain the values of these pollution mechanism parameters of the bays, the JICA study team implemented tests in situ and laboratory.

The results of calculation for the present condition (1996) are shown below. Standing stock in the table means BOD left in each line. The results of this mass balance analysis indicate that the organic pollutant represented by BOD is mainly brought by the primary production.

Mass Balance of Pollutants (Unit: BOD ton/day)

ItemsAreas

Contribution on increase in pollutants Contribution on decrease in pollutants

Standing Stock

Pollution load inflow

Primary Production

Elution Self-purification *

Outflow

Bai Chay bay 2.9 45.3 0.6 42.4 6.3 0.1Bai Chay and Hong Gai

7.6 62.3 0.6 65.0 5.3 0.2



Cam Pha and Cua Ong

2.0 1,234.2 21.3 1,255.1 1.1 1.3

Ha Long bay 10.3 2,004.2 13.5 2,009.7 10.7 7.6Notes: 1) *Self-purification includes decomposition and settlement 2) Pollution load inflow in Bai Chay and Hong Gai area includes that from the Cua Luc strait

16 WATER POLLUTION MECHANISM OF THE BAYS

16.1 General Conditions of Water Quality in the Study Area

The results of the Field Survey indicate that the bays’ water, on the whole, had mesotrophic or slightly eutrophic conditions and little deterioration. However, the water and sediment quality inshore along Ha Long city and Cam Pha – Cua Ong areas was comparatively influenced by land-based effluent discharges. It is obvious that run-off pollution loads from the catchment were limited to the inshore areas, mainly close to untreated effluent discharge points. The only pollution variable that appears to influence offshore areas was oil, due to the presence of shipping activities throughout the bays.

SS and iron (Fe) were only problematic variables in some rivers. The rivers experience high SS loads of more than 1,000 mg/l, which is likely a result of erosion from past and present denuded areas by urbanization, coal mining, and agricultural activities. The relatively higher Fe levels, for example more than 20 mg/l, in some tributaries are likely caused by mine waste in concert with low pH of 2 – 4.

The concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment of the bays were lower than the coastal water quality standards in Vietnam or international standards. The almost uniform distribution of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations throughout the bay sediment suggests that their concentrations are considered to be natural.

16.2 Water Quality Distribution in the Bays

Rainy Season

As observed in the Field survey in July 1998, land-based fresh water together with pollutants is stagnated inshore from the Cua Luc strait to Ha Long bay. Besides, the water in the bays is stratified wedge-wise by land-based fresh water and is intruded offshore water which shows relatively higher values of COD, SS, and nutrients than those in the center of the Ha Long bay.

Observed water quality distribution in the rainy season is consistent with this water mass structure. Namely, relatively higher values of pollutants are observed inshore and offshore (COD: 8 – 11 mg/l), while lower values in the center of Ha Long bay (COD: 5 -6 mg/l). Some parameters such as SS are the highest (about 7 mg/l, except for the areas influenced by stirred up bottom sediment) at the front of the salt wedge, so called null point, where run-off pollutants tend to be settled.

Dry Season

Observed water quality distribution in the dry season was a little different from that in the rainy season. Salinity in the dry season was higher than in the rainy season due to the little precipitation. Stratified water in the rainy season disappears in the dry season, so that offshore



water intruded into the inner part of bays. Accordingly, little differences of the water quality such as transparency were observed throughout the bays in the dry season.

16.3 Water Quality in the Rainy and Dry Seasons

The observed bays’ water quality parameters of BOD, COD, and SS were around twice as high in the rainy season than the dry season. One possibility is that land based pollution loads into the bays in the rainy season are higher than in the dry season. This is mainly due to a high percentage of the pollutants washed out to the bays by the higher rainfall.

Another possibility is an effect of primary production. Chlorofyll-a values are around twice as high in the rainy season than in the dry season. This means that photosynthetic rate, namely generated organic matters by a primary production, in the rainy season is higher than in the dry season. This relatively active primary production in the rainy season is caused by the higher land based nutrients washed out by the precipitation, light intensity, and water temperature compared with the dry season.

17 SIMULATION MODEL DEVELOPMENT

17.1 Structure of the Model

The objective of developing a numerical simulation model is to estimate changes in key water quality parameters for the different environmental scenarios derived from the socio-economic frame. The model was first developed for the current conditions based on the data obtained by the Field Survey and the existing data for its validation. The model simulated three processes: hydrodynamics, diffusion, and nutrient cycling in the study area.

The hydrodynamic model was run to provide hydrodynamic conditions to be used in the water quality modelling. The period of the run was chosen to correspond to the Field Survey period. Four major tidal constituents were used as tidal forces rather than the single dominating constituent because of the large range of the amplitudes for tidal current velocities depending on the time.

Pollutant variables of the different model were SS, and it was simply treated as a single variable. The diffusion model was run based on the results of the hydrodynamic model. The nutrient cycling model was also run based on the results of the hydrodynamic model. Pollutant variables addressed by the model were COD, inorganic nitrogen (I-N), organic nitrogen (O-N), inorganic phosphorus (I-P), organic phosphorus (O-P), and DO.

17.2 Validation of the Simulation Model

To validate results of the models, the simulated results were compared to the measured data obtained by the Field Survey.

The tidal current ellipses extracted from the simulated results were compared to the measured data for the validation of the tidal components of the simulated currents. The simulated results rather met with the measured data. The averaged velocities of the simulated results were also compared to the averaged velocities of the measured data. The simulated results roughly met with the data.



The simulated results of the diffusion model and the nutrient cycling model were compared to the measured data. The Field Survey data of SS, COD, T-N, and T-P decreased from the load points to offshore and then increased toward the south and southeast. The simulated results showed such trend.

On these grounds, it is concluded that the development numerical simulation model can be used for the projection of future water quality in the bays.



ANNEX 3

PROJECT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF PHASE I 2001 - 2003



Waste water monitoring results in the executing time of the Project - Phase I (supplied by PMU):

Monitoring waste water quality at 4 sewers flowing to the sea (02 in Bai Chay, 01 in Hon Gai and 01 in Cam Pha) at the times of strong tide. The monitoring days from the year of 2001 to 2003 as follows:

2001: 21th June and 19th December in Cam Pha; 22th June and 20th December in Ha Long. 2002:13th June and 23th December in Cam Pha; 14th June and 24th December in Ha Long.2003: 16th June and 26th December in Cam Pha; 17th June and 25th December in Ha Long.

Monitoring results in each year

Year 2001

No. Sampled positions BOD5 (mgO2/l) TSS (mg/l) Coliforms (MPN/100ml)

Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec.1 Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai) 92.0 300.0 23.5 214.0 2.4x104 2.4x108

2 Sewer No. 13 (Bai Chay)

42 910.0 115 329.5 4.3x103 2.4x108


66.5 86.0 9.5 117.0 2.4x104 4.3x104

4 Sewer No. 5 (Cam Pha) 11.6 71.0 34.4 64.0 2.4x104 1.1x108

Year 2002



2 Sewer No. 13 (Bai Chay) 24.0 40.0 225.5 158.0 2.4x106 2.4x106

3 Sewer No. 21 (Bai Chay) 16.0 56.0 549.0 226.5 2.4x106 1.1x106


Year 2003




100.0 32.0 223.0 121.0 2.4x106 1.1x106


60.0 16.0 60.0 116.6 2.4x106 2.4x106




Monitoring results at each position over 3 years

Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai) No. Parameters Year of 2001 Year of 2002 Year of 2003

Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec.1 BOD5 (mgO2/l) 92 300 32 40 80 82 TSS (mg/l) 23.5 214.0 149.5 194.5 240.5 150.33 Coliforms

(MPN/100ml)2.4x104 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106

Sewer No. 13 (Bai Chay)

No. Parameters Year of 2001 Year of 2002 Year of 2003Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec.

1 BOD5 (mgO2/l) 42 910.0 24.0 40.0 100.0 32.02 TSS (mg/l) 115 329.5 225.5 158.0 223.0 121.03 Coliforms

(MPN/100ml)4.3x103 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 1.1x106



1 BOD5 (mgO2/l) 66.5 86.0 16.0 56.0 60.0 16.02 TSS (mg/l) 9.5 117.0 549.0 226.5 60.0 116.63 Coliforms

(MPN/100ml)2.4x104 4.3x104 2.4x106 1.1x106 2.4x106 2.4x106

Sewer No. 5 (Cam Pha)


1 BOD5 (mgO2/l) 11.6 71.0 1.6 80.0 4.0 64.02 TSS (mg/l) 34.4 64.0 23.0 38.5 184.5 147.33 Coliforms

(MPN/100ml)2.4x104 1.1x108 9.3x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106



Monitoring results for each parameters over 3 years

BOD5 (mgO2/l)

No. Sampled positions Year of 2001 Year of 2002 Year of 2003Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec. Jun. Dec.

Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai)

92,0 300,0 32,0 40,0 80,0 8,0


42 910,0 24,0 40,0 100,0 32,0


66,5 86,0 16,0 56,0 60,0 16,0


11,6 71,0 1,6 80,0 4,0 64,0

TSS (mg/l)


Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai)

23.5 214.0 149.5 194.5 240.5 150.3


115 329.5 225.5 158.0 223.0 121.0


9.5 117.0 549.0 226.5 60.0 116.6


34.4 64.0 23.0 38.5 184.5 147.3

Coliforms (MPN/100ml)


1 Sewer No. 11 (Hon Gai)

2.4x104 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106


4.3x103 2.4x108 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 1.1x106


2.4x104 4.3x104 2.4x106 1.1x106 2.4x106 2.4x106

4 Sewer No. 5 (Cam Pha)

2.4x104 1.1x108 9.3x106 2.4x106 2.4x106 2.4x106



Flooded situation in the project area when the rainfall is over 50 mm: recorded at 10 positions, in which 3 positions in Cam Pha, 04 positions in Hon Gai and 03 positions in Bai Chay.

Year 2001

No. Positions Flooded depth (cm)

Flooded duration(minutes)

Flood-ed

times

Frequ-ency%

Flooded days

1 Bai Chay 1 20-30 48-110 7 20 21/ 6; 28/6; 29/6; 16/7; 2/8; 5/9; 26/10

2 Bai Chay 2 30-40 105-115 5 16 21/6; 28/6; 2/8; 5/9; 26/10

3 Bai Chay 3 30-40 83 2 4 28/6; 5/94 Hon Gai 1 30-40 57-109 6 20 21/6; 28/6; 29/6; 2/8;

5/9; 26/105 Hon Gai 2 30-40 52-98 3 12 21/6; 28/6; 29/66 Hon Gai 3 30-40 82 1 4 28/67 Hon Gai 4 >40 113-127 2 8 28/6; 2/88 Cam Pha 1 30- 40 90-325 4 12 21/6; 28/6; 14/7; 27/79 Cam Pha 2 30- 40 65-78 2 6 21/6; 28/610 Cam Pha 3 30-40 192-204 2 6 14/7; 27/7

Year 2002



Flood-ed

times

Frequ-ency%

Flooded days

1 Bai Chay 1 20-40 40-110 4 21 8/5; 1/7; 6/7; 10/72 Bai Chay 2 20-40 35-85 3 15 8/5; 1/7; 6/73 Bai Chay 3 30-40 30-120 3 15 8/5; 01/7; 6/74 Hon Gai 1 20-30 35-90 3 15 8/5; 1/7;6/75 Hon Gai 2 10-30 10-85 7 33 8/5; 10/5; 30/5; 9/6;

12/6; 1/7; 6/76 Hon Gai 3 10-30 17-35 5 25 30/5; 9/6; 12/6; 1/7; 6/77 Hon Gai 4 30-40 40-120 2 10 8/5; 01/78 Cam Pha 1 20- 40 42-112 3 17 8/5; 11/7; 11/89 Cam Pha 2 10-30 10-95 6 33 8/5; 9/6; 11/7; 26/7;

9/8; 11/810 Cam Pha 3 20 ->40 42-175 2 11 8/5; 11/8



Year 2003



Flood-ed

times

Frequ-ency%

Flooded days

1 Bai Chay 1 30-40 70-192 3 20 29/5; 22/6; 30/92 Bai Chay 2 30-40 25-150 6 40 29/5; 12/6; 22/6; 25/8;

09/9; 30/93 Bai Chay 3 20-40 25-180 7 47 29/5; 12/6; 22/6; 25/8;

09/9; 10/9; 30/94 Hon Gai 1 20-40 25-120 6 40 29/5; 12/6; 22/6; 25/8;

09/9; 30/95 Hon Gai 2 20-30 15-110 4 27 29/5; 22/6; 25/8; 30/96 Hon Gai 3 20->40 15-90 7 47 29/5; 12/6; 22/6; 25/8;

09/9; 10/9; 30/97 Hon Gai 4 30->40 30-120 4 26 25/8; 29/5; 22/6; 30/98 Cam Pha 1 20-40 30-110 5 24 24/5; 29/5; 24/7; 10/99 Cam Pha 2 20-30 60-100 4 19 29/5; 22/6; 24/7; 10/910 Cam Pha 3 30-40 25-135 5 24 24/5; 29/5; 22/6; 24/7;

10/9

Notes :

No.1 Bai Chay 1 Corner of Vuon Dao - Construction Guesthouse2 Bai Chay 2 Vuon Dao Hotel - Trade Union Hotel3 Bai Chay 3 Doi stream4 Hon Gai 1 Cay Thap (Bach Dang Ward)5 Hon Gai 2 Foot of Church hill (Tran Hung Dao Ward)6 Hon Gai 3 Contruction Department Gate (Hong Hai Ward)7 Hon Gai 4 Foot of Da Tuong hill (Yet Kieu Ward)8 Cam Pha 1 Cat stream (Cam Trung Ward)9 Cam Pha 2 Ba Toa stream (Cam Tay Ward)10 Cam Pha 3 Bridge 1 (2001)/Tong Hop crossroad (2002 - 2003) (Cam Dong Ward)

Frequency = Flooded Times/Observed Times Data obtained from Quang Ninh hydrometeorology station



Health indicators recorded at 5 wards in the project area while executing the project (phase I) show that there has been no typhoid, cholera, dysentery or malaria case. Nevertheless, the number of diarrhoea cases have been significant as below table:

No. Areas surveyed Number of diarrhoea casesYear of 2001 Year of 2002 Year of 2003

1 Bach Dang ward (Ha Long City) 50 66 532 Bai Chay ward (Ha Long City) 30 42 493 Ha Khanh ward (Ha Long City) 12 20 194 Cam Trung ward (Cam Pha Town) 40 65 495 Cam Binh ward (Cam Pha Town) 27 46 27

Total 159 239 197Source: PMU, phase I

Solid waste quantity collected:

No. Areas Quantity (m3)Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003

1 Ha Long City 125,092 112,158 114,4802 Cam Pha Town 36,270 45,735 47,365

Total 161,362 157,893 161,845



ANNEX 4

WASTEWATER INFLOW AND LOAD MASS BALANCE – HON GAI COLLECTOR SEWER CATCHMENT

Final Inception Report 2004




Wastewater generated:107,130 population

@ 130L/h/d = 13,927m3/d@ 50 g/h/d = 5,356 kg BOD/d

& 5,356 kg SS/d

Septic tank system:70% wastewater water passes through effective septic tanks

Discharge:13,927 m3/d

4,044 kg BOD/d2,919 kg SS/d

75% connected to secondary drainage system

10,445 m3/d3,033 kg BOD/d2,189 kg SS/d

45% to be intercepted initially by new system to WWTP

4,700 m3/d1,365 kg BOD/d

985 kg SS/d

Allow for 50% Infiltration into existing secondary drainage system

7,050 m3/d1,365 kg BOD/d

985 kg SS/d

Functioning septic tank@ 35% BOD reduction =

2,437 kg BOD/d@ 65% solids reduction =

1,312 kg SS/d

No septic tankNo BOD reduction = 1,607

kg BOD/dNo solids reduction = 1,607

kg SS/d


ANNEX 5

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS



Table 5.1 Identification, mitigation and monitoring of the impacts related to wastewater treatment

ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, FOLLOW-UP

Air emissions Local during construction and operation.

Minimal emissions of NOx, CO, CO2 and particulates from the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Dust emissions from traffic related to the construction works.During operation there might be odour from ponds and during the sludge removal.

Minimize dust and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision.

Minimize the odour problems with proper operation and maintenance especially during sludge removal.

Establish buffer zone with trees around the wastewater treatment plant.

Periodical short-term impacts during operation.

Not required.

Noise Locally during construction in the vicinity of construction sites and along transportation routes.No noise during operation.

Short-term noise associated with de-watering and construction of oxidation ponds. Minimal short-term noise effect in populated areas.

Avoid working in residential areas during the night between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949:1998)

Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. Contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them.

Select transportation routes to minimize extra traffic.

Minimal impacts Not required.

Construction of WWTP

Local De-watering and land reclamation is needed.Aquatic ecosystem will be disturbed.Spills of oil and lubricant from construction equipment.

During de-watering mixing of water and bottom sediment has to be avoided to keep turbidity level low.

Spills to water and soil have to avoid with careful handling of petrol, oil and lubricants.

Permanent change of land use type. Permanent change from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystem.

Strict supervision of construction works is required from contractor.



Table 5.1 (continued)Operation of WWTP

Areal long-term during operation

Discharge of untreated wastewater to sea will decrease.Health risks caused by untreated wastewater will decrease.Treated effluent will have minor impacts on seawater quality.Occupational health risks possible.

Operation and maintenance instructions have to be strictly followed.Transportation of sludge has to be done according to the instructions.Safety instructions have to be strictly followed. Protective clothing has to be provided to the workers.

Positive long-term impacts on seawater quality.Improvement of health situation.Improvement of living condition of aquatic life.

Regular monitoring of treatment process.

Location of outfall

Areal long-term Discharge of treated effluent will have minor local impacts on water quality in receiving water body.

If possible the effluent should be discharged through mangroves to increase further the reduction.

Long-term impacts on water quality.

Regular monitoring of water quality in the vicinity of outfall.



Table 5.2 Identification, mitigation and monitoring of the impacts related to sewer construction


Air emissions Local during construction

Minimal emissions of NOx, CO, CO2 and particulates from the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases.Dust emissions from traffic related to the construction works.


Short-term impacts during construction works.

Not required.

Noise Local during construction in the vicinity of construction sites and along transportation routes.

Short-term noise associated with construction of new collector sewers. Minimal short-term noise effect in populated areas.


Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. Contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them.Select transportation routes to minimize extra traffic.

Short-term impacts. Not required.

Wastewater collection and pumping

Areal Amount of wastewater is decreased in open channels.

Foul odour in the vicinity of channels will decrease.

Breaks in wastewater pumping might cause serious environmental risks.

Spare pumps have to be provided to every pumping station and there has to be reverse system and enough capacity to avoid overflow.

Electricity supply has to be guaranteed.

Overall long-term positive impacts. Decrease of wastewater odour. Improvement of coastal water quality. Decrease of health risks.Pollution risk if pumps are not working, and untreated wastewater will flow to sea.

Monitoring of operation and maintenance practices.



Table 5.3 Identification, mitigation and monitoring of the impacts related to drainage channel rehabilitation and extension


Air emissions Local during construction in the vicinity of rehabilitation sites and along transportation routes.

Minimal emissions of NOx, CO, CO2 and particulates from the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases.

Dust emissions from traffic related to the construction works.


Minimal impacts. Not required.

Noise Local during construction in the vicinity of rehabilitation sites and along transportation routes.

Short-term noise associated with the rehabilitation of channels and transportation of excavated material and construction material. Minimal short-term noise nuisance in populated areas.


Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. Contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them.

Select transportation routes to minimize extra traffic.

Short-term impacts. Not required.

Rehabilitation of channels

Areal Overall positive impacts due to the improvement of hydraulic capacity of channels.Decrease of flooding areas due to removing of blockages in channels.Decrease of health risk.

Rehabilitation has to be carried during dry season to avoid big amounts of storm water in channels and minimize the nuisance to tourism. Very strong public awareness campaign has to be continued to train people not to use channels as dumps.

Overall long-term impacts if solid waste management will be improved at the same time.

Regular monitoring of the condition of the channels to prevent blockages caused by solid waste.



ANNEX 6

PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENTS



Public Consultation MeetingsWastewater Treatment Plant Component

Two public consultation meetings were undertaken for the wastewater treatment plant component, these being as follows:

1. On 3rd August 2004 a public consultation meeting took place at the office of the Ha Khanh ward Peoples Committee. This meeting, led by PMU Director Mr Pha and attended for the Consultant by the Environmental Specialist (local) and Sanitation/Drainage Engineer, focused mainly on the WWTP but also involved discussion on drainage and sewerage.

2. On 3rd December 2004 a further public consultation meeting was held at the office of the Ha Khanh ward Peoples’s Committee, the focus being on resettlement issues, with an associated strong environmental bias. BVI’s Resettlement Specialist led the meeting, with support again from the Consultant’s Sanitation/Drainage Engineer. Mr Pha represented the PMU.



TranslationMINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING

HALONG CITY & CAM PHA TOWN DRAINAGE & SANITATION PROJECT PHASE IISEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN HON GAI

Time : 3p.m 3rd August 2004Venue : Office of Ha Khanh People Committee

I. PARTICIPANTS :

Representative of:

I.1. Halong City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and Sanitation Project Management Unit :

1. Mr. Phan Cam Pha : Director of PMU2. Ms. Pham Thi Hue: PMU staff

I.2. Consultant (BVI and WECO)

1. Mr. Nguyen Dang Anh Thi: Local Environmental Specialist (BVI)2. Mr. Nguyen Trung Kien: Drainage/Sanitation Engineer (WECO)

I.3. PC of Ha Khanh phuong and related resident group

1. Mr. Nguyen Thanh Son: Chairman2. Mr. Nguyen Quoc Bao: Group leader of resident group 17/K3

I.4. PC of Hong Gai phuong

1. Mr. Pham Quoc Phuong Vice Chairman

I.5. PC of Bach Dang phuong

1. Mr. Nguyen Cao Duc: Land use staff

II. CONTENT

The participants listened to Phan Cam Pha, who introduced the Project including: Sewerage system and wastewater treatment plant capacity of 7,000 m3/day in Hon Gai; other components to reduce flooded situation for Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha; and procurement of equipment. Mr. Pha emphasized the importance of wastewater treatment plant in Hon Gai. The location of wastewater treatment plant is according to the Master Plan and it also has had the agreement among PMU and other related departments.

1/2 Black & Veatch International


Mr. Son was interested about buffer zone for wastewater treatment plant and the wastewater treatment technology. Mr Pha answered this question.

Mr. Thi introduced the EIA report preparation and he presented generally the environmental impacts of Project as well as mitigation measures in the stages of Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance.

Mr. Phuong was interested about storm overflow chambers and he was explained by Mr. Kien.

Mr. Bao fully agreed the location of wastewater treatment plant. However, he advised to take care of the impacts of the wastewater treatment plant on the surrounding area. He said that he is supporting the project vigorously.

Mr. Son said that he also supports the project but he advised the consultant to propose practical mitigation measures. He also suggested PMU to care about resettlement plan and site clearance as well as the capacity of canal to receive treated water. Mr. Pha recorded his ideas.

The minutes is accepted and signed by all parties.

The meeting finished at 4.15 pm on the same day

Halong City and Cam Pha Town PC of Ha Khanh phuongDrainage and Sanitation (Signed)

Project Management UnitSigned and stamped)

PC of Hong Gai phuong PC of Bach Dang phuong(Signed) (Signed)

Resident group 17/K3 Consultant(Signed) (Signed)



HALONG CITY AND CAM PHA TOWN DRAINAGE & SANITATION PROJECT PHASE IIMINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING (3)

HON GAI WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Date/Time: 3rd December 2004/2.00PMVenue: Office of Ha Khanh Ward People Commitee

I. PARTICIPANTS

Representatives of:

I.1. Halong City and Cam Pha Town Drainage and Sanitation Project Management Unit

1. Mr. Phan Cam Pha, Director of Quang Ninh PMU2. Mr. Bang, Officer of Quang Ninh PMU

I.2 Consultant (BVI and WECO)

1. Mrs Lam Thi Mai Lan: Local Resettlement Specialist (BVI)2. Mr Ng Trung Kien: Drainage/Sanitation Engineer (WECO)

I.3 Local Authority

1. Mr. Son: Chairman of Ha Khanh Ward People Committee2. Mr. Khau: Head of the project’s affected Hamlet 3 of Ha Khanh ward,3. Mr. Viem: Head of the project’s affected Hamlet 2 of Ha Khanh ward4. Heads of those living in Hamlets 2 and 3;

I.4 Local Community:

23 PAPs from Hamlets 2 and 3.

II: CONTENT

PurposeThe purpose of the meeting was two fold: (i) to brief the PAH’s on the proposed works and to explain the environmental and resettlement impacts to the local community; and (ii) to discuss and record the views of the affected community to enable suitable mitigation measures to be introduced during the design and construction phases.

Presentations Mr. Son, Chairman of Ha Khanh WPC, introduced the participants of the meeting.

Mr. Pha explained the background of the project on resettlement and environmental issues. He explained current Quang Ninh Province policy on resettlement and compensation, referring to current experience on Phase I. This was followed by reference to environmental issues and likely mitigation measures, again with reference to measures adopted for the current Phase I project works.



Mr. Kien started by describing the technical aspects of the planned wastewater treatment plant: process design, the number and type of treatment units to be constructed on the site. He then went on to talk about environmental aspects, explaining how a buffer zone around the site had been established in full conformance with Vietnamese regulations, quoting TCVN 7222:2002, the relevant standard for domestic waste treatment. Mr Kien explained that the buffer zone had been minimized by providing off-site sludge treatment and incorporating trees as screening around the perimeter of the treatment plant site.

Mrs Lan then explained her role as specialist for consultant BVI producing a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), as required by Quang Ninh Province and the funding agency, the World Bank. There would be houses to be resettled resulting from both the 7 ha treatment plant site itself, and the effect of the buffer zone required by Vietnamese regulations. Her aim was firstly to explain the rights of the project affected peoples (PAP’s) with regard to current government regulations on resettlement, particularly the compensation aspect and likely resettlement site. She then wanted to hear the view of the affected peoples: their questions; their priorities; their needs; their concerns; and any suggestions they may have on minimizing negative impacts. These views would be incorporated into her Resettlement Action Plan.

General Discussion

Despite the resettlement and environmental impacts described to them, nearly all the PAP’s present (22 out of 23), expressed their general support for the project and respected the Quang Ninh Province selection of Ha Khanh as the site for the WWTP. Subject to satisfactory clarification of queries raised on environmental and resettlement issues (see below) the affected residents of Ha Khanh agreed to comply with resettlement orders.

Mr. Pham Huy Viem, Head of Hamlet 2 made some general comments which are shown on the attached annex.

Environmental Issues

Having been informed of the environmental impacts and mitigation action plans for WWTP construction and operation, the PAP’s main concern was that the buffer zone boundary be carefully determined by those concerned – Quang Ninh Province officials and their consultants. What they wanted avoided is a situation that has arisen in connection with the Deo Sen landfill site and Deo Sen cemetery, where [reportedly] inappropriate buffer zones have resulted in environmental nuisance to local residents not relocated under the respective resettlement schemes.

In view of these previous problems, the PAP’s present at the meeting implored the Quang Ninh PMU and their consultants to do their utmost to minimise the negative environmental impacts of this new initiative.

Resettlement Issues

The PAP’s asked for full clarification on the compensation and resettlement policy to be adopted. They wanted to know what compensation they will get and where they were likely to be resettled, and when. Mr Pha answered that the proposed resettlement site was Cao Xanh. He then went on to enlarge upon earlier discussion by detailing for the PAP’s the current policy on resettlement of Quang Ninh Province, enlarging on the standard procedures for public information and consultation and on compensation.



The PAP’s asked to be allowed to make their own decisions on resettlement options, with adequate time. For the consultant Ms Lan advised that the consultation process would be continued throughout the RAPs implementation. The residents were assured that inventory data collected now from each PAH for the purpose of establishing losses will be updated as necessary during the implementation stage. The PAP’s concurred that the affected residents fall into two categories. In the first category of those more willing to be resettled are those who are poorer or those who are currently being impacted by the Deo Sen landfill and cemetery interventions (mainly people of Hamlet’s 2 &3). In the second category of those less willing to be resettled are the wealthier residents who possess land.

Of large concern to the PAP’s is the loss of agricultural land that will arise. Because land use provides an important source of income for many PAPs, unemployment will result. In answer to this cocern Ms Lan described the rehabilitation assistance policy of the project.

ConclusionsMr. Son Chairman of the WPC, summarized the meeting’s result by confirming overall community support for the project. He asked the affected people to maintain their life styles as they currently are until the RAP has been formally approved by the World Bank and the required land acquisitions have been made. Finally, the Chairman requested that the PMU ensure that the transition period be made as short as possible to minimize any negative environmental and resettlement impacts on the local ward people.

The minutes are accepted and signed by all parties.

The meeting finished at 4.30 PM on the same day.

Project Management Unit Ha Khanh Ward People Commitee(Chair Man)

(Signed and Stamped) (Signed)

Head of Hamlet 2 Head of Hamlet 3(Signed) (Signed)

BVI and WECO (Consultant) (Signed)



ANNEX TO PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING OF 3rd DECEMBER 2004

Comments of Hamlet 2 Representative – Mr Pham Huy Viem

1. Every project has a goal of serving people. Nevertheless, because the proposed WWTP site on this project is to be adjacent to a resident area, I consider it potentially unfeasible. I suggest that the WWTP site be moved to the area of the old Thanh Cong Coal Mine in Group 17, Area II.

2. I think the the Government should produce an action plan of resettlement for the

local residents. The residents should be informed in advance prior to project start of the location(s) they will be resettled (km from present site).

3. I want to know to what extent the odour from the treatment plant will affect local residents [outside the buffer zone] in the hot season.

4. Most of the local residents earn their living in various ways like fishery, vegetable growing and farming in general. After their land is acquired, I want to know how these people will make a living and who will be responsible. I need a specific answer.

5. Finally, I would like to know if this project has been approved by the People’s Council of all three levels.

Head of the Hamlet 2 Resident AreaSigned

Pham Huy Viem



Public Consultation MeetingsDrainage and Sewerage Components

Two public consultation meetings were held in connection with the drainage and sewerage components.

1. On 30th November 2004 a public consultation meeting was held at the office of the Halong Urban Environmental Company, the purpose being to discuss and get feedback from the phuongs on environmental issues related to the planned sewerage and drainage for Bai Chay and Hon Gai. The PMU was headed by Mr Pha, Project Director and the Consultant represented by the (local) Environmental Specialist and Sanitation/Drainage Engineer.

2. On 1st December 2004 a similar public meeting with phuong heads attendance was held at the Cam Pha office of the Urban Environment Company. Again, Mr Pha represented the PMU and the Environmental Specialist and Sanitation/Drainage Engineer attended for the Consultant.




HALONG CITY & CAM PHA TOWN DRAINAGE & SANITATION PROJECT PHASE IIDRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE IN HON GAI

Time : 2 p.m 30th November 2004Venue : Office of Ha Long Urban Environment Company

I. PARTICIPANTS :

Representative of:


1. Mr. Phan Cam Pha : Director of PMU2. Mr. Hoang Van Bang : PMU staff



I.3. PC of Hong Hai phuong

1. Mr. Ho Dinh Cam

I.4. PC of Cao Thang phuong

1. Mr. Chu Quoc Cuong

I.5. PC of Tran Hung Dao phuong

1. Mr. Pham Van Tho

I.6. PC of Yet Kieu phuong

1. Mr. Be Duc Toan

I.7. PC of Bai Chay phuong

1. Mr. Ha Hong Son



II. CONTENT

The participants listened to Phan Cam Pha, who introduced the reason and contents of the public consultation meeting, the origin and objectives of the Project and the components of the Project. Mr. Pha described preliminary the environmental impacts of the project.

Mr. Kien, to act on Mr. Pha’s authority, detailed the components of the project in Hon Gai and Bai Chay. When listening to Mr. Kien’s presentation, the representatives of phuongs asked some questions in order to know the components in their management areas.

Mr. Tho offered a suggestion to study the existing underground works for reasonably designing pipelines. Mr. Pha and Mr. Kien recorded his ideas. The representatives of phuongs fully agreed that : for executing the project, it is obligatory to excavate some areas. Therefore, the basic issue is to have reasonable execution methods as well as to apply proper mitigation measures in construction stage.

Mr. Thi introduced the EIA report preparation and he presented generally the environmental impacts of Project as well as mitigation measures in the stages of Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance.

Mr. Son admitted that the impacts in construction stage are obvious, but his interesting things is the effectiveness of project in drainage, sewerage and wastewater treatment for his communication.

Mr. Pha introduced the communication component of project and explained the effectiveness of project.

Mr. Tho guaranteed that he will announce the project, its impacts as well as mitigation measures to the people living in his area. He also suggested a cooperation between PMU and local authority.

Mr. Cam said that he fully supports the project but he advised the PMU to announce the time of construction in detail. He also suggested the construction supervising consultant need to supervise strictly the bidders.

Mr. Toan said that he also supports the project and he is very happy because the project includes components in his management area. He asserted that the people in his phuong strongly support the project because the objectives of project is reduction of flood and improvement environmental condition.

The representatives of phuongs fully agreed to support and to cooperate with PMU in implementation the project.

Mr. Pha recorded all ideas of the representatives of phuongs as well as undertook to apply mitigation measures to mitigate the impacts of project.





Halong City and Cam Pha Town ConsultantDrainage and Sanitation (Signed)


PC of Tran Hung Dao PC of Yet Kieu phuong(Signed) (Signed)

PC of Cao Thang phuong PC of Bai Chay phuong(Signed) (Signed)

PC of Hong Hai phuong(Signed)




HALONG CITY & CAM PHA TOWN DRAINAGE & SANITATION PROJECT PHASE IIDRAINAGE IN CAM PHA

Time : 2 p.m 1st December 2004Venue : Office of Cam Pha Urban Environment Company

I. PARTICIPANTS :

Representative of:


1. Mr. Phan Cam Pha : Director of PMU2. Mr. Nguyen Anh Tuan : PMU staff3. Mr. Nguyen Quoc Kien : PMU staff



I.3. PC of Cam Thinh phuong

1. Mr. Bui Dang Chien

I.4. PC of Cam Phu phuong

1. Mr. Nguyen Tien Nhu

I.5. PC of Cam Son phuong

1. Mr. Do Kim Anh

I.6. PC of Cam Thach phuong

1. Mr. Pham Van Cuong

I.7. PC of Quang Hanh phuong

1. Mr. Truong Van Pha



II. CONTENT

The participants listened to Phan Cam Pha, who introduced the origin and objectives of the Project and the components of the Project, included drainage system in Cam Pha Town. He explained the reason and contents of the public consultation meeting. He also expressed himself to listen the comments as well as to cooperate with local authorities for project implementation.

Mr. Nguyen Trung Kien, to act on Mr. Pha’s authority, detailed the components of the project in Cam Pha. When listening to Mr. Kien’s presentation, the representatives of phuongs asked some questions in order to know the components in their management areas. Mr. Pha and Mr. Kien answered their questions.

Mr. Nguyen Dang Anh Thi introduced the EIA report preparation and he presented generally the environmental impacts of Project, especially for Cam Pha’s drainage, as well as mitigation measures in the stages of Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance.

Mr. Bui Dang Chien suggested PMU and consultant to study the ground levels of the streams when designing and constructing. He also proposed to construct step by step for mitigating the impacts in a large area. He said that the people in his phuong strongly support the project because of their imperativeness about flooding situation.

Mr. Nguyen Tien Nhu suggested PMU and consultant to select proper streams for mitigation social impacts in the construction stage.

Mr. Do Kim Anh said that he acknowledged the government’s attention in investment of the project, especially for the streams in Cam Son phuong. He hope the project will be carried out more quickly and he would like to disclose the project components for every people to understand and support the project.

Mr. Pham Van Cuong offered his suggestion to PMU and consultant to study the practical situation of drainage in Cam Thach to reach high effectiveness in the stages of design, construction and operation. On behalf of people living in his area, he expressed his gratitude to PMU who cares about drainage issue in his area.

Mr. Truong Van Pha suggested to study the rainfall for proper designing of the streams.

Mr. Pha recorded all ideas of the representatives of phuongs.





Halong City and Cam Pha Town ConsultantDrainage and Sanitation (Signed)


PC of Cam Son phuong PC of Cam Thinh phuong(Signed) (Signed)

PC of Cam Thach phuong PC of Cam Phu phuong(Signed) (Signed)

PC of Quang Hanh phuong(Signed)



ANNEX 7

MATERIAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN



ANNEX 8

APPROVAL OF PHASE II FEASIBILITY STUDY



DRAWINGS
