driverless cars - montana traffic education association
TRANSCRIPT
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DRIVERLESS CARSTHE EVOLUTION OF THE REVOLUTION
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Driverless cars
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Aren’t new
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Why do we need them?
That was COMPLETELY preventable.
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Cars are safer. Humans aren’t.
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Today’s two approaches
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AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
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Autonomous vehicles• Autonomous = self-contained
– Introverted– Anti-social– Doesn’t talk to / avoids others
• Why autonomous? – Operates “anywhere.”– Manufacturer controls ALL inputs
• Isn’t relying on others’ bad data• Bad data => bad things
– Manufacturer controls ALL outputs• Liability & Liability Waivers
I agree
Tesla AutopilotGM SupercruiseM-B Highway Pilot
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How the Google Car Works
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The autonomous car “sees,” emulating humans.
“Cheap” Google LiDAR sensor: Still very expensive.
Sensor fusion: combination of LiDAR and cameras.
$70K
~$10K
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Autonomous vehicle recap• Theoretically, works “anywhere.”• Doesn’t need market saturation.• Needs no communication from other
vehicles or the infrastructure. • Relatively expensive technology (now).
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CONNECTED VEHICLES
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Connected vehicles• Connected = relies on sharing data from
other sources, including cars and traffic signals – Extroverted– Social– Talks to others
• Why? – MUCH less expensive– Better (gov’t) control of
highways and roadways Government Mandate:FMVSS 150
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Connected vehicles: Basic Safety Message (BSM)
DSRC_Message_Id
MagCount
TemporaryID
DSecond
Latitude, Longitude
Elevation
Positional Accuracy
TransmissionAndSpeed
Heading
Steering wheel angle
AccelerationSet4Way
This information is broadcast 10 times per second over a wireless network called Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC).
1 km maximum range; 5.9 GHz
It is based on Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11p) CHEAP
Issues: • Environment• Missed data – bad data.• Hacking• Unequipped / inoperative vehicle
BSM • Here I am • What I am
doing• What I might do
next
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BSM Basic Safety Message:• Here I am • What I am doing• What I might do next
Autonomous car willsense this. BSM Bambi Safety Message
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Connected vehicle can “listen” around corners and other vehicles
Something an autonomous vehicle cannot do!
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Connected vehicles: it affects YOU!(Like it or not.)
• FMVSS 150: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
Model Year 2021 ???UMTRI
???Volpe
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Connected vehicle recap• Doesn’t work “anywhere.”• NEEDS market saturation (~100%)
– Motorcycles? Trucks? Deer??? • Needs communication from other vehicles
– in some cases, the infrastructure. • Very inexpensive technology.
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Connected vehicle 2003
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Where is this going?
Convergence driven by• Inexpensive sensors
• Need to sense Bambi• Gov’t mandate (FMVSS 150)• GPS III• Extensive map databases
• Think Google maps
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GPS
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GPS: now and futureGPS
Technology Cost Accuracy Correction
GPS ¢ ~ 3 m no
GPS WAAS ¢ ~1 m Yes, satellite
DGPS $$ 20 cm Yes, ground based
RTK GPS $$$ 5 cm Yes, ground based
GPS III $ => ¢ 10 cm no
Now
Future
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RTK GPS-based driver assist
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RTK GPS: Expensive
GPS Satellites: 20,200 km altitude2 cm accuracy:• L1 wavelength: 19 cm• L2 wavelength: 24.4 cm Accuracy: ~ ½ difference wavelengths – 2.7 cm
L1: Civilian• (code + carrier)L2: Military • (code still
classified. Carrier)
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Non-RTK GPS: CheapFully Integrated GPS/Galileo/Glonass/QZSS Receiverwith embedded RF and in-package Flash
$5.85!! (quantity 2,500)
(I first heard about GPS in 1987 (from Paul McBurney). There were 4 satellites in space. Receivers, IF you could find one, were refrigerator-sized.)
7 mm x 7 mm x 0.4 mm
GPS III: Small & Cheap ($20) in 10 years!
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Map Databases
Proof: Here’s 5 cm-accurate RTK GPS data overlain on Google Earth data in rural Minnesota.
Repeat:Google Earth data
2012
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Google car in sNOw? Not yet.
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WHAT IS MSU DOING?
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MSU role in this: 1• RURAL Applications
– Safety: ~ 70% of traffic fatalities are rural• Lane departures, intersections, road-conditions
– Mobility for aging citizens – quality of life / live at home longer
– Reduction of cars in National Parks
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MSU role in this: 2• The existing fleet
– 260 million vehicles on the road today• Rural drivers hold on to their vehicles ~17 years• What about those drivers and their safety?
– ~300 million bicycles – Motorcycles
• Long-haul trucking– Driver shortages
Like new!!
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MSU role in this: 3• Smart and Connected Communities: keep Bozeman,
Bozeman – technology to reduce congestion and sprawl
Can technology be used to reduce traffic counts by 33%? We think so.
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Bottom line• Transportation is big business: $15
TRILLION (thousand billion) worldwide– Google, Apple, Uber (which is worth more that
either Ford or GM) realize that• Autonomous/connected vehicles will
disrupt the transportation industry• Many, many unknowns
– Scary? Maybe, but– Never boring
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THANK YOU.
(P.S. I LIVE FOR QUESTIONS.)Craig ShankwitzMontana State UniversityWestern Transportation [email protected]