drainage world-wide (smedema et al. 2004) · dm‐n adapt d effects on ... by irrigation water to...

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ASABE International Drainage Symposia50 Years of Documenting Progress in Managing Poorly Drained

Agricultural Lands

Keynote

10th International Drainage SymposiumMinneapolis, MN

September 7-8, 2016R. Wayne Skaggs

North Carolina State University

Cropland NeedingDrainage 500 Million Ha

(33% of Total Cropland)

DRAINAGE WORLD-WIDE

(Smedema et al. 2004)

2

History of Drainage

Drainage is an old and important practice

• Richard Cooke Observation—God was the first Drainage Engineer

• “And God said, let the waters be gathered together, and let the dry land appear: and it was so” Genesis 1:9

• The Roman Cato wrote about the importance of drainage in the first century. Luthin (1957)

• Archaeological evidence that the practice of drainage is much older

ASABE Drainage Symposia

1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers

Drainage for Crop ProductionDrainage req. of crops; D. Criteria

Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60

Equipment, Installation D. Plows, Laser Grade C.

Reports:Miles per day

EnvelopesD ModelsD Water QualityD Salinity control

D. Design & ManageEnvelopesW QualityMole DRecog. of off‐site impacts—DD objctive

Food and Environ.D W Q SalinityModelingDM‐SDWM‐N lossDed: J. van Schilfgaarde

DWQDWMImpacts‐midwestBioreactorsD model‐

saline cond.

D designOptimizing Design wD modelD envelopesD of Heavy soils Dedicated: Jim Luthin

D and WT ControlModelingD W Qual. WetlandsDM‐NADAPTD effects on WQ

D of Irr LandsD manage & WQReducing N losses in MidwestD WQWTM

DWQModelingHydrologicNitrogen

DWMBioreactorsSaturatedBuffers

135

4

Drainage Theory

• Darcy, 1863• Dupuit, 1863• Colding, 1872• Boussinesq, 1903• Buckingham, 1907• Richards, 1931• Hooghoudt, 1939• Kirkham, 1937-1999• Donnan, 1946• Glover, 1954• Ernst, 1956• Van Schilfgaarde, 1963• Bouwer, 1963(Incomplete List)

Don Kirkham

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Transient Drainage Equations

Glover, 1954

Tapp and Moody, 1964

Van Schilfgaarde, 1963

Bouwer and van Schilfgaarde. 1963

m(t)x h(x,)

L

dh0

7


1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

8

Social Significance of Drainage Law

“All law is socially significant, no matter how dry and uninteresting and technical”

(H.W. Hannah, 1965)


1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

9


1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

Advances in Subsurface Materials and Installat

Picture courtesy A. Ward

Picture courtesy R. Cooke

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New Idea; Flexible & Strong2-1/4 in. dia. HDPE; 1965

Corrugated-Wall Plastic Tubing developed in Germany –1961; first use in U.S. for underground electrical conduit.

Picture, Curtesy of Jim Fouss

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ARS Partners & Industry Cooperator: James L. Fouss, Norman R. Fausey, and Ted L. Teach by ASABE Laser-Beam Landmark Plaque.

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Hoes Drain Plow (German mfg.), single-beam w/ Laserplane™ control. Curtesy of Jim Fouss

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60



D ModelsD Water QualityEnvelopesD Salinity control




saline cond.






135

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

0 50 100 150 200 250 30045

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

SPACING (m)

RE

LA

TIV

E Y

IEL

D %

Portsmouth Soil

S=5 mm

0.75 m

1.00 m

1.25 m

1.50 m

Drain Depth

Effect of Drain Spacing and Depth on Corn Yield

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Effect of Drain Spacing & Depth on Average Annual Profit

0 50 100 150 200 250 300-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

SPACING (m)

AN

NU

AL

NE

T P

RO

FIT

($/

ha)

Portsmouth Soil, S=5 mm

0.75 m

1.00 m

1.25 m

1.50 m

Drain Depth

Hydrological and biogeochemical processes in a typical drained

agricultural ecosystem as simulated by DRAINMOD–DSSAT.

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Annual drainage flow( NSE = 0.95)

0.000

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Jan‐93 Oct‐95 Jul‐98 Apr‐01 Jan‐04 Oct‐06 Cumulative m

onthly drainage flow

(cm)

Monthly drainage flow (cm

)

Measured

Monthly drainage flow( NSE = 0.83)

Comparison between measured and predicted yield using DRAINMOD–DSSAT and DRAINMOD

Corn: Absolute NPE ≤ 5.9%

Soybean: Absolute NPE ≤ 2.0%

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Comparison between measured and predicted monthly N losses for the high, medium, and low N treatment( 0.67 ≤ NSE ≤ 0.86)

Models

DRAINMOD

SWATR-SWATRE-SWACROP

RTZWQM

HYDRAS

MIKE-SHE

ADAPT

VS2DT

SWAT

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60




D. Design & Managem.DW QualityRecog. of off‐site impacts—DD objctive



saline cond.






135

22

Reduction in Drainage Research

Recognition of value of wetlands Concern that long term government policies had

encouraged conversion of wetlands USDA-ARS units focused on drainage reduced from 14 to

4 University positions in drainage research reduced-

retirements not filled Failure to recognize importance of drained lands to our

cropland base New Challenges would eventually demand increased

research and development in drainage related issues

Kesterson

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Controlled Drainage

Flashboard Riser Water Control Structure

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

Kesterson

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Kesterson Reservoir

• Natural deposits of Selenium (Se) leached by irrigation water to drains

• Drainage outlet, Kesterson Reservoir (Evaporation)

• Se concentrated by evaporation & in food chain

• Severe effects on water fowl• Closure, under court order of one of the

largest drainage districts in USA

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

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Avg. annual nitrogen yield Mississippi Riverof streams for 1980-1996 Drainage Basin

Hypoxic Zone

Agricultural Drainage Management Systems (ADMS)

• USDA – ARS

• USDA – NRCS

• Land Grant University Research and Extension

• Drainage Industry

• US EPA

• State Agricultural and Environmental Agencies

• NGOs (eg., Sand County Foundation)

• ADM Coalition (Industry)

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

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2004 Drainage Symposium

Sessions on Drainage of Irrigated Lands

24 of the 48 papers involve drainage water quality

Most involve Nitrogen

– Effect of drainage on N losses

– Drainage design and management to reduce N losses

– Bioreactors, denitrification walls

– Other methods for reducing N losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Drainage Intensity, cm/day

NO

3-N

Lo

ss, l

b/a

c/y

r

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Drainage Control Box

Main Collector Pipe

Lateral Drain Pipes

Root Zone

Drainage Ditch

Controlled Drainage(Drainage Water Management)

• Ontario Drury et al. (1996)

• Quebec Madramootoo et al. (1999)

• Ohio Fausey (2005)

• Sweden Wesstrom et al. (2006)

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1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

Drain Drain Control Percent ReductionReference Location Soil Area Spacing Depth Depth* Drainage N Loss

(ha) (m) (m) (m)_____________________________________________________________________________________________Gilliam et al. (1979) N. Carolina Portsmouth sl 5 to 16 30 & 80 1.2 0.3-0.5 50 50

N. Carolina Goldsboro sl 3 30 1 0.3 85 85Evans et al. (1989) N. Carolina Ballahack sl 4 18 1 0.6 56 56

N. Carolina Wasda muck 4 100 1.2 0.6 51 56N. Carolina Wasda muck 4 18 1 0.6 17 18

Lalonde et al. (1996) Ontario Bainesville sil 0.63 18.3 1 0.75 49 690.5 80 82

Tan et al.(1998) Ontario Brookston cl 2.2 9.3 0.65 0.3 20 19Drury et al., 2008 Ontario Brookston cl 0.1 7.5 0.6 0.3 29** 31 - 44***Wesstrom et al. (2007) Sweden Loamy Sand 0.2 10 1 0.2-0.4 80 80Fausey (2005) Ohio Hoytville sic 0.07 6 0.8 0.3 41 46

* Controll typically removed during seedbed preparation, planting, and harvesting periods. **CD reduced subsurface drainage by 29%, increased surface runoff by 38% & reduced total outflow by 10.6%*** CD reduced N loss by 44% for recommended N application rates and by 31% for elevated N rates

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Drain Drain Control Percent Reduction

Reference Location Soil Years Area Spacing Depth Depth1 Drainage N LossObserved (ha) (m) (m) (m)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________Gilliam et al. (1979) N. Carolina Portsmouth sl 3 5 to 16 30 & 80 1.2 0.3-0.5 50 50

N. Carolina Goldsboro sl 3 3 30 1 0.3 85 85Evans et al. (1989) N. Carolina Ballahack sl 2 4 18 1 0.6 56 56

N. Carolina Wasda muck 2 4 100 1.2 0.6 51 56N. Carolina Wasda muck 2 4 18 1 0.6 17 18

Lalonde et al. (1996) Ontario Bainesville sil 2 0.63 18.3 1 0.75 49 690.5 80 82

Breve' et al., 19973 N. Carolina Portsmouth 1.2 1.8 22 1.2 0.4-0.5 16 20Tan et al.(1998) Ontario Brookston cl 2 2.2 9.3 0.65 0.3 20 19

Gaynor et al., 20022 Ontario Brookston cl 2 0.1 7.5 0.6 0.3 16

Drury et al., 20084 Ontario Brookston cl 4 0.1 7.5 0.6 0.3 29 31 - 445

Wesstrom et al. (2007) Sweden Loamy Sand 4 0.2 10 1 0.2-0.4 80 80Fausey (2005) Ohio Hoytville sic 5 0.07 6 0.8 0.3 41 46Jaynes, 2012 Iowa Kossuth/Ottose 4 0.46 36 1.2 0.6 18 21Helmers et al., 2012 Iowa Taintor/Kalona 4 1.2 to 2.4 18 1.2 0.3 37 36Adeuya et al, 2012 Indiana Rensselaer et a 2 3.0 21 1 0.15-0.6 19 23

Indiana Rensselaer et a 2 6 to 9 43 18Cooke and Verma, 2012 Illinois Drummer 2 15.0 30 1.15 0.15 44 51

Drummer/Dana 1-26 8.1 15 1.15 0.15 44 52

Orion/Haymond 1-26 5.7 18-21 1.15 0.15 89 79

Patton/Mont. 1-2616.2 12 0.85 0.15 38 73

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Conservation Engineering Division - Excellence in Conservation, By Design

Saturated RiparianBuffers

Conservation Engineering Division - Excellence in Conservation, By Design

CapacityControlStructure

5’ Soil Backfill

Woodchips

Trench bottom at thetile invert level

Length/width dependent on contributing area

DiversionStructure

Third Generation Bioreactors

Section of perforated tile

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Practices to Reduce N Loads in Drainage Waters

• DWM

• Shallow Drains

• Bioreactors

• Saturated Riparian Buffers

• Cover crops

• Wetlands


1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016

# of Papers


Gold Ring

28 16 31 23 52 65 86 48 60







saline cond.






135

37

Progress

Tremendous Improvement in Drainage Theory and TechnologyAchieved goals drainage researchers have sought for 100 years

• Can describe quantitatively the performance of drainage systems

• Determine effect of drainage design on yields and profits

• Quantify effect of design and operation on N losses and have developed practices to reduce those losses

• Orders of magnitude improvement in drainage installation methods and materials

• New devices to manage drainage rates with real potential for remote control and data acquisition

• Our understanding of impacts, benefits and costs of drainage is much improved, but still incomplete.

• Many challenges remain and new ones will be identified with time.

Tenth International Drainage Symposium

• Modeling

– Hydrology (2 Sessions)

– Nitrogen

– Phosphorus and Sediment

– Hydrology, Water Quality and Vegetative Growth

• Water Quality and Drainage at Large Scales

• Impacts of In-Field Practices on Drainage Water Quality

• Performance of Drainage Water Management

• Hydrology-Field to Watershed Scale

• Crop and Water Response to Drainage

• Drainage Infrastructure and Planning

• Bioreactors (2 sessions)

• Water Quality Monitoring

• Drainage Administration at State, Watershed, and County Levels

• Drainage Policy and Management (2 sessions)

• Wetlands and Saturated Buffers

• Salinity and Irrigation Issues

• Posters on wide variety of issues

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END

Future of Drainage Research

Requires Predictions

“It is hard to predict, especially about the future”

Yogi Berra

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EVOLUTION OF WORLD WATER SHORTAGE IN 100 YEARS

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Installation of Water Level Control Device

Installation Complete

drainage world-wide (smedema et al. 2004) · dm‐n adapt d effects on ... by irrigation water to...

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