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Drama and ShakespeareDrama and Shakespeare

DramaDrama

A form of literature known as a play.A form of literature known as a play. A serious play that concerns the A serious play that concerns the

character versus society. character versus society. Intended to be performed for an Intended to be performed for an

audience.audience.

3 Important Elements in Drama3 Important Elements in Drama

1. Story - there has to be one1. Story - there has to be one 2. Performance - must be acted out.2. Performance - must be acted out. 3. Audience - people who experience 3. Audience - people who experience

the storythe story

What does an audience need?What does an audience need?

* * To use imaginationTo use imagination * - Very important * - Very important Must have Must have scenery or settingscenery or setting They must understand a They must understand a story linestory line CharactersCharacters or actors to perform the story or actors to perform the story PropsProps are important for the modern are important for the modern

audienceaudience CostumesCostumes – simple or extravagant – simple or extravagant The The movements of the charactersmovements of the characters

Drama TermsDrama Terms

Allegory - a story in which people, things, and Allegory - a story in which people, things, and actions represent an idea or a generalization actions represent an idea or a generalization about life. Often have a moral or teach a lesson.about life. Often have a moral or teach a lesson.

Allusion - a reference in literature to a familiar Allusion - a reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or thing.person, place, or thing.

Anecdote - a short summary of an interesting or Anecdote - a short summary of an interesting or humorous, incident or event.humorous, incident or event.

Aside - words spoken so that the audience can Aside - words spoken so that the audience can hear but other characters cannot. The audience hear but other characters cannot. The audience learns about the character’s thoughts and learns about the character’s thoughts and emotions.emotions.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Character sketch - a short piece of writing Character sketch - a short piece of writing that reveals or shows something important that reveals or shows something important about a person or fictional character.about a person or fictional character.

Comedy - literature with a love story at its Comedy - literature with a love story at its core. In comedy, human errors or core. In comedy, human errors or problems may appear humorous.problems may appear humorous.

Conflict - the struggle in a story that Conflict - the struggle in a story that triggers the action. There must be action triggers the action. There must be action in drama.in drama.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Denouement - the final solution or Denouement - the final solution or outcome of a play or story.outcome of a play or story.

Dialogue - is the conversation carried Dialogue - is the conversation carried on by the characters in a literary work. on by the characters in a literary work.

Deus ex machina – a person or thing Deus ex machina – a person or thing that suddenly appears providing a that suddenly appears providing a solution to a difficult problem. Usually solution to a difficult problem. Usually lowered to the stage by a crane/lift.lowered to the stage by a crane/lift.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Didactic literature – instructs or presents a Didactic literature – instructs or presents a moral or religious statement.moral or religious statement.

Dramatic monologue – where a character Dramatic monologue – where a character speaks about him/herself as if another speaks about him/herself as if another person were present. Reveals something person were present. Reveals something about the characterabout the character

Elizabethan – refers to the prose and Elizabethan – refers to the prose and poetry created during the reign of poetry created during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603)Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603)

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Epitaph – a Epitaph – a short short poem/verse poem/verse written in written in memory of memory of someonesomeone

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Empathy - putting yourself into someone Empathy - putting yourself into someone else’s place and imagining how that else’s place and imagining how that person must feel.person must feel.

Epithet – a word or phrase used to Epithet – a word or phrase used to characterize a character. (ie. Ms. Know-it-characterize a character. (ie. Ms. Know-it-all)all)

Expressionism - dramatic form which Expressionism - dramatic form which explores the ultimate nature of human explores the ultimate nature of human experience.experience.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Farce – literature based on a highly Farce – literature based on a highly humorous and highly improbable humorous and highly improbable plot.plot.

Flashback – going back to an earlier Flashback – going back to an earlier time to make something more clear time to make something more clear to the audience.to the audience.

Foreshadowing – giving hints of what Foreshadowing – giving hints of what is to come later in a story.is to come later in a story.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Diction - is an author’s choice of words Diction - is an author’s choice of words based on their correctness, clearness, or based on their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.effectiveness.

Archaic - words that are old-fashioned and no Archaic - words that are old-fashioned and no longer sound natural when used.longer sound natural when used.

Colloquialism - an expression that is usually Colloquialism - an expression that is usually accepted in informal situations and certain accepted in informal situations and certain locations.locations.

Jargon - (technical diction) a specialized language Jargon - (technical diction) a specialized language used by a specific group, such as those who use used by a specific group, such as those who use computers or those in the medical professioncomputers or those in the medical profession

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Profanity - language that shows disrespect for Profanity - language that shows disrespect for someone or something regarded as holy or someone or something regarded as holy or sacred.sacred.

Slang - language used by a particular group of Slang - language used by a particular group of people among themselves; it is also language people among themselves; it is also language that is used in fiction to lend color and feeling.that is used in fiction to lend color and feeling.

Trite - Expressions that lack depth or originality Trite - Expressions that lack depth or originality (overworked)(overworked)

Vulgarity - is language that is generally Vulgarity - is language that is generally considered common, crude, gross, and , at times, considered common, crude, gross, and , at times, offensive. It is often used to add realism to offensive. It is often used to add realism to literature.literature.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Hubris – “excessive pride” (GK) often Hubris – “excessive pride” (GK) often viewed as the flaw that leads to the viewed as the flaw that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero.downfall of the tragic hero.

Impressionism – the recording of Impressionism – the recording of events or situations as they have events or situations as they have been impressed upon the mind as been impressed upon the mind as feelings, emotions, and vague feelings, emotions, and vague thoughts.thoughts.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Irony – using a word or phrase to mean the Irony – using a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or normal exact opposite of its literal or normal meaningmeaning Dramatic – the reader or the audience sees a Dramatic – the reader or the audience sees a

character’s mistakes, but the character doesn’tcharacter’s mistakes, but the character doesn’t Verbal – the writer says one thing and means Verbal – the writer says one thing and means

anotheranother Situation – there is a great difference between Situation – there is a great difference between

the purpose of a particular action and the the purpose of a particular action and the result.result.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Local Color - the use of details that are Local Color - the use of details that are common in a region of the country.common in a region of the country.

Melodrama - an exaggerated form of Melodrama - an exaggerated form of drama; heavy use of romance, drama; heavy use of romance, suspense, and emotion.suspense, and emotion.

Miracle Play – early play form (cycle Miracle Play – early play form (cycle play) – dramatizing Christian history in play) – dramatizing Christian history in episodes used during the medieval episodes used during the medieval period.period.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Morality play – an allegorical drama Morality play – an allegorical drama (15C) which made a moral or (15C) which made a moral or religious point. religious point.

Myth – traditional story that attempts Myth – traditional story that attempts to explain a natural phenomenon or to explain a natural phenomenon or a certain belief of societya certain belief of society

Narrator - the person who is telling Narrator - the person who is telling the story.the story.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Parable – short, descriptive story that Parable – short, descriptive story that illustrates a particular belief or moral.illustrates a particular belief or moral.

Paradox – a statement that seems Paradox – a statement that seems contrary to common sense yet may in fact contrary to common sense yet may in fact be true. “The coach considered it a good be true. “The coach considered it a good loss.”loss.”

Parody – form of literature that mocks a Parody – form of literature that mocks a particular purpose. A comic effect is particular purpose. A comic effect is intended.intended.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Pathos - a Greek root meaning Pathos - a Greek root meaning suffering or passion. Describes the suffering or passion. Describes the part in a play that is intended to elicit part in a play that is intended to elicit pity or sorrow from the audience. pity or sorrow from the audience.

Poetic justice - a term that describes Poetic justice - a term that describes a character “getting what he a character “getting what he deserves” in the end, especially if deserves” in the end, especially if what he deserves is punishment.what he deserves is punishment.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Pun – a word or phrase that is used in such Pun – a word or phrase that is used in such a way as to suggest more than one a way as to suggest more than one possible meaning.possible meaning.

Quest – features a main character who is Quest – features a main character who is seeking to find something or achieve a seeking to find something or achieve a goal. The person must encounter and goal. The person must encounter and overcome a series of obstacles. They overcome a series of obstacles. They return with new wisdom as a result of their return with new wisdom as a result of their journey.journey.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Realism - literature that attempts to Realism - literature that attempts to represent life as it really is.represent life as it really is.

Resolution - same as denouementResolution - same as denouement Romance – a form of literature that Romance – a form of literature that

presents life the way we would like it to be presents life the way we would like it to be – great adventure, love, and excitement– great adventure, love, and excitement

Romanticism – a literary movement with Romanticism – a literary movement with an emphasis on the imagination and an emphasis on the imagination and emotionsemotions

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Sarcasm - the use of praise to mock Sarcasm - the use of praise to mock someone or something.someone or something.

Satire - literary tone used to ridicule Satire - literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of a human weakness.or make fun of a human weakness.

Setting - time and place of a storySetting - time and place of a story

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Soliloquy – a speech delivered by a Soliloquy – a speech delivered by a character when he or she is alone on character when he or she is alone on stagestage

Stereotype - a pattern or form that Stereotype - a pattern or form that does not change.does not change.

Script - is the piece of writing that an Script - is the piece of writing that an actor reads from and memorizes actor reads from and memorizes lines. The original writing from the lines. The original writing from the author.author.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Tragic hero – a Tragic hero – a character who character who experiences an experiences an inner struggle due inner struggle due to a character flaw to a character flaw and it ends in and it ends in defeat for the hero.defeat for the hero.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Total effect - is the general impression Total effect - is the general impression a literary work leaves on the reader.a literary work leaves on the reader.

Tragedy - a literary work in which the Tragedy - a literary work in which the hero is destroyed by some character hero is destroyed by some character flaw and by forces beyond his or her flaw and by forces beyond his or her control.control.

Playwright/Dramatist - is the writer of Playwright/Dramatist - is the writer of a playa play

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Sequence - is the order of events in Sequence - is the order of events in which something happens during the which something happens during the story.story.

Fade in - where the lights slowly come up Fade in - where the lights slowly come up and the scene is before the audience.and the scene is before the audience.

Fade out - usually at the end of a scene Fade out - usually at the end of a scene the lights usually dim and the acting the lights usually dim and the acting space goes dark.space goes dark.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Proscenium Arch - Proscenium Arch - a border which a border which framed the space framed the space on which a play’s on which a play’s action took place. action took place. A room with one A room with one wall removed. A wall removed. A 1919thth Century type Century type of stage.of stage.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Theatre in the Theatre in the Round - an open Round - an open stage, where the stage, where the actors are very actors are very close in distance to close in distance to the audience. the audience. Audience on three Audience on three sides of the stage.sides of the stage.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Act – a main division of a drama. Act – a main division of a drama. Shakespeare’s consist of five acts Shakespeare’s consist of five acts with each act subdivided into scenes.with each act subdivided into scenes.

Scene – a small unit of a play in which Scene – a small unit of a play in which there is no shift of locale or timethere is no shift of locale or time

Rhetoric – the art of persuasion, used Rhetoric – the art of persuasion, used by speakers to add emotion to their by speakers to add emotion to their words.words.

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Stage directions - locations on the Stage directions - locations on the stage that tell actors where to stage that tell actors where to position themselves. – See handoutposition themselves. – See handout

Epiphany – a sudden perception that Epiphany – a sudden perception that causes a character to change or act causes a character to change or act in a certain way. (An “AH HA” in a certain way. (An “AH HA” moment.)moment.)

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Malapropism – a type of pun, or play on words, that results when two words become jumbled in the speaker’s mind.

Naturalism – extreme form of realism – author shows the relationship between character and the environment

Drama Terms cont.Drama Terms cont.

Oxymoron – a combination of Oxymoron – a combination of contradictory terms such as “tough contradictory terms such as “tough love”.love”.

Pathetic Fallacy – a form of Pathetic Fallacy – a form of personification giving human traits to personification giving human traits to nature – howling windnature – howling wind

Slapstick – a form of low comedy that Slapstick – a form of low comedy that often includes exaggerated, often includes exaggerated, sometimes violent action.sometimes violent action.

Shakespeare’s LanguageShakespeare’s Language

Hoodwinked – trickedHoodwinked – tricked All the world’s a stage – we are all All the world’s a stage – we are all

actorsactors Neither rhyme nor reasonNeither rhyme nor reason In my heart of heartsIn my heart of hearts Eat out of house and homeEat out of house and home Dead as a doornailDead as a doornail The be-all and the end-allThe be-all and the end-all

Shakespeare’s LanguageShakespeare’s Language

Knock! Knock! Who’s there?Knock! Knock! Who’s there? Full of sound and furyFull of sound and fury What the dickensWhat the dickens Laughing-stockLaughing-stock Wear my heart on my sleeveWear my heart on my sleeve Pomp and circumstancePomp and circumstance Green-eyed monsterGreen-eyed monster

Shakespeare’s LanguageShakespeare’s Language

Wild-goose chaseWild-goose chase A fool’s paradiseA fool’s paradise To not budge an inchTo not budge an inch An eye-soreAn eye-sore Melted into thin airMelted into thin air Laugh yourself into stitchesLaugh yourself into stitches

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Born April 23, 1564 in Stratford-Born April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avonupon-Avon

Parents John (glovemaker) and MaryParents John (glovemaker) and Mary Married November 28, 1582 to Anne Married November 28, 1582 to Anne

Hathaway (she was 8 years senior Hathaway (she was 8 years senior and 3 months pregnant)and 3 months pregnant)

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

First child – Susanna May 1583First child – Susanna May 1583 Second child – Twins Hamnet and Second child – Twins Hamnet and

Judith – in 1585.Judith – in 1585. In his 20s he travels to London and In his 20s he travels to London and

becomes involved in the theatre becomes involved in the theatre (acting and writing)(acting and writing)

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Plays written by 1592Plays written by 1592 The Comedy of Errors - CThe Comedy of Errors - C Taming of the Shrew - CTaming of the Shrew - C Henry VI parts I, II, III - HHenry VI parts I, II, III - H Titus Andronicus - TTitus Andronicus - T

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

1594 Founds The Lord 1594 Founds The Lord Chamberlain’s Men acting company – Chamberlain’s Men acting company – he is a shareholderhe is a shareholder

Perform at the following: Perform at the following: The TheatreThe Theatre The CurtainThe Curtain The GlobeThe Globe

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Plays between 1592 – 1599Plays between 1592 – 1599 Midsummer Night’s Dream - CMidsummer Night’s Dream - C Romeo and Juliet - TRomeo and Juliet - T Richard II - HRichard II - H Much Ado About Nothing - CMuch Ado About Nothing - C Henry V - HHenry V - H Julius Caesar - TJulius Caesar - T As You Like It - CAs You Like It - C

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Tragedy strikes in 1596 – Hamnet Tragedy strikes in 1596 – Hamnet diesdies

Tragedy strikes in 1601 – Will’s Tragedy strikes in 1601 – Will’s father diesfather dies

Name change – 1603 – Queen Name change – 1603 – Queen Elizabeth dies King James I renames Elizabeth dies King James I renames the company “The King’s Men”the company “The King’s Men”

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Plays written between 1600 – 1608Plays written between 1600 – 1608 Twelfth Night *Twelfth Night * King Lear*King Lear* Hamlet*Hamlet* All’s Well That Ends WellAll’s Well That Ends Well Measure for MeasureMeasure for Measure Othello*Othello* Macbeth *Macbeth * Anthony and CleopatraAnthony and Cleopatra

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

King’s Men move to an indoor King’s Men move to an indoor theatre – The Blackfriarstheatre – The Blackfriars

Plays written between 1608 – 1611Plays written between 1608 – 1611 PericlesPericles CymbelineCymbeline The Winter’s Tale*The Winter’s Tale* The Tempest*The Tempest*

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Semi – Retirement 1611 – It is assumed Semi – Retirement 1611 – It is assumed that he returns to Stratford; however, he that he returns to Stratford; however, he continues to collaborate with a new continues to collaborate with a new playwrightplaywright

March 25, 1616 draws up his last will – March 25, 1616 draws up his last will – leave his wife their “second best bed” leave his wife their “second best bed” money to some friends for memorial money to some friends for memorial rings and does not mention any of the rings and does not mention any of the scripts.scripts.

Shakespeare con’t.Shakespeare con’t.

Curtain Call – April 23, 1616 buried in Curtain Call – April 23, 1616 buried in Holy Trinity ChurchHoly Trinity Church

““Good Friend For Jesus Sake Good Friend For Jesus Sake Forbeare, To Digg The Dust Forbeare, To Digg The Dust Encloased Heare. Bleste Be Ye Encloased Heare. Bleste Be Ye Man Yt Spares These Stones And Man Yt Spares These Stones And Curst Be He Yt Moves My Bones.”Curst Be He Yt Moves My Bones.”