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Draft review of import conditions for apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia

September 2017

Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing

© Commonwealth of Australia 2017

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Cataloguing data

Australian Department of Agriculture and Water Resources and Water Resources (2017) Draft review of import conditions for apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra.

Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water ResourcesGPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601

Switchboard: +61 2 6272 3933 or 1800 900 090

Facsimile: +61 2 6272 3307

Email: [email protected]

Liability

The Australian Government acting through the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence and for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law.

Stakeholder submissions on draft reports

This draft report has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment on relevant technical biosecurity issues, with supporting rationale. A final report will then be produced taking into consideration any comments received.

Submissions should be sent to the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources following the conditions specified within the related Biosecurity Advice, which is available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/memos.

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Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Contents

ContentsAcronyms and abbreviations.......................................................................................................................... v

Summary....................................................................................................................................................... 1

1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework.......................................................................................3

1.2 This risk analysis............................................................................................................................ 3

1.2.1 Background..................................................................................................................................3

1.2.2 Scope............................................................................................................................................5

1.2.3 Existing import conditions............................................................................................................5

1.2.4 Consultation.................................................................................................................................7

1.2.5 Next Steps....................................................................................................................................7

2 Method for pest risk analysis................................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Stage 1: Initiation.......................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment......................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Pest categorisation.......................................................................................................................9

2.2.2 Assessment of the probability of entry, establishment and spread.............................................9

2.2.3 Assessment of potential consequences......................................................................................12

2.2.4 Estimation of the unrestricted risk.............................................................................................13

2.2.5 The appropriate level of protection (ALOP) for Australia...........................................................14

2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management....................................................................................................14

3 Pest risk assessment for quarantine pests............................................................................................16

3.1 Assessment of the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread................................................16

3.1.1 Likelihood of entry.....................................................................................................................17

3.1.2 Likelihood of establishment.......................................................................................................19

3.1.3 Likelihood of spread...................................................................................................................20

3.1.4 Overall likelihood of entry, establishment and spread...............................................................23

3.1.5 Assessment of potential consequences......................................................................................23

3.1.6 Unrestricted risk estimates........................................................................................................37

3.1.7 Pest risk assessment conclusions...............................................................................................39

4 Pest risk management......................................................................................................................... 40

4.1 Existing risk management measures and their evaluation............................................................40

4.2 Proposed risk management measures.........................................................................................42

4.2.1 Species subject to the department’s standard seed for sowing import conditions....................42

Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Contents

4.2.2 Species requiring seed testing or treatment..............................................................................43

4.2.3 Mandatory treatment or testing................................................................................................43

4.2.4 Certification................................................................................................................................45

4.2.5 On-arrival inspection..................................................................................................................45

4.3 Evaluation of proposed risk management measures....................................................................46

4.4 Consideration of alternative measures........................................................................................47

4.4.1 Sourcing seed from pest free areas (country freedom)..............................................................47

4.4.2 Sourcing seed from pest-free places of production....................................................................47

4.4.3 Sourcing seed produced under systems approach.....................................................................48

4.5 Review of policy.......................................................................................................................... 48

5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 49

Appendix 1: Pest categorisation – pathogens associated with representatives of the Apiaceae family, their

status in Australia, pathway association, potential for establishment, spread, and economic consequences.50

Glossary..................................................................................................................................................... 199

References.........................................................................................................................................................203

Tables

Table 1 Apiaceous vegetable and herb crops under review.......................................................4

Table 2 Nomenclature of likelihoods............................................................................................11

Table 3 Matrix of rules for combining likelihood.......................................................................11

Table 4 Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score based on the magnitude of consequences at four geographic scales..............................................................13

Table 5 Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest.......13

Table 6 Risk estimation matrix......................................................................................................14

Table 7 Quarantine pests of apiaceous seeds assessed.............................................................16

Table 8 Unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests of apiaceous crop seeds for sowing................................................................................................................................................38

Table 9 Proposed mandatory risk management measures for importing apiaceous crop seeds for sowing...............................................................................................................................46

Table 10 Risk management measures proposed for apiaceous crop seeds for sowing and their impact on probability of entry.............................................................................................46

Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Acronyms and abbreviations

Acronyms and abbreviationsTerm or abbreviation Definition

ACT Australian Capital Territory

ALOP Appropriate level of protection

BICON Australia’s Biosecurity Import Conditions System

BIRA Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis

‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

IIGB Interim Inspector-General of Biosecurity

IPC International Phytosanitary Certificate

IPPC International Plant Protection Convention

ISPMs International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures

NSW New South Wales

NPPO National Plant Protection Organisation

NT Northern Territory

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

PRA Pest risk analysis

Qld Queensland

SA South Australia

SLRSV Strawberry latent ringspot virus

SPS Agreement WTO agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

Tas. Tasmania

the department The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

Vic. Victoria

WA Western Australia

WTO World Trade Organization

Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Summary

SummaryAustralia relies on the overseas supply of seeds for apiaceous herb and vegetable crop production. Seeds are imported from all sources under the department’s standard seed for sowing import conditions. In recent years, seed-borne pathogens have increasingly been reported outside their known distribution, in part linked to the increasing globalisation of the vegetable seed trade. Seed industry production practices are also changing and seed lots are now produced and multiplied in various countries, instead of a single country. This has increased the likelihood of the seeds exposure to pathogens and the introduction of pathogens to new areas. Acknowledging the change in risk profile, the department is undertaking an extensive review of the existing import conditions of vegetable seeds including those for apiaceous crops. The analysis will be conducted as a review of import conditions (non-regulated risk analysis) to assess the biosecurity risks associated with seeds being imported into Australia. The review of the seed pathway for a number of seed crops including apiaceous crop seeds is funded under the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper and is one way we are strengthening biosecurity surveillance and analysis.

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (‘Ca. L. solanacearum’) is not known to occur in Australia but has caused serious damage to carrot and celery production in Europe, therefore it is a pest of quarantine concern for Australia. Confirmation that this bacterium, which affects apiaceous crops, is seed-borne and seed transmissible in carrot prompted this review.

This review identifies other pests associated with the seeds of several apiaceous crops, meeting the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) criteria for a quarantine pest. The identified quarantine pests, in addition to CaLsol, include Cercospora foeniculi, Cercospora malkoffii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, Phoma complanata, Phomopsis diachenii, Ramularia coriandri, Ramularia foeniculi and Strawberry latent ringspot virus. The unrestricted risk of these quarantine pests does not achieve the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) for Australia.

This review evaluates the effectiveness of existing risk management measures for identified biosecurity risks and proposes additional mandatory phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk of introduction of the identified quarantine pests for Australia. Standard requirements for the importation of seed for sowing apply to apiaceous seeds from all sources. The department proposes additional phytosanitary measures for Apium graveolens, Anthriscus cerefolium, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum.

The proposed additional phytosanitary measures include:

mandatory testing or treatment (off-shore or on-shore) for Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum seed as specified in this review

a requirement that seed lots tested or treated off-shore be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with the additional declaration that the consignment has undergone mandatory treatment or testing in accordance with Australian import conditions.

Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 1

Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Summary

Not all the crop species reviewed were found to be affected by pests of quarantine concern to Australia. The department proposes that seed of the following species do not require testing or treatment and can continue to be imported under Australia’s standard seed for sowing import requirements: Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica dahurica, Angelica gigas, Angelica glauca, Angelica pachycarpa, Angelica sinensis, Angelica pubescens, Angelica setchuenensis, Angelica sylvestris, Angelica taiwaniana, Angelica triquinata, Angelica ursina, Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium prostratum, Carum copticum, Daucus glochidiatu, Pimpinella leptophylla and Pimpinella saxifraga.

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will consider alternative measures to manage the risk of the identified seed-borne pathogens including sourcing seeds from pest free areas, pest-free place of production, or produced under a systems approach. However, NPPOs must provide the department with an appropriate submission demonstrating pest free area status, pest-free place of production status or describing their preferred systems approach and rationale, for its consideration.

The department invites stakeholders to provide comments on measures described in this review and any other measures that might provide equivalent risk management outcomes. The department will consider all comments received before finalising the Australian import conditions for apiaceous crop seeds for sowing.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing Introduction

1 Introduction1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy frameworkAustralia's biosecurity policies aim to protect Australia against the risks that may arise from exotic pests entering, establishing and spreading in Australia, thereby threatening Australia's unique flora and fauna, as well as those agricultural industries that are relatively free from serious pests.

The risk analysis process is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity policies. It enables the Australian Government to formally consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with proposals to import goods into Australia. If the biosecurity risks do not achieve the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) for Australia, risk management measures are proposed to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. If the risks cannot be reduced to an acceptable level, the goods will not be imported into Australia until suitable measures are identified.

Successive Australian Governments have maintained a stringent, but not a zero risk, approach to the management of biosecurity risks. This approach is expressed in terms of the ALOP for Australia, which is defined in the Biosecurity Act 2015 as providing a high level of protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.

Australia’s risk analyses are undertaken by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources using technical and scientific experts in relevant fields, and involve consultation with stakeholders at various stages during the process.

Risk analyses may take the form of a biosecurity import risk analysis (BIRA) or a non-regulated risk analysis (such as scientific review of existing policy and import conditions, pest-specific assessments, weed risk assessments, biological control agent assessments or scientific advice).

Further information about Australia’s biosecurity framework is provided in the Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis Guidelines 2016 located on the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources website.

1.2 This risk analysis1.2.1 Background

In 2014 ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ was detected in carrot (Daucus carota) seeds. In October 2014 Australia introduced emergency measures to manage the risk of the pest being brought into the country in imported carrot seed. This review was prompted by confirmation that this bacterium can be seed-borne and transmitted via carrot (Daucus carota) seed .

Most of the apiaceous seeds for sowing in Australia are from overseas sources. Industry’s reliance on overseas producers and the lack of pest-specific phytosanitary measures present a risk of exotic pathogens being introduced with imported seeds. Until 2014, Apiaceae seed were allowed entry into Australia from all sources under the department’s standard seed import conditions. However, in recent years, seed-borne pathogens have increasingly been reported outside of their known distribution, in part linked to the increasing globalisation of the vegetable seed trade. Seed industry production practices are also changing and seeds are now produced and multiplied in various countries, instead of a single country, which has increased the likelihood of disease exposure to the seed pathway. Acknowledging the change in risk profile, the department is undertaking an extensive review of the existing import conditions of vegetable seeds including those for apiaceous crops. The analysis will be conducted as a review


http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/guidelines

http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/guidelines


of import conditions (non-regulated risk analysis) to assess the biosecurity risks associated with seeds being imported into Australia. The review of the seed pathway for a number of seed crops including apiaceous crop seeds is funded under the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper and is one way we are strengthening biosecurity surveillance and analysis.

In 2015, the Interim Inspector-General of Biosecurity (IIGB) audited the effectiveness of the department’s biosecurity control in managing risks associated with importation of carrot and tomato seeds into Australia. The IIGB audit highlighted that seed present significant biosecurity risks due to the numerous complex, variable international pathways, including contracted farms in countries where biosecurity might not always be consistent with Australian standards .

The family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) has 428 genera and approximately 3,500 species ; however, this review of existing import conditions focuses on the seeds of twelve genera of apiaceous seed (the vegetables and herbs) currently allowed entry into Australia from all sources (Table 1).

Table 1 Apiaceous vegetable and herb crops under review

Scientific name Synonyms/subordinate taxa permitted on BICON Common name

Apiaceous vegetable crops

Apium graveolens L. Apium dulce Mill., Apium graveolens var. dulce (Mill.) DC., Apium graveolens var. rapaceum (Mill.) DC, Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef., Apium rapaceum Mill.

Celery, celeriac

Daucus carota L. — Carrot

Daucus glochidiatus (Labill.)

Fisch. & Mey.

Daucus brachiatus Sieber ex DC, Scandix glochidiata

Labill.

Australian carrot

Pastinaca sativa L. Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa, Pastinaca sativa subsp. urens (Req. ex Godr.) Čelak., Pastinaca urens Req. ex Godr.

Parsnip

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.)

Fuss

Apium crispum Mill., Apium petroselinum L., Carum

Petroselinum (L.) Benth. & Hook, Petroselinum crispum

var. neapolitanum Danert, Petroselinum crispum var.

tuberosum (Bernh.) Mart. Crov., Petroselinum hortense

Hoffm., Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. ex Gaudin,

Petroselinum vulgare Lag.

Parsley

Apiaceous herb crops

Anethum graveolens L. Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. ex Clarke

Dill, garden dill

Angelica archangelica L. Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis (Fr.) Thell., Angelica litoralis Fr., Angelica officinalis Moench, Archangelica officinalis (Moench) Hoffm.

Angelica

Angelica atropurpurea L. — American angelica

Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. ex Franch. & Sav.

Angelica porphyrocaulis Nakai & Kitag., Callisace dahurica Hoffm.

Bai Zhi, Chinese angelica

Angelica gigas Nakai — Korean angelica

Angelica glauca Edgew. — Smooth angelica

Angelica pachycarpa Lange — Portuguese angelica

Angelica pubescens Maxim. — pubescent angelica

Angelica setchuenensis Diels — Si chuan dang gui

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv. Chinese angelica



Scientific name Synonyms/subordinate taxa permitted on BICON Common name

Angelica sylvestris L. — Wild angelica

Angelica taiwaniana Ying — Purple angelica

Angelica triquinata Michx. — Mountain angelica

Angelica ursina (Rupr.) Maxim.

— Bear's angelica

Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. Anthriscus scandicina Mansf. Burr chervil

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.

Anthriscus longirostris Bertol., Scandix cerefolium L. Chervil

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

Anthriscus fumarioides (Waldst. & Kit.) Spreng., Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. alpina (Vill.) Gremli, Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. fumarioides (Waldst. & Kit.) Spalik, Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. nemorosa (Bieb.) Koso-Pol., Chaerophyllum alpinum Vill., Chaerophyllum nemorosum Bieb., Scandix fumarioides Waldst. & Kit.

Wild beaked parsley

Apium prostratum Labill. ex Vent.

— Sea celery

Carum carvi L. — Caraway

Carum copticum (L.) Clarke Carum ajowan., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill

Ajowan, Ajwain

Coriandrum sativum L. — Coriander

Cuminum cyminum L. — Cumin

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. — Fennel

Pimpinella anisum L. — Aniseed

Pimpinella leptophylla Pers. Apium ammi Urb., Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) Muell. ex

Benth, Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex

Britton & Wilson

Five-leaved celery

Pimpinella saxifraga L. — Greater burnet

saxifrage

1.2.2 Scope

This review aims to:

identify pathogens associated with seeds of apiaceous vegetables and herbs (listed in Table 1)

evaluate the appropriateness of the existing risk management measures

propose additional risk management measures where appropriate.

The department conducted a separate pest risk analysis for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in apiaceous crops to address Australia’s emergency measures against this bacterium. Any conditions recommended in the department’s final pest risk analysis for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ will be adopted in this review.

1.2.3 Existing import conditions

International import conditions

Under Australia’s current import conditions, seed of multiple species of apiaceous vegetables and herbs (Table 1), except for carrot (Daucus carota), celery/celeriac (Apium graveolens), chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and



parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), can be imported from all sources under the department’s standard seed import conditions. These import conditions require that:

each shipment must be packed in clean, new packaging and be clearly labelled with the full botanical name of the species.

where the seed lot weight is greater than 10 kilograms and the seed size is less than eight millimetres in diameter, mandatory International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) sampling of each consignment must be used to establish freedom from weed seed contamination. This testing may be performed at department approved ISTA laboratories overseas or on arrival at Australian accredited facilities.

where seed lots are less than or equal to 10 kilograms in weight or contain seeds greater than eight millimetres in diameter, a biosecurity officer must conduct a visual inspection of each consignment on arrival in Australia for freedom from live insects, soil, disease symptoms, contaminant seed, other plant material (for example, leaf and stem material, fruit pulp, and pod material), animal material (for example, animal faeces and feathers) and any other extraneous contamination of biosecurity concern.

All consignments imported into Australia regardless of end uses (including seed for sowing) must meet department standards for seed contamination and tolerance.

Following inspection and provided the standard import conditions are met, the consignment can be released from biosecurity control without further requirements.

In addition to the standard seed conditions, carrot, celery/celeriac, chervil, fennel, parsley and parsnip seeds are subject to:

mandatory off-shore or on-shore Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing using 20,000 seeds to verify freedom from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’; OR

mandatory treatment off-shore or on-shore hot water treatment (50 °C for 20 minutes); AND

seed lots tested or treated off-shore must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with the following additional declaration:

‘The consignment of [botanical name (Genus species)] was tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert Laboratory report number] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from 'Candidatus Liberbacter solanacearum’.

OR

‘The consignment of [botanical name (Genus species)] was treated with hot water at a minimum temperature of 50 °C for at least 20 minutes’.

Provided the additional requirements are met, these consignments can be released from biosecurity control without further restrictions.

Domestic arrangements

The Australian Government is responsible for regulating the movement of goods such as plants and plant products into and out of Australia. State and territory governments are responsible for plant health controls under their jurisdiction and can use resource management or plant health legislation to control interstate movement of plants and their products. Plants and plant products that have been cleared by Australian Government biosecurity officers may then be



subject to interstate movement conditions. It is the importer’s responsibility to identify and ensure compliance with all requirements.

1.2.4 Consultation

The department established the Imported Seeds Regulation Working Group (ISRWG) to engage across industry and government on the identification and effective regulatory management of seed biosecurity risks. The working group comprises representatives from the Australian Seed Federation, Grain Producers Australia, Nursery and Garden Industry Australia, AUSVEG, Plant Health Australia, state and territory government agencies and the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources.

The department consulted with the ISRWG and Australian state and territory governments during preparation of this draft review and provided an earlier version to Australian state and territory agricultural departments and the ISRWG.

1.2.5 Next Steps

Stakeholders are invited to comment on the outcomes of the review process and identify any scientific, technical or other matters they believe require comment or attention.

The department will consider submissions received on the draft review and may consult informally with stakeholders. The department will revise the draft before preparing a final report that takes into account relevant stakeholder comments.

The department will publish the final review on its website and notify registered stakeholders and the WTO Secretariat. Recommendations made in the final report are expected to form the basis of future import conditions.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia Method for pest risk analysis

2 Method for pest risk analysisThis chapter sets out the method used for the pest risk analysis (PRA) in this report. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has conducted this PRA in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), including ISPM 2: Framework for pest risk analysis and ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests that have been developed under the ‘World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ .

A PRA is ‘the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether an organism is a pest, whether it should be regulated, and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it’ . A pest is ‘any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products’ .

Biosecurity risk consists of two major components: the likelihood of a pest entering, establishing and spreading in Australia from imports; and the consequences should this happen. These two components are combined to give an overall estimate of the risk.

Unrestricted risk is estimated taking into account the existing commercial production practices of the exporting country and that, on arrival in Australia, the department will verify that the consignment received is as described on the commercial documents and its integrity has been maintained.

Restricted risk is estimated with phytosanitary measure(s) applied. A phytosanitary measure is ‘any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests’ .

A glossary of the terms used in the risk analysis is provided at the end of this report.

The PRAs are conducted in the following three consecutive stages: initiation, pest risk assessment and pest risk management.

2.1 Stage 1: Initiation

The initiation of a risk analysis involves identifying the pest(s) and pathway(s) that should be considered for risk analysis in relation to the identified PRA area.

The identity of the pests considered in this review is given in Appendix 1. The species name is used in most instances but a lower taxonomic level is used where appropriate. Synonyms are provided where the current scientific name differs from where the cited literature used a different scientific name.

A list of pathogens of the apiaceous crops under review was tabulated from the available published scientific literature including, but not limited to, reference books, journals and database searches. This list identifies the pathway association of the pests recorded on apiaceous crops under review and their status in Australia, their potential to establish or spread, and their potential for economic consequences. This information is set out in Appendix 1, and forms the basis of the pest categorisation. The department acknowledges that several pathogens in the genera Alternaria, Ascochyta, Cercospora, Fusarium, Mycosphaerella, Phoma, Phomopsis, Septoria and Xanthomonas are seed-borne in other hosts. However, at the time of publishing this



document no evidence of their seed association with apiacaeous crops was available. Similarly, at the time of publishing this document no evidence was available on the economic consequences of some of the pathogens associated with the seed pathway. Consequently, these pathogens were not considered further. Appendix 1 represents the information available at the time of publishing this document.The department will continue to review the literature in relation to the seed-borne nature and pest status of pathogens of apiaceous crops into the future, and may amend this policy accordingly.

For this risk analysis, the ‘PRA area’ is defined as Australia for pests that are absent, or of limited distribution and under official control. For areas with regional freedom from a pest, the ‘PRA area’ may be defined on the basis of a state or territory of Australia or may be defined as a region of Australia consisting of parts of a state or territory or several states or territories.

2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment

A pest risk assessment is an ‘evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread of a pest, and the magnitude of the associated potential economic consequences’ . The pest risk assessment provides technical justification for identifying quarantine pests and for establishing phytosanitary import requirements.

The following three, consecutive steps were used in the pest risk assessment:

2.2.1 Pest categorisation

Pest categorisation identifies which of the pests with the potential to be on the commodity are quarantine pests for Australia and require pest risk assessment. A ‘quarantine pest’ is a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled .

The pests identified in Stage 1 were categorised using the following primary elements to identify the quarantine pests for the commodity being assessed:

identity of the pest

presence or absence in the PRA area

regulatory status

potential for establishment and spread in the PRA area

potential for economic consequences (including environmental consequences) in the PRA area.

The results of pest categorisation are set out in Appendix 1. The quarantine pests identified during categorisation were carried forward for pest risk assessment and are listed in Table 7.

2.2.2 Assessment of the probability of entry, establishment and spread

Details of how to assess the ‘probability of entry’, ‘probability of establishment’ and ‘probability of spread’ of a pest are given in ISPM 11 . The SPS Agreement uses the term likelihood rather than probability for these estimates. In qualitative PRAs, the department uses the term ‘likelihood’ for the descriptors it uses for its estimates of likelihood of entry, establishment and spread. The use of the term ‘probability’ is limited to the direct quotation of ISPM definitions.



A summary of this process is given below, followed by a description of the qualitative methodology used in this risk analysis.

Likelihood of entry

The likelihood of entry describes the probability that a quarantine pest will enter the PRA area as a result of trade in a given commodity, be distributed in a viable state in the PRA area and subsequently be transferred to a host. ISPM 11 states that the likelihood of entry of a pest depends on the pathways from the exporting country to the destination, and the frequency and quantity of pests associated with them. ISPM 11 lists various factors which should be taken into account when assessing the likelihood of entry.

For the purpose of considering the likelihood of entry, the department divides this step into two components:

Likelihood of importation—the likelihood that a pest will arrive in Australia when a given commodity is imported.

Likelihood of distribution— the likelihood that the pest will be distributed, as a result of the processing, sale or disposal of the commodity, in the PRA area and subsequently transfer to a susceptible part of a host.

Likelihood of establishment

Establishment is defined as the ‘perpetuation for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry’ . In order to estimate the likelihood of establishment of a pest, reliable biological information (for example, lifecycle, host range, epidemiology and survival) is obtained from the areas where the pest currently occurs. The situation in the PRA area can then be compared with that in the areas where it currently occurs and expert judgement used to assess the likelihood of establishment.

Likelihood of spread

Spread is defined as ‘the expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area’ . The likelihood of spread considers the factors relevant to the movement of the pest, after establishment on a host plant or plants, to other susceptible host plants of the same or different species in other areas. In order to estimate the likelihood of spread of the pest, reliable biological information is obtained from areas where the pest currently occurs. The situation in the PRA area is then carefully compared with that in the areas where the pest currently occurs and expert judgement used to assess the likelihood of spread.

Assigning likelihoods for entry, establishment and spread

Likelihoods are assigned to each step of entry, establishment and spread. Six descriptors are used: high; moderate; low; very low; extremely low; and negligible (Table 2). Definitions for these descriptors and their indicative probability ranges are given in Table 2. The indicative probability ranges are only provided to illustrate the boundaries of the descriptors and are not used beyond this purpose in qualitative PRAs. These indicative probability ranges provide guidance to the risk analyst and promote consistency between different pest risk assessments.



Table 2 Nomenclature of likelihoods

Likelihood Descriptive definition Indicative range

High The event would be very likely to occur 0.7 < to ≤ 1

Moderate The event would occur with reasonable likelihood 0.3 < to ≤ 0.7

Low The event would be unlikely to occur 0.05 < to ≤ 0.3

Very low The event would be very unlikely to occur 0.001 < to ≤ 0.05

Extremely low The event would be extremely unlikely to occur 0.000001 < to ≤ 0.001

Negligible The event would almost certainly not occur 0 < to ≤ 0.000001

Combining likelihoods

The likelihood of entry is determined by combining the likelihood that the pest will be imported into the PRA area and the likelihood that the pest will be distributed within the PRA area, using a matrix of rules (Table 3). This matrix is then used to combine the likelihood of entry and the likelihood of establishment, and the likelihood of entry and establishment is then combined with the likelihood of spread to determine the overall likelihood of entry, establishment and spread.

For example, if the likelihood of importation is assigned a descriptor of ‘low’ and the likelihood of distribution is assigned a descriptor of ‘moderate’, then they are combined to give a likelihood of ‘low’ for entry. The likelihood for entry is then combined with the likelihood assigned for establishment of ‘high’ to give a likelihood for entry and establishment of ‘low’. The likelihood for entry and establishment is then combined with the likelihood assigned for spread of ‘very low’ to give the overall likelihood for entry, establishment and spread of ‘very low’. This can be summarised as:

importation x distribution = entry [E] low x moderate = low

entry x establishment = [EE] low x high = low

[EE] x spread = [EES] low x very low = very low

Table 3 Matrix of rules for combining likelihood

High Moderate Low Very low Extremely low Negligible

High High Moderate Low Very low Extremely low Negligible

Moderate Low Low Very low Extremely low Negligible

Low Very low Very low Extremely low Negligible

Very low Extremely low Extremely low Negligible

Extremely low Negligible Negligible

Negligible Negligible

Time and volume of tradeOne factor affecting the likelihood of entry is the volume and duration of trade. If all other conditions remain the same, the overall likelihood of entry will increase as time passes and the overall volume of trade increases. The department normally considers the likelihood of entry on the basis of the estimated volume of one year’s trade. However, in the case of a high risk propagative commodity such as seeds for sowing, the import volume may be restricted in order to effectively manage the biosecurity risks they present. Other factors listed in ISPM No. 11 may not be relevant to seed for sowing.



2.2.3 Assessment of potential consequences

The objective of the consequence assessment is to provide a structured and transparent analysis of the potential consequences if the pests or disease agents were to enter, establish and spread in Australia. The assessment considers direct and indirect pest effects and their economic and environmental consequences. The requirements for assessing potential consequences are given in Article 5.3 of the SPS Agreement ; ISPM 5 and ISPM 11 .

Direct pest effects are considered in the context of the effects on:

plant life or health

other aspects of the environmentIndirect pest effects are considered in the context of the effects on:

eradication, control

domestic trade

international trade

environment

The direct and indirect consequences were estimated over four geographic levels, defined as:

Local—an aggregate of households or enterprises (a rural community, a town or a local government area).

District—a geographically or geopolitically associated collection of aggregates (generally a recognised section of a state or territory, such as ‘Far North Queensland’).

Regional—a geographically or geopolitically associated collection of districts in a geographic area (generally a state or territory, although there may be exceptions with larger states such as Western Australia).

National—Australia wide (Australian mainland states and territories and Tasmania).

The magnitude of the potential consequence at each of these levels was described using four categories, defined as:

Indiscernible—pest impact unlikely to be noticeable.

Minor significance—expected to lead to a minor increase in mortality/morbidity of hosts or a minor decrease in production but not expected to threaten the economic viability of production. Expected to decrease the value of non-commercial criteria but not threaten the criterion’s intrinsic value. Effects would generally be reversible.

Significant—expected to threaten the economic viability of production through a moderate increase in mortality/morbidity of hosts, or a moderate decrease in production. Expected to significantly diminish or threaten the intrinsic value of non-commercial criteria. Effects may not be reversible.

Major significance—expected to threaten the economic viability through a large increase in mortality/morbidity of hosts, or a large decrease in production. Expected to severely or irreversibly damage the intrinsic ‘value’ of non-commercial criteria.

The estimates of the magnitude of the potential consequences over the four geographic levels were translated into a qualitative impact score (A–G) using Table 4. For example, a consequence with a magnitude of ‘significant’ at the ‘district’ level will have a consequence impact score of D.



Table 4 Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score based on the magnitude of consequences at four geographic scales

Magnitude

Geographic scale

Local District Region Nation

Indiscernible A A A A

Minor significance B C D E

Significant C D E F

Major significance D E F G

Note: In earlier qualitative PRAs, the scale for the impact scores went from A to F and did not explicitly allow for the rating ‘indiscernible’ at all four levels. This combination might be applicable for some criteria. In this report, the impact scale of A to F has been changed to become B–G and a new lowest category A (‘indiscernible’ at all four levels) was added. The rules for combining impacts in Table 5 were adjusted accordingly.

The overall consequence for each pest is achieved by combining the qualitative impact scores (A–G) for each direct and indirect consequence using a series of decision rules (Table 5). These rules are mutually exclusive, and are assessed in numerical order until one applies.

Table 5 Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest

Rule The impact scores for consequences of direct and indirect criteria Overall consequence rating

1 Any criterion has an impact of ‘G’; ormore than one criterion has an impact of ‘F’; ora single criterion has an impact of ‘F’ and each remaining criterion an ‘E’.

Extreme

2 A single criterion has an impact of ‘F’; orall criteria have an impact of ‘E’.

High

3 One or more criteria have an impact of ‘E’; orall criteria have an impact of ‘D’.

Moderate

4 One or more criteria have an impact of ‘D’; orall criteria have an impact of ‘C’.

Low

5 One or more criteria have an impact of ‘C’; orall criteria have an impact of ‘B’.

Very Low

6 One or more but not all criteria have an impact of ‘B’, andall remaining criteria have an impact of ‘A’.

Negligible

2.2.4 Estimation of the unrestricted risk

Once the assessment of the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, and potential consequences are completed, the unrestricted risk can be determined for each pest or groups of pests. This is determined by using a risk estimation matrix (Table 6) to combine the estimates of the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread and the overall consequences of pest establishment and spread. Therefore, risk is the product of likelihood and consequence.

When interpreting the risk estimation matrix, note the descriptors for each axis are similar (for example, low, moderate, high) but the vertical axis refers to likelihood and the horizontal axis refers to consequences. Accordingly, a ‘low’ likelihood combined with ‘high’ consequences, is not the same as a ‘high’ likelihood combined with ‘low’ consequences—the matrix is not symmetrical. For example, the former combination would give an unrestricted risk rating of ‘moderate’, whereas, the latter would be rated as a ‘low’ unrestricted risk.



Table 6 Risk estimation matrix

Likelihood of pest entry, establishment and spread

Consequences of pest entry, establishment and spread

Negligible Very low Low Moderate High Extreme

High Negligible risk Very low risk Low risk Moderate risk

High risk Extreme risk

Moderate Negligible risk Very low risk Low risk Moderate risk

High risk Extreme risk

Low Negligible risk Negligible risk

Very low risk Low risk Moderate risk

High risk

Very low Negligible risk Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Very low risk Low risk Moderate risk

Extremely low Negligible risk Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Very low risk Low risk

Negligible Negligible risk Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Negligible risk

Very low risk

2.2.5 The appropriate level of protection (ALOP) for Australia

The SPS Agreement defines the concept of an ‘appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection (ALOP)’ as the level of protection deemed appropriate by the WTO Member establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal or plant life or health within its territory.

Like many other countries, Australia expresses its ALOP in qualitative terms. The ALOP for Australia, which is defined in the Biosecurity Act 2015, is a high level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero. The band of cells in Table 6 marked ‘very low risk’ represents the ALOP for Australia.

2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk managementPest risk management describes the process of identifying and implementing phytosanitary measures to manage risks to achieve the ALOP for Australia, while ensuring that any negative effects on trade are minimised.

The conclusions from a pest risk assessment are used to decide whether risk management is required and if so, the appropriate measures to be used. Where the unrestricted risk estimate does not achieve the ALOP for Australia, risk management measures are required to reduce this risk to a very low level. The guiding principle for risk management is to manage risk to achieve the ALOP for Australia. The effectiveness of any proposed phytosanitary measures (or combination of measures) is evaluated, using the same approach as used to evaluate the unrestricted risk, to ensure it reduces the restricted risk for the relevant pest or pests to achieve the ALOP for Australia.

ISPM 11 provides details on the identification and selection of appropriate risk management options and notes that the choice of measures should be based on their effectiveness in reducing the likelihood of entry of the pest.

Examples of risk management measures which may be applied to seed for sowing consignments include:



Import from pest free areas only (ISPM 4 and 10)—the establishment and use of a pest free area by a National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) provides for the export of seeds from the exporting country to the importing country without the need for the application of additional phytosanitary measures when certain requirements are met.

Testing for freedom from regulated pests—this is a practical measure for management of pests which do not produce visible symptoms.

Inspection and certification (ISPM 7, 12 and 23)—the exporting country may be asked to inspect the shipment and certify that the shipment is free from regulated pests before export.

Specified conditions for preparation of the consignment—the importing country may specify steps that must be followed in order to prepare the consignment for shipment. These conditions can include the requirement for seeds to be produced from appropriately tested parent material.

Removal of the pest from the consignment by treatment or other methods—the importing country may specify chemical or physical treatments that must be applied to the consignment before it may be imported.

Prohibition of commodities—the importing country may prohibit the commodity if no satisfactory measure can be found.

Risk management measures are identified for each quarantine pest where the level of biosecurity risk does not achieve the ALOP for Australia. These are presented in Chapter 4: Pest risk management.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia Pest risk assessment

3 Pest risk assessment for quarantine pestsWhen conducting a pest risk analysis (PRA), the department considers the factors described by ISPM 11 to determine if a pest is a quarantine pest. The emphasis in ISPM 11 is on the pest risk assessment and risk management components of PRA. The pest risk assessment provides technical justification for identifying quarantine pests and for establishing phytosanitary import requirements. Quarantine pests of apiaceous crops in this review from all sources are identified in the pest categorisation process (Appendix 1) and are listed in Table 7.

Table 7 Quarantine pests of apiaceous seeds assessed

Pest type Scientific name Common name Host(s)a

Bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Liefting et al. EP

Yellows decline Carrot, celery/celeriac, chervil, fennel, parsley, parsnip

Fungi Cercospora foeniculi Magnus Cercospora blight Fennel

Cercospora malkoffii Bubák Cercospora leaf blight Aniseed

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii Kulkarni et al. Fusarium wilt Coriander

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini Prasad & Patel Cumin blight Cumin

Phoma complanata (Tode: Fr.) Desmaz Phoma canker Parsnip

Phomopsis diachenii Saccardo Caraway, parsnip

Ramularia coriandri Moesz & Smarods Shoot necrosis Coriander

Ramularia foeniculi Sibilia Ramularia blight Fennel

Viruses Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) Strawberry latent ringspot

Parsley, parsnip

a Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), Caraway (Carum carvi), Carrot (Daucus carota), Celery/Celeriac (Apium graveolens), Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa).

EP Species has been assessed previously and import policy already exists.

3.1 Assessment of the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread

ISPM 11 states that the intended end-use of a commodity affects the risk of introduction and spread of associated pests. For example, an end-use such as seed for sowing poses a higher risk of a pest establishing or spreading than an end-use such as processing .

This review collectively assesses the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread of quarantine pests identified in Table 7. Assessments of the potential consequences of entry, establishment and spread are individually assessed for each pest to estimate the possible magnitude of the potential consequences. Seed plays an important role in the survival, introduction and spread of associated pests . Seed transmission provides a strategy whereby the pathogen can survive under conditions in which other sources of inoculum have been eliminated . Seed-infection is epidemiologically important because it ensures that the pest is physically associated with the planted crop and with infected seeds randomly dispersed in the field. The resultant infected seedlings serve as sources of inoculum from which secondary spread can occur . Seeds for sowing are deliberately introduced, distributed and aided to establish. As a result, any pest that is associated with seeds for sowing of apiaceous crops will consequently be aided in its entry, establishment and spread in Australia.



3.1.1 Likelihood of entry

The likelihood of entry is considered in two parts, the likelihood of importation (the likelihood that the identified pathogens will arrive when apiaceous seeds for sowing are imported) and the likelihood of distribution (the likelihood that the identified pathogens will be viable and be transferred to a suitable host in Australia).

Likelihood of importation

The likelihood that the identified quarantine pests will be imported on apiaceous crop seeds for sowing is assessed as high.

This is because the identified pathogens are seed-borne, it is likely that the pathogens would remain viable during transport and storage, and the large volumes of apiaceous seed imported into Australia each year for planting.

It is highly likely that identified pests are associated with the pathway

The identified pathogens in Table 7 are seed-borne (W. Monger [Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture] 2017 pers. comm. 9th January). Therefore, these pathogens are associated with the pathway and are likely to enter Australia via seed.

Infected or infested seeds for sowing are one of the main pathways for the introduction of seed-borne pathogens into new areas. Global trade and the movement of infected or infested seeds across borders has introduced seed-borne pathogens into new areas .

A low incidence of the pathogens in the field may enhance a pathogen's chances of escaping detection. If the level of infection is very low and symptomatic plants are randomly scattered in the field, the infection may go undetected at the time of harvest. Therefore, identified seed-borne pathogens are likely to be imported into Australia.

Large volumes of apiaceous seeds are imported into Australia each year for planting. Seed-borne pathogens associated with the seed internally (endosperm and/or embryo) or externally (seed surface) may not be detected during on-arrival visual inspection . Therefore, it is highly likely that the pathogen will enter Australia where it may go unnoticed for years . Therefore, identified pathogens are likely to have repeated entry into Australia through the importation of seed.

It is highly likely that identified pests will survive storage and transport

The identified pathogens are highly likely to survive during transport and storage since the primary conditions for survival are fulfilled by the presence of the live host material and associated environmental conditions. Temperatures during transport and storage of apiaceous seeds intended for sowing are likely to be mild to ensure the survival of the seed. These conditions are not expected to affect the viability of the associated pathogens.

Most seed-borne pathogens infect and use seeds as a vehicle for transport and survival . Seed associations can provide long-term survival for pathogens, and survival will not be diminished during transport and storage .

The identified pests are found within or on the seed and are unlikely to be dislodged during standard harvesting, handling and shipping operations. Therefore, identified seed-borne pathogens are likely to persist during transport and storage.



The interception of seed-borne pests in various countries demonstrates that identified pests are highly likely to survive during storage and transport. The transportation of apiaceous seeds from the country of origin to Australia may take several days. There is no reason to suspect that transportation conditions would affect the viability of identified pests within or on the seed.

Likelihood of distribution

To have an impact a pest must be transported in or on a pathway and must be capable of transferring to a suitable host. The probability of this transfer occurring depends on the dispersal mechanisms of the pest and the intended use of the commodity.

The likelihood that the identified quarantine pests will be distributed across Australia on imported apiaceous seeds for sowing and be transferred from the resulting plants to a suitable host is assessed as high.

This is because apiaceous seeds for sowing are commercially distributed throughout Australia and seed to seedling transmission has been reported for the identified pathogens. This transmission mechanism provides the means by which these pests become exposed to a new host plant; most notably, the new seedling is the new host.

It is highly likely that imported apiaceous crop seed will be distributed throughout Australia

It is highly likely that imported apiaceous crop seeds for commercial sale will be sold in vegetable and herb growing areas in Australia. The imported seed for sowing will be distributed through commercial and retail outlets to multiple destinations throughout Australia. Following retail sale, any infected imported seed will be planted in suitable habitats throughout Australia.

The distribution of infected seeds commercially through seed companies may facilitate the distribution of identified seed-borne pathogens in Australia. Asymptomatic plants that develop from infected seeds may also be overlooked and sold to commercial users and households.

It is highly likely that identified seed-borne pests of imported apiaceous seed will be in a viable state

Seed-associated pests have evolved many different types of associations with their seed host. Pathogens associated with seeds can be transmitted as an internal infection of endosperm and/or embryo or as an infestation of the seed surface . The pathogens’ ability to survive on or in seed acts to ensure their viability on route to, and during distribution across, Australia.

Seeds will be stored and transported throughout Australia at mild temperatures to ensure the survival of the seed. These conditions are not expected to affect the viability of the associated pathogens.

Seeds for sowing are imported specifically for the purpose of propagation and are therefore likely to be sown directly into suitable habitats at multiple locations throughout Australia. The distribution of infected or infested seeds for sowing for commercial purposes is likely to facilitate the distribution of the associated pathogens.

It is highly likely that identified seed-borne pests will be transferred to a suitable host



The identified pests in imported seed for sowing are already associated with a suitable host that will be planted and grown under favourable conditions. The pest will have no need to move from the import pathway to a suitable host.

The seed-borne nature and seed transmissibility of the identified pests, and establishment of an infected plant, provides the means by which these pests become exposed to a new host plant in Australia. The new seedling is the new host. From this, infected seedling pests may either be transferred by windblown spores between plants or through a vector to a suitable host.

Overall likelihood of entry

The likelihoods of importation and distribution of identified quarantine pests are combined to give an overall likelihood of entry using the matrix of rules for combining likelihoods (Table 3).

The overall likelihood that the identified quarantine pests will enter Australia and be transferred to a suitable host via seed for sowing is high.

3.1.2 Likelihood of establishment

The likelihood of establishment of identified quarantine pests within Australia will depend upon the availability of a host, suitable climate, reproductive strategy and method of pest survival. Based on a comparison of factors that affect pest survival and reproduction in the source and destination areas, the likelihood of establishment is assessed as high.

This is because of the extensive planting of apiaceous crops in Australia, the deliberate introduction and establishment of plants grown from imported seed for sowing, the transmission of identified quarantine pests from infected seed to seedlings and the wide distribution of suitable hosts and broad availability of suitable climates in Australia.

It is highly likely that identified seed-borne pests will establish in Australia because of broad availability of the host plant

Although identified pests are specific to apiaceous crops, these crops are widely cultivated throughout Australia, with many residential and semi-rural properties in the metropolitan areas growing vegetables and herbs in their backyards.

The identified quarantine pests are already associated with seeds of host plants, giving them a distinct advantage for establishment in Australia. Therefore, importation and distribution of imported seed intended for sowing through commercial and retail outlets provides seed-borne pests with the means to establish in multiple apiaceous vegetable and herb growing areas across Australia.

Imported apiaceous seed is intended for propagation and is deliberately introduced, distributed and aided in establishment. Imported seed will enter, potentially in substantial numbers, and then be maintained in a suitable habitat. Therefore, the introduction and establishment of plants from imported seed in essence establishes those pests associated with the seed.

Asymptomatic infection or infestation of the seed by a pathogen can facilitate long-distance movement and establishment into new areas. This asymptomatic nature can allow a pathogen to repeatedly enter a new site and go unnoticed .



A low incidence of a pathogen on the seed can prevent detection in routine seed health tests . Therefore, a low incidence of the pathogen in the field may enhance a pathogen's chance of escaping detection. If the level of infection is very low and symptomatic plants are randomly scattered in the field, the infection may go undetected for some time. This would provide further opportunity for the pest to proliferate and establish in new areas.

It is highly likely that identified seed-borne pests will establish in Australia because of suitable climatic conditions in Australia

The identified quarantine pests are established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions. The current reported distribution of identified seed-borne pests suggests an ability to establish in new environments. There are similar climatic regions in parts of Australia that would be suitable for the establishment of these pests.

Extensive cultivation of imported seed potentially infested/infected with identified pests, and seed to seedling transmission will help establish these pathogens in apiaceous vegetable and herb growing areas in Australia. As host plant material is likely to be maintained in places with similar climates to the area of production, climatic conditions are expected to favour the identified pest’s establishment.

Seed-borne pathogens have traits that help them establish, such as an ability to rapidly infect new hosts and/or survive long-term in the soil. Therefore, seed association can greatly advance the ability of pathogens to quickly establish in the new area.

The establishment of seed-borne pathogens may depend upon the length of time the commodity remains in production. For example, a short crop cycle such as in annual crops, may limit the pathogen build up and establishment. The opposite might be true for perennial crops which are kept longer in production, providing a greater opportunity for pathogen build-up, resulting in a high likelihood of survival and establishment.

Wild hosts can play a significant role in the establishment of vectored pathogens and provide a continuing source of inoculum to infect economically important crop plants. The broad host range of a pathogen may lead to the presence of pathogens not being reported.

3.1.3 Likelihood of spread

The likelihood of spread describes the likelihood that the identified quarantine pests, once having entered Australia on imported apiaceous seed and become established, will spread from their point of introduction to new areas.

Based on a comparison of factors relevant to the expansion of the geographic distribution of the pest in the source and destination areas, the likelihood of spread is low for vector-dependent pathogens where vectors are absent from Australia, and moderate for all other pathogens and circumstances.

This is because of the suitability of the natural and managed environments for natural spread, the ability of seed-borne pathogens to survive for long periods of time on seeds, the symptomless nature of some pathogens assisting the inadvertent multiplication and distribution of pathogens across continental borders, and the known role of seed in the spread of pathogens globally.

The environment in Australia is suitable for natural spread of identified seed-borne pests



The managed environment in nurseries, garden centres and private gardens are all favourable for the spread of identified pests as host plants are abundantly available. The plants are closely placed and sprinkler irrigation favours pests multiplication and local spread. Nursery (transplant) trade networks, which are common between Australian nurseries, favour a wider spread of these pests.

The natural environments in Australia (apiaceous vegetable and herb growing areas) are suitable for the spread of identified pests because these pests will be within suitable host growing areas and biotic factors such as wind, water, rain splash dispersal or mechanical transmission could aid spread once established. The natural spread of identified pests could be achieved through seed, as identified pests are seed-borne and seed transmissible.

Seed-borne pathogens typically survive for a long period in, or on, contaminated or infected seeds. Consequently, they can be spread over long distances in a viable state through the commercial distribution of seeds. During planting, infected seeds may be randomly distributed throughout the crop, which may result in localised areas of infection.

Infected plants are unlikely to be grown in isolation, thereby providing a greater opportunity for the spread of these pests to other plants. Biotic factors such as wind, water, or rain splash dispersal could aid spread of identified pests to healthy plants in the field.

Apiaceous vegetables and herbs are grown in various regions of Australia. If imported infected seed is distributed throughout production areas, this will help spread the identified pests across Australia.

The presence of natural barriers in Australia could limit the spread of identified pests

Natural barriers, such as arid areas, mountain ranges, climatic differentials and possible long distances between suitable hosts in parts of Australia, may hinder or prevent long-range natural spread of identified seed-borne pests.

Commercial seed distribution systems would help identified seed-borne pests to overcome natural barriers and establish throughout Australia, providing a high risk for continued spread post-border.

There is a potential for domestic trade to facilitate the spread of identified pests

Human-mediated movement of infected seed and seedlings (transplants) is considered the primary mode for the introduction of plant pathogens into new areas. As visual symptoms may not be present, infected seed or seedlings could easily be moved into new areas. The introduction of infected seed/seedlings establishes the pests in new areas and unregulated movement may accelerate the spread of identified pests across Australia.

The trade of infected seed/seedlings would aid the movement of identified pests within and between apiaceous vegetable and herb growing areas. The symptomless nature of seed-borne pathogens may contribute to the inadvertent distribution of infected seed/seedlings, which will help spread these pathogens within Australia.

Infected and/or infested seeds are the most effective way to spread seed-borne pests over long distances . The distribution and sowing of infected seeds will help the introduction and spread of these seed-borne pests throughout the crop growing areas of Australia. Infected seeds can play a significant role in pathogens spreading over greater distances and can also serve as a reservoir for the pathogens in the soil .



Pathogens carried on seeds have a distinct advantage for long-distance spread that is not available to pathogens that rely exclusively on wind and rain-splash modes of dispersal. Pathogens that are exclusively dispersed by wind or rain are generally limited to short-distance spread, providing a host and suitable environment are present. In contrast, pathogens carried on seeds will continue to spread through human conveyance. The close association of a pathogen with the seed increases its chances of survival during storage and transport over potentially long-distances, as well as increasing its likelihood of transferring to a suitable host.

Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV) is seed-borne and mechanically transmissible . This virus can be transmitted by the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum, however, it is not dependant on the presence or absence of nematode vectors in the field for spread . Therefore, it is likely that SLRSV will spread from initial incursions independently.

In the absence of statutory control, it is likely that identified pests will spread within Australia through the trade of seeds/seedlings for propagation. Planting of infected seeds and seedlings in production fields is likely to introduce identified pests into the environment. Climatic conditions in propagation houses and the environment are likely to be sufficient for pest survival and spread to healthy host plants.

The absence of vectors could limit the secondary spread of some identified pests

Once established, the identified pests have the potential to spread from their point of introduction into new areas across Australia by natural means (short distance spread by wind and water-splash) and human mediated activities (long distance spread via trade of infected seed/seedlings.

Seed-borne pests are likely to have the ability to spread in and from seeds produced by infected plants in the field, potentially through multiple generations and irrespective of the presence of vectors or other abiotic factors.

Biotic factors such as insect or nematode vectors may help spread pathogens from infected plants to healthy plants. Pests that are spread by vectors, where the vectors are absent from Australia, will have a lower likelihood of spread.

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is unable to move independently from infected plants to another host. However, this pests can be seed transmitted . Survival in the seed and trade in infected seed will help spread this pathogen within Australia.

3.1.4 Overall likelihood of entry, establishment and spread

The likelihood of entry, establishment and spread is determined by combining the probability of entry, of establishment and of spread using the matrix of rules for combining descriptive likelihoods (Table 3).

The overall likelihood that the identified quarantine pests will enter Australia, be distributed in a viable state to susceptible hosts, establish in that area and subsequently spread within Australia is assessed as:

Low for vector-dependant pests, where vectors are absent from Australia.

Moderate for all other pests and circumstances.



3.1.5 Assessment of potential consequences

The entry, establishment and spread of quarantine pests is likely to have unacceptable economic consequences, particularly for Australia’s agricultural and food production sectors. Seed-borne pests could affect germination, growth and crop productivity .

The introduction and spread of multi-host pests in Australia would affect the imported host and alternate hosts. Seed-borne pests can cause diseases in germinated seedlings or plants during or post germination, causing local or systemic infections .

Seed-borne pests can enter previously pest-free areas . Once a pest gains entry into a new region or crop it may establish and spread quickly, requiring implementation of costly and/or environmentally-damaging control measures. New control measures to minimise economic impacts may result in changes to the supply and production chain.

The establishment of new quarantine pests in Australia could result in phytosanitary regulations being imposed by foreign or domestic trading partners. Trade restrictions on affected commodities could lead to a loss of markets.

This section examines the potential consequences for each of the identified quarantine pests, were they to enter, establish or spread in Australia.

Consequences of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

Based on the department’s existing PRA for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the potential consequences of the introduction and spread of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Australia are moderate.

Consequences of Cercospora foeniculi

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Cercospora foeniculi in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Cercospora foeniculi in Australia is low.

Criterion Estimated impact score and rationale

Direct

Plant life or health

D—Significant at the district level

The direct impact of Cercospora foeniculi on plant life or health would be of significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Cercospora foeniculi infects all parts of the fennel plant including leaves, stems and petioles . Damage on host plants includes destruction of foliage, poorly developed fruit, yield loss and reduced seed production . Under severe conditions, foliage becomes blighted and yield is highly reduced. If the crop becomes infected early in the growing season, lack of seed formation results in higher yield losses .

Other aspects of the environment

A—Indiscernible at the local level

The direct impact of Cercospora foeniculi on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’

Cercospora foeniculi is host specific and infects only fennel . No impact of the




pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect

Eradication, control, etc.


The indirect impact of Cercospora foeniculi on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Cercospora foeniculi which is host specific would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.

Existing management measures to control other Cercospora species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus.

Domestic trade C—Significance at the local level

The indirect impact of Cercospora foeniculi on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.

Could threaten economic viability through reduced trade or loss of domestic markets at the local level. Biosecurity measures to prevent the movement of plant material out of the initial incursion area would affect plant industries and business at the local level.

Introduction of Cercospora foeniculi into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of fennel seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Cercospora foeniculi on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Cercospora foeniculi is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of fennel seeds and propagative material.

Environmental and non-commercial

B—Minor significance at the local level

The indirect impact of Cercospora foeniculi on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Cercospora foeniculi may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .

Based on the decision rules described in Table 5, that is, where the potential consequences of a pest with respect to a single criterion have an impact of ‘D’, the overall consequences are estimated to be low.

Consequences of Cercospora malkoffii

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Cercospora malkoffii in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Cercospora malkoffii in Australia is low.




Direct



The direct impact of Cercospora malkoffii on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Cercospora malkoffii is recognised as a major pathogen of aniseed in Turkey, causing serious economic losses .

Cercospora malkoffii infects all parts of the aniseed plant . Infection starts at the basal parts of the plant and later spreads to leaves, stems, flowers and fruits . Infected flowers are black to brown and infected seeds turn black . This fungus overwinters as mycelium in dead leaves, seeds and plant residues .



The direct impact of Cercospora malkoffii on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Cercospora malkoffii is host specific and infects only aniseed . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Cercospora malkoffii on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Cercospora malkoffii which is host specific would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.

Existing management measures to control other Cercospora species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus.

Domestic trade C—Significant at the local level

The indirect impact of Cercospora malkoffii on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.

Could threaten economic viability through reduced trade or loss of domestic markets at the local level. Biosecurity measures to prevent the movement of plant material out of the initial incursion area affect plant industries and business at the local level.

Introduction of Cercospora malkoffii into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of aniseed seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Cercospora malkoffii on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Cercospora malkoffii is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of aniseed seeds and propagative material.



The indirect impact of Cercospora malkoffii on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Cercospora malkoffii may result in additional fungicide use that




causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .


Consequences of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii is one of the major limiting factors in coriander production areas in India . The fungus infects all parts of the coriander plant and overwinters as mycelium in seeds and plant residues .

Damage on host plants includes poor growth, stunting and wilting . Vascular discolouration of the main stem, crown, and taproot results in plant death and yield losses .



The direct impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii is host specific and infects only coriander . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect


C—Significant at the local level

The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on eradication and control would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.

Impact expected to threaten economic viability through a large increase in costs for containment, eradication and control (for instance, through the application of fungicides) at a local level.

Containment and eradication is costly as the fungus is able to survive in the soil and would also cause disruption to Australia’s agribusiness and associated trades at the local level.


The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.




Could threaten economic viability through reduced trade or loss of domestic markets at the local level. Biosecurity measures to prevent the movement of plant material out of the initial incursion area would affect plant industries and business at the local level.

Introduction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of coriander seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of coriander seed and propagative material.



The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .


Consequences of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

The fungus is one of the major limiting factors in major cumin growing areas of the world .

The fungus infects all parts of the plant including root, foliage and seed and overwinters as mycelium in seeds, plant residues and soil .

Damage on host plants includes damping off, wilting, shrivelling of the foliage, and discolouration within the vascular tissue, growth retardation and plant death . In the arid regions of India, this fungus causes approximately 40 per cent of total yield loss .






The direct impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini is host specific and infects only cumin . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on eradication and control would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.

Impact expected to threaten economic viability through a large increase in costs for containment, eradication and control (for instance, through the application of fungicides) at a local level.

Containment and eradication is costly as the fungus is able to survive in the soil and would also cause disruption to Australia’s agribusiness and associated trades at the local level.


The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.


Introduction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement cumin seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of cumin seed and propagative material.



The indirect impact of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .




Consequences of Phoma complanata

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Phoma complanata in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Phoma complanata in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Phoma complanata on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Phoma complanata is considered to be an important pathogen of parsnips in Canada and the United Kingdom . The fungus infects foliage and causes canker and overwinters as mycelium in dead leaves, seeds and soil .

Damage on host plants includes yellowing, necrosis and blight of the foliage . Cankers develop on the crown and roots and cankers enlarge to cover the whole crown and result in cracking or splitting of the root .



The direct impact of Phoma complanata on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Phoma complanata can occur on angelica, carrot, celery, parsnip, parsley and related weeds . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Phoma complanata on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Phoma complanata would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.

Existing management measures to control other Phoma species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus. Seed treatments and foliar sprays are effective in controlling this fungus .


The indirect impact of Phoma complanata on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.


Introduction of Phoma complanata into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of parsnip seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Phoma complanata on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Phoma complanata is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in




Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of parsnip seed and propagative material.



The indirect impact of Phoma complanata on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Phoma complanata may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .


Consequences of Phomopsis diachenii

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Phomopsis diachenii in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Phomopsis diachenii in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Phomopsis diachenii on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Phomopsis diachenii an important pathogen of caraway in Germany . The fungus infects foliage and causes necrosis of above ground parts of caraway and parsnip, including umbels , stems and fruit .

Umbels infected at an early stage are partially discoloured and do not develop further resulting in sterile umbels . Infection of umbels at the later stage of development results in unripe fruit . The germination of seeds sourced from infected fruit is significantly reduced .



The direct impact of Phomopsis diachenii on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Phomopsis diachenii has a restricted host and is only reported on caraway and parsnip . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Phomopsis diachenii on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Phomopsis diachenii would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.




Existing management measures to control other Phomopsis species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus.


The indirect impact of Phomopsis diachenii on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.


Introduction of Phomopsis diachenii into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of caraway and parsnip seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Phomopsis diachenii on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Phomopsis diachenii is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of caraway and parsnip seed and propagative material.



The indirect impact of Phomopsis diachenii on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Phomopsis diachenii may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .


Consequences of Ramularia coriandri

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Ramularia coriandri in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Ramularia coriandri in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Ramularia coriandri on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Ramularia coriandri is an important pathogen of coriander and causes significant yield losses . The pathogen overwinters as mycelium in dead leaves, seeds and plant residues.




Damage on host plants includes necrotic edges and circular spots with bleached centres on foliage, stem, flowers and fruit .



The direct impact of Ramularia coriandri on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Ramularia coriandri is host specific and infects only coriander . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Ramularia coriandri on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Ramularia coriandri would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.

Existing management measures to control other Ramularia species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus.


The indirect impact of Ramularia coriandri on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.


Introduction of Ramularia coriandri into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of coriander seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Ramularia coriandri on international trade would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Could threaten economic viability through loss of trade and export markets at the local level.

Introduction and spread of Ramularia coriandri in Australia could result in restrictions on Australian exports of fresh coriander, seeds and propagative material. Ramularia coriandri is a quarantine pest of coriander seed for New Zealand.



The indirect impact of Ramularia coriandri on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Ramularia coriandri may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .

Based on the decision rules described in Table 5, that is, where the potential consequences of a pest with respect to one or more criteria have an impact of ‘D’, the overall consequences are estimated to be low.



Consequences of Ramularia foeniculi

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Ramularia foeniculi in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Ramularia foeniculi in Australia is low.


Direct



The direct impact of Ramularia foeniculi on plant life or health would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’. Ramularia foeniculi causes blight of fennel and causes defoliation of basal leaves. This fungus is very host specific and its spores are spread by rain-splash .

This fungus is considered an important pathogen of fennel as it causes considerable damage to the quantity and quality of seeds . Seeds produced on plants can be shrivelled and black, with poor germination rates .



The direct impact of Ramularia foeniculi on other aspects of the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Ramularia foeniculi is host specific and infects only fennel . No impact of the pathogen has been reported on the environment internationally or domestically.

Indirect



The indirect impact of Ramularia foeniculi on eradication and control would be indiscernible at the local level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Eradication or containment of Ramularia foeniculi would be easily achieved through cultural practices including crop rotation and fungicidal seed treatment.

Existing management measures to control other Ramularia species in Australia would be effective to control this fungus.


The indirect impact of Ramularia foeniculi on domestic trade would be of significance at the local level, minor significance at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.


Introduction of Ramularia foeniculi into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement of fennel seeds and propagative material.

International trade


The indirect impact of Ramularia foeniculi on international trade would be indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

Ramularia foeniculi is not currently regulated by Australia’s trading partners. Therefore, it is estimated that the introduction and spread of this pathogen in Australia will not result in restrictions on Australian exports of fennel seed and propagative material.






The indirect impact of Ramularia foeniculi on the environment would be of minor significance at the local level, and indiscernible at the district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘B’.

Introduction of Ramularia foeniculi may result in additional fungicide use that causes minor damage to the local environment. For example, copper-based fungicide residues in the soil can be lethal to or inhibit growth and reproduction of soil invertebrates, in turn affecting soil processes such as the breakdown of plant litter .


Consequences of Strawberry latent ringspot virus

The consequences of the entry, establishment and spread of Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) in Australia have been estimated according to the methods described in Table 4 based on ISPM 11 . The overall estimated consequence of entry, establishment and spread of Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) in Australia is moderate.


Direct


E—Major significance at the district level

The direct impact of Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) on plant life or health would be of major significance at the district level, significant at the regional level, and of minor significance at the national level, which has an impact score of ‘E’. This is because the impact would be expected to threaten economic viability through a large decrease in production of infected crops at the district level of a state or territory.

Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) is an economically important virus that has an extensive host range and can cause significant yield losses .

The virus is symptomless in most hosts but can also cause severe symptoms and economic losses in some crops . Symptoms caused by SLRSV include severe narrowing and twisting of leaves, bunchy growth, and deformed fruits and reduced yield in olive trees , ‘shot-hole’ leaf symptoms with chlorotic line patterns in cherry (Allen et al. 1970) and growth reduction, rosetting and dieback of peach trees .

Celery plants infected with SLRSV either remain symptomless or develop a faint, systemic mottle, accompanied by leaf crinkling. As the plants reach maturity, the leaves develop a typical ‘strap-leaf’ deformity and appear stunted. This can lead to a total loss of foliage in infected plants .

SLRSV is symptomless in parsley and parsnip . Therefore, the presence of SLRSV in parsley and parsnip seed is a potential risk for crop production . The symptomless nature of SLRSV in parsley and parsnip may lead to these hosts serving as a reservoir for the spread of this virus to susceptible hosts.

SLRSV infections are generally latent, but SLRSV may induce leaf deformity, chlorotic mottling on leaves, leaf roll symptoms, reddish discolouration of the tip of the spring shoots and reduced or stunted growth . Heavy yield losses (up to 80 per cent of the crop) are associated with SLRSV infections in grapevine .



The direct impact of SLRSV on other aspects of the environment would be




significant at the local level, minor significant at the district level, and indiscernible at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘C’.

SLRSV is latent in most of its hosts and these hosts could represent a natural reservoir from which the virus could potentially be transmitted to other susceptible host crops.

Indirect



The indirect impact of SLRSV on eradication and control would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Impact expected to threaten economic viability through a large increase in costs for containment, destruction of infected crop, eradication and control at a district level.

Containment and eradication is costly and would also cause disruption to Australia’s agribusiness and associated trades at the district level.

The absence of the nematode vectors of SLRSV (Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Xiphinema coxi) in Australia suggests adequate control can be achieved by the use of virus-free plants for propagation. However, SRLSV is also a mechanically transmissible virus , therefore controlling this virus may not be feasible.

Virus control measures in the field are limited and eradication may not be feasible unless an outbreak is detected at an early stage. This virus is symptomless in parsley and parsnip; therefore, visual inspection and rougeing of SLRSV-infected parsnip and parsley crops would not be possible .

Domestic trade D—Significant at the district level

The indirect impact of SLRSV on domestic trade would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Could threaten economic viability through reduced trade or loss of domestic markets at the district level. Biosecurity measures to prevent the movement of plant material out of the initial incursion area would affect plant industries and business at the district level.

Introduction of SLRSV into a state or territory would disrupt interstate trade due to the biosecurity restrictions on the domestic movement for host fruit, vegetables, seeds and nursery stock.

International trade


The indirect impact of SLRSV on international trade would be of major significance at the local level, significant at the district level, and of minor significance at the regional level, which has an impact score of ‘D’.

Could threaten economic viability through loss of trade and export markets at the district level.

Introduction and spread of SLRSV in Australia would likely result in additional export requirements, such as testing for host nursery stock for freedom from SLRSV. This would add significant costs to nursery stock production in Australia. For example, several countries, including but not limited to China, Spain, South Africa and Vietnam, require country freedom or other certification requirements to address the risk of SLRSV in imported host commodities.



The indirect impact of SLRSV on the environment would be indiscernible at the local, district, regional and national levels, which has an impact score of ‘A’.

No evidence was found indicating environmental or non-commercial indirect




effects.

Based on the decision rules described in Table 5, that is, where the potential consequences of a pest with respect to a single criteria have an impact of ‘E’, the overall consequences are estimated to be moderate.

3.1.6 Unrestricted risk estimates

Unrestricted risk is the result of combining the probability of entry, establishment and spread with the outcome of overall consequences. Probabilities and consequences are combined using the risk estimation matrix shown in Table 6. Table 8 summarises unrestricted risk estimates for the identified quarantine pests.



Table 8 Unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests of apiaceous crop seeds for sowing

Pest name Likelihood of Consequences URE

Entry Establishment Spread P[EES]

BACTERIA

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ EP High High High (Low)* High (Low)* Moderate Moderate (Low)*

FUNGI

Cercospora foeniculi High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Cercospora malkoffii High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Phoma complanata High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Phomopsis diachenii High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Ramularia coriandri High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

Ramularia foeniculi High High Moderate Moderate Low Low

VIRUSES

Strawberry latent ringspot virus High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

EP –Pests for which there is an existing policy.

* Estimates in brackets show assessed likelihoods in the absence of vectors



3.1.7 Pest risk assessment conclusions

Unrestricted risk estimates for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, Cercospora foeniculi, Cercospora malkoffii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, Phoma complanata, Phomopsis diachenii, Ramularia coriandri, Ramularia foeniculi and Strawberry latent ringspot virus do not achieve the ALOP for Australia—risk management measures against these pests are required.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia Pest risk management

4 Pest risk managementThe quarantine pests identified in this review present unrestricted risks that do not achieve the ALOP for Australia. Therefore, the department proposes risk management measures to achieve the ALOP for Australia by reducing the risks of each of these pests to a very low level.

The department evaluated existing measures to determine whether alternative or additional measures are required to manage the risk associated with the identified seed-borne pathogens.

The department considers that the apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia are commercially produced and have been subjected to quality control measures by industry.

4.1 Existing risk management measures and their evaluationUnder Australia’s existing policies, seeds of apiaceous crops (and all other seeds) are subject to the department’s standard import conditions:

each shipment must be packed in clean, new packaging and be clearly labelled with the full botanical name of the species.

where the seed lot weight is greater than 10 kilograms and the seed size is less than eight millimetres in diameter, mandatory International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) sampling of each consignment must be used to establish freedom from weed seed contamination. This testing may be performed at department approved ISTA laboratories overseas or on arrival at Australian accredited facilities.

where seed lots are less than or equal to 10 kilograms in weight, or contain seeds greater than eight millimetres in diameter, a biosecurity officer must conduct a visual inspection of each consignment on arrival in Australia for freedom from live insects, soil, disease symptoms, contaminant seed, other plant material (for example, leaf and stem material, fruit pulp, and pod material), animal material (for example, animal faeces and feathers) and any other extraneous contamination of biosecurity concern.

All consignments imported into Australia regardless of end use (including seed for sowing) must meet departmental standards for seed contamination and tolerance.

Apiaceous crop seed other than Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum can be released from biosecurity control if these import conditions are met. Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum seed must undergo testing or treatment for the presence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’.

Under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement, phytosanitary measures against the introduction of new pests must be technically justified. As part of this review, the department evaluated the appropriateness of the existing measures to determine if alternative or additional measures are required for the identified apiaceous seed-borne pathogens. This section presents the results of that evaluation.

Mandatory visual inspection to verify freedom from live insects

Limitations: None

Mandatory on-arrival inspection to verify freedom from live insects is an appropriate measure to detect insect pests contaminating the seeds of apiaceous crops.



Recommendation: The department proposes that this requirement remains in place.

Mandatory visual inspection to verify freedom from disease symptoms

Limitations: Only effective if pathogens produce fruiting bodies, mycelium or symptoms on the seed.

Pathogens such as Cercospora malkoffii and Ramularia foeniculi do not always produce symptoms on seeds . ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, Cercospora foeniculi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, Phoma complanata, Phomopsis diachenii, Ramularia coriandri and Strawberry latent ringspot virus do not cause visible symptoms on seeds.

Recommendation: On-arrival visual inspection is inadequate for detecting seed-borne pathogens that do not consistently produce disease symptoms on seeds.

Mandatory visual inspection to verify freedom from soil and extraneous material

Limitations: None

Apiaceous seeds that are contaminated with even small quantities of soil or plant debris may provide a pathway for non seed-borne pests that can remain viable in soil or plant debris (trash) for several years.

Soil-borne pests include the fungus Phymatotrichum omnivorum and the nematode Heterodera carotae. Nematode-transmitted viruses spend significant periods of time in their nematode vectors.

Trash-borne pests include Septoria carvi and Plasmophora species, which overwinter in plant debris. Both pests cause severe defoliation and dramatically reduce yield .

Recommendation: Pests that are soil-borne or trash-borne can be spread by movement of contaminated soil and plant debris. The department proposes that this requirement remains in place.

Release if material meets on-arrival inspection

Limitations: Currently, all seeds of apiaceous crops except those of Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum can be released if they meet on-arrival inspection requirements. This includes release of seeds of Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum and Pimpinella anisum that this review has identified as pathways for quarantine pests.

Recommendation: The department supports the existing practice for apiaceous crops that are not hosts of any identified quarantine pests.

Mandatory treatment or testing of seeds

Limitations: Currently, only seeds of Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum crops have mandatory treatment or testing requirements for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’. Host crops of other quarantine pests identified by this review do not currently require mandatory treatment or testing.



Each consignment of Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum must also meet the following requirements to verify freedom from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’:

mandatory off-shore or on-shore Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing on a sample of 20,000 seeds;

OR

mandatory off-shore or on-shore hot water treatment (50 °C for 20 minutes);

AND

seed lots tested or treated off-shore must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with the following additional declaration:

‘The consignment of [botanical name (Genus species)] was tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert laboratory report number] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from 'Candidatus Liberbacter solanacearum’.

OR


Provided the additional requirements are met, these consignments can be released from biosecurity control without further restrictions.

Recommendation: The department proposes that mandatory treatment or testing be extended to host crops of all quarantine pests identified in this review.

4.2 Proposed risk management measures

This review proposes that apiaceous crop seeds for sowing should be subject to:

the department’s standard seed for sowing import conditions; AND

additional mandatory treatment or testing where any quarantine pests have been identified as associated with the seed.

The department proposes that where testing for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is required, the sample should be drawn prior to fungicidal treatment for apiaceous crop seeds.

4.2.1 Species subject to the department’s standard seed for sowing import conditions

A majority of species reviewed were not found to be affected by pests of quarantine concern to Australia. Therefore, the department is not proposing any testing/treatment for these species. These species include Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica dahurica, Angelica gigas, Angelica glauca, Angelica pachycarpa, Angelica sinensis, Angelica pubescens, Angelica setchuenensis, Angelica sylvestris, Angelica taiwaniana, Angelica triquinata, Angelica ursina, Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium prostratum, Carum copticum, Daucus glochidiatus, Pimpinella leptophylla and Pimpinella saxifraga.

These species will be subject to the department’s standard seed for sowing import conditions only, namely:



each shipment must be packed in clean, new packaging and be clearly labelled with the full botanical name of the species

where the seed lot weight is greater than 10 kilograms in weight, or seed lots contain seed size less than eight millimetres in diameter, mandatory International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) sampling of each consignment must be used to establish freedom from weed seed contamination. This testing may be performed at department approved ISTA laboratories overseas or on arrival at Australian accredited facilities.

where seed lots are less than or equal to 10 kilograms in weight or contain seeds greater than eight millimetres in diameter, a biosecurity officer must conduct a visual inspection of each consignment on arrival in Australia for freedom from live insects, soil, disease symptoms, contaminant seed, other plant material (for example, leaf and stem material, fruit pulp, and pod material), animal material (for example, animal faeces and feathers) and any other extraneous contamination of biosecurity concern.

All consignments imported into Australia regardless of end use (including seed for sowing) must meet departmental standards for seed contamination and tolerance.

4.2.2 Species requiring seed testing or treatment

The department proposes mandatory treatment or testing to manage identified quarantine pests associated with Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum. These requirements are in addition to the standard seed for sowing import conditions.

The proposed measures allow apiaceous seeds to be tested on-shore or off-shore. However, seeds from different lots must not be pooled for testing.

A consignment comprising seed lots sourced from multiple countries tested off-shore, must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with additional declarations for each individual seed lot. For seeds to be tested on-shore, the testing must be completed by a departmental-approved laboratory.

4.2.3 Mandatory treatment or testing

Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, and Pimpinella anisum

For these species the department proposes:

mandatory on-shore or off-shore fungicidal seed treatment with a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide.

Seed disinfection helps prevent pests that have infected the seed coat or embryo, or both, from infecting seedlings post-germination. Seed disinfection of vegetable seed has been shown to prevent plant disease epidemics caused by seed-borne fungal pests . Chemical seed treatments also protect the seed or seedling from the common soil-inhabiting fungi that cause seed rots and damping-off diseases .

Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens and Daucus carota

For these species the department proposes:

mandatory on-shore or off-shore PCR testing of a sample of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent for small seed lots) for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’;



OR

mandatory on-shore or off-shore hot water treatment (50 °C for at least 20 minutes) for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’.

Foeniculum vulgare

For this species the department proposes:

mandatory on-shore or off-shore fungicidal seed treatment with a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide;

AND

mandatory on-shore or off-shore PCR testing of a sample of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent for small seed lots) to verify freedom from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’;

Seeds that have not been verified by PCR to be free from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ must be subjected to hot water treatment, as detailed below.


Pastinaca sativa


mandatory on-shore or off-shore fungicidal seed treatment with a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide;

AND

mandatory on-shore or off-shore PCR testing of a sample of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent for small seed lots) to verify freedom from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and Strawberry latent ringspot virus;



Petroselinum crispum


mandatory on-shore or off-shore polymerase chain reaction testing of a sample of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent for small seed lots) to verify freedom from Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and Strawberry latent ringspot virus;


mandatory on-shore or off-shore hot-water treatment (50 °C for at least 20 minutes) for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’.



4.2.4 Certification

Seed lots of Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum that are tested or treated off-shore for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with one of the following additional declarations:

‘The consignment of [botanical name (Genus species)] was tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert laboratory name and report number] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from 'Candidatus Liberbacter solanacearum’.

Where seeds sourced from multiple countries are included in the consignment, the following additional declaration should be used:

‘The consignment comprises seed lots of [botanical name (s) (Genus species)] from [insert number of countries]; for each seed lot, seeds were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert laboratory name(s) and report number(s)] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from 'Candidatus Liberbacter solanacearum’.

OR


Seed lots of Petroselinum crispum and Pastinaca sativa that are tested off-shore for Strawberry latent ringspot virus must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with the following additional declaration:

‘The consignment of [botanical name (Genus species)] was tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert laboratory name and report number] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from Strawberry latent ringspot virus’.

Where seeds sourced from multiple countries are included in the consignment, the following additional declaration should be used:

‘The consignment comprises seed lots of [botanical name (s) (Genus species)] from [insert number of countries]; for each seed lot, seeds were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [insert laboratory name(s) and report number(s)] on a sample size of 20,000 seeds (or 20 per cent of small seed lots) and found free from Strawberry latent ringspot virus’.

Seed lots of Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum crispum, Pastinaca sativa and Pimpinella anisum that are treated with fungicide off-shore must be accompanied by an official government Phytosanitary Certificate endorsed with the following additional declaration:

‘The [insert plant species name] seeds in this consignment have been treated with [insert the name of the chemical and dosage]’.

4.2.5 On-arrival inspection

Commercial or small seed lots must be subjected to on-arrival inspection to verify freedom from live insects, soil, disease symptoms, prohibited seeds, other plant material (for example, leaf,



stem material, fruit pulp and pod material), animal material (for example, animal faeces and feathers) and any other extraneous contamination of quarantine concern.

The proposed risk management measures for the importation of apiaceous seeds for sowing are summarised in Table 9.

Table 9 Proposed mandatory risk management measures for importing apiaceous crop seeds for sowing

Proposed risk management measures

Hosts of CaLsol Hosts of SLRSV Hosts of identified fungi

Non-hosts of identified pathogens

PCR testing (on-shore or off-shore)

Yes (if not hot water treated)

Yes No No

Hot water treatment (on-shore or off-shore)

Yes (if not tested by PCR)

No No No

Fungicidal treatment (on-shore or off-shore)

No No Yes No

Phytosanitary Certification (off-shore)

Yes Yes Yes No

On-arrival inspection Yes Yes Yes Yes

4.3 Evaluation of proposed risk management measures

The proposed risk management measures are designed to reduce the pest risk for each identified quarantine pest to a very low level, which would achieve the ALOP for Australia.

Table 10 Risk management measures proposed for apiaceous crop seeds for sowing and their impact on probability of entry

Proposed measure Effect of the measure Probability of quarantine pest entry post treatment

PCR testing (carrot, celery/celeriac, chervil, fennel, parsley and parsnip seeds)

Testing to verify freedom from Strawberry latent ringspot virus and/or ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ will reduce the risk of introducing these pests into Australia. Where seeds have not been tested for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ by PCR seeds in the consignment must undergo hot water treatment.

Very low

Hot water treatment (carrot, celery/celeriac, parsley and parsnip seeds)

Treatment will reduce the risk of introducing heat-sensitive ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ into Australia. If this treatment is not applied, seeds in the consignment must be PCR tested for freedom from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’.

Very low

Fungicide treatment (aniseed, caraway, coriander, cumin, fennel and parsnip seeds)

Treatment of seed with an effective broad-spectrum fungicide will reduce the risk of introducing the identified seed-borne fungal pathogens.

Very low



4.4 Consideration of alternative measures

Consistent with the principle of equivalence detailed in ISPM 1 and 11 , the department will consider any alternative measure proposed by a NPPO, providing that it achieves the ALOP for Australia. Evaluation of such measures or treatments will require a technical submission from the NPPO that details the proposed treatment, including data from suitable treatment trials to demonstrate efficacy.

There are a number of risk management measures that can be adopted to protect and minimise the risk of exotic pests under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) standards.

4.4.1 Sourcing seed from pest free areas (country freedom)

The establishment and use of a pest free area (PFA) by a NPPO provides assurance that specific pests are not present in a delimited geographic area. The delimitation of a PFA should be relevant to the biology of the pest concerned.

The requirements for establishing PFAs are set out in ISPM 4 . This ISPM defines a PFA as ‘an area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained’. A PFA may concern all or part of several countries and it is managed by the NPPO of the exporting country. The establishment and use of a PFA by a NPPO allows an exporting country to export plants and other regulated articles to an importing country without having to apply additional phytosanitary measures—if certain requirements are met.

Requirements for a NPPO to establish and maintain a PFA include:

systems to establish freedom (general surveillance and specific surveys) phytosanitary measures to maintain freedom (regulatory actions, routine monitoring, and

extension advice to producers) checks to verify freedom has been maintained.

NPPOs that propose to use area freedom as a measure for managing risks posed by the quarantine pests identified in this review associated with apiaceous seeds for sowing must provide the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources with an appropriate submission demonstrating area freedom, for its consideration.

4.4.2 Sourcing seed from pest-free places of production

Requirements for establishing pest free places of production are set out in ISPM 10 . The concept of ‘pest freedom’ allows exporting countries to provide assurance to importing countries that plants, plant products and other regulated articles are free from a specific pest or pests and meet the phytosanitary requirements of the importing country. Where a defined portion of a place of production is managed as a separate unit and can be maintained pest free, it may be regarded as a pest free production site.

Requirements for a NPPO to establish and maintain a pest free place of production or a pest free production site as a phytosanitary measure include:

systems to establish pest freedom

systems to maintain pest freedom

verification that pest freedom has been attained or maintained


http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp


product identity, consignment integrity and phytosanitary security.

Where necessary, a pest free place of production or a pest free production site must also establish and maintain an appropriate buffer zone.

Administrative activities required to support a pest free place of production or pest free production site include documentation of the system and maintenance of adequate records about the measures taken. Review and audit procedures undertaken by a NPPO are essential to support assurance of pest freedom and for system appraisal. Bilateral agreements or arrangements may also be needed.

NPPOs that propose to use pest-free places of production as a measure for managing risks posed by the quarantine pests identified in this review must provide the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources with an appropriate submission demonstrating pest-free place of production status, for its consideration.

4.4.3 Sourcing seed produced under a systems approach

ISPM 14 provides guidelines on the use of systems approaches to manage pest risk. According to ISPM 14 , ‘a systems approach requires the integration of different measures, at least two of which act independently, with a cumulative effect’ to achieve the appropriate level of protection.

Systems approaches could provide an alternative to relying on a single measure to achieve the ALOP of an importing country, or could be used where no single measure is available. Systems approaches are often tailored to specific commodity–pest–origin combinations and may be developed and implemented collaboratively by exporting and importing countries. The importing country specifies the appropriate approach after considering technical requirements, minimal impact, transparency, non-discrimination, equivalence and operational feasibility.

NPPOs that propose to use a systems approach as a measure for managing risks posed by the quarantine pests identified in this review must provide the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources with an appropriate submission describing their preferred systems approach and rationale, for its consideration.

4.5 Review of policyThe Department of Agriculture and Water Resources reserves the right to review the import policy when it has reason to believe that the pest or phytosanitary status has changed.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia

5 ConclusionAustralia’s reliance on an overseas supply of apiaceous crop seeds for sowing presents a risk that seed-borne pests will be introduced into the country and affect agricultural production. Seeds for sowing are considered high-risk material in international trade, because they provide a ready pathway for the movement of pests, especially seed-borne pests.

This review has identified the following pests of quarantine concern that are associated with seeds of apiaceous crops: ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, Cercospora foeniculi, Cercospora malkoffii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, Phoma complanata, Phomopsis diachenii, Ramularia coriandri, Ramularia foeniculi and Strawberry latent ringspot virus. These pests are unlikely to be detected during on-arrival visual inspections because they rarely produce visible symptoms on apiaceous seeds. The department has therefore proposed additional risk management measures for seeds of some apiaceous crop species to reduce the risk of introducing these pests, and to achieve the appropriate level of protection for Australia.

Standard requirements for the importation of seeds for sowing apply to apiaceous seeds from all sources. The department proposes applying additional risk management measures to the seeds of Anthriscus cerefolium, Apium graveolens, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum.

A majority of the crop species reviewed were found not to be affected by pests of quarantine concern to Australia. The department proposes that seed of the following species do not require testing or treatment and can continue to be imported under Australia’s standard seed for sowing import requirements: Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica dahurica, Angelica gigas, Angelica glauca, Angelica pachycarpa, Angelica sinensis, Angelica pubescens, Angelica setchuenensis, Angelica sylvestris, Angelica taiwaniana, Angelica triquinata, Angelica ursina, Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium prostratum, Carum copticum, Daucus glochidiatus, Pimpinella leptophylla and Pimpinella saxifraga.

The ultimate goal of Australia’s risk management measures is to protect plant health and prevent the introduction of identified quarantine pests of seeds of apiaceous crops. The department considers that the risk management measures proposed in this draft review of existing import conditions are adequate for mitigating the risks posed by the identified pests.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia Appendix 1

Appendix 1: Pest categorisation – pathogens associated with representatives of the Apiaceae family, their status in Australia, pathway association, potential for establishment, spread, and economic consequencesPest categorisation determines whether the criteria for classification as a quarantine pest are satisfied. The process is based on the identity of the pest, its presence or absence in the pest risk analysis (PRA) area, regulatory status, potential for establishment and spread in the PRA area, and potential for economic (including environmental) consequences in the PRA area .

Appendix 1 identifies pests that affect apiaceous crops under review from a worldwide perspective and their status in Australia. It also notes a region if legislation governing that region lists the pest as prohibited. Regional pests are considered further if they are absent from the region or meet International Plant Protection Convention requirements for official control in the region. Estimates of each pest’s potential for creating economic consequences is based on its likelihood to meet the ISPM 5 definition of a quarantine pest as economically important. Any pest that is considered of minor economic significant or is not known to be economically important is not defined as a quarantine pest, consistent with International Plant Protection Convention criteria.

Scientific name(s) Host genera Present in Australia

Potential to be on pathway

Potential for establishment and spread

Potential for economic consequences

Quarantine pest

Bacteria

Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn 1942 [Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae] (current name: Rhizobium rhizogenes (Young et al., 2001)

Daucus Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 [Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae]

Anthriscus, Apium, Carum, Daucus, Pastinaca

Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No







Quarantine pest

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Liefting et al. 2009 (haplotypes C, D & E) (CaLsol) [Rhizobiales: Phyllobacteriaceae]

Apium, Anthriscus, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this bacterium which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in apiaceous crops including Apium, Anthriscus, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca and Petroselinum species . CaLsol is seed-borne in Apium graveolens (W. Monger pers. comm. 2017), Daucus carota , Petroselinum crispum and Pastinaca sativa .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, CaLsol could establish and spread in Australia. CaLsol associated with apiaceous crops has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this bacterium from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material or psyllid vectors .

Yes: CaLsol is an economically important pathogen of apiaceous crops and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. Vegetative disorders associated with CaLsol in Spain have caused severe economic losses in carrot production for the fresh vegetable market .

Yes

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Samson et al. 2005 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] (synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder et al. 1953)


No

Dickeya parthenii Samson et al. 2005 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] (synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. parthenii (Starr) Dye)

Apium Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this bacterium which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this bacterium is seed-borne in this host.

Assessment not required Assessment not required

No







Quarantine pest

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones 1901) Gardan et al. 2003 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] (synonym: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey et al. 1923)

Apium, Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp 1928 [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae]

Apium, Daucus


No

Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown 1918) [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae]

Daucus, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii (Jagger 1921) Young et al. 1978 [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae] (synonym: Pseudomonas apii Jagger 1921)

Apium, Foeniculum, Petroselinum

Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016)

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this bacterium which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Apium graveolens . The bacterium also occurs naturally on Foeniculum vulgare and Petroselinum crispum . Movement of seeds of this host species into Western Australia from eastern states where this pathogen occurs is not regulated. Apium graveolens seeds are currently not on that states restricted seed list nor subject to any specific conditions. Visual inspection on-arrival will not detect pathogens that do not produce visible symptoms on seed. Therefore, this pathogen is not considered further.


No

Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola Toben & Rudolph 1996 [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae]

Coriandrum, Petroselinum


No

Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson 1939 [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae]

Anethum, Apium, Pastinaca


No







Quarantine pest

Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. 1973 [Entomoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae]

Apium, Daucus, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this bacterium, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Daucus and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this bacterium is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Streptomyces scabiei (Thaxter 1891) Waksman and Henrici 1948 [Actinomycetales: Streptomycetaceae]

Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Xanthomonas campestris pv. coriandri (Srinivasan et al.) Dye [Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae]

Coriandrum Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this bacterium, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum species and causes leaf spot . To date there is no published evidence that this bacterium is seed-borne in this host.


No

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae (Kendrick) Vauterin et al. 1995 [Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae] (synonym: Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae (Kendrick 1934) Dye 1978)

Coriandrum, Daucus


No

Fungi

Absidia glauca Hagem [Mucorales: Cunninghamellaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Absidia spinosa Lendn. [Mucorales: Cunninghamellaceae]


No

Acremonium apii (Sm. & Ramsey) Gams [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Cephalosporium apii Sm. & Ramsey)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this soil-borne fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Acremoniella atra (Corda) Sacc. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Acremonium atrum Corda)

Anethum, Carum, Daucus

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Anethum graveolens , Carum carvi and Daucus carota .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, this fungus could establish and spread in Australia. Acremoniella atra has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: Currently, there is no published evidence on the economic consequences of this fungus. Therefore, this fungus is not considered to have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Acremonium kiliense Grütz [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerb.)

Cuminum, Foeniculum


No







Quarantine pest

Aecidium carotinum Bubák [Pucciniales: Incertae sedis]

Daucus Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Aecidium distinctum Arthur & Cummins [Pucciniales: Incertae sedis]

Angelica Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Aecidium foeniculi Castagne [Pucciniales: Incertae sedis]

Daucus, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Aecidium petroselini-sativi Săvul. [Pucciniales: Incertae sedis]

Petroselinum Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species causing spotting on leaves . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Aegerita candida Pers. [Polyporales: Meruliaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Alternaria alternariae (Cooke) Woudenb. & Crous [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Sinomyces alternariae (Cooke) Yong Wang et al.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species causing spotting on leaves . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Alternaria tenuis Nees)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria amaranthi (Peck) Hook [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Coriandrum sativum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Alternaria amaranthi could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed and air-borne spores.


No

Alternaria atrocariis Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria burnsii Uppal et al. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Apium, Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Coriandrum and Cuminum species . This fungus has been reported to be seed-borne in Coriandrum sativum and Cuminum cyminum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway this fungus could establish and spread in Australia. Alternaria burnsii has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human mediated transport of infected seed.

No: The yield losses caused by this fungus in India are based on studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s . There have not been any reports of crop losses since then. Therefore, this fungus is unlikely to have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Alternaria carotiincultae Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No

Alternaria carthami Chowdhury [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Cuminum Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Alternaria cheiranthi (Lib.) Bolle [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Helminthosporium cheiranthi Lib.; Macrosporium cheiranthi (Lib.) Fr.)

Petroselinum Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Alternaria citri Ellis & Pierce [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Cuminum, Petroselinum


No

Alternaria cucumerina (Ellis & Everh.) Elliott [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Macrosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Everh.; Alternaria cyamopsidis Rangaswami & Rao)

Coriandrum Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria cumini Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Cuminum Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Cuminum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Alternaria dauci (Kühn) Groves & Skolko [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Alternaria carotae (Ellis & Langl.) Stev. & Wellman; Macrosporium carotae Ellis & Langl.)

Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Alternaria daucicola Zhang [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Alternaria daucicaulis Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Lewia daucicaulis Simmons)




No

Alternaria daucifolii Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria dianthicola Neerg. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Foeniculum Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Alternaria herbiculinae Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species causing lesions and spots on leaves . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) Mason [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No

Alternaria longissima Deighton & MacGarvie [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No

Alternaria novae-zelandiae Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria palandui Ayyangar [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Coriandrum sativum and Cuminum cyminum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Alternaria palandui could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Alternaria petroselini (Neerg.) Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Stemphylium petroselini Neerg.)

Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Alternaria poonensis Raghunath [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum and Cuminum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Macrosporium porri Ellis)

Apium, Daucus

Yes . This species is listed as a declared organism (Prohibited [Section 12]) under the Western Australia Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007; however, it is not considered further as it is reported to be present in Western Australia and not under official control.

Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Alternaria radicina Meier et al. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Stemphylium radicinum (Meier et al.) Neerg.)

Anethum, Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Alternaria ramulosa (Sacc.) Joly [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Stemphylium ramulosum Sacc.; Macrosporium ramulosum Sacc.)

Anthriscus, Apium, Daucus, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on dead stems of Anthriscus, Apium, Daucus and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria ricini (Yoshii) Hansf. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur


Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Alternaria ricini could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Alternaria selini Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species causing leaf blight and pod deformation . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Alternaria solani Sorauer [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Macrosporium solani Ellis & Martin)

Apium, Foeniculum


No

Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Angelica, Carum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Alternaria umbellifericola Raghunath [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Carum, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Alternaria zhengzhouensis Zhang [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Amerosporium concinnum Petr. [Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]

Foeniculum Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler [Saprolegniales: Leptolegniaceae]

Apium Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No







Quarantine pest

Ascochyta anethicola Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]

Anethum Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum species causing leaf spot . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Ascochyta biforae Bond.-Mont. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]

Carum Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Carum carvi .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ascochyta biforae could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: Currently, there is no published evidence on the economic consequences of this fungus. Therefore, this fungus does not have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Ascochyta carvi Ondřej [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ascochyta carvi could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Ascochyta cretensis Sutton [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Foeniculum vulgare .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ascochyta cretensis could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Ascochyta foeniculina McAlpine [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No

Ascochyta grovei Pisareva [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Ascochyta levistici (Lebedeva) Melnik [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


Ascochyta phomoides Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]

Angelica, Carum, Daucus

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Carum and Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Ascospora himantia (Pers.) Rehm [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Dothidea himantia (Pers.) Fr.; Mycosphaerella himantia (Pers.) Died)

Pimpinella Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Aspergillus alliaceus Thom & Church [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Aspergillus amstelodami Thom & Church [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Eurotium amstelodami Mangin)


No

Aspergillus candidus Link [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Foeniculum


No

Aspergillus chevalieri Thom & Church [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No

Aspergillus deflectus Fenell & Raper [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No

Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier & Sartory) Thom & Church [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Fennellia flavipes Wiley & Simmons)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Aspergillus flavus Link [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlb.) Cohn)

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No

Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonyms: Aspergillus nidulellus Samson & Gams; Emericella nidulans (Eidam) Vuill.)



No

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus


No

Aspergillus parasiticus Speare [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]



No

Aspergillus repens (Corda) Sacc. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Aspergillus ustus Thom & Church [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

Coriandrum, Daucus

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum and Daucus species . This fungus is seed-borne only in Coriandrum sativum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, this fungus could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.


No

Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tirab. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No

Asteroma robergii Desm. [Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae]




No

Asteromella aegopodii (Curr.) Petr. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Mycosphaerella podagrariae (Roth) Petr.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Asteromella tragii (Bubák) Petr. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Phyllosticta tragii Bubák)








Quarantine pest

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]


No

Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Phoma obtuse; Fuckel Peyronellaea obtusa (Fuckel) Aveskamp et al.)


No

Botrytis cinerea Pers. [Heliotiales: Sclerotiniaceae] (synonym: Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No

Calloria oleosa (Ellis) Sacc. [Helotiales: Dermateaceae] (synonym: Peziza oleosa Ellis)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Calonctria brassicae (Panwar & Bohra) Lombard, et al [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & May; Cylindrocladium gracile (Bugnic.) Boesew.)




No

Calonectria fimbriata Seaver & Waterston [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]




No

Calonectria kyotensis Terash. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]


No

Calonectria umbelliferarum Seaver [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonyms: Hydropisphaera erubescens (Roberge ex Desm.) Rossman & Samuels; Nectria erubescens (Roberge ex Desm.) Phillips & Plowr.)




No







Quarantine pest

Calyptronectria argentinensis Speg. [Pleosporales: Melanommataceae]




No

Centrospora macrospora Neerg. [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Cercospora macrospora Osterw.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which causes storage rot on Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Centrospora ohlsenii Neerg. [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis]




No

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau [Microascales: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Chalara thielavioides (Peyronel) Nag Raj & Kendr.; Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Höhn)


No


http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Thielaviopsis






Quarantine pest

Ceratocystis radicicola (Bliss) Moreau [Microascales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Thielaviopsis punctulata (Hennebert) Paulin et al.)




No

Cercospora ailanthi Syd. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Cercospora angelicae (Sacc. & Scalia) Chupp [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Cercospora apii Fresen. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Cercospora apii f. dauci-carotae Ellis & Everh.; Cercospora apii var. petroselini Sacc.)

Anethum, Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Cercospora apiicola Groenew. et al. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Cercospora beticola Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No

Cercospora carotae (Pass.) Kanz. & Siemaszko [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Cercospora apii var. carotae Pass.)


No

Cercospora chaerophylli Höhn. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]

Anthriscus Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Cercospora coriandri Rjach. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Cercospora coriandri could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.


No

Cercospora foeniculi Magnus [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Cercospora foeniculi could establish and spread in Australia This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.

Yes: Cercospora foeniculi is an economically important pathogen of Foenicum vulgare and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. Destruction of foliage results in poorly developed fruit, yield loss and reduced seed production in India and Pakistan .

Yes







Quarantine pest

Cercospora malkoffii Bubák [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Passalora malkoffii (Bubák) Braun)


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne on Pimpinella species and is seed-borne in Pimpinella anisum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Cercospora malkoffii could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.

Yes: Cercospora malkoffii is economically important pathogen of Pimpinella anisum and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. Significant losses due to this fungus has been reported .

Yes

Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) Peck [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Cercospora apii var. pastinacae Sacc.; Passalora pastinacae (Sacc.) Braun)

Pastinaca Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Cercospora penicillata var. apii Fuckel [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Cercospora petroselini Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which have been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species . To date there is no published


No

Cercospora petroselini f. melitensis Ferraris [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]








Quarantine pest

evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.

Cercospora petroselinicola Tosh. et al. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


Chaetomella atra Fuckel [Chaetomellaceae: Helotiales] (synonym: Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Höhn)




No

Chaetomium atrosporum Skolko & Groves [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Daucus, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Daucus carota and Foeniculum vulgare .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Chaetomium atrosporum could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.


No

Chaetomium cari-carvi Pande & Rao [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Pastinaca Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Chaetomium globosum Kunze ex Fr. [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Chaetomium luteum (Rai & Tewari) Cannon [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae] (synonym: Achaetomium luteum Rai & Tewari)


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Anethum graveolens .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Chaetomium luteum could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Chaetomium murorum Corda [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Chaetomium succineum Ames [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Apium, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium and Petroselinum species . This fungus is seed-borne only in Apium graveolens .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Chaetomium succineum could establish and spread in Australia This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions and can be spread via infected seeds. Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Chalastospora gossypii (Jacz.) Braun & Crous [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. [Mucorales: Choanephoraceae]


Yes (Conde & Dialoff 1991)


No

Chromelosporium ochraceum Corda [Pezizales: Pezizaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Ciboria pastinacae Velen. [Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]




No

Cilioplea coronata (Niessl) Munk ex Crivelli [Pleosporales: Lophiostomataceae] (synonym: Pleospora coronata Niessl)




No

Circinella muscae (Sorokīn) Berl. & De Toni [Mucorales: Syncephalastraceae]

Daucus, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus and Pimpinella species . This fungus is seed-borne only in Pimpinella anisum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Circinella muscae could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Circinella simplex Tiegh. [Mucorales: Syncephalastraceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Circinella simplex could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Cladosporium astroideum Ces. [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae] (synonym: Cladosporium astroideum var. catalinense Braun)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]

Angelica, Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]


No

Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Cladosporium fulvum Cooke [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae] (synonym: Passalora fulva (Cooke) Braun & Crous)


No

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]

Angelica, Anthriscus, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Foeniculum


No

Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]


No

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & Curtis [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]



No

Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]

Coriandrum, Daucus


No

Cladosporium variabile (Cooke) de Vries [Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur


Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Cladosporium variabile could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Clathrospora diplospora (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. & Traverso [Pleosporales: Diademaceae] (synonym: Pleospora diplospora Ellis & Everh.)




No

Cochliobolus geniculatus Nelson [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Helminthosporium geniculatum Tracy & Earle; Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn)


No

Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn)

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Cochliobolus pallescens (Tsuda & Ueyama) Sivan. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Curvularia pallescens Boedijn)

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae] (synonym: Glomerella acutata Guerber & Correll)

Apium, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Colletotrichum anthrisci Damm et al. [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Colletotrichum capsici (Syd. & Syd.) Butler & Bisby [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae]


No

Colletotrichum circinans (Berk.) Voglino [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae] (synonym: Colletotrichum dematium f. circinans (Berk.) Arx)

Anthriscus Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae]


No

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.: Fr.) Grove [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae]

Angelica, Daucus


No

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae]

Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk.) Arx [Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae] (synonym: Gloeosporium oribulare (Berk.) Berk.)

Apium, Cuminum


No

Coniothyrium conoideum Sacc. [Pleosporales: Coniothyriaceae]




No

Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc. [Pleosporales: Coniothyriaceae] (synonym: Paraconiothyrium fuckelii (Sacc.) Verkley & Gruyter)


No

Crocicreas cyathoideum (Bull.) Carp. [Helotiales: Helotiaceae] (synonyms: Cyathicula cyathoidea (Bull.) Thüm.; Helotium cyathoideum (Bull.) Karst.)




No







Quarantine pest

Crocicreas nigrescens (Cooke) Carp. [Helotiales: Helotiaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species (Carpenter 1981). To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Cudoniella fructigena Rostr. [Helotiales: Helotiaceae]




No

Cunninghamella elegans Lendn. [Mucorales: Cunninghamellaceae]



No

Curvularia clavata Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Curvularia hexamera Vegh & Benoit [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Curvularia hexamera could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No

Curvularia prasadii Mathur & Mathur [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]


No

Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.) Subram. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Cuminum Yes (Shivas & Alcorn 1996)


No

Curvularia tuberculata Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Cochliobolus tuberculatus Sivan.)


No







Quarantine pest

Cyathicula cyathoidea (Bull.: Fr.) Thüm. [Helotiales: Helotiaceae]

Angelica, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonyms: Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman et al.; Ramularia destructans Zinssm)

Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca


No

Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & May [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]




No

Cylindrosporium crescentium Barthol. [Helotiales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Phloeospora crescentium (Barthol.) Riley)


No







Quarantine pest

Cylindrosporium pastinacae Sacc. [Helotiales: Incertae sedis]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pastinaca species causing leaf spot . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Cylindrosporium pimpinellae Massal [Helotiales: Incertae sedis]

Angelica, Apium, Pastinaca, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Apium, Pastinaca and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Cyphellopycnis pastinacae Tehon & Stout [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]

Carum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Dactylella oxyspora (Sacc. & Marchal) Matsush [Orbiliales: Orbiliaceae]




No

Diaporthe ambigua Nitschke [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonym: Phomopsis velata (Sacc.) Traverso; Diaporthe eres Nitschke)


No

Diaporthe angelicae (Berk.) Wehm. [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonyms: Diaporthopsis angelicae (Berk.) Wehm; Sphaeria angelicae Berk.; Mazzantia angelicae (Berk.) Vassiljeva)

Angelica, Anthriscus, Carum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Anthriscus, Carum, Daucus, Foeniculum and Pastinaca species causing stem decay and leaf spot . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Diaporthe arctii (Lasch) Nitschke [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonym: Phomopsis arctii (Lasch) Traverso)

Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Diaporthe foeniculacea Niessl [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Diaporthe foeniculina (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castlebury [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonym: Phoma foeniculina Sacc.)


No

Diaporthe lusitanicae Phillips & Santos [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]




No

Diaporthe neotheicola Phillips & Santos [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]


No

Didymaria anethiana Cooke [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Didymella operosa (Desm.) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Didymella superflua (Fuckel) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Mycosphaerella superflua (Fuckel) Petr.)




No

Didymosphaeria conoidea Niessl [Pleosporales: Didymosphaeriaceae]




No

Dinemasporium hispidulum (Schrad.) Sacc. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Pseudolachnea hispidula (Schrad.) Sutton)


No

Diplodia foeniculina Thüm. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]




No

Diplodina foeniculina Speg. [Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi,


No







Quarantine pest

which have been reported naturally occurring on Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.

Diplodina mattiroloana Cif [Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae] (synonym: Diplodina mattiroliana Cif)


Discosia sampaioi Gonz Frag [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae]




No

Dothidea collecta (Schwein.) Ellis & Everh. [Dothideales: Dothideaceae]




No

Dothidella angelicae (Fr.) Rostr. [Incertae sedis: Polystomellaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Dothiorella dauci Vala et al. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Daucus carota .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Dothiorella dauci could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Drechslera apii (Göbelez) Richardson & Fraser [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Helminthosporium apii Göbelez)


Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Daucus and Petroselinum species . It is seed-borne only in Apium graveolens .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Drechslera apii could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Drechslera biseptata (Sacc. & Roum) Richardson & Fraser [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Pyrenophora biseptata (Sacc. & Roum.) Crous)


No







Quarantine pest

Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc.) Subram. & Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemacher; Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur)

Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Petroselinum


No

Drechslera tetramera (McKinney) Subram & Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Bipolaris spicifera (Bainier) Subram.; Cochliobolus spicifer Nelson; Curvularia spicifera (Bainier) Boedijn; Drechslera spicifera (Bainier) Arx)



No

Emericella foeniculicola Udagawa [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Aspergillus foeniculicola Udagawa)


Yes: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Foeniculum vulgare .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Emericella foeniculicola could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Entyloma helosciadii Magnus [Entylomatales: Entylomataceae]




No

Entyloma pastinacae Jaap [Entylomatales: Entylomataceae]




No

Epicoccum nigrum Link [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb.)

Angelica, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca


No

Erysiphe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]

Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No







Quarantine pest

Erysiphe heraclei DC [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] (synonym: Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. anthrisci Jacz.)

Anethum, Angelica, Anthriscus, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No

Erysiphe lichenoides Trab & Sacc. [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]

Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Erysiphe orontii Castagne [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] (synonym: Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) Heluta)


No

Erysiphe polygoni DC [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]

Angelica, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No







Quarantine pest

Fusariella hughesii Chab.-Frydm. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis]

Anthriscus, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella acuminata Wollenw.)

Daucus, Pastinaca, Pimpinella


No

Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella avenacea Cook)

Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium culmorum (Sm.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella intricans Wollenw.)

Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [Hypocereales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella zeae (schwein.) Petch)

Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel)

Anethum, Carum, Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium merismoides Corda [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Fusicolla merismoides (Corda) Gräfenhan et al.)


No

Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw.)

Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca


No

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Emend. Snyder & Hansen [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Apium, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp apii Snyder & Hansen [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Apium, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp anethi Gordon [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]




No

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii Kulkarni et al. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material .

Yes: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii is an economically important pathogen of coriander and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. Early, severe infection may lead to crop failure. Yield losses between 25–60 per cent have been reported from India .

Yes







Quarantine pest

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini Prasad & Patel [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Cuminum Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Cuminum cyminum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected planting material.

Yes: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini is an economically important pathogen of cumin and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

Yes

Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Carum Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum carvi . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg)


No

Fusarium redolens Wollenw. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]


No

Fusarium roseum Link [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella pulicaris (Kunze) Sacc.)


No







Quarantine pest

Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Apium, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]


No

Fusarium udum Butler [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Gibberella indica Rai & Upadhyay)

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur


Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Fusarium udum could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Fusicladiella pimpinellae (Vestergr.) Deighton [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Didymaria pimpinellae Vestergr.; Ramularia pimpinellicola Nannf.)




No







Quarantine pest

Fusicladium depressum var. petroselini Sacc. [Venturiales: Venturiaceae]




No

Geotrichum candidum Link [Saccharomycetales: Dipodascaceae] (synonym: Dipodascus geotrichum (Butler & Petersen) Arx)

Cuminum, Daucus


No

Gibellulopsis nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare et al. [Incertae sedis: Plectosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Verticillium nigrescens Pethybr)

Apium, Daucus


No

Gliocladium roseum Bainier [Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae] (synonyms: Gliocladium aureum Rader; Gliocladium catenulatum Gilman & Abbott)

Cuminum, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Gloeosporium achaeniicola Rostr. [Helotiales: Dermateaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Gloeosporium achaeniicola could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed


No

Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Sm. [Glomerales: Glomeraceae] (synonym: Rhizophagus aggregatus (Schenck & Sm.) Walker)




No

Glomus fuegianum (Speg.) Trappe & Gerd. [Glomerales: Glomeraceae] (synonym: Endogone fuegiana Speg.)


No

Glomus heterosporum Sm. & Schenck. [Glomerales: Glomeraceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul. [Glomerales: Glomeraceae] (synonym: Endogone macrocarpa (Tul. & Tul.) Tul. & Tul.)

Anthriscus, Apium


No

Gloniella perexigua (Speg.) Sacc. [Hysteriales: Hysteriaceae] (synonym: Hysterium perexiguum Speg.)




No

Gonatobotrys simplex Corda [Melanosporales: Ceratostomataceae] (synonym: Melanospora damnosa (Sacc.) Lindau)


No

Gongronella butleri (Lendn.) Peyronel & Dal Vesco [Mucorales: Cunninghamellaceae] (synonym: Absidia butleri Lendn.)

Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Helicobasidium mompa Nobuj. Tanaka [Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae] (synonym: Helicobasidium longisporum Wakef)




No







Quarantine pest

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul) Pat [Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae] (synonyms: Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC; Helicobasidium brebissonii (Dezmaz) Donk)

Angelica, Apium, Daucus


No

Hendersonia foeniculi Gonz Frag [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae]




No

Heteropatella lacera Fuckel [Helotiales: Helotiaceae] (synonym: Heteropatella lacera f. dauci Sacc.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on dry and decaying stems of Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Heteropatella umbilicata (Pers.: Fr.) Grove Jaap [Helotiales: Helotiaceae]

Angelica, Daucus, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Daucus and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Heterosphaeria patella (Tode) Grev [Helotiales: Helotiaceae] (synonym: Heteropatella bonordenii (Hazsl) Lind)

Anethum, Angelica, Daucus, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on dry and dead stems of Anethum, Angelica, Daucus and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Humicola fuscoatra Traaen [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]


No

Hyalopeziza archangelica Olsen & Sivertsen [Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Hydropisphaera arenula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels [Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead leaves and stems of Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Itersonilia pastinacae Channon [Cystofilobasidiales: Cystofilobasidiaceae]

Anethum Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No







Quarantine pest

Itersonilia perplexans Derx [Cystofilobasidiales: Cystofilobasidiaceae]

Anethum, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Kalmusia clivensis (Berk. Broome) Barr [Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae] (synonyms: Diapleella clivensis (Berk. & Broome) Munk; Leptosphaeria clivensis (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Khuskia oryzae Huds [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch; Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason)



No

Laestadia archangelicae Rostr. [Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Laetinaevia minutissima (Rostr.) Nannf. ex Hein [Helotiales: Dermateaceae] (synonym: Calloria minutissima Rostr.)




No

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)

Cuminum, Foeniculum


No

Leptosphaeria comatella (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]

Daucus, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Leptosphaeria conoidea (De Not.) Sacc.)

Angelica, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Leptosphaeria erigerontis Berl. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]




No

Leptosphaeria foeniculacea Fabre [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which have been reported naturally occurring on Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Leptosphaeria foeniculi Gonz Frag [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]


Leptosphaeria gloeospora (Berk. & Curr) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Trichometasphaeria gloeospora (Berk. & Curr) Holm)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi which have been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Leptosphaeria longipedicellata Mill & Burton [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]


Leptosphaeria modesta Rabenh. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae] (synonyms: Sphaeria modesta Desm.; Nodulosphaeria modesta (Rabenh.) Munk ex Holm)

Angelica, Anthriscus, Daucus, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Anthriscus, Daucus and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Leptosphaeria ogilviensis (Berk. & Broome) Ces & De Not [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Sphaeria ogilviensis Berk. & Broome)




No

Leptosphaeria rostrupii Sacc. & Sacc. [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae]




No

Leptosphaeria suffulta (Nees) Niessel [Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Sphaeria suffulta Nees)




No

Leptospora rubella (Pers.: Fr.) Rabenh. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Ophiobolus rubellus (Pers.) Sacc.)

Angelica, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Leveillula lanuginosa (Fuckel) Golovin [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] (synonym: Erysiphe lanuginosa Fuckel)

Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] (synonyms: Erysiphe taurica Lév.; Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.) Salmon)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No

Lewia infectoria (Fuckel) Barr & Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Alternaria infectoria Simmons)


No

Lewia scrophulariae (Desm.) Barr & Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Alternaria conjuncta Simmons; Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous)

Daucus, Pastinaca, Pimpinella


No







Quarantine pest

Lophiostoma caulium Fuckel [Pleosporales: Lophiostomataceae]




No

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Macrosporium cladosporioides Desm. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Melanospora papillata Hotson [Melanosporales: Ceratostomataceae]




No

Memnoniella echinata (Rivolta) Galloway [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Stachybotrys echinata (Rivolta) Sm.)



No







Quarantine pest

Microdiplodia perpusilla (Desm.) Allesch. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]




No

Microdochium dimerum (Penz.) Arx [Xylariales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) Lombard & Crous)


No

Mollisia atrata Bres. [Helotiales: Dermateaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Monochaetia karstenii (Sacc. & Syd.) Sutton [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae]


No

Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae] (synonyms: Fusarium tabacinum (Beyma) Gams; Plectosporium tabacinum (Beyma) Palm et al.; Plectosphaerella cucumerina Lindf.) Gams)

Anthriscus, Apium, Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisphaeriaceae

http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Mollisia






Quarantine pest

Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) Müll. [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae] (synonym: Fusarium nivale Cesati)

Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Mucor circinelloides Tiegh. [Mucorales: Mucoraceae]

Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum


No

Mucor fragilis Bainier [Mucorales: Mucoraceae]


No

Mucor hiemalis Wehmer [Mucorales: Mucoraceae]

Angelica, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus


No

Mucor racemosus Bull. [Mucorales: Mucoraceae]


No

Murispora rubicunda (Niessl) Zhang et al. [Pleosporales: Amniculicolaceae] (synonym: Massariosphaeria rubicunda (Niessl) Crivelli)




No

Mycocentrospora acerina (Hartig) Deighton [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Centrospora acerina (Hartig) Newhall; Cercospora acerina Hartig; Cercospora cari Westerd & Luigk)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca

Yes (Sutton & Gibson 1977)


No







Quarantine pest

Mycosphaerella anethi (Pers.) Petr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Dothidea anethi (Pers.) Fr; Phoma anethi (Pers.) Sacc.)

Anethum, Carum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Mycosphaerella angelicae (Fr.) Petr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Sphaerella angelicae Ellis & Everh.; Phyllachora angelicae (Fr.) Fuckel)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Mycosphaerella dolichospora (Sacc. & Fautrey) Wehm. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Mycosphaerella punctiformis (Pers.: Fr.) Starbäck [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Ramularia endophylla Verkley & Braun; Sphaeria punctiformis Pers.)


Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Mycosphaerella rubella (Niessl & Schröt.) Magnus [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Sphaeria rubella Niessl & Schröt.)




No

Myrothecium leucotrichum (Peck) Tulloch [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Xepicula leucotricha (Peck) Nag Raj)


No

Myrothecium roridum Tode [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis]


No

Nectria sylvana Mouton [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] (synonym: Lasionectria sylvana (Mouton) Rossman & Samuels)


Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the decaying leaves and stems of Angelica and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Nodulosphaeria olivacea (Ellis) Holm [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae] (synonyms: Ophiobolus olivaceus (Ellis) Berl. & Voglino; Leptosphaeria olivacea Ellis)

Angelica, Carum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Carum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Oidium coriandri Hosag et al. [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]




No

Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) Dang. [Olpidiales: Olpidiaceae] (synonym: Olpidiaster brassicae (Woronin) Doweld)

Anethum, Apium, Daucus, Petroselinum


No

Ombrophila archangelicae Rostr. [Helotiales: Helotiaceae]




No

Ophiobolus anthrisci (Holm) Holm [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Ophiobolus nigromaculatus f. anthrisci Holm)




No







Quarantine pest

Ophiobolus nigroclypeatus Miller & Burton [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae]




No

Ophiobolus tenellus (Auersw.) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Rhaphidophora tenella Auersw.)




No

Pacispora scintillans (Rose & Trappe) Sieverd. et al. [Diversisporales: Pacisporaceae] (synonym: Glomus scintillans Rose & Trappe)


No

Paecilomyces variotii Baineir [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Paecilomyces divaricatus (Thom) Samson et al.)

Coriandrum, Foeniculum


No







Quarantine pest

Papulaspora irregularis Hotson [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur


Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Papulaspora irregularis could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Paraphoma fimeti (Brunaud) Gruyter et al. [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Phoma fimeti Brunaud)


No

Passalora angelicae (Ellis & Everh.) Braun [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Cercosporidium angelicae (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton; Fusicladium angelicae Ellis & Everh.)

Angelica, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which have been reported naturally occurring on several genera of apiaceous crops causing various leafspot diseases . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Passalora bupleuri (Pass.) Braun [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Cercospora bupleuri Pass.)

Anthriscus, Coriandrum

Not known to occur

Passalora depressa (Berk.) Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Cercospora depressa (Berk. & Broome) Vassiljevsky; Fusicladium depressum (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.)

Anethum, Angelica, Foeniculum, Petroselinum

Not known to occur







Quarantine pest

Passalora foeniculi Kamal & Khan [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


Passalora kirchneri (Hegyi) Petr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Marssonina kirchneri Hegyi)


Passalora punctum (Delacr.) Arx [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Cercosporidium punctum (Delacr.) Deighton)

Anethum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Penicillium expansum Link [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]


No

Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] (synonym: Penicillium janthinellum Biourge)


No

Periconia byssoides Pers. [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis]

Carum, Coriandrum, Foeniculum


No

Periconia cookei Mason & Ellis [Pleosporales: Incertae sedis]

Coriandrum, Cuminum

Not known to occur


Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Periconia cookei could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Perisporiopsis melioloides Berk. & Curtis [Incertae sedis: Perisporiopsidaceae) (synonym: Sphaeria melioloides Berk. & Curtis)



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Perisporiopsis melioloides could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Phloeospora heraclei (Lib.) Petr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No

Phlyctema asparagi Fautrey & Roum. [Helotiales: Dermateaceae]




No

Phoma acuta Fuckel [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Leptosphaeria acuta (Fuckel) Karst.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dry stems of Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Phoma anethicola Allesch. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dry stems of Anethum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Phoma apiicola Kleb. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Subplenodomus apiicola (Kleb.) Gruyter et al.)

Apium, Coriandrum, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Apium graveolens only . This fungus has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Coriandrum and Foeniculum species .

Yes: When introduced via seed pathway, Phoma apiicola could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: This fungus may occasionally cause losses of celery seedlings and may be a problem in direct-drilled crops . Overall, it is considered a minor disease . Therefore, this fungus does not have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Phoma complanata (Tode: Fr.) Desm. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Leptosphaeria complanata (Tode) Ces. & De Not.)

Angelica, Apium, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Apium, Daucus, Pastinaca and Petroselinum species . This fungus is seed-borne only in Pastinaca sativa .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Phoma complanata could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

Yes: Phoma complanata is an economically important pathogen of parsnips in Canada and the UK and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

Yes







Quarantine pest

Phoma doliolum Karst. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]

Angelica, Daucus, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Daucus and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Phoma errabunda Desm. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Leptosphaeria errabunda (Desm.) Gruyter et al.)




No

Phoma eupyrena Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No

Phoma exigua Desm. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Boeremia exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et al)

Anethum, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No

Phoma herbarum Westend. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]



No







Quarantine pest

Phoma longissima (Pers.) Westend. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum species . To date there is no published evidence that fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Phoma multirostrata (Mathur et al.) Dorenb. & Boerema [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No

Phoma nebulosa (Pers.) Mont. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonyms: Sphaeria nebulosa Pers.; Mycosphaerella nebulosa (Pers.) Johanson ex Oudem.)

Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Phoma plurivora Johnst. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]


No

Phoma pimpinellae Boerema & Gruyter [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonyms: Plenodomus pimpinellae (Lowen & Sivan) Gruyter et al; Leptosphaeria pimpinellae Lowen & Sivan)




No







Quarantine pest

Phoma rostrupii Sacc. [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonyms: Leptosphaeria libanotis (Fuckel) Niessl; Plenodomus libanotidis (Fuckel) Gruyter et al.)

Angelica, Daucus

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Daucus carota . This fungus has been also reported on Angelica species .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Phoma rostrupii could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Phomatospora berkeleyi Sacc. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Sphaeria phomatospora Berk. & Broome; Phoma berkeleyi Sacc.)


No

Phomopsis asteriscus (Berk.) Grove [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonym: Phoma asteriscus Berk.)

Angelica, Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Anethum, Daucus, Foeniculum and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Phomopsis brunaudiana (Sacc.) Sutton [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae] (synonyms: Septoria brunaudiana Sacc; Rhabdospora brunaudiana (Sacc.) Sacc.)




No

Phomopsis canadensis Bubák & Dearn. [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]




No

Phomopsis dauci Arx [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Phomopsis dauci could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Phomopsis diachenii Sacc. [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]

Carum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne on Carum carvi and Pastinaca sativa .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Phomopsis diachenii could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

Yes: Phomopsis diachenii is an economically important pathogen and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. Browning and dieback of caraway umbels results in significant losses .

Yes

Phomopsis foeniculi Du Manoir & Vegh [Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]




No

Phyllosticta angelicae Sacc. [Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae] (synonym: Asteromella angelicae (Sacc.) Moesz ex Bat. & Peres)




No


http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/namesrecord.asp?RecordID=472207

http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/namesrecord.asp?RecordID=472207






Quarantine pest

Phyllosticta apii Halst. [Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae]




No

Phyllosticta coriandri Khokhr. [Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae]




No

Phyllosticta petroselini Rothers [Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae]




No

Phyllosticta podagrariae Oudem. [Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert [Pezizales: Rhizinaceae] (synonym: Phymatotrichum omnivorum Duggar)

Anethum, Angelica, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum, Angelica, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers. [Physarida: Physaraceae]


No

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] (synonym: Phytophthora omnivora de Bary)


No

Phytophthora capsici Leonian [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Apium, Petroselinum


No

Phytophthora dauci Bertier et al. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No

Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Daucus, Pastinaca


No

Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] (synonym: Phytophthora parasitica Dastur)

Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Phytophthora porri Foister [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Daucus Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus carota . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Foeniculum Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Foeniculum vulgare . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curtis) Ellis [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] (synonym: Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curtis) Li et al.)


No

Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin [Plasmodiophorida: Plasmodiophoridae]


No







Quarantine pest

Plasmopara anethi Jermal. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum species causing downy mildew disease . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Plasmopara apii Săvul. & Săvul. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species causing downy mildew disease . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Plasmopara archangelicae Gapon. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species causing downy mildew disease . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Plasmopara dauci Săvul. & Săvul. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Daucus, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Plasmopara mei-foeniculi Săvul. & Săvul. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Foeniculum species causing downy mildew disease . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Plasmopara nivea (Unger) Schröt. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] (synonyms: Plasmopara angelicae (Casp.) Trotter; Plasmopara crustosa (Fr.) Jørst; Plasmopara umbelliferarum (Casp.) Schröt. ex Wartenw.; Plasmopara chaerophylli (Casp.) Trotter; Plasmopara pimpinellae Trevis & Săvul.)

Anethum, Angelica, Anthriscus, Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum, Angelica, Anthriscus, Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum and Pimpinella species causing downy mildew disease . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Plasmopara pastinacae Săvul. & Săvul. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]




No

Plasmopara petroselini Săvul. & Săvul. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]




No

Plectosphaerella pauciseptata Phillips et al. [Incertae sedis: Plectosphaerellaceae]

Anthriscus, Coriandrum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus and Coriandrum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Pleospora diaportheoides Ellis & Everh. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Pastinaca, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pastinaca and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.: Fr.) Rabenh. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Sporidesmium putrefaciens Fuckel; Stemphylium herbarum Simmons)

Anethum, Angelica, Apium, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca


No

Pleospora lithophilae Gucevič [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Pleospora lusitanica Pass. & Thüm. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Pleospora orbicularis Auersw. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Pleospora papillata Karst. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Pleospora penicillus Fuckel [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Pleospora media Niessl)




No

Pleospora permunda (Cooke) Sacc. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Clathrospora permunda (Cooke) Berl.; Comoclathris permunda (Cooke) Müll.)

Carum, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Pleospora phaeocomoides (Berk. & Broome) Winter [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Daucus, Foeniculum


No

Podosphaera fuliginea (Schltdl.) Braun & Takam. [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] (synonym: Oidium erysiphoides Fr.)

Angelica Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Podospora inaequalis (Cain) Cain [Sordariales: Lasiosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Schizothecium inaequale (Cain) Lundq.)




No

Protomyces macrosporus Unger [Taphrinales: Taphrinaceae] (synonym: Physoderma gibbosum Wallr.)

Angelica, Anthriscus, Carum, Coriandrum


No

Pseudocercosporella daucicola Goh & Hsieh [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Pseudocercosporella pastinacae (Karst.) Braun [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Cercospora pastinacina Solheim; Cercosporella pastinacae Karst.; Ramularia pastinacae (Karst.) Lindr. & Vestergr.)

Angelica, Apium, Pastinaca


No

Pseudocochliobolus eragrostidis Tsuda & Ueyama [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) Mey; Curvularia maculans (Bancr.) Boedijn)


No

Pseudospiropes subuliferus (Corda) Ellis [Helotiales: Helotiaceae] (synonym: Minimelanolocus subulifer (Corda) Castañeda & Heredia)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the dead stems of Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Puccinia angelicae (Schumach.) Fuckel [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae] (synonym: Puccinia bullata (Pers.) Schröt.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which have been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Puccinia angelicae-mammillata Kleb. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]








Quarantine pest

Puccinia anthriscicola Gjaerum [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia apii Desm. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae] (synonym: Puccinia apii Corda)


No

Puccinia baicalensis Tranzschel [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia bistortae (Strauss) DC. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae] (synonyms: Puccinia cari-bistortae Kleb.; Puccinia polygoni-vivipari Karst.)

Angelica, Carum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Carum and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Puccinia caricola Zhuang [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia chaerophylli Purton [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]

Anthriscus, Daucus

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus and Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Puccinia corvarensis Bubák [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia nanbuana Henn. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Puccinia nitida (Strauss) Barclay [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae] (synonyms: Puccinia aethusae Mart; Puccinia petroselini (DC) Lindr.)

Angelica, Carum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Carum, Foeniculum, Petroselinum and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Puccinia pimpinellae (Strauss) Link [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]

Angelica, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Puccinia pimpinellae-brachycarpae Tranzschel & Erem. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Puccinia pulvillulata Lindr. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia rubiginosa Schröt. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Puccinia thuemenii McAlpine [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]


No

Puccinia tumida Grev. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]

Angelica, Carum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Carum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Pyrenopeziza angelicae (Dearn.) Nannf. [Helotiales: Dermateaceae] (synonym: Mollisia angelicae Dearn.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the leaves of Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Pyrenopeziza pastinacae (Nannf.) Gremmen [Helotiales: Dermateaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on dead stems of Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Pyrenopeziza plicata (Rehm) Rehm [Helotiales: Dermateaceae] (synonym: Pyrenopeziza plicata f. conicola Bayl. Ellis)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on dead stems of Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Pyrenophora pimpinellae Gucevič [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Pythium afertile Kanouse & Humphrey [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]


No

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]

Daucus, Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No

Pythium catenulatum Matthews [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium carolinianum (Matthews) Uzuhashi et al.)




No

Pythium coloratum Vaartaja [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]

Apium, Daucus


No

Pythium debaryanum Hesse [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium debaryanum (Hesse) Uzuhashi et al.)



No







Quarantine pest

Pythium echinulatum Matthews [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium echinulatum (Matthews) Uzuhashi et al.)


No

Pythium hypogynum Middleton [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium hypogynum (Middleton) Uzuhashi et al.)




No

Pythium intermedium de Bary [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium intermedium (de Bary) Uzuhashi et al.)


No

Pythium irregulare Buisman [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi et al.)

Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Pythium mastophorum Drechsler [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium mastophorum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi et al.)

Apium, Petroselinum

Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Pythium oligandrum Drechsler [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]


No

Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium paroecandrum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi et al.)

Apium, Daucus


No

Pythium recalcitrans Belbahri & Moralejo [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium recalcitrans (Belbahri & Moralejo) Uzuhashi et al.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on roots of Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Pythium rostratum Butler [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium rostratum (Butler) Uzuhashi et al.)


No

Pythium scleroteichum Drechsler [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]


No

Pythium spinosum Sawada [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi et al.)


No

Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitch. [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]

Apium, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Pythium sylvaticum Campb. & Hendrix [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium sylvaticum (Campb. & Hendrix) Uzuhashi et al.)



No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Daucus and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Pythium torulosum Coker & Patt. [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]

Daucus, Petroselinum


No

Pythium ultimum Trow [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi et al.)

Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus


No

Pythium violae Chester & Hickman [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] (synonym: Globisporangium violae (Chesters & Hickman) Uzuhashi et al.)




No

Ramularia angelicae Höhn [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Ramularia anthrisci Höhn [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Ramularia archangelicae Lindr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Ramularia chaerophylli Ferraris [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Ramularia chaerophylli f. aurei Gonz. Frag.)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on leaves of Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Ramularia coriandri Moesz & Smarods [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ramularia coriandri could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

Yes: Ramularia coriandri is an economically important pathogen of coriander and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. This fungus is a quarantine pest of coriander seed for New Zealand. The introduction of this pest into Australia could restrict access to overseas markets.

Yes

Ramularia foeniculi Sibilia [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ramularia foeniculi could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

Yes: Ramularia foeniculi is an economically important pathogen of fennel and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. The fungus causes considerable damage to the quantity and quality of seeds . Basal leaves become defoliated and seeds can be shrivelled and black, with poor germination .

Yes

Ramularia heraclei (Oudem.) Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Ramularia heraclei var. apii-graveolentis Sacc. & Berl.)

Apium, Coriandrum, Pastinaca

Yes (Braun et al. 2005)


No







Quarantine pest

Ramularia libanotidis Bubák [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Rhabdospora nebulosa (Desm.) Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Rhabdospora pastinacina (Sacc.) Allesch. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Rhabdospora pleosporoides (Sacc.) Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Rhabdospora pleosporoides var. rubescens (Karst.) Sacc.)

Angelica, Anthriscus

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica and Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Rhexocercosporidium carotae (Årsvoll) Braun [Helotiales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Acrothecium carotae Årsvoll)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the roots, leaves and petioles of Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Rhizoctonia ferruginea Matz [Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae]




No

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn [Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae] (synonyms: Corticium solani (Prill. & Delacr.) Bourdot & Galzin; Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) Rogers; Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No

Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees [Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae] (synonym: Waitea circinata Warcup & Talbot)


No







Quarantine pest

Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Thaxt.) Walker & Schüßler [Glomerales: Glomeraceae] (synonym: Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe)

Anthriscus, Apium

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus and Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Rhizopus arrhizus Fisch. [Mucorales: Rhizopodaceae] (synonym: Rhizopus oryzae Went & Prins. Geerl.)



No

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. [Mucorales: Rhizopodaceae] (synonym: Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb.)



No

Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) Davis [Helotiales: Incertae sedis]

Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Rosellinia nectrioides Rehm [Xylariales: Xylariaceae]




No

Sarocladium strictum (Gams) Summerb. [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Acremonium strictum Gams; Cephalosporium acremonium Corda)

Apium, Foeniculum


No







Quarantine pest

Schizothecium curvisporum (Cain) Lundq. [Sordariales: Lasiosphaeriaceae] (synonym: Sordaria curvispora Cain)



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Schizothecium curvisporum could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: Currently, there is no published evidence on the economic consequences of this fungus. Therefore, this fungus does not have the potential for significant economic consequences in Australia.

No

Sclerotinia minor Jagger [Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae] (synonym: Sclerotinia intermedia Ramsey)

Apium, Carum, Daucus, Petroselinum


No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary [Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]

Anethum, Angelica, Anthriscus, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella


No

Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss [Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]


No

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonyms: Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr; Corticium rolfsii Curzi)

Apium, Carum, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders [Diversisporales: Gigasporaceae] (synonym: Endogone calospora Nicolson & Gerd.)


No

Septoria aegopodii Desm. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for these fungi, which have been reported naturally occurring on the foliage of Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that these fungi are seed-borne in this host.


No

Septoria aegopodina Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


Septoria anthrisci Pass. & Brunaud [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on the foliage of Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Septoria apiicola Speg. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Septoria apii Chester; Septoria apii-graveolentis Dorogin)

Anethum, Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No


http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Septoria






Quarantine pest

Septoria cari Brezschnev [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Septoria carotae Nagorny [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on foliage of Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Septoria carvi Syd. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No

Septoria dauci Nicolas & Aggéry [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Septoria daucina Brunaud [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Septoria daucina could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Septoria dearnessii Ellis & Everh. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on foliage of Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Septoria pastinacae Westend. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]


No

Septoria petroselini Desm. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Septoria pimpinellae Hollós [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonyms: Septoria laubertiana Teterevn.-Babajan, Phomopsis pimpinellae (Ellis) Greene)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Septoria umbelliferarum Kalchbr. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Septoria umbelliferarum could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No

Setosphaeria rostrata Leonard [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Drechslera rostrata (Drechsler) Richardson & Fraser; Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) Leonard & Suggs)

Foeniculum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Sphaerella foeniculina Speg. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Mycosphaerella foeniculina (Speg.) Tomilin)




No

Sphaerella sagedioides Winter ex Sacc. [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] (synonym: Mycosphaerella sagedioides (Winter ex Sacc.) Lindau)




No

Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & Niel [Sporidiobolales: Incertae sedis]


No

Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes [Hypocreales: Stachybotryaceae]



No

Stachybotrys dichroa Grove [Hypocreales: Stachybotryaceae]


No

Stagonospora polytaeniae Greene [Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae]




No







Quarantine pest

Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Pleospora tarda Simmons)

Apium, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Stemphylium consortiale (Thüm.) Groves & Skolko [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) Simmons)

Apium, Carum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonym: Helminthosporium vesicarium Wallr.)



No

Stilbella annulata (Berk. & Curtis) Seifert [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Acrostalagmus annulatus (Berk. & Curtis) Seifert)




No

Stilbella flavescens Estey [Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Stilbella aciculosa (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert)




No

Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex Schröt. [Mucorales: Syncephalastraceae]


No







Quarantine pest

Synchytrium aureum Schröt. [Chytridiales: Synchytriaceae]

Angelica, Anthriscus, Carum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Pimpinella


No

Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome [Pleosporales: Tetraplosphaeriaceae]

Angelica Yes Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Thecaphora pimpinellae Juel [Urocystidales: Glomosporiaceae]




No

Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris [Microascales: Incertae sedis]


No

Trichocladium asperum Harz [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]


No

Trichoderma koningii Oudem. [Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae]



No

Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr. [Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae]

Coriandrum, Cuminum, Daucus, Foeniculum


No







Quarantine pest

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.: Fr.) Link [Hypocreales: Incertae sedis] (synonym: Trichoderma roseum Pers.: Fr.)

Angelica, Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Foeniculum


No

Typhula variabilis Riess [Agaricales: Typhulaceae]

Apium, Daucus

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported to be naturally associated with storage rot of Apium and Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Ulocladium atrum Preuss [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] (synonyms: Alternaria atra (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous; Stemphylium atrum (Preuss) Sacc.)


No

Ulocladium dauci Simmons [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]



Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, Ulocladium dauci could establish and spread in Australia. This fungus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this fungus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.


No







Quarantine pest

Ulocladium oblongo-obovoideum Zhang & Zhang [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]




No

Uredo cundinamarcensis Mayor [Pucciniales: Incertae sedis]




No

Uromyces graminis (Niessl) Dietel [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae]




No

Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) Schröt. [Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae] (synonym: Uromyces scirpi Burrill)

Daucus, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this fungus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this fungus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. [Incertae sedis: Plectosphaerellaceae]

Apium, Carum, Coriandrum, Cuminum


No

Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderb et al. [Incertae sedis: Plectosphaerellaceae]




No

Nematodes

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau 1958 [Panagrolaimida: Belonolaimidae]


No







Quarantine pest

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filipjev 1936 [Panagrolaimida: Anguinidae]

Daucus Yes ; This species is listed as a declared organism (Prohibited [Section 12]) under the Western Australia Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007; however, it is not considered further as it is reported to be present in Western Australia and not under official control.


No

Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb 1914 [Panagrolaimida: Dolichodoridae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this soil-borne nematode, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species causing severe stunting and root damage . To date there is no published evidence that this nematode is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Heterodera carotae Jones 1950 [Panagrolaimida: Heteroderidae]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this soil-borne nematode, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this nematode is seed-borne in this host.


No

Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 1871 [Panagrolaimida: Heteroderidae]


No

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal 1889) Chitwood 1949 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]

Apium, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Meloidogyne fallax Karssen 1996 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]

Daucus Yes ; This species is listed as a declared organism (Prohibited [Section 12]) under the Western Australia Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007; however, it is not considered further as it is reported to be present in Western Australia and not under official control.


No

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 1949 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]

Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White 1919) Chitwood 1949 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]

Apium, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub 1885) Chitwood 1949 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]

Apium, Daucus


No







Quarantine pest

Meloidogyne thamesi Chitwood 1952 [Panagrolaimida: Meloidogynidae]


No

Merlinius brevidens (Allen 1955) Siddiqi 1970 [Panagrolaimida: Telotylenchidae]


No

Neodolichodorus australis Hodda & Nambiar 2005 [Panagrolaimida: Dolichodoridae]

Daucus Yes (regional pest in Western Australia, Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this soil-borne nematode, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this nematode is seed-borne in this host.


No

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran 1956) Siddiqi 1974 [Triplonchida: Tylenchulidae]

Apium Yes (Sauer 1981) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required

No

Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne & Allen 1950 [Panagrolaimida: Paratylenchidae]

Apium Yes ; regional pest in Western Australia (Government of Western Australia 2016).

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this soil-borne nematode, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium graveolens . To date there is no published evidence that this nematode is seed-borne in this host.


No

Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 [Panagrolaimida: Paratylenchidae]


No







Quarantine pest

Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven 1941 [Panagrolaimida: Paratylenchidae]


No

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Steckhoven 1941 [Panagrolaimida: Paratylenchidae]



No

Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen 1953 [Panagrolaimida: Paratylenchidae]


No

Rotylenchus robustus (de Man 1876) Filipjev 1936 [Panagrolaimida: Hoplolaimidae]


No

Phytoplasmas

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ [16SrI] (Aster yellows group)

Anethum, Anthriscus, Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this phytoplasma, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum, Anthriscus, Apium, Coriandrum, Daucus, Pastinaca, Petroselinum and Pimpinella species . To date there is no published evidence that this phytoplasma is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ [16SrXII–B] (Stolbur group)


No







Quarantine pest

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ [16SrII] (Peanut witches’ broom group)

Apium, Foeniculum


No

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ [16SrIII] (X-disease group)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this phytoplasma, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this phytoplasma is seed-borne in this host.


No

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ [16SrXII–A] (Stolbur group)


Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this phytoplasma, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Daucus and Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this phytoplasma is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ [16SrVI-A] (Clover proliferation group)




No







Quarantine pest

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ [16SrV] (Elm yellows group)




No

Viroids

Citrus exocortis viroid [Pospiviroidae: Pospiviroid]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this viroid, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus carota . To date there is no published evidence that this viroid is seed-borne in this host.


No

Viruses

Ageratum enation virus (AEV) [Geminiviridae: Begomovirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) [Bromoviridae: Alfamovirus]


No







Quarantine pest

Angelica virus Y (AnVY) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Anthriscus virus (AntV)[ Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus]

Angelica, Anthriscus, Carum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica, Anthriscus and Carum species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Anthriscus yellows virus (AYV) [Sequiviridae: Waikavirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Apium virus Y (AVY) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]

Apium, Coriandrum, Petroselinum


No







Quarantine pest

Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) [Secoviridae: Nepovirus]

Apium, Daucus


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium graveolens and Daucus carota . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Artichoke yellow ringspot virus (ARYSV) [Secoviridae: Nepovirus]

Anethum, Foeniculum

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anethum and Foeniculum species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) [Secoviridae: Fabavirus] (synonym: Parsley virus 3)



No

Caraway latent virus (CawLV) [Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Carum species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Carrot latent virus (CtLV) [Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus]




No

Carrot mosaic virus (CtMV) [Unassigned: Potyvirus]




No

Carrot mottle mimic virus (CMoMV) [Tombusviridae: Umbravirus]


No

Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) [Tombusviridae: Umbravirus] (synonym: Carrot motley dwarf virus)

Anethum, Anthriscus, Daucus


No

Carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV) [Luteoviridae: Polerovirus]

Anethum, Anthriscus, Daucus


No

Carrot temperate virus 1 (CTeV-1) [Partitiviridae: Alphacryptovirus]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for these viruses, which have been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Daucus carota .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, these viruses could establish and spread in Australia. These viruses have established in Japan only . Spread of these

No: These viruses are symptomless in infected plants . Currently, there is no published evidence on the economic consequences of these

No

Carrot temperate virus 2 (CteV-2) [Partitiviridae: Betacryptovirus]


Carrot temperate virus 3 (CteV-3) [Partitiviridae: Alphacryptovirus]








Quarantine pest

viruses from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

viruses. Therefore, these viruses do not have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

Carrot temperate virus 4 (CteV-4) [Partitiviridae: Alphacryptovirus]


Carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Daucus species. To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Carrot virus Y (CarVY) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


No

Carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV) [Closterviridae: Closterovirus] (synonyms: Hogweed 6 virus; Deracleum 6 capillovirus)

Anthriscus, Daucus

Not known to occur



No







Quarantine pest

Celery latent virus (CeLV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this symptomless virus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Apium graveolens .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, this virus could establish and spread in Australia. CeLV has established in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands . Spread of this virus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: CeLV has been reported to be seed transmitted causing yield losses in celery and celeriac crops . Since this initial report, this virus has not been found again in the literature . Therefore, this virus does not have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus] (synonyms: Apium virus 1; Celery western mosaic virus; Celery ringspot virus)

Anethum, Apium, Carum, Daucus, Foeniculum, Pastinaca, Petroselinum


No

Celery T virus (CTV) [Rhabdoviridae: Cytorhabdovirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Celery yellow mosaic virus (CeYMV) [Unassigned: Potyvirus]




No

Celery yellow spot virus (CeYSV) [Luteoviridae: Luteovirus]

Apium, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium and Daucus species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Chicory yellow mottle virus (ChYMV) [Secoviridae: Nepovirus] (synonym: Parsley carrot leaf virus)


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Petroselinum species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (CpCSV) [Luteoviridae: Polerovirus]




No







Quarantine pest

Clover yellow vein virus (CIYVV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]

Coriandrum, Daucus


No

Coriander feathery red vein virus (CFRVV) [Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus]

Coriandrum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) [Bromoviridae: Cucumovirus]



No

Gazar virus Y (GVY) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]




No

Grapevine chrome mosaic virus (GCMV) [Secoviridae: Nepovirus]




No







Quarantine pest

Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) [Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Coriandrum species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) [Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Anthriscus species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Japanese hornwort mosaic virus (JHMV) Dang Gui strain (DG strain) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Angelica species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No

Parsley 5 virus (PaV-5) [Alphaflexiviridae: Potexvirus]




No







Quarantine pest

Parsley green mottle virus (PGMV) [Unassigned: Potyvirus]




No

Parsley latent virus (PaLV) [Unassigned: Unassigned]


Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this symptomless virus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Petroselinum crispum .

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, this virus could establish and spread in Australia. This virus has established in the Netherlands only . Spread of this virus from the seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed.

No: Currently, there is no published evidence on the economic consequences of this virus. Therefore, this virus does not have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.

No

Parsley virus (PaV) [Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus]




No

Parsnip 3 virus (Par-3) [Unassigned: Potexvirus]


No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in this host.


No







Quarantine pest

Parsnip leafcurl virus [Unassigned: Unassigned] (synonym: Hogweed 4 virus)




No

Parsnip mosaic virus (ParMV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]




No

Parsnip mottle virus (PMV) [Unassigned: Unassigned]

Apium, Coriandrum, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium, Coriandrum and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No







Quarantine pest

Parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV) [Secoviridae: Sequivirus] (synonym: Celery yellow net virus)

Apium, Pastinaca

Not known to occur

No: Seeds do not provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring on Apium and Pastinaca species . To date there is no published evidence that this virus is seed-borne in these hosts.


No

Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) [Secoviridae: Unassigned] (synonym: Rhubarb virus 5)

Apium, Pastinaca, Petroselinum

Not known to occur

Yes: Seeds provide a pathway for this virus, which has been reported naturally occurring as seed-borne in Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum . SLRSV occurs naturally on Apium, Pastinaca and Petroselinum species . Seed transmission of SLRSV in Apium graveolens was reported from experimentally infected celery cultivars . It is not known to infect Apium graveolens seeds under natural conditions; therefore, Apium graveolens seeds are not considered to provide a pathway for this virus.

Yes: When introduced via the seed pathway, SLRSV could establish and spread in Australia. This virus has established in areas with a wide range of climatic conditions . Spread of this virus from seed pathway depends on human-mediated transport of infected seed. SLRSV is symptomless in parsley . SLRSV was introduced into the US through infected parsley seed from Europe . The virus is not dependant on the presence or absence of the nematode in fields and is mechanically transmissible .

Yes: SLRSV is an economically significant pathogen of horticultural crops, including grapes and has the potential for economic consequences in Australia. In some plant species, this virus induces severe decline in vigour causing significant losses in productivity . Information on the economic consequences of this virus on apiaceous crops is almost non-existent.

Yes







Quarantine pest

Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) [Secoviridae: Nepovirus]




No

Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) [Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus]




No

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) [Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus]


No

Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV) [Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus]




No

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) [Potyviridae: Potyvirus]


No


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia Glossary

GlossaryTerm or abbreviation Definition

Additional declaration A statement that is required by an importing country to be entered on a Phytosanitary Certificate and which provides specific additional information on a consignment in relation to regulated pests .

Appropriate level of protection (ALOP)

The level of protection deemed appropriate by the Member establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal or plant life or health within its territory .

Appropriate level of protection (ALOP) for Australia

The Biosecurity Act 2015 defines the appropriate level of protection (or ALOP) for Australia as a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing biosecurity risks to very low, but not to zero.

Area An officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries .

Biosecurity The prevention of the entry, establishment or spread of unwanted pests and infectious disease agents to protect human, animal or plant health or life, and the environment.

Biosecurity measures The Biosecurity Act 2015 defines biosecurity measures as measures to manage any of the following: biosecurity risk, the risk of contagion of a listed human disease, the risk of listed human diseases entering, emerging, establishing themselves or spreading in Australian territory, and biosecurity emergencies and human biosecurity emergencies.

Biosecurity import risk analysis (BIRA)

The Biosecurity Act 2015 defines a BIRA as an evaluation of the level of biosecurity risk associated with particular goods, or a particular class of goods, that may be imported, or proposed to be imported, into Australian territory, including, if necessary, the identification of conditions that must be met to manage the level of biosecurity risk associated with the goods, or the class of goods, to a level that achieves the ALOP for Australia. The risk analysis process is regulated under legislation.

Biosecurity risk The Biosecurity Act 2015 refers to biosecurity risk as the likelihood of a disease or pest entering, establishing or spreading in Australian territory, and the potential for the disease or pest causing harm to human, animal or plant health, the environment, economic or community activities.

Consignment A quantity of plants, plant products or other articles being moved from one country to another and covered, when required, by a single phytosanitary certificate (a consignment may be composed of one or more commodities or lots) .

Control (of a pest) Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population .

Endangered area An area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss .

Entry (of a pest) Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled .

Equivalence (of phytosanitary terms)

The situation where, for a specified pest, different phytosanitary measures achieve a contracting party’s appropriate level of protection .

Establishment (of a pest)

Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry .

Genus A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus name is used, either alone or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to form the name of a species.

Goods The Biosecurity Act 2015 defines goods as an animal, a plant (whether moveable or not), a sample or specimen of a disease agent, a pest, mail or any other article, substance or thing (including, but not limited to, any kind of moveable property).

Host An organism that harbours a parasite, mutual partner, or commensal partner, typically providing nourishment and shelter.

Host range Species capable, under natural conditions, of sustaining a specific pest or other organism .

Import permit Official document authorising importation of a commodity in accordance with specified



phytosanitary import requirements .

Infection The internal ‘endophytic’ colonisation of a plant, or plant organ, and is generally associated with the development of disease symptoms as the integrity of cells and/or biological processes are disrupted

Infestation (of a commodity)

Presence in a commodity of a living pest of the plant or plant product concerned. Infestation includes infection .

Inspection Official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations .

Intended use Declared purpose for which plants, plant products, or other regulated articles are imported, produced or used .

Interception (of a pest) The detection of a pest during inspection or testing of an imported consignment .

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

The IPPC is an international plant health agreement, established in 1952, that aims to protect cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests. The IPPC provides an international framework for plant protection that includes developing International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) for safeguarding plant resources.

International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM)

An international standard adopted by the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures or the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the IPCC .

Introduction (of a pest) The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment .

Lot A number of units of a single commodity, identifiable by its homogeneity of composition, origin et cetera, forming part of a consignment .

National Plant Protection Organization

Official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC .

Non-regulated risk analysis

Refers to the process for conducting a risk analysis that is not regulated under legislation (Biosecurity import risk analysis guidelines 2016).

Official control The active enforcement of mandatory phytosanitary regulations and the application of mandatory phytosanitary procedures with the objective of eradication or containment of quarantine pests or for the management of regulated non-quarantine pests .

Pathogen A biological agent that can cause disease to its host.

Pathway Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest .

Pest Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products .

Pest categorisation The process for determining whether a pest has or has not the characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest .

Pest free area (PFA) An area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained .

Pest free place of production

Place of production in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained for a defined period .

Pest free production site

A defined portion of a place of production in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained for a defined period and that is managed as a separate unit in the same way as a pest free place of production .

Pest risk assessment (for quarantine pests)

Evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread of a pest and of the magnitude of the associated potential economic consequences .

Pest risk assessment (for regulated non-quarantine pests)

Evaluation of the probability that a pest in plants for planting affects the indented use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact .

Pest risk management (for quarantine pests)

Evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of a pest .

Pest risk management (for regulated non-

Evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk that a pest in plants for planting causes an economically unacceptable impact on the intended use of those plants .



quarantine pests)

Pest status (in an area) Presence or absence, at the present time, of a pest in an area, including where appropriate its distribution, as officially determined using expert judgement on the basis of current and historical pest records and other information .

Phytosanitary Certificate

An official paper document or its official electronic equivalent, consistent with the model of certificates of the IPPC, attesting that a consignment meets phytosanitary import requirements .

Phytosanitary certification

Use of phytosanitary procedures leading to the issue of a Phytosanitary Certificate .

Phytosanitary measure Phytosanitary relates to the health of plants. Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests . In this risk analysis the term ‘phytosanitary measure’ and ‘risk management measure’ may be used interchangeably.

Phytosanitary procedure

Any official method for implementing phytosanitary measures including the performance of inspections, tests, surveillance or treatments in connection with regulated pests .

Phytosanitary regulation

Official rule to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests, including establishment of procedures for phytosanitary certification .

PRA area Area in relation to which a pest risk analysis is conducted .

Quarantine Official confinement of regulated articles for observation and research or for further inspection, testing or treatment .

Quarantine pest A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled .

Regional pest A pest of quarantine concern for a specified area, such as Western Australia.

Regulated article Any plant, plant product, storage place, packaging, conveyance, container, soil and any other organism, object or material capable of harbouring or spreading pests, deemed to require phytosanitary measures, particularly where international transportation is involved .

Regulated non-quarantine pest

A non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party .

Restricted risk Restricted risk is the risk estimate when risk management measures are applied.

Risk analysis Refers to the technical or scientific process for assessing the level of biosecurity risk associated with the goods, or the class of goods, and if necessary, the identification of conditions that must be met to manage the level of biosecurity risk associated with the goods, or class of goods to a level that achieves the ALOP for Australia.

Risk management measure

Are conditions that must be met to manage the level of biosecurity risk associated with the goods or the class of goods, to a level that achieves the ALOP for Australia. In this risk analysis, the term ‘risk management measure’ and ‘phytosanitary measure’ may be used interchangeably.

Soil The loose surface material of the earth in which plants grow, in most cases consisting of disintegrated rock with an admixture of organic material .

Spread (of a pest) Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area .

SPS Agreement WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

Stakeholders Government agencies, individuals, community or industry groups or organizations, whether in Australia or overseas, including the proponent/applicant for a specific proposal, who have an interest in the policy issues.

Surveillance An official process which collects and records data on pest occurrence or absence by surveying, monitoring or other procedures .

Systems approach(es) The integration of different risk management measures, at least two of which act independently, and which cumulatively achieve the appropriate level of protection against regulated pests.

Tissue culture The products of ‘an in vitro technique of cultivating (propagating) cells, tissues, or



organs in a sterile synthetic medium’ ; comprising plant cells, tissues or organs, sterile synthetic medium, and the vessel in which cells have been propagated.

Trash Soil, splinters, twigs, leaves, and other plant material, other than fruit stalks.

Treatment Official procedure for the killing, inactivation or removal of pests, or for rendering pests infertile or for devitalisation .

Unrestricted risk Unrestricted risk estimates apply in the absence of risk management measures.

Vector An organism that does not cause disease itself, but which causes infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

Viable Alive, able to germinate or capable of growth.


Draft review of import conditions: apiaceous crop seeds for sowing into Australia References

References


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