Driver Behavior Models

NSF DriveSense Workshop

Norfolk, VA Oct 30-31

Mario Gerla

UCLA, Computer Science Dept

The Challenge

Safety• 33,963 deaths/year (2003)• 5,800,000 crashes/year • Leading cause of death for ages 4

to 34

Mobility• 4.2 billion hours of travel

delay• $78 billion cost of urban

congestion

Environment• 2.9 billion gallons of

wasted fuel• 22% CO2 from vehicles

Will Driver behavior help?

• Can driver reaction models help reduce accidents?

• Can expected driver compliance help plan optimal routes, green waves and alternate transport modes?

• Can the knowledge of driver habits help plan pollution reduction strategies?

Autonomous Vehicle Control

How much human control? Can drivers go to sleep?

V2V for Platooning

Are drivers prepared to take over in case of attacks?

V2V and cruise control to avoid Shockwave formations (INFOCOM 14)

VDR = Velocity Dependent Randomization: normal drive PVS = Partial Velocity Synchronization: advanced cruise control

Intelligent navigation

• GPS Based Navigators• Dash Express (came to market in 2008):

• Synergy between Navigator Server and City Transport Authority

NAVOPT – Navigator Assisted Route Optimization

• On Board Navigator– Interacts with the Server– Periodically transmits GPS and route– Receives route instructions

• Manhattan grid (10x10)– 5 routes (F1~ F5) from source to

destination– Link capacity: 14,925 [vehicles/h]

• But, will drivers comply?

S …

…

……

…

Shortest path

F1F3,4

F2

F3

F2,5

F5

F4

D

Analytic Results

13500 13600 13700 13800 13900 14000 14100 14200 14300 14400 14500 14600 14700 148000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Total average delay (h/veh)

shortest path

flow deviation

Ave

rag

e d

elay

(h

ou

r)

V2V for Safe navigation

• Forward Collision Warning, • Intersection Collision

Warning…….• Platooning (eg, trucks)• Advisories to other vehicles

about road perils– “Ice on bridge”, “Congestion ahead”,….

V2V communications for Safe Driving

Vehicle type: Cadillac XLRCurb weight: 3,547 lbsSpeed: 65 mphAcceleration: - 5m/sec^2Coefficient of friction: .65Driver Attention: YesEtc.

Vehicle type: Cadillac XLRCurb weight: 3,547 lbsSpeed: 45 mphAcceleration: - 20m/sec^2Coefficient of friction: .65Driver Attention: NoEtc.

Vehicle type: Cadillac XLRCurb weight: 3,547 lbsSpeed: 75 mphAcceleration: + 20m/sec^2Coefficient of friction: .65Driver Attention: YesEtc.

Vehicle type: Cadillac XLRCurb weight: 3,547 lbsSpeed: 75 mphAcceleration: + 10m/sec^2Coefficient of friction: .65Driver Attention: YesEtc.

Alert Status: None

Alert Status: Passing Vehicle on left

Alert Status: Inattentive Driver on Right

Alert Status: None

Alert Status: Slowing vehicle aheadAlert Status: Passing vehicle on left

Existing sensors are about External Probing

• Radio Channels– DSRC– WiFI (V2V and V2I)– LTE; LTE Direct– White Spaces

But, radio channels can be attacked!

Autonomous vehicles currently use:• On Board Sensor Channels

– Laser, Lidar– Video Cameras– Optical sensors (reading encoded tail light signals)– GPS, accelerometer, acoustic, etc

What about probing driver in the car?

• Driver Behavior important for efficient and safe navigation:

• A- Compliance models– Will driver comply with navigator instructions?– Will driver wait for Green Wave?– Will driver accept congestion fees?– Speed limits?`

• B- Reaction Time models– Can driver react fast enough to shockwave alerts?– Reaction to platoon accidents?

• C- Autonomous Car Driver models– Can the car estimate how long it will take to regain the attention of the

distracted driver?

• D. Physical Conditions Models– Detect sleepiness, predict medical situation etc

How to build driver behavior model?

• Vehicle monitors the driver:– Collects from CAN bus relevant signals (brakes, accelerate, steer,

etc)– Body movements (video camera, kinect, etc)– Internal activities (music, phone calls, smoking, etc)

• Vehicle monitors other drivers and road traffic:– Correlation of driving behavior with external traffic

• Vehicle builds a model of the driver– Use machine learning techniques

How is the driver model used?

• Autonomous vehicle uses the model to determine best action to avoid accidents:– Wake up driver or act directly on breaks?– Mimic driver behavior in autonomous driving

• Traffic authorities use aggregate models for planning– Aggregate model (for given age group, profession, place of residence, etc)

used to evaluate: • Congestion fee policies (for example)• Multimodal transport solutions• Road access control

– Privacy issue preserved by large number aggregation