dr.!joshuabusby! lbj!school!of!public!affairs! university ...pathways! • direct:! –...
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Dr. Joshua Busby LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas-‐Aus?n
May 5, 2015 hFps://sites.utexas.edu/wildlife/
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Presenters
• Leo Carter • Caitlin Goodrich • LinhPhung Huynh • Cliff Kaplan • Delfina Rossi • Wade Tanner
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VIRGINIA W. MASON AND BRAD SCRIBER, NGM STAFFSOURCES: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY; SAVE THE ELEPHANTS; MONITORING THE ILLEGAL KILLING OF ELEPHANTS (MIKE); DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD; KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE; DIANE SKINNER, AFRICAN ELEPHANT SPECIALIST GROUP, IUCN.
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Importance to the United States
Execu?ve Branch • 2013 Execu?ve Order • 2014 Na?onal Strategy • 2015 Implementa?on Plan
Congress • House CommiFee on
Foreign Affairs • Trade Promo?on
Authority Mark-‐Up • S27 Wildlife Trafficking
Enforcement Act of 2015 • Reauthoriza?on of Save
Vanishing Species Stamp
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2013 Execu?ve Order The poaching of protected species and the illegal trade in wildlife and their deriva?ve parts and products (together known as "wildlife trafficking") represent an interna?onal crisis that con?nues to escalate. Poaching opera?ons have expanded beyond small-‐scale, opportunis?c ac?ons to coordinated slaughter commissioned by armed and organized criminal syndicates. The survival of protected wildlife species such as elephants, rhinos, great apes, ?gers, sharks, tuna, and turtles has beneficial economic, social, and environmental impacts that are important to all na?ons. Wildlife trafficking reduces those benefits while genera?ng billions of dollars in illicit revenues each year, contribu?ng to the illegal economy, fueling instability, and undermining security. …. For these reasons, it is in the na?onal interest of the United States to combat wildlife trafficking.
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Six Papers
• Consumer Demand • Security • Mul?lateral Approaches • Sport Hun?ng • Ecotourism • Public-‐Private Partnerships
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Demand
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Na?onal Strategy
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Focus on “reducing demand for illegal wildlife and wildlife products through targeted, evidence-‐based approaches to changing cri?cal consump?on paFerns that drive wildlife trafficking at home and abroad… The markets for illegally traded wildlife exist for different reasons in different parts of the world and so the approaches that work well in the United States may find less success elsewhere; effec?ve strategies will need to be tailored to be country and species-‐specific.”
Na?onal Strategy for Comba?ng Wildlife Trafficking: Implementa?on Plan
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Global Rhino Horn Trade
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Large Scale Ivory Seizures
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TRAFFIC, 2013
AESR, CITES, ETIS, 2007
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Ques9ons: Demand for what? From where? By whom?
Methodology: Exis?ng surveys Campaign analysis Interviews in China
Our Approach
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Comparison: China and Vietnam
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Health, conspicuous consump?on
Male, high income, business sector
Ivory Rhino horn
‘Wild’ value
U.S. connec?on
Decora?on ‘Cure all,’ life of excess
CHINA VIETNAM
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Comparison: Ivory in China and U.S.
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higher price à investment
Buyers and sellers
Carvings
Peak demand Falling demand
Effec?ve law enforcement
Huge market size Subs?tutes available
CHINA U.S.
High price à investment
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Main Insights • Demand varies by – product and purpose – country, sub-‐region – age, gender, income level, educa?on level, job
• Trend: Young male, high income, business and government sectors
• Ivory demand in U.S. and linkages to China • Capacity -‐-‐ willingness
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Security
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Wildlife Trafficking and Na?onal Security
Wildlife trafficking is both a cri4cal conserva4on concern and a threat to global security with
significant effects on the na4onal interests of the United States and the interests of our partners
around the world.
From the Na?onal Strategy for Comba?ng Wildlife Trafficking
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Our Approach
1. Create a framework to determine the specific pathways that connect wildlife trafficking and security
2. Test that framework through detailed examina?on of 7 case studies
3. Crar policy op?ons that address wildlife trafficking’s nexus with security
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Our Findings
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• Wildlife trafficking is primarily a threat to U.S. interests abroad because it: – Serves as a way for rebel groups, mili?as and terrorists to fund violence and destabiliza?on
– Undercuts good governance in range, transit and demand states
– Fuels transna?onal organized crime – Undermines economic development
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Selected Policy Op?ons
• Increase capacity for monitoring and inves?ga?ng financial flows associated with wildlife trafficking
• Direct relevant agencies to create a periodic report exploring which groups and en??es derive funding from wildlife trafficking
• Expand use of informa?on sorware to increase availability of data
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Mul9lateral Approaches
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Mul?lateral Efforts to Combat Wildlife Trafficking
• Mul?lateral efforts parallel each of the three Strategic Priori?es in the Na4onal Strategy
• Strengthen enforcement • Reduce demand for illegally traded wildlife • Build interna?onal coopera?on, commitment, and public-‐private partnerships
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Our Approach
1. Apply a func?onal framework: • Seven key func?ons • Ten major organiza?ons
2. Take a deeper look at the challenges that each organiza?on faces, looking for paFerns between the organiza?ons
3. Crar policy op?ons that address systemic challenges
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Major Organiza?ons
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Inter-‐Governmental • CITES • UN Office on Drugs and Crime • INTERPOL • World Bank • World Customs Organiza?on • UN Security Council • ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network
Non-‐Governmental • Wildlife Conserva?on Society • World Wildlife Fund • TRAFFIC
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Key Challenges
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• Lack of informa?on about species health and poaching incidence
• Limited finance • Inadequate intelligence gathering and enforcement • Limited state capacity • Coordina?on problems among major organiza?ons • Demand management, lack of informa?on about demand
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Selected Policy Op?ons • Offer explicit support, including financial support, for the Technology and Innova4on Fund proposed by CITES
• Incorporate wildlife concerns into authorizing and implemen?ng legisla?on on interna?onal trade deals
• Direct the USFWS or DOS to convene a special task force for coordina?on and informa?on dissemina?on among the major organiza?ons
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Sport Hun9ng
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Sport Hun?ng
• Viewed as a beneficial conserva?on tool by some, detriment to conserva?on by others
• Implemented through CITES at the na?onal level
• Non-‐detriment findings (NDFs) are required for import/export
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Significance to U.S.
• Na?onal Strategy and Implementa?on Plan • Current legisla?on – H.R. 326: Allow polar bear trophy imports – H.R. 697: Ivory imports – H.R. 1099: Farmers and bai?ng game birds – S. 659: Combina?on of H.R. 326 & 1099
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Significance to U.S.
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Our Approach
1. Compile current regula?ons, data, and research on sport hun?ng
2. Examine impacts on wildlife and local communi?es
3. Crar policy op?ons that address concerns with current sport hun?ng management
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Our Findings
• Sport hun?ng can support local communi?es, economies, and conserva?on as part of a sound management program
• Results vary on a country-‐by-‐country and species-‐by-‐species basis
• Lack of accurate data evident
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Selected Policy Op?ons
• Cer?fica?on programs – Ensure hun?ng expenditures reach conserva?on efforts and local communi?es
• Import scru?ny – Increase wildlife inspectors at ports
• Non-‐detriment finding policies – Include sunset clause
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Ecotourism
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Wildlife Ecotourism
Support Community-‐Based Wildlife Conserva4on: Work with local communi4es to strengthen repor4ng of poaching and other trafficking ac4vity and create support for conserving wildlife, including through work to strengthen or create economic incen4ves for local communi4es to protect wildlife.
From the Na?onal Strategy for Comba?ng Wildlife Trafficking:
Implementa?on Plan
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Our Approach
1. Original fieldwork and interviews in Tanzania 2. Data gathered (UNWTO, World Bank)
-‐ Iden?fica?on of current and poten?al countries with ecotourism
3. Review of exis?ng U.S. programs (USAID, FWS)
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Countries with ecotourism
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Tourism indicators of countries with wildlife ecotourism sector. Source: UNWTO. Data is average per country over the period 2009-‐2013 Tanzania expenditure over GDP from the World Bank Group report. “The Elephant in the Room; Unlocking the poten?al of the tourism industry for Tanzanians”. February 2015
Indirectly:10%!
3.4
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U.S. Support for Ecotourism
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Policy op?ons • Propose the crea?on of an accredita?on system for ecotourism
• Review effec?veness of USG-‐supported programming in Africa for wildlife management areas and an?-‐poaching
• Provide funding for an an?-‐poaching hotline
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Public-‐Private Partnerships
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PPPs & Illegal Wildlife Trade
• The private sector can bolster the public sector through: – Increased funding and manpower – Increased logis?cal support – Crea?ng a marketplace of ideas
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Areas of PPP involvement:
• Enforcement and monitoring • Species and habitat conserva?on • Demand reduc?on through public awareness and educa?on
• Informa?on gathering • Fundraising & leveraged funding
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Supply Chain Enforcement
• NGO pressure on the private sector through publicity – IFAW on Ebay, TRAFFIC and Alibaba
• Standardize regulatory prac?ces across industries
• Corporate responsibility implica?ons: – shipping, air travel, and tourism – Leading by example: Ebay → Rakuten → UPS?
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NGOs & Awareness Campaigns
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US-‐Financed Awareness Campaigns
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Current USFWS grants and leveraged funding campaigns: l An?-‐poaching training and logis?cs l Customs and law enforcement capacity building l Demand reduc?on awareness campaigns (only 3% of funding)
USAID/ARREST campaigns: Public awareness and media campaigns in China, Vietnam, and Thailand (iThink and FinFree)
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Policy Op?ons • Support interna?onal standard seyng – Congressional hearings with private sector – Comprehensive studies on global wildlife trade and the actors involved
• Foster sharing of informa?on and best prac?ces on curbing demand – GAO report, hearings, funding vehicles – Involving interna?onal NGOs and private sector – Improving awareness campaigns and externalizing review process
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Thank you for the opportunity
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BACKUP SLIDES
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Pathways • Direct:
– Sale of wildlife items used to fund aFacks against the American homeland and/or American bases, embassies, or people abroad
– Wildlife items smuggled into the United States, possibly among other illicit items (e.g., weapons, drugs) or by the same groups that engage in smuggling of other illicit goods
– Wildlife items smuggled in that contain infec?ous pathogens
• U.S. Interests: – Wildlife items used to fund extremist organiza?ons that that do not threaten the United
States directly but could threaten U.S. allies/key regional actors – Poaching violence and/or wildlife items used to fund rebel groups that pose a threat to
peace and security – Wildlife crime undercuyng governance in range, transit and demand states that are
strategically important to the United States – Wildlife crime used to finance transna?onal criminal networks – Wildlife crime undermining economic development and growth through increased
violence
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Case Studies and their Pathways • Al Shabaab’s involvement in the ivory trade to finance its opera?ons, which include poten?al aPacks on the United States or U.S. ci?zens as well as their wider extremist network
• Trafficking of wildlife products on U.S. soil which includes illegal products being smuggled into the U.S. and the involvement of transna9onal crime
• The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) involvement in the ivory trade to fund their rebel group • Violence in Virunga includes rebel groups funding their opera?ons, links to transna9onal crime and the undermining economic development in the surrounding region
• The Uganda military’s possible involvement in elephant poaching and the ivory trade, undermining governance and involving the army in transna9onal crime
• Ivory smuggled from Africa to Asia, undermining governance in range, transit and demand states and perpetrated by transna9onal crime
• The Xaysvang network in Laos that is involved in the wildlife trade through Southeast Asia but appears to be opera?ng with impunity, undermining governance and contribu?ng to transna9onal crime
• A 2012 mass elephant killing in Cameroon, including the involvement of rebel groups and undermining economic development in the region.
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Policy op?on (extra) Hotline to report poaching. Pros:
– remove fear of nega?ve repercussion from repor?ng poaching – Involve more ins?tu?ons and stakeholders in figh?ng poaching, – make easier to track poaching, – Increase arrests of poachers.
• Cons: – investment in the technology and human resources, – different par?es could misused the hotline if the conserva?on goal is
not clear, – the security and anonymity of the hotline cannot be breached, – poachers might have an incen?ve to compromise this hotline.
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Comparison: Religious Use in Thailand and The Philippines
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Symbolic significance; protec?on
Transit & end countries
Corrup?on
Buddhism Catholicism
Larger market Smaller market
Customs officials
THAILAND THE PHIL.
Tourists
Religious authority figures
Organized crime