drainage basin
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Drainage Basin. Mississippi River Basin. Drainage Basin. From Ritter et al., 1995. Interception and Evapotranspiration. Interception: water captured by vegetation and which does not reach the ground. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Drainage Basin
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Mississippi River Basin
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Drainage Basin
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From Ritter et al., 1995
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Interception and Evapotranspiration
• Interception: water captured by vegetation and which does not reach the ground.
• Evapotranspiration: Evaporation (phase change of water from liquid to vapor) + transpiration (water carried from roots to leaves and lost from leaves)
Figure from Chernicoff and Fox, 1997
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Flow Abstractions
• Interception– Rainfall intercepted by
vegetation before falling to the ground surface
– Volume controlled by type, density, and growth stage of vegetation.
– Volume decreases with time during the event
• Evapotranspiration:– Includes both
evaporation and Transpiration.
– In transpiration, water is moved from the soil, up the plant stem to the leaves, and is lost from the leaves.
– Most occurs after the event, rather than during the event.
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Flow Abstractions
• Surface Storage and
Detention: – Volume of water that
fills depressions on ground surface.
– Does not become part of excess precipitation (direct runoff).
– Must fill detention storage before runoff can occur.
Dunn and Leopold, 1978
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Infiltration
Figure from Chernicoff and Fox, 1997
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Flow Abstractions
• Infiltration– Movement of water into
the subsurface during an event.
– Primary abstraction to flow.
– Extremely complicated process controlled by multiple parameters.
• Parameters controlling infiltration– Physical properties of
soil/bedrock.– Nature of vegetation.– Antecedent moisture
condition.– Slope of ground
surface.– Rainfall characteristics
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From Ritter et al., 1995
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From Ritter et al., 1995
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Subsurface storm Flow = Elevated G.W.T. + Interflow
Elevated GroundwaterTable and Steeper Gradients
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Saturated Overland Flow
Saturated Overland Flow = Direct Precip. + Return Flow
From Ritter et al., 1995
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Variable Source Concept
From Ritter et al., 1995
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Measurement of Stream Discharge
From Ritter et al., 1995
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Rating Curve
From Ritter et al., 1995
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Richland Creek Stage Data
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
9:00
0:15
15:1
5
6:30
21:4
5
13:0
0
4:15
19:3
0
10:4
5
2:00
17:1
5
8:30
23:4
5
15:0
0
6:15
21:3
0
12:4
5
4:00
Time
Sta
ge
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Hydrograph
McCuen, 1989
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Hydrograph Responses
• Flashy: Rapid Response to rainfall event.
• Sluggish: Slow response to rainfall event.
• Peak Q is usually related to rate of response.
• Controlling Factors– Geologic Materials
– Vegetation/Land-use
– Basin Morphometry• Basin Size• Basin Shape• Relief • Drainage Network
characteristics
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Discharge vs Basin Area
From Ritter et al., 1995
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Discharge per Unit Basin Area
From Ritter et al., 1995
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From Ritter et al., 1995