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All ClassesIncluding Carsand Light Trucks

BASIC LICENCEDRIVERS HANDBOOK

TRANSPORTATION

1INTRODUCTION

MESSAGE FROM ALBERTATRANSPORTATION

The recipe for safe driving is made up of three

ingredients:

knowledge

skill, and

proper attitude.

It takes study and practice to obtain knowledge and

skill. A persons attitude toward driving is more

personal. It requires practice in much the same

manner as do skill and knowledge, but more than this

a persons attitude comes from within. Youre

encouraged to drive safely and to develop your

knowledge and skills to a high degree. Be prepared to

extend courtesy and patience to other road users.

Other drivers may not be as skillful or as smart as

you. Always drive defensively so you wont have to

pay for someone elses mistake.

Alberta Transportation

Revised December 2001

2Alberta Infrastructure produces three driverhandbooks.

1) Operators Licence Information - Basic LicenceDrivers Handbook - All Classes Including Carsand Light Trucks

This hand book provides information on how toobtain an operators licence for the following:

Learners Passenger vehicles Small trucks Vans Motorhomes

2) Driving as a Profession Large Trucks, TractorTrailers, Taxis, Ambulances and Buses

This handbook provides additional information onthese classes and is used as a supplement to the BasicLicence Drivers Handbook.

3) Operators Licence Information Motorcycles,Mopeds and Power Bikes

Provides additional information on how to obtain amotorcycle operators licence and is used as asupplement to the Basic Licence Drivers Handbook.

These handbooks provide the basic informationnecessary to assist you in obtaining any Albertaoperators licence. We recommend that you considerprofessional driver training to supplement the skilland knowledge you require to drive safely.

This handbook is a guide only and has no legislativesanction. Official Statutes should be consulted for thepurpose of interpreting a point of law.

Study this handbook carefully and enjoy being a safedriver.

3TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Obtaining Your Operators LicenceLicence Classification ................................................. 5Learning Requirements All Classes .......................... 8Definitions .................................................................. 8Drivers Application .................................................... 9New Alberta Residents .............................................. 10Restrictions ................................................................ 10Medical Requirements .............................................. 10Vision Screening ....................................................... 11Knowledge Test ......................................................... 11Reclassifying Your Licence ........................................ 11Road Test ................................................................... 12Parental Consent Requirement ................................. 13Changes, Lost Licences, Renewals ............................ 14

Chapter 2 Traffic ControlsSign Shapes ............................................................... 15Regulatory Signs ........................................................ 16Traffic Signs ............................................................... 18Information and Guide Signs ................................... 19Off Road Facilities ..................................................... 20Slow Moving Vehicle ................................................ 20Road Construction Signs .......................................... 20Traffic Control Lights ................................................ 21Traffic Control Signal Advance Warning .................. 22Overdimensional Load Signs .................................... 22

Speed Limits and Signs ............................................. 22Speed Limits for Vehicles Unless Otherwise Posted . 23

Chapter 3 Basic Driving SkillsStarting ...................................................................... 24Manual (Standard) Transmissions ............................ 24Steering ..................................................................... 25Accelerating ............................................................... 26Stopping .................................................................... 26Backing Up ................................................................ 28Parking ...................................................................... 29Parallel Parking ......................................................... 29Angle Parking ............................................................ 31Hill Parking ............................................................... 32

Chapter 4 Turns and IntersectionsStop Signs .................................................................. 33Right-of-Way ............................................................. 34Traffic Circle .............................................................. 35Uncontrolled Intersections ....................................... 36Turning To The Left/Right ........................................ 37Dual Lane Turn ......................................................... 40Signalling .................................................................. 40U-Turns ...................................................................... 41

Chapter 5 Lane DrivingLane Position ............................................................ 42Blind Spots ................................................................ 42

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4Pavement Markings .................................................. 43Passing Lanes ............................................................ 45Lane Control ............................................................. 47Merging ..................................................................... 48Exiting ....................................................................... 49Weave Zone ............................................................... 50Curves and Hills ........................................................ 51

Chapter 6 Sharing the RoadPedestrian Safety ....................................................... 52Cyclists ...................................................................... 53School Bus Safety ...................................................... 54Emergency Vehicles .................................................. 56Snow Plows ............................................................... 57Maintenance Vehicles ............................................... 57

Chapter 7 Emergency DrivingBrake Failure .............................................................. 58Tire Failure ................................................................ 58Off-Road Recovery .................................................... 59Skids .......................................................................... 59Vehicle Breakdown ................................................... 61When You Are Involved In A Collision .................... 62Night/Poor Weather Driving .................................... 62Weather ..................................................................... 63

Chapter 8 The Responsible DriverDefensive Driving ..................................................... 65Following Distances .................................................. 66Vehicle Check ........................................................... 67Seat Belts ................................................................... 68Child Car Safety Seats ............................................... 68

Head Restraint ........................................................... 69Fatigue ....................................................................... 69Fuel Efficiency ........................................................... 70Railway Crossings ..................................................... 71Light Rail Transit ....................................................... 74Log Haul Vehicle ....................................................... 74Disabled Licensing Information ............................... 75Funeral Processions and Parades .............................. 75Dangerous Goods Information ................................. 76Traffic Laws ............................................................... 77

Chapter 9 Driving Within the LawDrugs ......................................................................... 78Alcohol ...................................................................... 78Demerit Point System ............................................... 83Departmental/Ministerial Suspensions .................... 86Probationary Drivers ................................................. 86Driver Control Board(Transportation Safety Board) ................................... 86

Chapter 10 Registration and InsuranceRegistration ............................................................... 87Insurance Requirements ........................................... 87Buying and Selling a Vehicle .................................... 87Computer Renewal Application ............................... 88Transfers / Exchanges ................................................ 88Trailer Plates .............................................................. 88

Chapter 11 Towing a TrailerTrailer Backing .......................................................... 90Trailer Turning .......................................................... 91

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5Class 6 Licence

The minimum learning or licensing age for a Class 6licence is 16 years. This class of licence permits you todrive a motorcycle or a moped. It also allows you todrive, as a learner, all motor vehicles listed under theClass 5 category.

For your Class 6 licence road test you must provide amotorcycle without a sidecar.

Class 5 Licence

Under a Class 5 licence the minimum learning age is14 years and the minimum licensing age is 16 years.This class of licence permits you to drive thefollowing vehicles: A two-axle, single motor vehicle, not including a

motorcycle; A two-axle motor vehicle towing a trailer with one

or more axles, if the trailer is not equipped with airbrakes;

A recreational vehicle, or any combination of arecreational vehicle and a trailer, if the trailer hasnot more than two axles and is not equipped withair brakes;

LICENCE CLASSIFICATION

Special Identification Card

The minimum age for obtaining an identificationcard is 14 years. A photo identification card is not justfor drivers. It can be issued to anyone even if they donot qualify for, or wish to obtain, an operatorslicence. Such a card does not permit anyone tooperate and learn on any type of vehicle. The ownersof these cards must: Provide acceptable identification; Satisfy residency requirements; Provide a parent/guardian consent (if they are

under 18 years of age); Surrender them once they get their drivers licence.

Class 7 Licence

Once you are 14-years-old you can apply for a Class 7licence. This class permits you to drive a moped or tobegin learning to drive vehicles listed under the Class5 licence category. If you are at least 16-years-old aClass 7 licence allows you drive a motorcycle as alearner.

CHAPTER 1 Obtaining Your Operators Licence

6 A moped; Vehicles listed under classes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for

learning only.

No holder of a Class 5 operators licence is allowed tooperate a motor vehicle: With a seating capacity of more than 15, while that

vehicle is transporting any person other than theoperator;

To transport passengers for hire; Equipped with air brakes without an air brake

endorsement.

For a Class 5 road test you must provide any two-axlemotor vehicle excluding a motorcycle.

NOTE: Drivers of single-motor vehicles registered as afarm vehicles do not require an air brake Qqualification.

Class 4 Licence

The minimum learning or licensing age for a Class 4licence is 18 years. This class of licence permits you todrive: A taxi, ambulance or bus (including school or

kindergarten buses) where the seating capacity isnot over 24, excluding the operator;

All motor vehicles included under the Class 5category;

All motor vehicles included under Classes 1, 2, 3and 6, for learning only.

For your road test you can provide any two-axlemotor vehicle excluding a motorcycle. An air brakeendorsement is required in order to operate air brake-equipped vehicles.

Class 3 Licence

You must be 18 years of age or older to obtain orbegin to learn to obtain a Class 3 licence. This licencepermits you to drive: Any motor vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

that holders of a Class 5 operators licence mayoperate;

A single-motor vehicle with three or more axles; A motor vehicle with three or more axles towing a

trailer with one or more axles, if the trailer is notequipped with air brakes;

Class 2 and 4-type vehicles without passengers; All motor vehicles included under Classes 1, 2, and

6, for learning only.

7No holder of a Class 3 operators licence shall operatea motor vehicle: That has a seating capacity of more than 15, while

that vehicle is transporting any person other thanthe operator;

To transport passengers for hire.

For a road test for a Class 3 licence you can use anysingle-motor vehicle having three or more axles. Anair brake endorsement is required to operate air brakeequipped vehicles.

NOTE: Drivers of single-motor vehicles registered as farmvehicles do not require an air brake Qqualification.

Class 2 Licence

The minimum learning or licensing age for a Class 2licence is 18 years. This class of licence permits anoperator to drive: Any motor vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

that the holder of a Class 3, 4 and 5 operatorslicence may operate;

Any bus; Class 1 and 6-type vehicles, for learning only.

For a Class 2 road test you need a bus with a seatingcapacity exceeding 24 excluding the operator. An airbrake endorsement is required in order to operate airbrake equipped vehicles.

Class 1 Licence

The minimum learning or licensing age is 18 years.This class of licence permits an operator to drive: Any motor vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

other than a motorcycle. Class 6-type vehicles, for learning only.

For a Class 1 road test you need a tractor-trailercombination with three or more axles which isequipped with air brakes. Proof of your air brakequalification is required before a road test will begiven. This also includes drivers of farm vehiclesregistered as tractor-trailers.

8LEARNING REQUIREMENTS ALL CLASSES

Desired Class Minimum Minimum Accompanied Minimum Instructor MinimumLicence Needed For Licence Learning By Age For Requires Age To Take

Class Learning Age Age Instructor Instructor Class Road Test

1 2, 3, 4 or 5 18 18 Yes 18 1 18

2 3, 4 or 5 18 18 Yes 18 1 or 2 18

3 4 or 5 18 18 Yes 18 1, 2 or 3 18

4 5 18 18 Yes 18 1, 2, 3 or 4 18

5 6 or 7 16 14 Yes 18 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 16

6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 16 16 Yes 18 6 16

7 14 14 Yes 18 Class being taught

Learning without an operators licence is not permitted. While learning in Classes 2 or 4, you are not permitted to carry passengers other than an instructor.

DEFINITIONS

Air brake

An air brake-vehicle is a vehicle with a brake systemin which air pressure is created by an engine-drivencompressor and transmitted by a series of hoses,reservoirs and control valves to the vehiclesfoundation brakes.

NOTE: No person shall drive a vehicle equipped with airbrakes unless they hold either a Class 1operators licence or an operators licenceendorsed for air brake operation.

Ambulance

An emergency vehicle equipped with rescue or first-aid equipment and designed for the transportation ofinjured persons.

9Bus

A motor vehicle constructed or adapted with a seatingcapacity of more than 15 or a motor vehicleregistered as a school or kindergarten bus.

For Hire

A vehicle of which the owner or operator, or theoperators employer, is paid for the transportation ofgoods or people or for the use of the vehicle.

Recreational Vehicle

A motor vehicle with temporary livingaccommodations designed or used for travel, vacationor camping.

Registry Agent

Vehicle registrations, operator licencing and drivertesting are handled through private sector companiesknown as registry agents and licenced driverexaminers. Please refer to your local telephone yellowpages under Licence and Registry Services.

DRIVERS APPLICATIONWhen applying for an Alberta drivers licence youmust have proof of identification. Any one of thefollowing forms of photo identification would besufficient: Current operators licence; A passport; A Government Police Authority identification card; An Armed Forces Identification card; An Indian status identification card.

If you do not have photo identification, you maypresent two of the following: A birth or baptismal certificate; A social insurance card; A marriage certificate; A citizenship certificate; A credit card; A life insurance policy; A school identification; Alberta Health Care or Blue Cross Insurance card; Automobile insurance card; Drivers licence with no photo; At least one form of identification bearing your

signature.

Proof of age may be required.

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An operators licence may only be issued to residentsof Alberta. A resident is a person lawfully entitled tobe in Alberta, who makes their home in Alberta and isordinarily present in Alberta. Applicants originatingfrom outside Canada or the United States mustproduce suitable immigration documents to beconsidered as residents. Persons on student oremployment visas can apply as residents only for thetime period specified on their visas.

NEW ALBERTA RESIDENTSPeople who have recently moved into Alberta mayuse a valid operators licence from outside of Albertafor the first three months of their residency. Youmust, however, apply for your Alberta operatorslicence and surrender your old licence within thatthree-month time period. It is illegal to hold twovalid operators licences.

A Canadian operators licence from outside Alberta isaccepted at the same class without testing. Applicantsfor Class 1, 2 or 4 licences must provide a medicalreport and undergo a vision-screening test. UnitedStates licence holders, other than those in Classes 5and 6, must complete all required examinations.

Tourists are permitted to use a valid licence for aperiod of three months (including tourists from any

country). Non-Canadians holding an InternationalDriver Licence issued outside of Canada, may usetheir licence in Alberta for 12 months or until thelicences expiry date, whichever occurs first.

New residents needing a licence should check withany registry agent or licenced driver examiner.

RESTRICTIONSRestrictions may be placed on an operators licencefor many reasons, such as wearing adequate visioncorrection, restricted driving area or daylight drivingonly. Restrictions are listed as condition codes and areexplained on the operators licence. For informationregarding restrictions, or removal of a restriction,contact any registry agent or licenced driverexaminer.

MEDICAL REQUIREMENTSMedical reports are required in Classes 1, 2 and 4: On initial application and on renewal; Every five years to age 45; Every two years from age 45 to age 65; Every year from age 65.

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Medical reports are required in Classes 3, 5, 6 and 7on initial application and on renewal when a personreaches age 75. Persons 75 to 77 years of age arenormally issued licences which will expire on their80th birthday. Persons 78 years of age or over arelicenced for periods of two years.

The law requires that you report any medicalcondition, change in health, or physical disabilitythat may affect your driving. Such report must bemade to Alberta Registries through a Registry Agentwho will in turn inform Driver Records (MedicalReview Board). This is your responsibility and legalobligation, not that of your doctor.

NOTE: In any licence classification, medical reports maybe required, upon the request of AlbertaTransportation, in order to determine the physicalcondition of the licence holder.

VISION SCREENINGYou will require an eye test before you get yourAlberta operators licence. If you wear corrective eyeglasses or contact lenses, bring them with you for thetest. If you require adequate lenses to drive, you mustwear them when being tested. If you do not meet theminimum vision standards, you will be referred to avision specialist.

KNOWLEDGE TESTYou will be given a test of your knowledge of safe-driving practices and the law. The questions used inthe test are taken from this handbook and from thesupplementary handbooks if applicable. Please readthis handbook carefully.

You must purchase a knowledge test permit from aregistry agent before a knowledge test will be given.

RECLASSIFYING YOUR LICENCEBefore taking your road test, there are severalprerequisites that need to be met. When upgradingyour licence to a higher class, other than the class 7 toa 5, you must present proof that you have completedthe knowledge exam for that particular class oflicence. You must also present proof of a visionscreening that was conducted by a Registry Agent staffand in the cases of a Class 1, 2 and/or 4 licences, amedical report completed by a physician (see MedicalRequirements). If you are not able to meet theserequirements, please discuss the situation with yourlocal licenced driver examiner. No road test will beconducted in an air brake equipped vehicle unless youhave proof that you have completed the Albertaairbrake course or have the appropriate endorsementon your licence. You must pay a reclassification feewhen your application is processed.

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ROAD TESTOnce you feel that you have practiced enough andare ready for your road test, you must: Purchase a test permit from any registry agent or

licenced driver examiner. This permit must bepresented to the driver examiner before the test isgiven.

Make an appointment for your test. Provide a vehicle that can be driven under the

licence for which you are being tested.

The examiner will check your vehicle before the test.A driving test may be refused if the examiner findsyour vehicle to be mechanically unsafe. A vehicledisplaying dangerous goods placards cannot be usedfor a road test.

You are expected to drive in a safe and reasonablemanner. No passengers (other than the examiner) orpets are allowed in your vehicle during your road test.One exception will occur when the examiner is beingmonitored or trained. The examiner will not ask youto do anything illegal or try to play any tricks on you.You will be asked only to do things that are requiredin everyday driving in Alberta.

For a road test your vehicle must have:- a valid licence plate and insurance;- working brake, signal and headlights;

- a working horn;- an accurate speedometer;- functional brakes and working park brake;- an unobstructed windshield;- safe tires;- functional driver and passenger doors;- a proper seat and working seat belts for you and

the examiner;- steering with no excessive play;- no leaks in the exhaust system;- adequate mirrors;- enough fuel to accommodate a test of up to 60

minutes.

The basic road test measures your ability to:- identify and demonstrate some of the controls in

the vehicle;- operate a vehicle with reasonable skill and

control;- use of proper signals;- correct left and right turns;- select correct traffic lanes;- drive in reverse;- allow right-of-way to pedestrians and other

motorists;- control and maintain your speed;

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- parallel park and park on hills;- obey traffic control devices;- demonstrate good driving practices;- observe the rules of the road.

You may fail the road test if you:- lack skill and control;- have difficulty obeying traffic laws;- make too many errors requiring correction; or- commit a traffic violation or do something

unsafe.

Upon completion of a road test the examiner willadvise you of your errors and tell you how to correctthem. If you fail the test you will be told when youmay return for another test and what you need topractice to improve your driving skill.

Remember the use of seat belts is required by law andthis includes while being tested.

PARENTAL CONSENT REQUIREMENTIf you are under the age of 18, your licenceapplication must be signed by your parent orguardian.

The form on this page may be used if required.

Remember, a parent or guardian has the right towithdraw their consent in writing at any time. If they

PARENT/GUARDIAN CONSENT

As the parent or guardian of

____________________________________

who was born

_________________________ , 19 ______ ,

I hereby give my consent for the

applicant to obtain an operators

licence.

Date ________________________________

Signature ___________________________

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do, the operators licence will be suspended.

The signature of your parent or guardian is notrequired if you are married or self-supporting but youmust present proof.

CHANGES, LOST LICENCES, RENEWALSIf your licence is damaged or lost, you may apply fora replacement at any registry agent.

It is your responsibility to renew your licence beforeit expires. A renewal application is mailed to yourregistered address before the expiry date. If you donot receive your application, contact a registry agent.

To change your name/address on your operatorslicence visit a registry agent. Remember, you arerequired by law to notify Alberta Registries of a nameand/or address change. You may be required toproperly identify yourself before any change,replacement or renewal can be performed.

Driving without the proper class of operators licenceis illegal. It is an offence for vehicle owners to permitoperation of their vehicle by an unlicensed driver.

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SIGN SHAPES

Red octagon: Stop

Red triangle with whiteborder: Yield

White rectangle:regulatory message

White square with redcircle: prohibitive message

White square with greencircle: permissive message

Fluorescent yellow-green orblue pentagon: school zone

Black square: lane usedesignation

Black rectangle: one-way

Green rectangle: direction

Yellow diamond: warning

Orange diamond:construction warning

Brown square: roadsidefacilities

CHAPTER 2 Traffic Controls

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80 50REGULATORY SIGNSRegulatory signs guide you through trafficmovements. They indicate what must be done orwhat cannot be done.

These signs include turning, restricted lane use, speedlimits, pedestrian and parking signs. A red circle witha red slash on any of these signs means no.

Stop sign come to completestop and do not proceed until

safe to do so

No stopping

Yield sign yield rightof way to traffic not

facing the sign and toall pedestrians within

the intersection orcrosswalk

These signs mark the locationof crosswalks. Stop for

pedestriansNever Pass A Car Stopped

At A Crosswalk

Do not pass aschool bus whenthe red lights are

flashing

Maximum speed80 km/h

Slower speedlimit ahead

Proceed in directionof arrow only

No left turn

Straight through or leftturn only

Straight throughonly

Straight throughor right turn only No U-turns allowed

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2h9:0018:00

9:0016:00

Divider ahead keep right

Must turn leftfrom either lane

Do not enterroadway

Park on the daysshown, and within

the time limit

No parking on thedays shown, at the

times shown

Stopping is notallowed on the

days shown, at thetimes shown

Motorized snowvehicles allowed

No motorized snowvehicles allowed

No passing zonePassing zone

Truck route No trucks allowed

Dangerous goodsroute

No dangerousgoods allowed

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TRAFFIC SIGNSWarning Signs tell you what to expect ahead.

Sharp rightturn ahead

Right curveahead

Reversecurve ahead

Windingroad ahead

Bump orrough road

ahead

Dividedhighway

ahead

Dividedhighway ends

Pavementnarrows

Narrowstructure ahead

T intersection

T intersection

Y intersection

Hiddenintersection

ahead

Acute angleintersection

Merge ahead

Underpassahead

clearance 3.8 m

Pavement ends

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63528

Stopahead

Trafficsignals ahead

Possibilityof fallingrocks orlandslides

Roadslipperywhen wet

Steep hillahead

Railwaycrossing ahead

Playgroundor playground

crossing ahead

Pedestriancrossing ahead

INFORMATION AND GUIDE SIGNSThese signs provide a driver with information aboutroutes, cities, points of interest and roadside services.

Alberta Route Marker Signs

Primary Highway Secondary Highway

Hospital Airport

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OFF ROAD FACILITIESThese signs indicate facilities in the next community.

Picnic Tables Lodging Gas

PEDESTRIAN-SCHOOL SIGNThis sign warns that you are approaching a schoolzone. Slow down, drive with extra caution and watchfor children. This sign may have a Maximum Speedor km/h During School Days tab underneath.Starting in September 2000, the new fluorescentyellow-green coloured school zone signs will bereplacing the previously used blue signs. Thisconversion will take place over a period of time,therefore, you may encouter signs using either colour.Both colours carry the same meaning.

SLOW MOVING VEHICLEThis sign is placed on the rear of slow moving vehiclessuch as farm tractors, machinery or constructionequipment. These vehicles when they are driven on ahighway, are not capable of maintaining a speed over40 km/h. When you see this sign, reduce your speed.

ROAD CONSTRUCTION SIGNSThese signs warn you of persons and equipment onthe road. Slow down for your protection and theirs.Obey the flagpersons signal.

When you see these signs you can expect to bedelayed due to construction repair operations.

Speed limits in construction zones must be obeyed atall times, even when people and equipment are notworking. Construction hazards such as bumps, freshoil and loose gravel may be present.

New Version Version to be replaced

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TRAFFIC CONTROL LIGHTS

Red

Yellow

Green

Arrow

Stop. A right turn is permittedafter a full stop, unless otherwiseposted. A left turn onto a oneway street from a one way streetis permitted after coming to acomplete stop (unless otherwiseposted).

Slow down and stop. A yellowlight is a means of safely clearingthe intersection.

Proceed when safe to do so.Remember pedestrians crossingon the green have the right-of-way.

Proceed only in the direction ofthe arrow.

FlashingRed

FlashingYellow

FlashingGreen

FlashingArrow

Stop. Proceed onlywhen it is safe to do so.

Slow down. Proceedwith caution.

You may proceed.Opposing traffic isfacing red signal.

Traffic moving in thedirection of arrow mayproceed if the way isclear.

When approaching an intersection with a greenarrow and a red light, you may turn only in thedirection of the green arrow without stopping. Yieldthe right-of-way to all pedestrians and vehicles in theintersection.

Flashing yellow lights indicate the need for caution.Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary.Where flashing yellow lights are used together with asign which indicates a pedestrian hazard, such asschool or playground areas or pedestrian crosswalks,reduce your speed to 30 kilometres per hour, beprepared to stop and yield right of way to anypedestrian. Keep your speed reduced until you areclear of the area.

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MAXIMUM

TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNAL ADVANCEWARNINGThis sign is erected in advance of some signalizedintersections. When the lights on the sign areflashing, drivers approaching the intersection shouldbe prepared to stop as the traffic control light is red orabout to turn red.

OVERDIMENSIONAL LOAD SIGNSThese signs indicate a wide load is being transported.Use caution when passing vehicles displaying thesesigns.

SPEED LIMITS AND SIGNSSpeed limits do not indicate the speed you shouldtravel; they are the maximum speeds permitted ifconditions are favourable. Any speed which isunsafe under the prevailing conditions is illegal.

Speed limit signs are in kilometres per hour.

This sign indicatesa slower speed

limit ahead

Unless otherwiseposted, the speed limit

in urban areas(cities, towns, villages)

is 50 km/h

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SPEED LIMITS FOR VEHICLES UNLESS OTHERWISE POSTED

Primary Highway

Non Primary HighwayIncludes where not posted

School Zones(School Days Only)

From: 8:00 am - 9:30 am11:30 am - 1:30 pm3:00 pm - 4:30 pm

These restricted hours may changeaccording to urban bylaws.

Playground Zones(Every Day)

From: 8:30 am to One Hour afterSunset

This sign is used in conjunction with other warningsigns, most commonly the curve warning sign. Itspurpose is to indicate the recommended maximumdriving speed, for the site under ideal drivingconditions.

100 km/h

80 km/h

Urban30 km/h

Non-Urban40 km/h

Urban30 km/h

Non-Urban40 km/h

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CHAPTER 3 Basic Driving Skills

When parked on the left side of the road (on one-wayhighways), use your right turn signal when startingout. Be careful as it may be difficult to see theroadway from the drivers seat.

MANUAL (STANDARD) TRANSMISSIONSShifting gears in a vehicle equipped with a manualtransmission is a skill which requires considerablepractice. The driver operates a clutch pedal with theleft foot while manually selecting the desired gearrange by moving a gear shift lever with the righthand.

The clutch is used to make, or break, the connectionbetween the vehicles engine and its transmission.When the pedal is up, the connection is engaged andthe power of the engine can then be transmitted tothe drive wheels of the vehicle.

When the clutch pedal is pressed down, theconnection is disengaged which prevents the transferof engine power. It is while the connection isdisengaged that the driver will change gears.

STARTINGTake a quick walk around your vehicle to make sureyour intended path of travel is clear of: Children; Pedestrians; Oncoming traffic; Other obstructions.

Each time you enter a vehicle: Check your seat adjustment; Check your rear view mirror adjustments; Fasten your seat belt.

When you are ready to proceed: Check again to be sure that your path of travel is

clear; Use your rear view mirrors but do not rely upon

them. Take a quick look over your shoulder(shoulder check) to check blind spots you cant seein the mirrors.

When parked on the right side of the road, use botharm and mechanical signal for a left turn when youare moving out.

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As the driver begins to let up on the clutch pedal there-establishment of the connection will be felt beforethe pedal is fully released. The point where this firstoccurs is called the friction point.

It is at this friction point that the driver mustcoordinate the further release of the clutch pedal withthe use of the gas pedal to achieve a smooth shift andprevent engine stalling.

When starting the engine of a vehicle equipped witha manual transmission, your selector lever should bein the neutral position and your clutch pedal shouldbe fully depressed.

When driving manual-transmission vehicles, it isimportant to select the proper gear so your engineneither lugs (moves the vehicle in rough, bumpyfashion) nor races (revs the engine but does not movethe car effectively). If the engine begins lugging, youmust shift to a lower gear. If it starts to race, a highergear range must be selected. Your owners manual willprovide you with the approximate speeds at whichyou should shift.

Shifting patterns vary as do the number of availablegears. Your owners manual will describe the shiftingpattern for your vehicle. A pattern is usually foundengraved into the knob of your gear shift lever.

Having the ignition switch in the off position, youcan practice moving the gear shift lever into its

various positions until you are sure of the locationsand can find each gear without looking.

Once you have the vehicle in motion and havecompleted shifting gears, be sure to remove your footfrom the clutch pedal. Leaving your foot on theclutch pedal unnecessarily is called riding theclutch and can cause excessive clutch wear.

When you are required to brake or come to a stop,you should avoid depressing the clutch too soon toavoid coasting to your stop.

When turning corners, be sure your clutch is engagedand that your vehicle is in the proper gear for thespeed at which you are turning.

STEERINGThink of the steering wheel as a clock. Put your lefthand at the 9 oclock and your right hand at the 3oclock position. This will give you the best control.

When turning a corner, use a hand-over-handmethod of steering. When straightening out thevehicle let the steering wheel slide slowly backthrough your hands or use the hand-over-handmethod to recover your steering. Do not allow thesteering wheel to spin back to its natural position.

Never shut off your ignition switch while yourvehicle is moving. Most vehicles are now equipped

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with a locking device on your steering wheel. If youturn off the ignition switch, the steering wheel willlock and control of the vehicle will be lost.

ACCELERATINGWhen you are in the process of moving your vehiclethe ability to control your speed depends upon goodaccelerator technique. Gradually depressing theaccelerator and holding it at the proper position forthe selected speed may take some practice. You mustdevelop a sensitivity to the accelerator pedal and keepthe following in mind: A driver should accelerate smoothly to the posted

speed limit and adjust their speed according to theweather, road and traffic conditions. Do not speedup and slow down unnecessarily;

Do not accelerate quickly so that your tires spin; Driving too slow may constitute a hazard.

STOPPINGFew drivers are fully aware of the total stoppingdistance or time it takes to bring a vehicle to a fullstop. Consequently, they make errors in theirdecisions which, in turn, may result in a collision.There are three factors which determine how long ittakes for a vehicle to stop. They are: Perception time; Reaction time; Braking time.

A. Hands in position to start rightturn.

B. Left hand applies turning power.

C. Right hand takes new positionand applies turning power.

D. Turn completed, return hands todriving position.

27

Perception time is the time it takes for a driver to seea situation and understand that there is a reason tostop the vehicle. The average perception time isapproximately 3/4 of a second. Perception time andthe distance travelled in this time will vary fromdriver to driver. Less experienced drivers are oftenslower to realize a danger exists. Also, the distancewill vary greatly depending upon the drivers visualsearch, level of attention, decision-making capability,degree of fatigue, use of alcohol or other drugs andmany other vehicle and/or environmental variables.Reaction time is the time it takes the driver tophysically react to a need to stop by releasing the gaspedal and by moving the right foot to the brakepedal. The average reaction time is 3/4 of a second.The reaction distance is how far a vehicle travelsduring the reaction time.

Braking time is how long it takes a vehicle to stopfrom the time the brake is pressed until the vehicleactually stops. How far a vehicle travels during thistime is called the braking distance.

The total stopping distance is the sum of theperception distance, the reaction distance and thebraking distance.

Many factors such as the condition of the roadway,your vehicle, the vehicles speed and your vehiclesperformance ability, work in combination to

determine stopping time and distance. As a driver,you must attempt to adjust to or modify these factorsto avoid a collision. Do not drive when you are tiredor have been taking drugs or alcohol.

The chart below illustrates the minimum stoppingdistance for various speeds. The stopping distancesare averages for stopping on smooth, dry pavement.

Stopping Distances Under Normal Road Conditions

Distance travelled while perceiving the need to stop(based on average perception time of 3/4 second)

Distance travelled while reacting(based on average reaction time of 3/4 second)

Distance travelled after brakes applied(under normal road conditions and brake efficiency)

110 km/h

100 km/h

80 km/h

50 km/h

30 km/h

126 m

108 m

76 m

37 m

18 m6

10

17 m

21 m 21 m

23 m 23 m

17 m

10

6

66 m

80 m

42 m

17 m

6

28

Other tips for stopping. When coming to a stop, do not leave your braking

too late. Ease off the accelerator in advance of your stop to

reduce your speed. To brake smoothly, ease up on the brake pedal

slightly and then reapply pressure on the pedal tocome to a complete and final smooth stop.

BACKING UPIf you have to back up, look behind you to make surethe way is clear of traffic, pedestrians and obstacles. Ifyou are intending to back out of a driveway, it is wiseto physically check behind the vehicle to ensure theway is clear before getting into the vehicle.

To back up in a straight line: Place your left hand at the top of the steering

wheel; Look over your right shoulder through the rear

window and back up slowly; Dont look ahead except for quick glances to make

sure the front of the vehicle does not hit anything; Turn the steering wheel in the same direction that

you want your vehicle to go.

When backing to the left or right use both hands onthe steering wheel. To back to the left, look over your left shoulder

with occasional glances to the front. To back to the right, look over your right shoulder

with occasional glances to front.

Other hints for backing up If you have to back out of a driveway, back your

vehicle into the nearest traffic lane and then goforward. Do not back into a second traffic lane.Note: It is usually safer to back into the driveway sothat you can drive forward when you leave.

In an urban area (city, town or village) you are notpermitted to back a vehicle into an intersection or acrosswalk.

When backing up your vehicle it is good practice tolimit the speed to that of normal walking speed.

29

PARKINGParking a vehicle requires good control of the vehicle,accurate judgement and a good understanding ofsteering. The next three sections will deal withdifferent types of parking situations. You shouldalways park your vehicle where it is safe and legal. Donot park: On a sidewalk or boulevard; On any part of a crosswalk; Within an intersection (except next to the curb in a

T intersection): Within 1.5 metres of an access to a garage, private

road or driveway; Along, or opposite, street excavation or an

obstruction; On any bridge, underpass or their approaches; On a roadway

- unless there is a clear passage for other motorvehicles,

- unless your vehicle may be seen for 60 metresalong the roadway in both directions;

Within five metres of:- any stop or yield sign,- any fire hydrant,- a marked crosswalk,- a no-parking sign;

Beside other vehicles where you may be doubleparked;

At an intersection nearer than 5 metres to theprojection of the corner property line immediatelyahead or immediately to the rear, except when thevehicle is parked in a space where a parking meteror other traffic control device indicates parking ispermitted.

No vehicle shall remain at a standstill for more thanone minute within 10 metres of an intersection on ahighway outside of a city or town.

PARALLEL PARKINGThis type of parking will seem difficult at first andwill require practice. You will need to learn how tojudge if a parking space is large enough for yourvehicle. To park in a space between two vehicles atthe right-hand curb, follow the steps illustrated.1. When you are approaching your intended parallel parking

space, check well in advance for traffic that is following you.Apply your brakes well in advance and start to slow down.Your brake lights will alert other drivers of your intent tostop and park parallel to the curb. Stop when the rearbumper of your car is opposite the rear bumper of car B andparallel to the curb. Leave about one metre of spacebetween the cars.

30

A

B C

B C

B C

B C

B CA

A

A

A

2. Back very slowly, steering sharply to the right until the car isapproximately at a 45-degree angle to the curb. Yoursteering wheel should now be opposite the rear bumper ofcar B.

3. Straighten your front wheels. Continue backing until theright end of your front bumper is opposite the left end ofthe rear bumper of car B. Be careful not to make contact.

4. Turn the wheel rapidly to the left as far as it will go. Do notmake contact with the bumper of the car behind.

5. Move forward very slowly while straightening the wheels.Stop when your car is about an equal distance from cars Band C. Set the park brake. The law requires that the wheelsof a parked car not be more than 50 centimetres from thecurb.

Before you open the car door when leaving, be sure tocheck for approaching traffic and cyclists from therear.

When you are leaving a parallel parking position: Back up as close as possible to the vehicle parked

behind you without making contact; Check all mirrors to see that the road behind is

clear; Turn on the left turning signal; Before moving forward, look over your left

shoulder for traffic not visible in the mirrors; Move forward slowly, steering left rapidly. When

the back of your front seat is in line with the rearbumper of the parked vehicle, start turning your

1

2

3

4

5

31

steering wheel right to straighten out. As yourvehicles back bumper approaches the rear bumperof the parked vehicle, steer sharply right into yourtravel lane;

Be alert for approaching traffic from the rear.

ANGLE PARKINGAngle parking is most often used in parking lots. Thespaces may be anywhere from a 30 to a 90 degreeangle from the traffic lane.

The following steps should be used to enter an angleparking space on the right: Put on your right turn signal and slow down. Driving parallel to the curb, remain at least 1.5

metres away from the rear of the vehicles alreadyparked. If you are going to be parking at rightangles to the curb, you must allow about twometres, in order to make the sharp turn required.

When you can see down the left hand side of thevehicle parked on the right of the vacant parkingspace, steer sharply to the right into the centre ofthe vacant space at a slow rate of speed.

Approximately at the centre point of the parkingspace, straighten your wheels and continue toslowly move forward. Be careful to observe the leftfront fender and the right rear fender, making sure

that they are not too close to the parked vehicle.Keep moving slowly forward until the front wheelsmake light contact with the curb or are within 50cm from the curb.

When leaving an angle parking space: Follow all normal back up precautions and

procedures. This is a simple manoeuvre but onethat is hazardous because it is difficult to seeoncoming vehicles as you back out of the space.You do not have the right-of-way as you back out.

Back up slowly and be prepared to stop if necessary.If the vehicle beside you is longer than yours, stopwhen the rear of your vehicle is level with the rearof the longer vehicle. Continue backing straightuntil you can see past the parked vehicle to yourright. Glance to the left for approaching trafficfrom that direction. Make sure that the left frontend of your vehicle will clear before turning to theright.

When the front fender will clear the rear of thevehicle on your left, turn the steering wheel sharplyand quickly to the right and back into the lanenext to the parked vehicle.

Entering a 90 degree angle parking stall on the left iseasier because you have more room to achieve theproper angle. Be sure to check the left lane foroncoming traffic before you turn across it.

32

HILL PARKINGTo prevent a parked vehicle from rolling down a hillalways set your park brake and always place yourtransmission in low gear (manual transmission) orpark (automatic transmission). In addition:1. If you park facing uphill on a street with a curb,

turn the front wheels toward the left and allowyour tires to roll back against the curb.

2. If you park facing uphill on a street without acurb, turn your front wheels to the right.

3. If you park facing downhill, always turn your frontwheels to the right.

NOTE: Allow your vehicle to roll to the point where yourfront wheels are making contact with the curbbefore setting the park brake and parking gear.This helps to prevent the vehicle from jumpingthe curb in the event the vehicle starts to move.

1 2 3

33

courtesy corners. Vehicles approaching from alldirections are required to come to a full stop at suchintersections. Courtesy and care must be exercised byall drivers at these intersections. Normal courtesy is toallow the vehicle which arrived first to proceed first.If two vehicles arrive at the same time, courtesy againallows the vehicle on the right to proceed first.

STOP SIGNSStop signs mean you must come to a complete stopbefore entering a marked crosswalk or crossing a stopline. Before proceeding, you must check and yield theright-of-way to approaching traffic and pedestrians.

Intersections where stop signs are located at all fourcorners (four-way stops) are often referred to as

CHAPTER 4 Turns and Intersections

1. Stop at the stop linebefore a markedcrosswalk.

2. Where there is no stopline, stop before themarked crosswalk.

3. If there is no stop line ormarked crosswalk at theintersection, you muststop within three metresof the intersectingroadway.

34

REMEMBER: You must still yield the right-of-way topedestrians who have stepped off the curb in anunmarked crosswalk. A crosswalk, even if it isunmarked, is understood to connect the sidewalkson opposite sides of the highway measured fromthe curbs. The crosswalk area is an extension ofthe sidewalk.

Unless otherwise marked, you must: Stop before entering a primary highway or street

from a road, alley, driveway or parking lot; Stop before entering from an alley or driveway and

also stop before any sidewalk crossing and yield toany pedestrian.

NOTE: Some intersections have been assigned a stopline. Where a stop line has been marked, bringyour vehicle to a complete stop before crossingthat line.

RIGHT-OF-WAYWhen the paths of highway users cross there is aconflict. Who should proceed and who should wait?Right-of-way rules require one person to yield and theother to proceed. Having the right-of-way, however,does not relieve you of the responsibility to doeverything you can to prevent a collision.

Directions given by a police officer overrule trafficcontrol devices.

POOR JUDGEMENT

A B

A. A yield sign means slowdown as you near anintersection, check forpedestrians and traffic. Ifthere is traffic or pedestrians,stop and yield right-of-way.

B. When approaching a stopsign, come to a stop. Beforeproceeding, give right-of-way to pedestrians andtraffic.

C. If traffic is delayed at anintersection, wait at point Aor B for traffic to move onbefore entering theintersection.

35

TRAFFIC CIRCLEIn a traffic circle, the vehicle on the right must yieldto the vehicle on the left. The driver on the left mustsignal and use caution when leaving the circle andcrossing through the outside lane.

In this diagram: B and C must yield to A. E must yield to D while F and D proceed together. H must yield to G.

Traffic in the lanes indicated in red, must yield totraffic in the lanes indicated in yellow. Trafficentering the circle must yield to traffic already in thecircle. When you are leaving the traffic circle use yourright turning signal to warn other drivers of yourintention.

It is recommended that for safety, entry into the righthand lane of a traffic circle be used mainly whenintending to exit at the first available exit point. Ifyou are intending to proceed beyond the second exit,it is recommended that you use the left hand lane.

Traffic indicated by white arrows to yield to traffic indicated byblack arrows.

36

A

A

A

B

B

B

UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTIONSCheck for traffic approaching from your left and rightwhen you are approaching an intersection withoutlights or signs. Slow down and be prepared to stop.Yield the right-of-way to the vehicle on your right.This rule also applies to an intersection commonlyreferred to as a T intersection.

Use extreme caution and sound judgement at alluncontrolled intersections even if you do have theright-of-way. Insisting on taking your right-of-waywhen the other driver refuses to yield can cause acollision that is just as serious as one caused by yourbeing in the wrong.

Remember: A driver turning left across the path of an

approaching vehicle cannot make the left turnuntil it is safe to do so.

You should not pass another vehicle within acontrolled or uncontrolled intersection.

Parking lots have uncontrolled intersections unlessthat intersection is regulated by a traffic sign.

A yields to B

A yields to B

A yields to B

37

TURNING TO THE LEFT/RIGHTMany collisions are caused by drivers who fail tomake turns properly. Here are some hints for safeturning. Signal then check for traffic and when clear,

shoulder check before moving into the proper lane. Signal at least 30 metres before turning in urban

areas and at least 100 metres in rural areas. Check traffic and conditions to your left and right

then left again before making your turn. Watch forboth vehicle and pedestrian traffic.

Make turns at a slow speed and keep your vehicleunder control.

If you must stop in the intersection prior tocompleting a left turn, stay to the right of thecentre line and keep your front wheels pointedstraight ahead. This will prevent you from beingpushed into oncoming traffic if you are hit fromthe rear. Remain behind the crosswalk if there isonly room for one vehicle ahead of you in theintersection.

For safety sake, particularly when turning left off atwo-lane highway, make a quick shoulder check toensure you are not about to be passed by anovertaking vehicle.

Do not cut corners so as to drive over the curb on aright turn.

When turning left make sure you have enoughroom to move safely into your new driving lanewithout having to cut the corner.

Do not turn wide on left or right turns so as tooccupy two lanes of traffic.

Left Turns

Left turns are one of the leading causes of crashes.Left turns are more complicated than right turnsbecause you usually have to cross traffic coming fromat least two directions.

38

A. Turning left from a two-way street into a two-way street, turn fromthe lane nearest thecentre line into the lanenearest the centre line.

B. Turning from a two-waystreet into a one-waystreet, turn into the lanenearest the curb on theleft-hand side.

C. Turning from a one-waystreet into a two-waystreet, start your turnfrom the left lanenearest the left-handside.

D. Turning from a one-waystreet into a one-waystreet, turn from thelane nearest the left-hand side of the streetinto the lane closest tothe left-hand side. Youmay make this turn on ared light after you havecome to a completestop if it is safe to do so.

39

Right Turns

When turning right from one two-way highway ontoanother two-way highway you should drive as closeas practical to the right curb or edge of the roadwaywhile approaching the intersection and turning, and,on leaving the intersection, drive as close as practicalto the right curb or edge of the roadway that youentered.

Remember, highway lanes are not always marked. Atravel lane means, inside an urban area, a lengthwaysstrip of roadway wide enough to allow the passage ofa single line of vehicles. Outside an urban area atravel lane is a lengthways strip of roadway wideenough to allow the passage of a single line ofvehicles but does not include a parking lane.

A. Making a right turn.

B. Change lanes well in advance if possible. You should be inyour proper turning lane at least 15 metres from theintersection.

40

Unless prohibited by a sign, you can make a rightturn on a red light after you come to a full stop. Besure you yield the right-of-way to pedestrians andtraffic on the cross street. Before you begin to turn,check over your right shoulder for cyclists who mayhave moved up on the right side of your vehicle.Move into the first available traffic lane on the right.Do not use the curb lane if vehicles are parked in theright-hand lane, within 1/2 a block ahead for thislane is considered unavailable.

DUAL LANE TURN

When making a right or left turn where dual laneturns are indicated by pavement markings or signs,approach the intersection in one of the marked lanes,and turn into the corresponding lane.

Remember dual lane turns can only be made whereindicated.

SIGNALLINGSignals are required when: Moving from the curb or parking lane; Before turns; Lane changes; Stopping.

Signals may be given with an approved electricalsignalling device (including brake lights) or by hand.

Always signal your intentions well in advance. Signalsare a way of communicating with other drivers. Donot confuse other drivers by signalling too far inadvance, or too late, of your intended manoeuvre.Remember to turn off your signal light if it does notturn off automatically after a lane change or turn.

41

U-TURNSHere are some rules about U-turns: Do not make a U-turn unless you can do it safely

and without interfering with other traffic. Outside urban areas U-turns are not permitted on a

curve or near the crest of a hill where your vehiclecannot be seen by the driver of another vehicle.

U-turns are not permitted in urban areas in thefollowing situations:

- On a roadway between intersections.- Where a sign prohibits making a U-turn.- At an intersection controlled by a traffic-control

signal.- At an alley intersection.

Left Turn

Right Turn

Stop or Slow

This sign means no U-turnswhere posted

42

B

B

C

A

B

C

D

A

A

LANE POSITIONOn all highways that are wide enough you must driveon the right half of the road. If a highway has beendivided into lanes by clearly visible lines on the roadsurface, drivers should drive as closely as practical inthe centre of their lane. It is dangerous to drive in theparking lane on a highway even to allow passing.

On a primary highway the parking lane is the portionof the roadway to the right of the traffic lane. A solidwhite line, if it is not the centre line, is usually usedto separate the traffic lane from the parking lane.

BLIND SPOTSMake sure your mirrors are properly adjusted tominimize blind spots. Your mirrors can never showyou everything that is behind you. What you cantsee in your mirrors is said to be in your blind spot.

When changing from one lane to another you must: Make sure a change is permitted; Check for traffic by using your rear view mirrors;

CHAPTER 5 Lane Driving

1. With inside rear view mirror Car A can see B

2. With the outside rear view mirror Car A can see C Car A cant see B

3. With both mirrors Car A can see B Car A can see C Car A cant see D

43

B

A

A

A

B

A

B

B

Check the blind spot by taking a quick look overyour shoulder to see if that lane is clear;

Give the proper turn signal; Check over your shoulder one more time; If safe, complete the lane change.

Remember: Mirror checks do not replace shoulderchecks. Always shoulder check when changing lanes.

PAVEMENT MARKINGSPavement markings tell you when it is legal to pass.Learn how to read them.

Neither A nor B may pass the car ahead

Outside urban areas neither A nor B may pass the carahead

A may pass if road is clear but B may not pass the carahead

A or B may pass if road is clear ahead

44

Yellow Lines

Yellow lines are used to divide traffic travelling inopposite directions. They should always be on yourleft. It is illegal to pass when your lane is marked by adouble yellow line. In rural areas it is also illegal topass if your lane is marked with a single yellow line.You may pass when a broken yellow line is in yourlane but you must be sure that the lane into whichyou are moving is clear. If youre not sure then dontpass!

Solid Line Lane changingis not permitted

Broken Line Lane changingis permitted

Stop Line Youmust stopbefore this line

White Line MarkingsWhite line markings are used to separate traffictravelling in the same direction.

Broken Line Passing is permitted

Solid and BrokenLine Together Passing is notpermitted if the solidline is on your sideof the roadway

Double Solid Line Passing is prohibitedfor traffic goingeither way

Directional ArrowsDirectional arrows tell you in which direction youmay move.

Painted IslandsDo not travel over a painted island or use in passing.

45

PASSING LANESPassing lanes allow slower vehicles to move into theright hand lane, permitting faster vehicles to passsafely in the left lane.

In rural areas, signs will tell drivers that twokilometres ahead, they will be approaching a passinglane.

When approaching the end of the climbing orpassing lane, drivers in the right hand lane mustmerge safely with other traffic to the left moving inthe same direction. Signs are posted to warn drivers ofthe end of the passing lane.

Multi Lane Highways

On multi-lane highways slow-moving traffic shouldtravel in the traffic lane to the far right unless use ofthe left lane is required to make a left hand turn.

Two-Lane Highway Passing

On a two-lane road with one lane of traffic in eachdirection, passing another vehicle can be difficult anddangerous. Errors in judgement due to alcohol,fatigue, impatience or various other causes can resultin head-on collisions. Head-on collisions are usuallyfatal, therefore, passing should be performed withextreme caution.

RIGHT LANEENDS 250 M

KEEPRIGHT

EXCEPTTO PASS

KEEPRIGHT

EXCEPTTO PASS

PASSING LANE2 km AHEAD

46

When wanting to pass another vehicle: Maintain a safe following distance; Pass vehicles only when the way ahead is clear and

when passing is permitted; Check your rear view mirrors; Shoulder check for vehicles who may also want to

pass you; Signal; Check again that the road ahead is clear before

attempting to pass; You must not exceed the speed limit when passing

another vehicle; Once the vehicle you have passed is visible in your

inside rear view mirror, shoulder check to the right; Signal to the right; Return to your proper lane position; Cancel your signal.

When is it illegal to pass?

You are not allowed to pass when: Approaching vehicles are too close; A solid yellow line is on your side of the centre

line; A sign indicates a no-passing zone; In a school or playground zone while restricted

speed limits are in effect.

47

If you are being passed on a two-lane highway, helpthe person passing to do so in safety. Stay in yourtravel lane but move to the right portion of the laneso as to provide the other driver with a better view ofthe roadway.

On highways with four or more lanes, slow-movingvehicles should use the right hand lane for travel.This allows faster vehicles to pass with safety usingthe left hand lane.

LANE CONTROLWhen your lane has a Red X light, you must movesafely across to a Green Arrow lane as soon aspossible. Remain alert as these lights can change atany time.

Red XNever drive in a laneunder a Red X signal asthese lanes will be usedby oncoming traffic.

Green ArrowYou are permitted to drivein a lane under a GreenArrow or Green X signal.

48

MERGINGMerging requires that you time your approach andsmoothly blend in with the other traffic. This mayrequire adjusting your speed so that when you reachthe end of the acceleration lane, you have a gap inthe traffic which will permit you to enter the flow oftraffic safely. Your entry into that flow should be at ornear, the speed of the other traffic.

Do not slow down or come to a stop at the end of theacceleration lane. The acceleration lane is designedfor you to bring your vehicle up to the speed of the

highway traffic. The drivers behind you are expectingyou to continue. Slowing down or stopping maycause your vehicle to be rear ended.

Here are some tips for safe merging: Check the traffic flow that is on the highway. Choose your entry position. As your vehicle enters the acceleration lane, signal. Accelerate to the speed of the highway traffic. Keep checking the gap and any following vehicles. Pull into the gap. Cancel your signal.

TRAFFIC FLOW

ADJUST TO FREEWAYSPEED IN ACCELERATIONLANE

DO NOT ENTER FREEWAY HERE AT A SHARP ANGLE

SIGNAL AND MOVE CAREFULLYINTO FREEWAY LANE

BE PREPARED TO ADJUST SPEED WHEN APPROACHINGMERGING AREA

WRONG

49

Drivers already on the highway should, whenapproaching an acceleration lane, move over tothe left hand lane if it is safe to do so, leaving theright travel lane clear for the merging vehicles.

EXITINGWhen leaving the highway a deceleration lane isprovided to help you slow your vehicle down to thereduced speed limit. Heres how to use it: Select the proper lane well before your exit.

When leaving the highway, turn signals should begiven at least 100 metres in advance to warn thedrivers behind you.

Move to the deceleration lane. Slow down to the posted speed in the deceleration

lane.

If you miss your exit do not stop or back up on thehighway. Continue on to the next exit and makeplans to return back to your route.

CHECK POSTEDSAFE SPEED FOR RAMP

DO NOT SLOWDOWN HERE

DO NOT MAKE LAST MINUTE TURN-OFFWRONG

TRAFFIC FLOW

SLOW DOWN AFTER TURNINGINTO DECELERATION LANE

50

WEAVE ZONEOn some limited access highways there are pointswhere highway entrance points and exit points areclose together. These areas require a drivers fullattention because one group of vehicles is slowingdown to exit the expressway while, at the same time,another group is speeding up to enter the expressway.The area where the two groups cross is called a weavezone.

In weave zones control of your speed and the timingof your lateral movement to merge with the traffic

demands a skilful use of time and space. Use extremecaution in these zones to ensure a safe and propermanoeuvre for all involved vehicles.

At some expressway entrance points, you will findeither a short acceleration lane or no accelerationlane. Signs will be posted to inform you whether tomerge, yield or stop at these points. In all of thesesituations, you will be required to yield to throughtraffic until a safe gap can be identified before youenter.

51

CURVES AND HILLSCurves and hills require special attention whendriving. Here are some things to remember aboutcurves: Before entering a curve, slow down, stay in your

lane; Accelerate slightly after entering to maintain a safe

speed; Do not pass or cut corners on curves. You cannot

see what is ahead; Curves are dangerous at all times but particularly

when they are wet or slippery.

In a curve, your vehicle will want to go straight aheadwhile you want to turn. If you have a loss of tractionas you are entering a left hand curve, your vehiclewill drive off the road. When you are entering a lefthand curve steer towards, but not over, the centre ofthe road. That way, if you slide slightly, you will stillhave some margin for error.

If you have a loss of traction and you are entering aright hand curve, your vehicle will drive intooncoming traffic. When entering a right hand curve,steer towards the right side of the road.

Hills also require some special attention. Rememberto: Reduce speed as you approach the top of a hill; Do not pass near the top of a hill until you can see

what is ahead of you. As you go over the crest andstart down, your sight distance increases, but sodoes braking distance;

If the downgrade is very steep, shift to a lower gearbefore passing the crest of the hill;

Do not release the clutch and coast down a hill; Remember, on all highways when you are

approaching the crest of a hill, always stay to theright. This may save you from colliding with a carcoming the other way that has strayed over thecentre line.

52

PEDESTRIAN SAFETYRemember, when you step out of your vehicle, youare a pedestrian. Treat all pedestrians with the samecourtesy you expect when you are walking. Watch for pedestrians on or near the road. When a pedestrian intends to cross a street at a

crosswalk in an urban area, they may, beforeleaving the curb, indicate their intention to do soby raising their arm approximately at right anglesto their body and point to the opposite curb in thedirection they wish to walk.

When a pedestrian has indicated their intention tocross the street, a motorist shall stop their vehiclebefore entering the crosswalk and allow thepedestrian to cross.

When you see a yellow flashing pedestrianactivated traffic light, slow down to 30 km/h andyield to any pedestrians wishing to cross the street.

Never pass another vehicle when you areapproaching a crosswalk for there is always achance that the other vehicle is slowing down orstopping for a pedestrian.

Remember that not all crosswalks are marked butnearly all intersections have crosswalks.

Be especially considerate of visually impairedpedestrians who may have a white cane or guidedog.

At night, do not over-drive your headlights. Thismeans that if you are travelling at a speed whichdoes not permit you to see an object in time tostop, you are over-driving your headlights. Beespecially alert for pedestrians. They may bewearing dark clothing and be difficult to see from adistance.

In residential areas watch for children darting outfrom between parked vehicles, riding bikes orplaying on the street.

CHAPTER 6 Sharing the Road

53

In school zones, watch for school patrol personsand obey their instructions.

Always be prepared to stop if there are pedestriansin the area who may step out onto the roadway.

CYCLISTSBicycle use continues to increase as more people use abicycle for transportation, recreation, physical fitnessand energy conservation. Bicycle operators mustobey the rules of the road the same way as vehiclesand are also entitled to an equal share of the road.

Remember this when you are sharing the road withcyclists: Many children riding bikes on the street are very

young and lack the necessary training and skills forsafe cycling.

Be alert for small children on oversized bikes. Thiswill increase the likelihood of erratic moves.

When passing a cyclist go around them like youwould any other vehicle.

When you are preparing to make a right turn,watch for cyclists who may pull up alongside yourvehicle. Check your blind spots.

When making a right turn do not pull up beside acyclist and then turn directly in front of them andcut them off.

When pulling away from the curb always check forcyclists who may be trying to pass you.

When parked at the curb, always check for cyclistswhen you open your vehicle door. It is the driversresponsibility not to open the vehicle door intooncoming traffic.

Do not drive too close behind cyclists as they donot have brake lights to warn you when they arestopping.

Cyclists are entitled to make left turns in the samemanner as motorists. Since they are exposed on leftturns, they will need extra consideration especiallyon multi-lane roads.

Cyclists are entitled to ride at least one metre fromthe curb and may ride even further out when theyhave to steer away from drainage grates, pot holes,debris, loose gravel or sand, wet or slipperysurfaces, rutted or grooved pavement and evendogs. Be aware of the roadway conditions that mayaffect a cyclist.

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Do not blow your horn when you are overtaking acyclist. It may frighten them and cause them tosteer into your path. If you feel that you must useyour horn, tap it quickly and lightly while you arestill some distance away from the cyclist.

Cyclists using the highways should: Keep both hands on the handlebars except when

making a hand signal; Keep both feet on the pedals; Not carry more people at one time than the cycle

was designed for; Not hold onto, attach themselves or attach the

cycle to any other moving vehicle; Ride single file except when overtaking and passing

another cycle; When cycling at night, make sure their bike is

equipped with at least one headlamp (but not morethan two), one red tail lamp and at least one redreflector mounted on the rear of the cycle.

Be sure their bike has effective brakes. (The operatorshould be able to make the braked wheels skid ondry, level, clean pavement.)

SCHOOL BUS SAFETYThe greatest threat to the safety of students on aschool bus occurs when motorists are passing a buswhile it is being loaded or unloaded.

When approaching a school bus from either directionon an undivided highway watch for alternatingflashing amber lights. If they are on, you must beprepared to stop. Alternating flashing amber lightscould be a warning that the alternating flashing redlights are about to come on and the bus is stopping.

If you must pass the school bus displaying alternatingflashing amber lights, do so with extreme caution.

Once the bus comes to a stop, it will displayalternating flashing red lights and an extended stoparm on the left hand side. You must come to a stopbefore reaching the bus.

You may not proceed until the bus operator signalsyou to proceed or the alternating flashing red lights

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stop flashing. When stopping for a school bus that isloading or unloading students, stay far enough backfrom the bus to permit the alternating flashing redlights to be seen by others behind you.

Divided Highway

When approaching a school bus from the rear on ahighway that is divided by a median separating traffictravelling in opposite directions and it is displayingalternating flashing amber lights, be prepared to stop

as this could be a warning that the alternatingflashing red lights are about to come on and the busis stopping.

When the bus stops it will display alternating flashingred lights and an extended stop arm. You must cometo a stop before reaching the bus. You may notproceed until the bus operator signals you to proceedor the alternating flashing red lights stop flashing.

When stopping for a school bus that is loading orunloading students, stay far enough back from the

STOPapprox. 20 metres

SCHOOL BUS

STOPapprox. 20 metres

STOPapprox. 20 metres

SCHOOL BUS

STOPapprox. 20 metres

Two Lane Highway

Four Lane UndividedHighway

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bus to permit the alternating flashing red lights to beseen by others behind you.

When approaching a school bus from the front on ahighway that is divided by a median separating traffictravelling in opposite directions, and it is displayingits alternating flashing lights, you may proceed butuse caution and watch for pedestrians.

Remember! These requirements apply on all roadsboth urban and rural.

EMERGENCY VEHICLESWhen an emergency vehicle is approaching you fromany direction (ambulance, fire or police) and issounding a siren, you must yield the right-of-way by: Immediately moving clear of any intersection;

Driving as closely as possible to the right curb oredge of the roadway;

Stopping until the emergency vehicle(s) havepassed.

STOPapprox. 20 metres

SCHOOL BUS

MAY PROCEED WATCH FOR PEDESTRIANS

Four Lane DividedHighway

Pull over and stop for emergency vehicles

Note: On one-way streets pull right or left to the nearest curb

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SNOW PLOWSThese uniquely designed vehicles operate in a vastrange of weather conditions during winter months.Snow plows are designed to push snow off theroadways. While working they may create a snowcloud which will make it difficult for other drivers tosee them .

Here are some things to remember when approachingsnow plows: Snow plows are equipped with flashing red and

amber lights to make them more visible. Rememberflashing amber and red, means snow plowahead.

Maintain a safe following distance behind the snowplow. This will not only give you more time toreact to the unexpected but may also help youavoid rock damage from the plows sanding unit.

Before you pass a snow plow, be sure you can seefar enough ahead and that passing is permitted.

But why bother passing? Snow plow drivers areinstructed to pull over approximately every eightkilometres to allow vehicles to pass.

MAINTENANCE VEHICLESRoad maintenance and construction vehicles mayoperate or park on any portion of the road to performnecessary work. There will be adequate warning givenin advance of such a vehicle. You are required to obeyall traffic control devices and the directions offlagpersons.

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BRAKE FAILUREMost modern vehicles are equipped with a dual-circuit hydraulic brake system which protects againsttotal brake failure. A warning light on the dashboardshould light up to warn you of brake problems priorto a total failure.

When you see the light come on in the dashboard,immediately stop and park your vehicle. Do not driveyour vehicle until the brakes have been checked orrepaired by a qualified mechanic.

Total brake failure can still occur, however, despitethese safety features. You will know this hashappened when you press down on the brake pedaland nothing happens. If this happens to youdownshift and apply your parking brake until thevehicle comes to a stop. Once the vehicle is stopped,do not drive it again until the brakes have beenrepaired. Review your vehicle owners manual forfurther information regarding emergency stopping.

Another form of brake failure is unique to powerbraking systems and occurs when there is a failure inthe power system. This type of failure is recognizedwhen you push down on the pedal with normal force

and can feel the normal brake pedal resistance butyou are not slowing down.

If this occurs, dont panic, you still have brakes but,because of the loss of the power assistance, you mustpress down with more force to activate them. In sucha case apply hard, steady pressure to the brake pedal.If your wheels lock, release the pedal and brake againwith less pressure. Downshifting and applying yourpark brake will also help you to stop.

TIRE FAILUREIf your front tire has blown out, you will feel a strongpull toward the side with the collapsed tire. A rear tirefailure may cause your vehicle to weave. If you get aflat tire while driving the following is recommended: Do not touch the brakes; Ease off on the gas pedal, allowing the engine to

slow down the vehicle; Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel and hold the

vehicle on a straight course; Once you have the vehicle under control and speed

CHAPTER 7 Emergency Driving

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is reduced, apply the brake with a gentle and steadypressure;

Look for a safe place and park entirely off the road; Turn on your hazard warning lights.

If you experience a slow leak in your tire, you mayfeel the vehicle pulling, you may find it difficult toturn corners, and you may feel vibrations throughyour steering wheel.

OFF-ROAD RECOVERYIf for any reason you drive off the paved surface ofthe roadway you should: Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel; Resist the urge to immediately steer the vehicle

back onto the pavement;

Ease off the gas pedal to slow the vehicle down; Avoid braking but, if necessary, use gradual pressure

on the brake pedal to maintain control; Before turning back onto the pavement, check for

traffic; Return to the pavement at a slow rate of speed; Once back on the road straighten out and drive

carefully.

SKIDSSkidding means a loss of vehicle control. A skidoccurs when the tire traction with the road surface islost. It can either be the pavement surface or thecondition of your tires that may cause you to skid.

Most skids are the result of driver error. Skids canoccur by: Turning too sharply; Turning at too great a speed; Braking too hard; Accelerating too fast; Poor road conditions such as ice, snow, mud, or

loose sand or gravel.

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In the spring, as the temperature approaches themelting point, roadways may become more slippery.This is caused by a thin film of water forming on theroad surface as the temperature rises and the frostbegins to come out of the ground.

Another common cause of skids is improperlyadjusted brakes which result in uneven brakingpressure to the wheels. Be sure your brakes areadjusted properly to avoid this situation.

Skid Recovery

The best way out of a skid is not to get into one. Planahead so that you will not be forced to make rapidmovements. Driving in a smooth and controlledfashion will reduce the possibility of skids. If you arenot familiar with the road, slow down.

It is critical, however, if you start to skid, that youstay off the brake pedal and steer correctly. Skidrecovery is divided into different groups and maychange depending on whether your vehicle is front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive.

Braking Skids A braking skid occurs when yourbrakes are applied so hard that one or more of yourwheels lock and steering control is lost.

Response: When the wheels start to run, steering control will

return. Release the brakes so that you can turn yourwheels.

If necessary use less, but firm, pressure so that thewheels will not lock again.

Power Skids In a rear-wheel-drive vehicle a powerskid occurs when you suddenly press hard on theaccelerator and the rear wheels start to spin. Onslippery surfaces, if this is not corrected immediately,the vehicle will skid to one side.

Response: Ease up on the gas pedal until the wheels stop

spinning. Make steering corrections as necessary. Be careful not to over correct or you may end up

skidding in the opposite direction.

In a front-wheel-drive vehicle a power skid occurswhen too much pressure on the gas pedal causes thefront wheels to spin. As with a rear-wheel-drivevehicle, most of these skids will occur on slipperyroads and, if not corrected immediately, you will losesteering control.

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Response: Ease up on the gas pedal until the front wheels stop

spinning and steering control is regained. Make steering corrections as necessary.

Cornering Skids In a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, acornering skid occurs when you make a turn in whichthe centrifugal force is greater than the availabletraction and the rear of the vehicle will slidesideways. Factors that contribute to these skids arespeed, slope of the roadway and surface conditions.

Response: Ease up on the gas pedal and steer in the direction

in which you want the vehicle to go. A number of steering corrections may be necessary.

In a front-wheel-drive vehicle, the vehicle will headthrough the corner, tending to run off the outside ofthe corner.

Response: Ease up on the gas pedal and steer toward your

intended path of travel. If, in critical cases, you back off the accelerator too

quickly, the rear-end of the vehicle may start toslide sideways. When this occurs and the frontwheels are rolling, accelerate gently and steer in thedirection you want the front to go.

VEHICLE BREAKDOWNIf your vehicle is having mechanical problems youshould: Signal, slow down and move off the road; If you cannot move your vehicle off the road, raise

the hood; Turn on your hazard warning lights; Set out flares or warning triangles. Put one at a

distance of three metres behind the vehicle andanother at a distance of 30 metres;

If other drivers are unable to see your vehicle froma distance of 100 metres, or more, it would be wiseto have all the people in the vehicle leave and waitfor help in a safe location.

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WHEN YOU ARE INVOLVED IN ACOLLISIONEvery driver involved in a collision must remain atthe scene. You are required to report all collisions tothe police where persons have been injured, killed orwhere the overall damage exceeds $1,000. This meansthe combined damages to all vehicles, property(including power, light, and telephone poles) andanimals.

Give assistance where you can and protect the sceneso that no other vehicles become involved. Exchangeinformation with the other driver(s) and: Record the names and addresses of all witnesses; Exchange insurance details with the other driver(s); Record the time, location, weather and any other

details that may be important; Notify your insurance company as soon as possible. Do not discuss who was at fault.

If you damage or knock down any traffic controldevice, railroad sign or signal, a traffic sign of anykind, a parking meter or any public property youmust report the damage to the nearest police officerimmediately, even if the damages are less than$1,000.

You must also notify the owner of an unattendedvehicle of any damage you may have caused througha collision. If you are unable to locate the owner, youmust securely attach to the damaged vehicle, yourname, address, drivers licence number and vehicleplate number.

If you are the first person at the scene of a collisionmove off the road and stop. Offer any assistance ifpossible and protect the scene so that other vehiclesdo not get involved. If you are going to notify thepolice be as accurate as you can, especially about thecondition of any injured people and the location ofthe collision.

NIGHT/POOR WEATHER DRIVINGNight time means the period commencing one hourafter sunset and ending one hour before the followingsunrise.