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Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation ormicro irrigation or localized irrigation, is anirrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants,either onto the soil surface or directly onto the rootzone, through a network of  valves, pipes, tubing, andemitters. It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of the plant.

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Pump or pressurized water source  Water filter(s) or filtration systems: sand

separator such as Hydro-Cyclone, screenfilters, media filters, disc filters

Fertigation systems (Venturi injector) and

chemigation equipment (optional) Backwash controller (Backflow prevention

device) Pressure Control Valve (pressure regulator) Main line (larger diameter pipe and pipe

fittings) Hand-operated, electronic, or hydraulic

control valves and safety valves Smaller diameter polytube (often referred to

as "laterals") Poly fittings and accessories (to make

connections) Emitting devices at plants (emitter or dripper,

micro spray head, inline dripper or inlinedriptube)

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Drip irrigation forgarden available in drip

kits are increasingly popular for thehomeowner and consistof a timer, hose andemitter. Hoses that are4 mm in diameter areused to irrigate flowerpots.

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Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to localized application and reducedleaching.

 Water application efficiency is high. Field levelling is not necessary. Fields with irregular shapes are easily accommodated.

Recycled non-potable water can be safely used. Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity. Soil type plays less important role in frequency of irrigation. Soil erosion is minimized.  Weed growth is minimized.  Water distribution is highly uniform, controlled by output of each nozzle. Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.  Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and drippers. Fertigation can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers. Foliage remains dry, reducing the risk of disease. Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurised irrigation, reducing

energy costs.

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Expense: initial cost can be more than overhead systems.  Waste: the sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life. Clogging: if the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly maintained, it can

result in clogging. Drip irrigation might be unsatisfactory if herbicides or top dressed fertilizers need sprinkler irrigation

for activation. Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. Users need to plan for drip tape winding, disposal,

recycling or reuse.

 Waste of water, time and harvest, if not installed properly. These systems require careful study of allthe relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions, andsuitability of drip irrigation system and its components.

Germination problems: in lighter soils subsurface drip may be unable to wet the soil surface forgermination. Requires careful consideration of the installation depth.

The main purpose of drip irrigation is to reduce the water consumption by reducing the leachingfactor. However when the available water is of high salinity or alkalinity , the field soil becomesgradually unsuitable for cultivation due to high salinity or poor infiltration of the soil. Thus dripirrigation con verts fields in to fallow lands when natural leaching by rain water is not adequate in

semi arid and arid regions. Salinity: most drip systems are designed for high efficiency, meaning little or no leaching fraction.

 Without sufficient leaching, salts applied with the irrigation water may build up in the root zone,usually at the edge of the wetting pattern. On the other hand, drip irrigation avoids the high capillary potential of traditional surface-applied irrigation, which can draw salt deposits up from depositsbelow.

Rodents: the PVC pipes often suffer from rodent damage, requiring replacement of the entire tubeand increasing expenses.

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 An emitting pipe is a typeof drip irrigation tubing

 with emitters pre-installedat the factory with specificdistance and flow per houras per crop distance.

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 An emitter is also called a dripper and is used totransfer water from a pipe or tube to the area that is tobe irrigated. Typical emitter flow rates are from 0.16 to4.0 U.S. gallons per hour (0.6 to 16 L/h). In many emitters, f low will vary with pressure, while someemitters are pressure compensating. AZUD PREMIER LINE [1] is one of the most used flat PressureCompensating dripper bond-on in multi-seasonalpipes developed by AZUD based on four key elements:

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 Abdul Majid

16C2-113013

Irrigation Engineering B-Tech (Pass)

6th Semester

Tuesday (6:00pm – 8:00pm)