I

ISTITUTO AGRONOMICO

PER L'OLTREMARE

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE

FIRST LEVEL MASTER DEGREE IN

IRIGAIRTION PROBLEMS

IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

THESIS ON

Drip Irrigation System

in arid area of Iraq for Olive -Cultivation

By

UQBA ISMAEL JASIM

Supervisor Dott.Agr. IVAN SOLINAS

Florence. Italy. 2012/2013

II

DEDICATION

To those who told me go to be doing something. And we are

proud of what you will do.

Despite, their need for my stay with them.

They said: Go and we will wait.

To my wife and my children, I dedicate this work with my

greetings for all.

Uqba Ismael Jasim

III

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my graduated to all those in one way or another

made possible this master program

-the IAO and through it Iraqi-Italy cooperation and consequently their

respective Ministry of foreign Affairs, for the initiative and the hospitality

provided for us.

-My Supervisor, Dott. Agr. Ivan Solinas, for his technical support and his

lofty sense of sharing.

- All the staff of IAO especially, Dr.Giovanni Totino the Director of IAO

,Pr.Elena Bresci , Tiberio Chiari , Elisa Masi , Paolo Enrico Sertoli,

Andrea Merli, etc.

-All the teachers who contributed and participated in this program for

their precious time and knowledge they shared with us.

-All the friends , colleagues and workmaster for the family spirit

maintained during the course .

THANK YOU.

IV

ABSTRACT

Iraq is an ancient agricultural country using drip irrigation is not a new development

patterns in agriculture in Iraq, as well as olive cultivation is not new, especially using

drip irrigation systems. But often occur in the irrigation system failures at any stage of

the project stages . Sometimes be in a great loss of water system , and sometimes the

system does not fully processed water requirements.

The use of information technology in the design of drip irrigation systems such as

Ve.pro.L.G.s and EPANET software provided a solution for all possible failures of

the system, both at the stage of design or construction as well as operation., as well as

this software solved the problem of lack of efficient use of water resources and

excessive irrigation where the software VeproLG.s can measures the efficiency of the

system and regularity of irrigation water distribution and irrigation efficiency and

uniformity.

Note that Software Ve.pro.L.G.S & EPANET has fed data resulting from the use of

other software, such as SPAW for the purpose of knowledge of the properties and

structure soil and CLIMWAT to obtain data on climate and rainfall rates therefore

CROPWAT be able to calculate crop water requirements (olive trees).

The choice of the arid and semi-arid areas to carry out the work and choose the olive

trees was not by chance, but because the olive trees the most important trees that have

proved successful in circumstances such as these regions Moreover, the success of an

olive grove in the region will encourage agricultural investment in this area. Where

the orchards olive many economic benefits, not only as a vegetarian cover to resolve

the problems of desertification .

V

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: the map of Iraqi surface 3

Figure2: wetted area by one emitter depending on the soil type 8

Figure3 flow rate of the ponto drop 9

Figure4 Planting layout 13

Figure5 Irrigation effect on olive yield. 16

Figure6 the development of agricultural patterns in region 21

Figure7 The software utilized in design 22

Figure8 The field location on the region 23

Figure9 The result of HWSD software ,the soil structure in study area 24

Figure10 SPAW analysis result: 25

Figure 11 the map of the orchard 2 x 80m x 250m 30

Figure 12 checking under(StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998) drip-line 34

Figure13 Checking the area under drip line 35

Figure14 The pump curve 37

Figure15 Pressure in the system 38

Figure16: Velocity in pipe-line 39

Figure17:The flow rate in pipe line outlet 40

Figure18:The roughness is 140 in pipe system 41

Figure19 : The diameter of pipe-line

42

VI

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The values of Kr 6

Table 2 Effect of low soil moisture 15

Table 3 Agro-climatic data of selected area 20

Table 4 :Crop water requirement 31

Table 5 The scheme supply 31

Table 6 crop irrigation schedule 32

Table 7: Ranking of drip line according to the uniformity

33

VII

THESIS CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………… III

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………. IV

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….. V

THESIS CONTENTS…………………………………………………………… VI

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1

CHAPTER I:LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………. 5

I.1 Drip irrigation…………………………………………………………….... 5

I.1. a: Advantage of drip irrigation……………………………………… 5

I:1.b: Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation…....................... 5

I:1.c: Water Requirement under Drip Irrigation…………............................... 6

I:1.d: Irrigation Requirement…………………………………………… 7

I:1: f: Wetted Area by the Emitter……………………………………………. 8

I:1.i: Emitter selection………………………………. 9

I .2 OLIVE CULTIVATION………………………………………………… 10

I .2.1:Tolerance to Salinity……………………………………………………. 12

I.2.2:Planting layout…………………………………………………………… 12

I.2.3:Preparing the site:……………………………………………………. 13

I.2.4: Olive Irrigation………………………………………………………. 14

I.2.5:Effect of irrigation on table olive yield…………………………………….. 16

I.2.6:OIL OLIVE irrigation when water is limited……………………….. 17

I.2.7:Choosing cultivar :( Dwarf Arbequina) ………………………………. 17

CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY AND WORK STYLE…………………….. 19

VIII

II: 1:1: About the selected area: Review Of Selected Area……………………. 19

II.1.2:Climate in study area (Wadi Almany )………………………………….. 19

II.1.3:Agriculture in region: ……………………………………………………. 20

II: 2: Methodological And Work Style ……………………………………….. 21

II: 2:1: II:2:1Google earth software……………………………………………. 22

II:2:2:HWSD Software…………………………………………………………... 23

II:2:3:SPAW Software…………………………………………………………… 25

II:2:4: CLIMWAT 2.0 software ……………………………………………. 26

II :2: 5: CROPWAT version 8.0: ……………………………………………… 26

II:2 :6: Ve.pro.L.G.s ……………………………………………………………. 27

II : 2:7: EPANET 2.0 …………………………………………………………… 28

II :2:8: The Field Plot: ………………………………………………………….. 29

CHAPTER III:RESLTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………….. 31

III :1:Crop Water Requirement……………………………………………….. 31

III:1:1 :Result of CROPWAT……………………………………………………. 32

III :1:2 : The Discussion………………………………………………………… 32

III:2: THE DRIP LINE DESINE: ……………………………………………….. 32

III:2:1: Results ………………………………………………………………….. 33

III:2:2 :Discussion:………………………………………………………………. 35

III:3: 1: The Pipe Line Design Result……………………………………………. 36

III:3:2:Discussion: ………………………………………………………………. 36

III:4 : CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………. 43

References……………………………………………………………………….. 44

IX

1

INTRODUCTION

The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into four main regions: the desert

(west of the Euphrates), Upper Mesopotamia (between the upper Tigris and Euphrates

rivers), the northern highlands of Iraqi Kurdistan, and Lower Mesopotamia, the

alluvial plain extending from around Tikrit to the Arabian Gulf, the agriculture in Iraq

is concentrated the alluvial plane from the ancient times until this moment in

The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs

eastward from the Balkans through southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and

Afghanistan, eventually reaching the Himalayas. The desert is in the southwest and

central provinces along the borders with Saudi Arabia and Jordan and geographically

belongs with the Arabian Peninsula.

The desert zone, an area lying west and southwest of the Euphrates River, is a part of

the Syrian Desert and Arabian Desert, which covers sections of Syria, Jordan, and

Saudi Arabia and most of the Arabian Peninsula. The region, sparsely inhabited by

pastoral Bedouins, consists of a wide stony plain interspersed with rare sandy

stretches. A widely ramified pattern of wadis–watercourses that are dry most of the

year–runs from the border to the Euphrates. Some wadis are over 400 km (250 mi)

long and carry brief but torrential floods during the winter rains.

Western and southern Iraq is a vast desert region covering some 64.900 square miles

(168.000 square km), almost two-fifths of the country. The western desert, an

extension of the Syrian Desert, rises to elevations above 1.600 feet (490 meters). The

southern desert is known as Al-Hajarah in the western part and as Al-Dibdibah in the

east. Both deserts are part of the Arabian Desert. Al Hajarah has a complex

topography of rocky desert, wadis, ridges, and depressions. Al-Dibdibah is a more

sandy region with a covering of scrub vegetation. Elevation in the southern desert

averages between 1.000 and 2.700 feet (300 to 800 meters). A height of 3.119 feet

(951 meters) is reached at Mount 'Unayzah at the intersection of the borders of

Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The deep Wadi Al-Batin runs 45 miles (75 km) in a

northeast-southwest direction through Al-Dibdibah. It has been recognized since 1913

as the boundary between western Kuwait and Iraq.

Desertification is a land degradation problem of major importance in the arid regions

of the world. Deterioration in soil and plant cover has adversely affected nearly 50

percent of the land areas as the result of human mismanagement of cultivated and

2

range lands IRAQ have the largest percentage of their arid lands affected.

Overgrazing and woodcutting are responsible for most of the desertification of

rangelands, cultivation practices inducing accelerated water and wind erosion are

most responsible in the rain-fed croplands, and improper water management leading

to salinization is the cause of the deterioration of irrigated lands. In addition to

vegetation deterioration, erosion, and salinization, desertification effects can be seen

in loss of soil fertility, soil compaction, and soil crusting. Urbanization, mining, and

recreation are having adverse effects on the land of the same kind as is seen on range,

dry farming, and irrigated lands. Combating desertification can be done successfully

using techniques already known if financial resources are available and the political

will to act is present. West of the flood plain, the terrain rises steadily toward the west

onto a broad plain that is essentially a desert plateau. Valleys (seasonal streams) flow

downslope toward the east into the Euphrates River. Elevations rise to 900- 1,200 feet

(275-365 meters) on the plateau. In the river valleys, elevations decrease from north to

south from their entry points, Syria at 1,100 feet (335 meters) and Turkey at 1,800

feet (550 meters), to 100-180 feet (30-55 meters) just a few miles north of Baghdad

and to 30-80 feet (9-25 meters) in the flood plain from As Samawah southward to the

gulf. Roughly the southernmost eighth of the river valleys is marshy with areas that

become seasonal lakes. In eastern Iraq, both valleys and permanent rivers flow toward

the west to join the Tigris River from the higher terrain in Iran. It has been reported

that many of the marsh areas have been drained entirely or seriously deprived of water

by reservoir construction upstream. This exacerbates dust problems as the former lake

and marsh beds are exposed and dry silt lifts into the air in the Wind.

Iraq has a huge surface water resources, but nevertheless there are large tracts of

ground suffer from water scarcity and desertification caused by lack of or sometimes

the lack of vegetation resulting from the lack of rainfall and most of the years. That

the height in this region of the level from the level of Euphrates River and the rugged

terrain made it difficult to provide this region with the waters of the Euphrates River.

Generally this area is rich in groundwater arable.

The last ten years have seen the exploitation of a successful underground water by

drilling wells and installing irrigation systems pivotal for the cultivation of wheat

crop., But wheat crop is harvested in the May and remaining land barren during the

summer months and suffer from erosion and sand encroachment and thus the

continuing problem of desertification ..

3

For this reason occurred optional for the cultivation of olive orchards using drip

irrigation systems to bring about a shift in the nucleolus environment of the region

referred to.

Figure 1 the map of Iraqi surface

Why olive tree?

Many reasons shortened made difficult choice heading towards olive trees or rather s

the cultivation of olive groves and in particular to this region and these reasons

include:

1-The olive tree perennial evergreen tree and thus have an important role in improving

the ecosystem in the region and address desertification and desert stop crawling.

4

2- Have economic importance of food and thus contribute to the improvement of the

economy and achieve food security through direct consumption of fruits or olive oil

extraction and use in human nutrition and some industries such as soaps and

cosmetics

3-while trees are astoundingly tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions; they don’t

like wet feet .They prefer the same kind of soil that everything else like, but in most

places around the world thy are relegated to otherwise marginal areas; hillsides that

are not readily tilled or are unsuitable for grass, small pieces of land that are not useful

for row-farmed crops, etc.

4- Olive is a major tree crop in the Mediterranean region and is moderately salt

tolerant. Recent studies suggest that olives can be irrigated with water containing

3200 mg/l of salt (ECw of 5 ds/m) producing new growth at leaf (Na) levels of 0.4–

0.5% d.w. Salt tolerance in olives appears to be cultivar-dependent and is likely due to

control of net salt import to the shoot. The mechanism is located within the roots and

prevents salt translocation, rather than salt absorption. It is probably that K–Na

exchange at the plasmalemma is involved in regulating the transport of Na+ to the

shoot, while calcium plays a key role in limiting the toxic effects of Na+ on integrity

of the plasma membrane in root cells. In addition, osmotic adjustment, stomatal

closure and leaf abscission appear to play a role. Low and moderate salinity is

associated with reduction of CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal and mesophyll

conductance. Salinity reduces the fruit weight and oil content while increases the

moisture content of fruits. Total phenol content in the olive oil is not affected by

moderate NaCl salinity, while the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids decreases.

5- Climate in the region (Valley almany) suitable for olive cultivation success in terms

of the temperatures required for flowering and fruit development stages.

6- Cultivation of olive groves in the region and contribute significantly to the

installation and reduce soil erosion resulting from monsoon during the dry summer

7 - Drip irrigation has proved a great success with olive trees as a way to achieve

regularity and irrigation efficiency and commensurate with the trees requirements and

the way the growth of roots.

5

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW.

I.1 Drip irrigation:

Drip irrigation is a controlled irrigation method or is a watering method which

delivers water to plant slowly and right where they need it. Drip irrigation system

combine flexible poly drip tubing and drip irrigation emitters or dripper; to both

conserve water and save money. (Burt and Styles)

I.1. a: Advantage of drip irrigation

There are many targets we reach with drip irrigation and many claims as to the

advantages have been and are still being made. Currently the following advantages are

-Favorable soil water content: applying water more frequency allows to maintain

water content values high and stable in time

-High efficiency: water is in pipes that’s means reduced evaporating surface

-High uniformity in water distribution.

-Possibility of using a small flow.

-No surface runoff.

-Water saving.

-Reduced labor and that’s lead to reduce the costs of production.

-Reduced energy.

-No needs for slope modification and no erosion.

-Flexibility in fertirrigation operation.

-Reduced the risks of salinity.

-Possibility of using cold water.

-Reduced the weeds presence.

-Possibility of using more than one dripper per tree when the tree be large.

-Easy automatization.

I:1.b: Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation

The major disadvantages of the localized drip irrigation are:

-The movement of salts to the fringes of the wetted area the of the soil may cause

salinity problems through the leaching of salts by the rain to the main root zone .This

problem can be avoided if the system is turned on when it rain especially when the

amount of rain is not enough to leach the salts beyond the root zone depth.

-The relatively high investment cost of the system.

6

-The animals like rodents, dogs, and other which looking for the water may be can

damage the lateral lines.

-Localized system is prone to clogging because of the very small aperture of the water

emitting devices hence the need for proper filtration and at times chemigation

-For crops of very high population density the system may be uneconomic because of

the large number lateral lines emitters required.

-The special development of the root zone is limited and concentrated in the small

area near the dripper thus making plants more susceptible to wind throw.

I:1.c: Water Requirement under Drip Irrigation

Evapotranspiration is composed of the evaporation from the soil and the transpiration

of the plant. Since under localized irrigation only a portion of the soil is wetted, the

evaporation component of evapotranspiration can be reduced according using the

appropriate ground cover reduction factor Kr.

For the design of localized irrigation systems:

ETcrop=ET0*Kc*Kr

Where:

ET0= reference crop evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteinth method.

Kc = Crop coefficient (crop factor)

Kr = ground cover reduction factor

FAO (1984) provides the reduction factors suggested by various researchers in order

to account for the reduction in evapotranspiration (table1)

Table1: The values of Kr suggested by different authors (Source: FAO, 1984)

GROUND COVER%

Crop Factor Kr according to

Keller& Karmeli Freeman&Garzoli Decroix CTG REF

10 0.12 0.1 0.2

20 0.24 0.2 0.3

30 0.35 0.3 0.4

40 0.47 0.4 0.5

50 0.59 0.75 0.6

60 0.7 0.8 0.7

70 0.82 0.85 0.8

80 0.94 0.9 0.9

90 1 0.95 1

100 1 1 1

7

I:1.d: Irrigation Requirement

FAO (1984) defined the net irrigation requirements (IRn) as the depth of the

water required for normal crop production over the whole cropped area, excluding

contribution from other source. Using this following equation:

IRn= ETcrop*Kr_R+ LR

By incorporating the irrigation efficiency in the calculations we can obtain the gross

irrigation requirement (IRg)

IRg = (ETcrop*Kr)/Ea _R +LR

Where

IRn =net irrigation requirement

ETcrop= crop evapotranspiration

Kr=Ground cover reduction factor

R=water received by plant from sources other than irrigation (rainfall)

LR =water amount required for the leaching of salts

Ea = field application efficiency

According to the Railbird 1980 the following efficiencies must be used when the

surface area wetted by one dripper does not exceed (60) cm in diameter

The hot and dry climate Ea= 0.85

The moderate climate Ea = 0.90

The humid climate Ea =0.95

1:1e: The Percentage of Wetted Area

The percentage of wetted area (Pw) is the average of horizontal area wetted within the

top 30 cm of the plant root zone depth in relation to the total cropped area.

This number depends on the desirable percentage of wetted area and the area wetted

by one emitter.

8

often approaches 100% for closely spaced less than 1.8 m apart Keller and Bliesner

(1990) present a relationship that may exist between the potential production and Pw.

They suggest that Pw

Taking this and experience from elsewhere into consideration a Pw of 50-60% for

low rainfall areas and 40% for high rainfall areas is proposed for widely spaced crops

(FAO 2007).

I:1: f: Wetted Area by the Emitter

The area which wetted by an emitter along a horizontal plane 30 cm below the soil

surface depend on the soil and topography on the flow rate of the emitter and on the

volume of irrigation water .It is therefore advisable to carry out simple field test in

order to establish the area wetted by an emitter.

In the absence of locally available data, Rainbird International (1980) recommends

the use of the data presented table

2

Figure 2 wetted area by one emitter depending on the soil type.

9

Figure3 flow rate of the Ponto drop

1:1g: Number of the emitters per plants and emitter spacing

Number of emitter per plant or tree establish by this equation

Emitter per plants = Area per tree (m2) *Pw/Aw

I:1.i: Emitter selection

favours biomass production in the inter spaces. The important question is how to The

following are some of the major emitter characteristics that affect the system

efficiency and should be all taken into consideration during the emitter selection

-Emitter discharge exponent

-Discharge-pressure relationship to design specification

q = Kd*HX

Where q = emitter discharge (l/ha)

Kd = discharge coefficient that characterize each emitter

H = emitter operating pressure (m)

X = emitter discharge exponent

-Stability of discharge-pressure relationship over a long time

10

-Manufacture coefficient of variation

-Range of operating pressure

-Susceptibility to clogging

-Type of emitter connection to the lateral and head losses.

I .2 OLIVE CULTIVATION:

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree grown primarily between 30 and 45°

latitude in both hemispheres. In 2008 total harvested area was over 10 500 000 ha,

95.5 percent of which was concentrated in ten countries surrounding the

Mediterranean Sea (FAO,2011). Spain, Italy and Greece are the main producers of

virgin oil followed by Tunisia, Syria, Turkey and Morocco (years 2002-2008). About

90 percent of the world production of olive fruit is for oil extraction, the remaining 10

percent for table olives. The world cultivated area of olives in 2009 was over 9.2

million ha with an average yield of 2.1 tone/ha (FAO, 2011).The evolution of olive

production over the last decades in the principal countries. European Union countries

produce 78 percent and consume 68 percent of the world's olive oil.

resistance to drought, Olive trees have been sparsely planted for centuries, without

irrigation, on marginal lands in Mediterranean climate conditions because of their

high lime and salinity. Typical densities of traditional groves are between 50 and 100

tree/ha with trees severely pruned to stimulate vegetative growth and renewal of the

fruiting surface, and the soil periodically tilled. Fruit yields are low, ranging from less

than 1 up to 5 tones/ha of olives. Although traditional groves vary in cultivar

composition, tree density, training system, degree of mechanization and chemical

inputs, they are still the most widespread production system and a landmark of

Mediterranean landscapes. Intensive orchards have a density of between 200 and 550

tree/ha, which translates into a higher fraction of intercepted radiation that leads to

higher productivity per unit land area than traditional systems, particularly during the

first 10 years of production. Trees are trained to a single trunk for mechanical

harvesting and the soil is often managed by temporary or permanent grass cover to

reduce erosion and ease traffic in wet periods. In areas of annual rainfall higher than

600 mm, production can be maintained under rainfed conditions in soils with good

water-holding capacity. However, irrigation plays an important role in the drier areas,

and/or for soils with limited water storage., irrigation plays an important role to

11

stabilizing yields in the years of low rainfall. Irrigation is becoming common in the

intensive orchards as it allows early onset of production (from the second to fourth

year after planting), high yields (averages up to 10-15 tone/ha) under optimal

conditions and less variability because of alternate bearing. Most of the world's olive

area is composed of the two systems described above. However, in the last 15 years

very high density, hedgerow type, olive orchards (from 1 000 to 2 000 tree ha) have

been developed to further reduce harvesting costs using over-the tree harvesting

machines. Because of the higher ETc demand of the dense canopies and the low soil

volume available for each tree, irrigation is needed. Average yields can be quite high

(5-15 tons/ha) in the first years of production (third to seventh year after planting) and

may average 10-14 tone/ha over a 10-year period, but there are questions about the

sustainability of high yields in the long term, and about the adaptation of many

cultivars to this production system. The area devoted to these super-intensive

plantations is about 100 000 ha worldwide.

The arid and semi-arid areas of West Iraq are becoming deserts. Most of the research

and development projects in these areas aim at developing alternative technologies to

reduce land degradation and favor sustainable economic activities. The ‘spineless

cactus-alley cropping system’ is an interesting alternative in the low rainfall areas of

North Africa. This system limits land degradation by the use of perennial crops,

produces cheap and drought resistant sources of feed, and promote the adoption of

this technology. A bio-economic model has been developed to identify the conditions

of development of the ‘spineless cactus-alley cropping system’ in an agro-pastoral

community of Central Tunisia. Scenarios relating to different types of institutional

support, either monetary or informational, were analysed. The results revealed larger

cash flow, more livestock and less cereal cultivation on marginal land. Adoption of

the technology is clearly favored by public financial support and also largely by

transmission of information on the expected yield of the system. The findings suggest

that extension services play a crucial role in creating awareness among farmers of the

impact of technology in terms of yields and income diversification. Olive trees can

grow in nutrient-poor, but well-drained soils. They need full sun for fruit production

and slight winter chill for the fruits to set. Olive trees should not be planted in areas

where temperature falls below -5οC because they do not tolerate very low

temperatures and get seriously damaged by winter and spring frosts. A safe criterion

for choosing an area is the presence of undamaged olive trees for at least twenty years

12

in the vicinity. Olive trees are also damaged from hot and dry air, particularly during

flowering and fruit setting. Also, in areas with low air circulation and high humidity,

diseases such as leaf spot appear more easily.

Another criterion for the selection of the planting area is the availability of manpower,

especially during the harvesting period, as well as the presence of processing units

nearby. The decision must also take into account the annual rainfall. Thus, in low

rainfall areas (200-300 mm), olive yield is satisfactory in soils with good water

retaining capacity, unless irrigation is applied. In high rainfall areas (400-600 mm)

olive yield is good on condition that adequate drainage is provided. In fields with

steep slopes, contour cultivation on terraces must be employed. In this case,

specialized tractors (caterpillar or crawler tractors) and other vehicles should be used

to minimize the danger of overturn.

I .2.1:Tolerance to Salinity:

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a major tree crop in the Mediterranean region and is

moderately salt tolerant. Recent studies suggest that olives can be irrigated with water

containing 3200 mg/l of salt (ECw of 5 dS/m) producing new growth at leaf Na levels

of 0.4–0.5% d.w. Salt tolerance in olives appears to be cultivar-dependent and is

likely due to control of net salt import to the shoot. The mechanism is located within

the roots and prevents salt translocation, rather than salt absorption. It is probably that

K–Na exchange at the plasmalemma is involved in regulating the transport of Na+ to

the shoot, while calcium plays a key role in limiting the toxic effects of Na+ on

integrity of the plasma membrane in root cells. In addition, osmotic adjustment,

stomatal closure and leaf abscission appear to play a role. Low and moderate salinity

is associated with reduction of CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal and mesophyll

conductance. Salinity reduces the fruit weight and oil content while increases the

moisture content of fruits. Total phenol content in the olive oil is not affected by

moderate NaCl salinity, while the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids decreases.

I.2.2 :Planting layout:

Olive tree planting scheme is decided according to the cultivation system

applied (intensive/non-intensive). For intensive cultivation, in areas with fertile soil

and sufficient rainfall or irrigation, trees are planted densely. A planting density of

200-300 trees/ha is not unusual, depending on variety. Often trees are planted very

densely (400-500 trees/ha), but later as they grow, half of them are removed,

13

especially those planted in the intermediate rows. In areas with less fertile soils and

low rainfall, planting density is reducing row.

In general three are the main planting layouts:

- The traditional, where planting distances are 7 x 7 m., 6 x 8 m, 8 x 8 m, 10 x 10 m,

depending on the area (less than 2000 trees/ha).

- The dynamic, where trees are planted densely at 5 x 6 m, 6 x 6 m, (about 2700-

3000 trees/ha).

- The very densely with Dwarf varieties like Arbequina that’s can planting even (1x

1.5m) or more than.

Figure4: Planting layout

I.2.3: Preparing the site:

Before planting, some necessary cultivation tasks must be carried out, such as

uprooting (other trees and bushes), leveling the soil, construction of terraces, etc. If

the field is uprooted, it is advised to cultivate grains or legumes for a period of 1-2

years, in order to remove all remaining roots from previous crops and minimize the

incidence of root decay in the new trees. Deep ploughing may also be necessary to

destroy weeds in combination with/without herbicides. Afterwards, the field is

14

ploughed to facilitate the growth of the root system of the new trees. Finally,

phosphate and potash fertilizers are added with the last ploughing, that will be used by

the trees during the first years of growth. Before adding any fertilizer, it is strongly

recommended to perform soil analysis by taking samples from different spots and

depths in the field (30, 60, 90 cm).

In areas with mild climate, planting takes place in November-December. In colder

areas, it is advised to plant the trees in February-March, to avoid the hazard of spring

frosts and by all means before the new vegetative cycle. Planting is made into holes

that can be dug manually or mechanically, in dimensions of about 60 x 40 cm (manual

digging) or 20 x 30 cm (mechanical digging). Planting depth should be the same as in

the nursery. In dry areas, planting holes must be 5-10 cm deeper. Digging holes can

raise certain problems. In light (sandy) soils, the walls of the hole fall in, while in

heavy (clay) soils the walls are compacted. In this case, the root system takes more

time to grow beyond these walls. The trees are planted together with the root ball and

the hole is then filled with soil. Special care must be given not to damage the roots

when pressing the earth down to firm the plants. After planting, the surrounding earth

could be covered with straw to minimize water loss from the soil.

Young trees should be irrigated regularly during the first 2-3 years and fertilized with

nitrogen every year. In addition, it is necessary to control weeds in time and take plant

protection measures against pests and other diseases.

If another annual crop is cultivated in the field (e.g. cotton, tomato, potato, pumpkins,

etc) at the same time (co-culture), it should be restricted among the rows of the olive

trees to minimize competition among the plants. As olive trees grow, the area of co-

culture should be reduced gradually.

I.2.4: Olive Irrigation

To be able to survive in hot and dry climate, olive trees have small leaves with a

protective coating and hairy undersides that slows transpiration. This facilitates

cultivation in areas where no other tree can survive. However, this defense system is

at the expense of growth and productivity of the tree. Thus, olive yield is greatly

increased by applying small amounts of water. However, if maximum yields are

desired, greater amounts of water will be needed, on condition that soil humidity does

not become excessive.

Irrigation is essential in the following cases:

- When the rainfall in the area is inadequate.

15

- When there is enough rainfall distributed only during the winter, leaving the soil

without humidity in the critical periods of spring and autumn.

- When the soil is sandy or gravelly with low water retaining capacity.

Irrigation is recommended especially in table olive varieties where large fruit size is

sought. It is also necessary in intensive plantations with densely planted trees for

maximum production. Irrigation also enhances the effectiveness of fertilization and

pruning. Finally, it may minimize the phenomenon of alternate bearing.

The critical periods for water stress of olive trees are given in the following table:

Growth stage Effect of low soil

moisture

- Flower bud development

- Bloom

- Fruit set

- Shoot growth

Reduced flower formation

Incomplete flowering Poor

fruit-set Increased alternate

bearing Decreased shoot

growth

1st stage of fruit growth due to cell

division shoot growth

Small fruit size due to

decreased cell division

Fruit shrivel Decreased

shoot growth

3rd stage of fruit growth due to cell

enlargement of shoot growth

Small fruit size due to

reduced cell

expansion Fruit shrivel

Decreased shoot growth

Table 2 Effect of low soil moisture

Shriveled fruits may obtain again their turgidity after irrigation. For this reason, it is

recommended to irrigate table olive varieties, especially during the last period of fruit

development, to improve their size and quality. However, over irrigation may have

negative effects in the case of black olives resulting in delayed maturity .Late

irrigation may also lead to new vegetative growth that is susceptible to winter frosts.

Many olive orchards around the Mediterranean are not irrigated. In those where

irrigation is applied, a variety of methods is employed including, flood, furrow,

16

sprinklers, hanging drippers, surface drip irrigation, and during the last years also sub-

surface drip irrigation.

In surface drip irrigated orchards, different practices are followed. In most cases, one

drip-line per row of trees will be placed on the ground. Usage of two drip-lines per

row is also applied. In some orchards, the drip-line is hung on the trees to enable

criss-cross cultivation.

Irrigation frequency depends on water availability so as to ensure sufficient soil

moisture at the critical stages of the crop. The amount of water is different every time

and depends on soil type, age and size of the trees and other factors. For traditional

low tree densities, the application of a constant amount of water, 80-120

liters/day/tree (in heavy soils), will provide good results.

Figure5: Irrigation effect on olive yield.

I.2.5: Effect of irrigation on table olive yield.

Olive trees are very sensitive to over irrigation and will not perform well in

waterlogged soils. Waterlogged soil, often a result of poor drainage, causes poor soil

aeration and root deterioration and can lead to the death of the trees. Trees cultivated

in saturated soils are more susceptible to varying weather conditions and soil borne

pathogens such as phytophthora and verticillium

17

I.2.6: OIL OLIVE irrigation when water is limited

Excellent olive oil yield can still be achieved when in-season deficit irrigation is held

at 70% ETc or a 30% reduction compared to full olive ETc. At this level of irrigation,

olives for canning experience significant reductions in fruit size and in subsequent

grower returns .

If severe drought water shortages are experienced and water is only supplied at 40%

of ETc, olive oil quality can still be maintained but oil yield will begin to suffer. This

60% reduction in applied water compared to full ETc can still produce good quality

olive oil but the oil yield at this level of irrigation is not economically sustainable for

ongoing production.

Irrigation reductions to levels below 30% ETc (a 70% cut back) will result in very low

oil yield as well as poorer quality oil. This level of water availability begins to

approach dry land farming, a situation in California that is not economically

sustainable .

Based on the most recent oil olive irrigation research, optimum irrigation for

producing olive oil ranges between the 33-40% ETc that maximizes olive oil quality

and the 70-75% ETc that maximizes olive oil production Source: Grattan

et al, 2006.

I.2.7: Choosing cultivar :( Dwarf Arbequina)

From among the various olive varieties available in Iraqi nurseries were selected the

dwarf cultivar Arbequina: its table and oil olive, as well as it is very early fruiting and

production Olive cultivar

Arbequina is a cultivar of olives. The fruit is highly aromatic, small, symmetrical and

dark brown, with a rounded apex and a broad peduncular cavity. In Europe, it is

mostly grown in Catalonia, Spain, where it occupies 55,000 hectares, but it is also

grown in Aragon and Andalusia, as well as Argentina, Chile, and Australia. It has

recently become the dominant olive cultivar in California, largely under highly

intensive, "supper high-density" plantation.

18

The name comes from the village of Arbeca in the comarca of the Les Garrigues,

where it was first introduced to Europe from Palestine in the seventeenth century by

the Duke of Medina EliS

Arbequina trees are adaptable to different conditions of climate and soil, although it

does best in alkaline soils; it thrives in long, hot, dry summers, but is frost-hardy and

pest-resistant. Its relatively small cup, allows it to be cultivated under more intense,

high-density conditions than other plantation olives. The variety is very productive

and enters early into production (from the first half of November). The fruit does not

ripen simultaneously, and has an average resistance to detachment. Unlike most

varieties, Arbequina has a high germination percentage and that makes rootstocks.

The crop is costly due to the small fruit size. It is not very well suited to mechanize

harvesting, as a consequence of low weight of the oil and the abundance of pendulous

branches, but the performance in manual harvesting is much higher than the other

varieties raised in Catalonia.

Although sold as a table olive, Arbequina olives have one of the highest

concentrations of oil [20-22%] and are therefore mostly used for olive oil production.

Harvesting is easy since the trees are typically low to the ground and allow for easy

hand picking. Oils made from Arbequina are generally buttery, fruity, and very mild

in flavor, being low in polyphenols. The combination of low polyphenol levels and

high levels of polyunsaturated fat as compared with other olive cultivars means that it

has relatively low stability and short shelf-life.

19

CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY AND WORK STYLE

II: 1:1: About the selected area: Review Of Selected Area (Wadi Almany)

Wady almany is a part of Anbar government far western Iraq near Syrian boarding . It

is arid or semi-arid area , although it is not far from the bank Euphrates river ,because

a rise undulating of surface area

However, this region has great under-ground water, and In recent years, farmers

began digging artesian wells depth of 100 - 120 and installing sprinkler systems and

special irrigation pivot for seasonal planting of the wheat crop

Anbar province is part of the plateau of the Arabian Peninsula, the surface is wavy

show him some small hills and a large number of valleys such as Wadi Horan due to

the decline of its territory and its natural plant poverty are prone to severe erosion.

Work surface and underground water and wind to diversify its surface, where

reaching the highest elevation of the western plateau near the Jordanian border to

more than 800 meters above sea level goes down in the areas of Habbaniyah to 75

meters above sea level. Cut the Euphrates River way in the western plateau and that

descend gradually towards the rocks Jabber and depressions Habbaniya and Razzazah,

and in some areas along the Euphrates River and rugged and therefore appear

limestone and gypsum on the road to the river.

II.1.2: Climate in study area (Wadi Almany )

Characterized by semi-desert climate and low rainfall and great variation between

day and night temperature and low humidity. Temperature rises in the summer to 52

degrees Celsius, winter and fall is up to 9 degrees Celsius. Wind northwest and

southwest sometimes reach a maximum speed of 21 m / sec. The average rainfall in

the winter to 115 mm.

20

Month

Min

Temp.

Max

Temp. Humidity Wind Sun Rad Eto Rain

Eff

rain

ᵒc ᵒc % km/day hours mj/m²/day mm mm Mm

January 2.5 11.9 72 225 5.2 9.5 1.47 44.3 41.2

February 3.4 13.9 64 268 5.9 12.3 2.2 33.7 31.9

March 5.5 17.7 54 311 6.7 15.9 3.47 27.7 25.8

April 9.1 22.9 44 337 7.2 19.1 5.13 14.5 14.2

May 12.8 28.9 36 337 8.7 22.6 7.03 5.6 5.5

June 16.1 33.2 32 389 10.8 26.1 9.06 0.4 0.4

July 17.6 35.5 34 389 11.1 26.2 9.48 0 0

August 17.4 35.6 37 328 10.4 24 8.4 0 0ss

September 15.6 32.4 39 325 9.5 20.3 6.1 0.2 0.2

October 12.5 26.6 45 199 7.4 14.7 4.12 11 10.8

November 7.7 20 57 173 6.3 11 2.45 26.6 25.5

December 3.8 13.8 71 199 5.6 9.2 1.53 39.9 37.4

Average 10.3 24.4 49 282 7.9 17.6 5.04

Total

203.2

Total

192.8

Table 3 Agro-climatic data of selected area (wady almany)

II.1.3: Agriculture in region:

In this region the most important agricultural crops of wheat and potatoes

spring and autumn and then wheat, barley, maize and a range of vegetables, bulbs and

feed. Where agriculture depends on ground water (wells) and rain .

Usually the farmer using the sprinkler irrigation systems mostly pivot system. And

achieved great success in changing patterns of agricultural activities that were

previously dependent mainly grazing small herds of goats and sheep live on desert

plants

And has been the use of groundwater and irrigation systems, modern effect in

achieving this success that contributed to change the economic reality of the region's

population and encourage investment in the agricultural sector. Improve the

environmental situation of the region in particular and the country in generals.

21

Figure 6 : the development of agricultural patterns in region

II: 2: Methodological And Work Style

To study soils and climate of the chosen area and methodological of work steps

and work style; we used the following software

1: Google earth: To take the coordinates of the chosen plot and field determinations

and field measurements

2: SPAW: To get the soil type and characteristics of the soil in the selected area

3: CLIMWAT 2.0: To get the climatic data in the selected region (almani valley)

4: CROPWAT version 8.0: To determinate the maximum gross irrigation

requirements for the selected crop (olive trees).

5: Ve.Pro.L.G. S: To get the best drip-line model; the efficiency of our irrigation

system; the inlet pressure and the total flow-rate .

6: EPANET: To draw the network; the best pump and the best pipe size.

22

Figure7: The software utilized in design

II: 2:1: Google earth software:

From use this common software we were able to get the coordinates of the selected

area, as well as to get high spotted sea level.

This information enables us to get the direction of the gradient in the field as well as

the data to be incorporated in the subsequent software that will be used later to study

the climate and soil characteristics and design software, for example NeW-LocCLim

,SPAW ,Ve.Pro.L.G.s,etc.

23

Figure 8: The field location on the region.

II: 2:2: HWSD Software:

For their knowledge of the properties of the soil and nature installed in the area of the

implementation of the work we used HWSD software. Where indicate the area that

we want to know the characteristics of and texture soil by maps of HWSD software

and checking the zone by coordinate data recorded and obtained by the use of Google

earth software before.

24

Figure 9: The result of HWSD software, the soil structure in study area.

It is better to conduct soil tests in the laboratory to see soil components and the

proportion of each of the components, but because of the difficulty of the procedure it

used software data and analysis such as HWSD.

25

II:2:3:SPAW Software s

Figure 10: SPAW analysis result:

From the results of HWSD-Viewer software we get Proportion of sand, clay

and gravel and the percentage of organic material as well as the degree of salinity.

These data enter SPAW software and as follows Sand ratio accounted for 39%

Percentage of clay representing 24% Proportion of decaying organic materials

represent 1.1% Proportion of gravel represents 20% When entering this data in SPAW

software the SPAW gives the results which required for the completion of the

remaining steps in the work .These more important results include

- Available Water = 110 mm/m

- Hydraulic Conductivity = 6.33 mm/hr.

Also, as a result of hydraulic conductivity is mm \ h but the need is mm per day so the

amount in the result compounding x 24 and are as follows

6.33 * 24 = 151.92 mm \ Day

26

II:2: 4: CLIMWAT 2.0 software

To get the annual data of climatic factors in the chosen region which include (annual

rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature , wind speed ,radiation, sun hours

,humidity, and Eto ) were obtained with the data were generated by the software

CLIMWAT 2.0 from the interpolation done on the basis of data from meteorological

station (ABU-KAMAL) nearby the chosen field.

ABU-KAMAL meteorological Station is located on the Iraqi border - Syrian distance

from the chosen field of about 14 km and the Latitude 34 and the height above sea

level for 235 m and field Meteorological Station 210 m.

Sharing between CLIMWAT 2.0 and CROWAT version 8.0 ,export the CLIMWAT

2.O results and data to CROPWAT software to be able to estimate the water

requirement for olive trees or olive groves .

II:2 : 5: CROPWAT version 8.0:

CROPWAT is meant as a practical tool to help agro-meteorologists, agronomists and

irrigation engineers to carry out standard calculations for evapotranspiration and crop

water use studies, and more specifically the design and management of irrigation

schemes. It allows the development of recommendations for improved irrigation

practices, the planning of irrigation schedules under varying water supply conditions,

and the assessment of production under rainfed conditions or deficit irrigation.

Calculations of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements are carried out

with inputs of climatic and crop data. Standard crop data are included in the program

and climatic data can be obtained for 144 countries through the CLIMWAT- database.

The development of irrigation schedules and evaluation of rainfed and irrigation

practices are based on a daily soil-water balance using various options for water

supply and irrigation management conditions. Scheme water supply is calculated

according to the cropping pattern provided. Procedures for calculation of the crop

water requirements and irrigation requirements are based on methodologies presented

in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Papers No. 24 "Crop water requirements" and No. 33

"Yield response to water".

To determine the annual total gross irrigation and net total and scheme supplying .

Here we can see the total gross irrigation units as an mm/m ,we need m3/hectare ,so

we use this calculation

( 715.5/1000)m * 10000m2 =7155 m

3/hectare

27

While the total net irrigation requirement 643.9 mm

So(643.9/1000)m * 10000 = 6439 m3/hectare

DESIGN SOFTWARE

There are two software using here to design the irrigation system.

II:2 :6: Ve.pro.L.G.s

The test and design of drip lines and system units to save water and energy .

The software can also estimate the working performance of any other model of drip

lines as long as the characteristics are known and use for test the potential working

performance of existing drip system , compare options for the new design based on set

performance or costs of water and energy

Ve.pro.L.G.s need input data of specific field situation such a time , season irrigation ,

water supply, pressure at the inlet ,distance between the lines, and distance between

two plants on same line.. etc. , to give the results we need including , drip line models

matching farmer requirements like max uniformity. Etc.

Ve.pro.L.G.s software is hydraulics of each lateral is constructed according to

laboratory test not by general formula. the software is already equipped with the

operating characteristics of the many models of drip line was tested before by the

National Laboratory of irrigation within a Convention between ARSIA and university

of Pisa ,is the direct refrence to these ,after choosing from the menu pull-down .Also

this soft ware allows to checking the operation of any other kind of the line drip line

dripping ,provided us know the parameters of functional skills

whene using the full potential of the Ve.pro.L.G.s software ,must first provide details

on the specific situation in which we act. The software having these informations

through its operational instruments,produces acompplete picture of the technical and

economic evaluations . In particular on existing system,spacifying the model used

drip-line,the slop of the terrain,the length and pressure lines ,the operation tools test

lines on the header of unilateral (l/h.m) and verify lines bilaterally on the head (l / h.m

)reconstruct the operation in terms of proper maintenance and adequate water

filtration,and provide for individual lines or optionally the entire industry , the value

of the following parameters or meassurements

Estimating the unifermity of the water delivery EU %.-

The energy requirement forwater delivery (wh / m3).-

28

-Water ammaunt ,maximum,minimum,and the average of liters hour per meter in the

line (l /h.m )

- The maximum, minimum ,and average of pressure (water column height )H .

- The average of the intensity of irrigation (mm/h ).

- Water losses and waste water inseeoage ,deep perculation,and low EU%, to avoid

sxcessive portions of crops irrigated in deficit ,that expressed both in percentage ters

than in m3/ha on m

3/year .

-The total energy per year and cost of energy per year or season .

Annual incidence of the purchase cost of the drip lines in eoro/ha or optionally in euro

for the entire industry .

II : 2:7: EPANET 2.0

The software EPANET is a public-domain, water distribution system modeling

software package developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's

(EPA) Water Supply and Water Resources Division. It performs extended-period

simulation of hydraulic and water-quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks

and is designed to be "a research tool that improves our understanding of the

movement and fate of drinking-water constituents within distribution systems".[1]

EPANET first appeared in 1993.

EPANET 2 is available both as a standalone program and as an open-source toolkit

(Application Programming Interface in C). Its computational engine is used by many

software companies that developed more powerful, proprietary packages, often GIS-

centric. The EPANET ".inp" input file format,[3] which represents network topology,

water consumption, and control rules, is supported by many free and commercial

modeling packages. Therefore, it is arguably considered as the industry standard.

EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running

hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of

formats. EPANET provides a fully equipped and extended period of hydraulic

analysis that can handle systems of any size. The package also supports the simulation

of spatially and temporally varying water demand, constant or variable speed pumps,

and the minor head losses for bends and fitting. The modeling provides information

such as flows in pipes, pressures at junctions, propagation of a contaminant, chlorine

EPANET was developed by the Water Supply and Water Resouurces Division

formely the Drinking Water Research Division of theU.S. Environmental Protection

Agencys National Risk Management Research Labrotory.

29

This software contains a state more important in hydraulic analysis engine that

contain the following capabilities:

-Computes fruction head loos using either Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach,or

Chezy-Manning equations.

- Places on limit on the size of network that can be analyzed.

- Contains the minor head losses for bends, fittings,..etc.

- The model constant or variable speed pumps .

-The software can compute the pumping energy and cost .

- Various types of the valves including shutoff, check ,pressure regulating ,and flow

control valves .

- Models pressure dependent flow issuing from dripper or sprinkler head .

- Allows storage tanks to have any shape(dimeter can vary with height)

- Considers multiple demand categories at nodes,each with its own pattern of time

variation .

- EPANET can based the system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls

and on complex rule based controls .

II :2:8: The Field Plot:

The selected piece of land is a rectangle with an area of four hectares along the

rectangle 250 m and 160 m wide. Ground longitudinally divided into two equal pieces

in the form and size (2 hectares each). This land planted with olive trees and spaces 2

x 5 m ,that’s mean we have 1000 trees per hectare,4000 trees in four hectares irrigated

by drip irrigation system and on this basis we design the irrigation network where two

pieces alternately irrigated so as to provide the necessary energy to run as well as

reduce the cost of the pump.

30

Figure11 the map of the orchard 2 x 80m x 250m.

From the figure above you can see the orchard division into two parts and the water

source (the well )

31

CHAPTER III:RESLTS AND DISCUSSION

III :1:Crop Water Requirement (CROPWAT)

Table 4 :Crop water requirement,from CROPWAT software

Table5 The scheme supply

32

Table6 crop irrigation schedule

III:1:1 :Result of CROPWAT:

From the table can see the total net irrigation is equal 643.9 mm/year, can also

observe the highest requirements for water within the year is equal to 4.4 mm /day

and that in the month of July, where the highest degree of heat and lack of rain during

the summer months usually

III :1:2 : The Discussion ;

From the table of scame supply ,the maximum water requirement is 4.4mm/day

,therefore the drip irrigation must be able to fill this requirement, Therefore, the

design will be built on this basis

III:2: THE DRIP LINE DESINE:

Drip line design one of important results given from theVe.pro.l.g .s software .Drip

line design is the design of the irrigation system at field level .It is consists in

choosing on the characteristics of the field ,the drip line that provides better

uniformity while having a look at the investment cost of the irrigation system.

33

III:2:1: Results

Ranking of drip lines according to uniformity (one of Ve.pro.L.G.s resolts )

According the data that has been entered into the software, such as the dimensions of

the field and slope the earth's surface, as well as information on the crop that will be

grown, for example, the distance between the lines and the distance between plants on

the same line and water required by the crop chosen (olive trees) software gave us the

following tablefor the best drip lines according to the distribution uniformity gives the

result shown in the table .

Table 7: Ranking of drip line according to the uniformity .

From these ten drip line I choose the first item because it is give a good uniformity

and it is available in Iraqi markets (StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998) ) and its

uniformity 94.2%.

34

Figure12: checking under (StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4 (1998)) chosen drip-

line

From the figure above the drip line provides uniformity 94.2%, available water 94%,

the inlet pressure 6.8m, and irrigation intensity 0.48mm/hour.

Mean Q =6.7 m3 /h meter at pressure 5.30 m

Max Q =7.6 m3 /h meter at pressure 6.87 m

Mini Q = 6.5 m3/h meter at pressure 4.84 m

35

Figure13: Checking the area under drip-line(StreamlineSL80d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998))

From Ve.pro.L.G.s results under (StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998))drip-line

the plot checking gives uniformity 94.2% and the flow rate 2.1 l/s =7.6 m3/hour

III:2:2 :Discussion:

from the ranking result of drip line get a ten drip lines, nine of them provide

uniformity a above 90%,and the tenth is a very close from 90% (89.7 %), therefore

the result of drip line being acceptable in drip irrigation system.

The first ranking drip line provide a satisfactory uniformity is 94,2% in pipe lines ,and

94.2% on the field area as well as it is provide appropriate flow rate for the water

requirement , moreover it is available in the study area ,moreover the drip-line

(StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998) ) can operating under low pressure, that

means reduced the cost of energy requirement for water pumping, so it has been

chosen.

36

plot ,and the drip line delivers 7.6 m3/h/sub-plot (20000m2). Therefore, the pump that

give 7.6 m3/h, will be able to cover the systems water requirement. If the max run

hours is 12—12.5 in the maximum water requirement during the year days 4.4mm/m

= 176 m3/plot. But the uniformity 94.2, Therefore the calculation become 4.4/0.942

=4.7mm/m = 188 m3/plot. 188 m

3/2=94 m

3for one sub-plot .The system flow

rate is 7.6 m3/h, that’s mean the duration to irrigate one sub plot = 94 m

3/7.6 m

3,/h=

12 hour and 20 minutes. But, in another days will be less than 12 hours of course

This means that the irrigation system is able to provide the amount of water during 23

hours and 10 minutes that’s lead to reduce waste of energy and manpower (labor) and

thus reduce the cost of the product

III: 3: 1: The Pipe Line Design Result:

The pipeline design means the important part of the system design which start from

the water intake (the well) to the beginning of each of the two sub-plots

The use of design software such as EPANET provided the possibility of design and

monitoring of pressure, flow rate and flow velocity as well as the relevant pump,

which gives the requirements of the flow velocity and flow rate and pressure within

the range that does not cause damage or wastage of energy irrigation network taking

into consideration the costs. To select the appropriate pump was hired impacts the

website (www.grondfuost.com ) who gave several types of pumps and their respective

characteristics in terms of pressure and flow rate and energy crisis to run.

By EPANET can run the system and read the result of uniformity distribution of

water and the flow velocity and pressure, etc. in every part of the system, and give

results below.

Pressure = 6.95m into the system

Velocity= 0 < V<1,2 m/s into the systems parts

Flow rate = 7.6 m3/h

III:3:2: Discussion:

The pipeline system was fully design with diameter 66 mm that pipe diameter

provide a velocity lower than 1,2 m/s while maintaining the system pressure about to

6.66 m as the Vepro.L.G.s analysis result .This correspond with operation pressure of

(StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998) ). Drip-line, the diameter of the pipe was still

constant because the delivery system will be by rotation between the two sub-plots .

That’s mean all the water from the pump will be using by one sub-plot. This mean the

37

flow rate 8.28 m3/h will be conveyed from the pump to each sub-plot alone

.Therefore, is very important of having a uniform diameters pipe-line to maintaining

the velocity constant , it about 0.67 m/s in all system. The pump with low operating

pressure 10 m.w.c has been used in the system design and the pipe line

(StreamlineSL80 d.16q.0.98s0.4(1998) ) works with operating pressure 6.95m

Taking into account the loss that occurs inside the pipeline as a result of friction

where the friction coefficient 140. As well as the use of filter lead to a loss in

pressure.

So it was needed to be the use of the pump provides a higher pressure than the output

of the pressure in the Ve.pro.L.G.s analysis

The maximum water requirement 167 m3/day/plot in July, our target discharge 8.28,

the sub plot water requirement is 88 m3.that’s mean we need just 10 hour to irrigate

one sub-plot and 20 hour to irrigate the plot completely.

Figure14: The pump curve

38

Figure15: Pressure in the system as shown outlet 6.95m, its consistent

with the Ve.pro.L.G.s. Analysis.

39

Figure16: Velocity in pipe-line 0<V<1.2m/s.

40

Figure 17: The flow rate in pipe line outlet 7.6 m3/h, its consistent with

the Ve.pro.L.G.s. Analysis.

41

Figure 18: The roughness is 140 in pipe system.

42

Figure19: The diameter of pipe-line 66mm

43

III:4 : CONCLUSION

From the serial use software such as, CLIMWAT 2.0 , SPAW,and

CROPWAT be able to calculate total gross irrigation and total net irrigation Knowing

these quantities enabled us to successfully use design software. Designing software

Ve.pro.L.G.s and EPANET ,gives the ability to design a completely drip irrigation

system as well as provide such software running in the computer system and monitor

the basic physical elements of the system are included; pressure and speed of the

water flow rate and now we have a complete design of drip irrigation system.

The efficiency of the final system 94% ,and water loss 6% this means best saving to

the well water , the system work with low presser and saving energy ,This system

designed for four hectares so can be design more or less than, this system will using

for olive cultivate ,but the same approach might be applied for another trees such as

date palms with another dimensions of course .Planting orchards in this region of the

desert climate may encourage investment in this area, leading to environmental

change the reality of the province.

The Maximum water requirements and maximum working hours system will be in a

specified period, and irrigation requirement in other days it will become less than that

in water requirements and running hours of course ,as well as in CROPWAT results

tables .

44

References

1. FAO Irrigation Manual Module 9.2007 Localized Irrigation System: Planning

,Design , Operating , and Maintenance .

2. Burt C.M., Stuart S.W.(1999) Drip and micro irrigation for trees ,vines , and row

crops.

3. Keller J.,Bliesner R.D (1990) Sprinkler and trickle irrigation,AVI Book ,New York

4. Frenken K, 2009. Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT

Survey 2008.

5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/12851870/National-Irrigation-Guide

6 .en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoghaphy_of_Iraq:

7. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbequina