drainage - texas a&m universityriogrande.tamu.edu/media/3878/drainage.pdf · agricultural...
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Agricultural DrainageAgricultural DrainageJ. Phillip King, P.E.,J. Phillip King, P.E., PhPh.D..D.
Associate Professor/Associate Dept. HeadAssociate Professor/Associate Dept. HeadDepartment of Civil, Agricultural, & Geological EngineeringDepartment of Civil, Agricultural, & Geological Engineering
New Mexico State UniversityNew Mexico State University
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Drained ConditionUndrained Condition
Classes of Subsurface Drainage Classes of Subsurface Drainage DesignsDesigns
• Steady-state– Humid regions– Control steady water table
• Non-steady state– Arid, Irrigated– Drop water table after
irrigation/rainfall
• Interceptor– Protect cropland from
source of high groundwater
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Primary Functions of Agricultural Primary Functions of Agricultural DrainsDrains
• Control of water table – root zone aeration– EBID– Drainage density of 20 f/acre
• Removal of salt from root zone– HCCRD– Drainage density of 22 f/acre plus field
systems
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Yield effects of SalinityYield effects of Salinity
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Drain Installation Drain Installation –– Then & NowThen & Now
Ca. 1900 Ca. 2000
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The local drainage systemsThe local drainage systems
• Open ditch• Installed in 1920s-
1930s• Functions:
– Water table control– Salt removal– Storm water
conveyance– Operational spill return
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Seasonal and LongSeasonal and Long--Term Drain Term Drain Hydrology Hydrology –– West DrainWest Drain
0
500
1000
1500
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3000
3500
4000
4500
01/80 07/80 12/80 06/81 12/81 06/82 12/82 06/83 12/83 06/84 12/84
Mon
thly
Flo
w, A
F
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Ann
ual F
low
, AF
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Drain Water Quality Drain Water Quality –– West DrainWest Drain
0
200
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2000
05/79 12/79 06/80 01/81 08/81 02/82 09/82 03/83 10/83 04/84 11/84 06/85
TDS,
mg/
L
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Q, A
F/M
onth
TDS, mg/LQ, AF
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Drain flows between the statesDrain flows between the states
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LongLong--Term Salt BalanceTerm Salt Balance
• Mass Balance: QinTDSin - QoutTDSout• Elephant Butte to El Paso (Courchesne
Bridge)– 90,640 acres of EBID + 10,000 acres of
EPCWID• Courchesne Bridge to Fort Quitman
– 59,000 acres of EPCWID + 18,000 acres of HCCRD
– Mexico (???)
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Salt Balance, Elephant Butte to Salt Balance, Elephant Butte to El PasoEl Paso
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Salt Balance, El Paso to Salt Balance, El Paso to Fort QuitmanFort Quitman
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The FutureThe Future
Legal Considerations– Possible changes in water quality regulations– Urbanization and municipal use of Project
Water– Changes in Project operation
• Environmental Considerations– Drains as habitat– Restoration efforts on drains– Illegal dumping in drains
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Picacho Drain Bosque ParkPicacho Drain Bosque Park
• City of Las Cruces, EBID, and Southwest Environment Center
• NM Fish and Game land• Picacho Drain right-of-way• No increased depletion due to habitat
restoration– Offset open water evaporation with removal of
large, dense canopy salt cedar• Drain function is paramount
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Picacho DrainPicacho Drain