drm-atf 1st annual conference

D R M - A T F 1 S T A N N U A L C O N F E R E N C E P R O C E E D I N G S

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DRM-ATF 1ST ANNUAL CONFERENCE 3RD & 4TH APRIL 2012

HILTON HOTEL, ADDIS ABABA

PROCEEDINGS


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2003 the Government of Ethiopia established Task Forces in key sectors such as agriculture, health, water & sanitation, and nutrition. Following the Government’s paradigm shift from disaster management to risk management, the Disaster Risk Management - Food Security Sector (DRM-FSS) was established. The Disaster Risk Management - Agriculture Task Force (DRM-ATF) formerly the Emergency Agriculture Task Force, was launched in 2007. The DRM-ATF initially made good progress, however levels of participation fluctuated and by mid-2010 meetings were erratic and attendance poor. Alerted about a strong La Niňa episode in 2011, the DRM-FSS re-launched the DRM-ATF in the autumn of 2010 with the support of FAO. Since it’s re-launch, the DRM-ATF has helped members prepare for and respond to forecasted drought, flood, crop pests and livestock diseases and volatile food prices, acting as a tool for coordination and harmonization of approaches, through monthly meetings, discussion forums, monthly and quarterly progress reports, road maps and briefing papers.

The DRM-ATF held its 1st Annual Conference on ‘Innovative Agriculture-Sector DRM Practice in Ethiopia’, on the 3rd and 4th of April 2012 at the Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa. Over 80 participants attended the conference, including representatives from government agencies – including the regions, international organizations and NGOs. The conference presentations highlight innovative DRM approaches that are being developed in Ethiopia. The Conference provided an opportunity for development partners to come together from around Ethiopia to share thinking, ideas and promote emerging good practice.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The DRM-ATF would like to thank all those who prepared and delivered presentations at the 1st Annual DRM-ATF Conference 2012 and to those who Chaired and Moderated the technical sessions. We would also like to thank participating representatives of the regional and federal DRMFSS and other Government Offices.

Appreciation is also due to the Conference Organising Committee and the team from the Secretariat who helped to make the Conference such a success.

None of this would have been possible without the financial support of USAID/OFDA through the Improving Agriculture Sector Drought Response Coordination Project.


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ABBREVIATIONS

BoA Bureau of Agriculture

CIP International Potato Centre

CMDRM Community Managed Disaster Risk Management

DCM Drought Cycle Management

DLS Diffused Light Storage

DRM Disaster Risk Management

DRM-ATF Disaster Risk Management – Agriculture Task Force

DRM-FSS Disaster Risk Management & Food Security Sector

DRM-TWG Disaster Risk Management Technical Working Group

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

EWRD Early Warning & Response Directorate

FS Food Security

FSN Food Security & Nutrition

FSNWG Food Security & Nutrition Working Group

GoE Government of Ethiopia

HABP Household Asset Building Programme

IBD Integrated Water-Based Development

IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification

MFI Microfinance Institution

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoW&E Ministry of Water & Energy

OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance

PFS Pastoralist Field School

PSB Pit Storage Bag

PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme

SVF Seed Vouchers and Fairs

VAT Value Added Tax


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CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1

1.1 The DRM-ATF 1 1.2 Opening Remarks 2

2. Smallholder Farmers: Innovative DRR Practices 5 2.1 Improving Resilience 5

2.1.1 Community Watershed Management, Food Security Growth in Rural 5 Tigray, Ethiopia: The Case of the Honey Value Chain

2.1.2 Improving Food Security through Appropriate & Cost-Effective Post- 6 Harvest Technology

2.2 Stabilising Markets 7 2.2.1 Food Price Stabilization in Ethiopia 7 2.2.2 Market-Based Response to Emergency Programming: Seed Vouchers 8 and Fairs

2.3 Enhancing Productivity 9 2.3.1 Root & Tuber Crops for Food Security in Ethiopia: Potential for 9 Expansion 2.3.2 Apple Production in the Amhara Highlands: A Case of Dabat Integrated 10

Food Security Project (2005-2012)

3. Pastoralists/Agro-Pastoralists: Innovative DRR Practices 12 3.1 Linking Relief & Rehabilitation to Development 12

3.1.1 Linking Emergency Response to Long-Term Risk Reduction/Development: 12 Impact Assessment of Response to Food Crisis and Drought in Ethiopia

3.1.2 Commercial De-Stocking: Mercy Corps’ 2011 Drought Experience 13 3.2 DRR Experiences & Innovative Approaches 16

3.2.1 Drought Cycle Management: Lessons Learnt in Pastoral Areas of 16 Southern Ethiopia, 2011 3.2.2 Experience of Pastoralist Field Schools in Ethiopia 18

3.3 Natural Resource Management 19 3.3.1 Ecosystem Approach to Cross-Border Disaster Risk Management 19 3.3.2 Consequences of Inappropriate Development Interventions in the Borana 21 Rangelands in the ‘60s and ‘70s: “A Curse or A Blessing”

4. Cross-Cutting Issues 23 4.1 A Review of the Flood Risk Management System in Ethiopia 23 4.2 Women’s Economic Empowerment in Smallholding Farmer Development 23 4.3 Cash Grants & Women Traders: A Suitable Emergency Response? 25 4.4 Regional Linkages: The FSNWG Platform 26

5. Wrap-Up & Closing Remarks 29 5.1 Wrap-Up 29 5.2 Closing Remarks 29

Annex I: Conference Programme 31 Annex II: List of Participants 33


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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE DRM-ATF

The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) established Task Forces for key sectors including agriculture, health, water & sanitation, and nutrition in 2003. The Agricultural Task Force (ATF) was initially led by the Crop Production Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) and its primary purpose was to provide a platform for stakeholders’ support to agriculture sector hazard management and response. The ATF therefore supported seasonal assessments, agriculture section hazard management and stakeholder coordination. Recognising the fact that, located in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is subject to recurrent drought, flood, livestock disease, crop pet and diseases and conflict, the 2004 Government’s Business Process Reengineering exercise recommended a paradigm shift from disaster to risk management under a proposed Disaster Risk Management (DRM) policy process. Accordingly, the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector (DRMFSS) was established and the in 2007 the Disaster Risk Management – Agriculture Task Force (DRM-ATF) was launched. The reformed DRM-ATF’s primary purpose includes improved agriculture sector hazard preparedness, mitigation, response and early recovery support, specifically: information sharing and capacity building; monitoring who is doing what, where, and when; and coordination.

The DRM-ATF initially made good progress. However in subsequent years levels of participation declined and by mid-2010 meetings were erratic and attendance poor. The DRMFSS therefore decided to re-launch the DRM-ATF in the autumn of 2010 with the support of FAO Ethiopia. The re-launch of the DRM-ATF coincided with the climate forecasts for a strong La Niňa event that was forecast to result in failed autumn 2010 rains in the Belg smallholder farmer areas and the pastoral rangelands of southern and south-eastern Ethiopia. The forecast also predicted below normal rains in the subsequent spring rains of 2011 and above rains in the Ethiopian highlands.

The DRM-ATF therefore had a clear operational focus to support the planned Meher seasonal assessment and to help members to prepare for and respond to the forecast drought. Following the re-launch, the first monthly meeting was held in October 2011. Subsequently, members have met together every month to share weather, food price and La Niňa preparedness and response plans and progress. Monthly and quarterly progress reports have been prepared and shared with the DRM Technical Working Group to which the DRM-ATF is accountable. By early 2011 the stakeholders had identified the need to complement the monthly business meetings with a Discussion Forum that offered members opportunities to discuss single issues in more detail. Forum discussions have also been held monthly since January and topics covered include: Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards; Emergency Seed Systems; Volatile Food Prices; and the Drought Cycle Model informing drought risk management.

In addition the DRM-ATF has responded to member information requests through the launch of a Briefing Paper Series. To-date 10 Briefing Papers have been produced and circulated including three La Niňa guidance papers or roadmaps. The DRM-ATF has produced three La Niña Roadmaps to provide member agencies with guidance on ‘best-choice’ interventions for their work in smallholder farming and pastoral areas. These Roadmaps have been used by donor organisations and policy planners including in other countries of the Horn of Africa.

Representatives of the DRM-ATF attend the UN-OCHA Cluster Leads meetings as the DRM-ATF has effectively replaced the need for an Agriculture and Food Security Cluster. The DRM-ATF is therefore also accountable to the Humanitarian Coordinator.

The DRM-ATF is currently working to establish regional Task Forces in each of the regions. Already re-launched regional Task Forces are held in Afar, Somali, Amhara and Tigray Regions, as well as Borena Zone of Oromia Region.


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1.2 OPENING REMARKS

The opening speech was given by Ato Berhanu Wolde Mikael, Delegate of the State Minister of the DRMFSS, MoA, followed by opening remarks given by Adrian Cullis, DRM Coordinator, FAO Ethiopia and Co-Chair of the DRM-ATF.

Ato Berhanu opened by extending his welcome to the participants of the conference. He then drew attention to Ethiopia’s recent and impressive economic growth, as well as recent disasters, which are expected to become more intense in terms of frequency, intensity and coverage, largely due to climate change. In order to sustain socio-economic gains made in recent years, Ato Berhanu asserted that the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and its development partners are committed to reducing disaster risk through DRM approaches and mitigating potential impacts by enhancing the early warning and response system, as part of their efforts to fully operationalise the new DRM and Food Security (FS) approach in the country.

Triggered by the Hyogo Framework of Action and the Business Process Reengineering, the GoE saw a paradigm shift from reactive crisis management to a proactive risk management approach. This shift was marked by the formation of the DRMFSS within the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), comprising the Early Warning & Response Directorate (EWRD) and the Food Security Coordination Directorate.

Ato Berhanu went on to explain that the role of coordination in the DRM and FS system of the country is vital, given the significant number of government and non-government actors and development partners in the country. It is with this view that the GoE established task forces for key sectors, including the DRM-ATF, and involving government, UN, NGOs and donor agencies in information sharing, coordination and joint assessments.

Given the importance of agriculture in Ethiopia’s economy and the elevated vulnerabilities of the sector, Ato Berhanu emphasised the DRM-ATF’s vital significance in terms of supporting the DRMFSS, particularly the EWRD, through strengthening hazard monitoring, forecasting, warning, and linking early warning and assessment information to appropriate and timely responses by strengthening preparedness in the agriculture sector. The DRM-ATF, he said, has lived up to expectations, emerging as one of the most vibrant Task Forces in the country. Their performance in terms of coordination is highly commendable. One of the essential elements of such a complex task is mapping interventions, that is “who is doing what and where.” In this regard the Task Force has set an example by mapping agriculture and livelihood responses on a monthly and quarterly basis, which was an excellent compilation of vital information, particularly for La Niña response. The DRM-ATF has also provided technical DRM agricultural analysis from weather analysis and forecasts, to market prices. This, Ato Berhanu said, has not only helped inform policy, but has also allowed for streamlined intervention in the sector.

Ato Berhanu recognised that the long-term running of the Task Force depends on the participation of its members. On the part of the GoE, Ato Berhanu assured full support to all such coordination platforms in the country at all levels and in all sectors. The new and soon to be ratified ‘National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk Management’ will further strengthen such coordination efforts. Ato Berhanu outlined several other programmes of the GoE which work to both inform and strengthen the work of the DRM-ATF – these are: Disaster Risk Profiling, that is preparing sub-woreda risk profiles throughout the country; the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP); the Household Asset Building Programme (HABP); the National Incident Management System; the Multi-Agency Coordination Forum; and the revitalisation of the Early Warning System.

Ato Berhanu concluded by thanking the organisers of the conference, as well as the presenters and the participants, and officially opened the conference.

Mr. Cullis began his address by welcoming the participants to the conference. He then outlined Ethiopia’s significant agricultural sector growth and associated progress in other sectors. He then outlined


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vulnerabilities, particularly to poor rural households, and the country’s much needed paradigm shift from managing emergencies to managing risk. While the National Disaster Risk Management Policy and accompanying Strategic Policy Investment Framework await the approval of the Council of Ministers, he explained that elements of DRM are already being rolled out including the largest social protection programme in sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa – the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP). In addition, the Early Warning Response Directorate (EWRD) established the DRM Technical Working Group (DRM-TWG) in 2002/03 to coordinate sectoral Task Forces which were also launched at that time including: health, nutrition, WASH, education and agriculture.

The progress made by the DRM-ATF since its re-launch in November 2010 were outlined by Mr. Cullis, including monthly meetings, discussion forums, briefing papers and roadmaps. Significantly, Mr. Cullis pointed out that with the support of FAO Ethiopia, the DRM-ATF also tracks and records member agencies DRM interventions in the form of annotated maps. Presented each quarter, these maps are available from the DRM-ATF Secretariat (Getachew Abate with Tefera Muhie and Mahlet Mulugeta). The Secretariat have recently summarised DRM agriculture sector interventions for 2011 and it is now known that a total of US$17.8 million was invested in livelihood support in the drought. The first observation to make is that this amount is insignificant compared to the US$800 million or more used by colleagues in the Food Management Task Force. In future droughts it will be important to achieve a better balance and this is something that the DRM-ATF has to work towards. The second observation is that of the US$17.8 some 49 percent was used to support water point rehabilitation including water points for livestock. While the work is considered important some of this work could have been done in ‘normal’ times under development programmes.

Mr. Cullis expressed his relief in seeing the onset of the rains. While the rains will recharge ground water, replenish stream flow and will result in a pasture regeneration and improved livestock productivity, the delay will almost certainly affect the Belg harvest for the second year in succession. The National Meteorological Agency also forecasts below normal rains in the pastoral rangelands and therefore the hagaya/deyr rains later in the year take on increased significance. In response the DRM-ATF has up-dated the Road Map in Briefing Paper 9. Importantly in the latest Briefing Paper the DRM-ATF is encouraging regional Task Forces to prepare and develop regionally specific road-maps with a view to inform, coordinate and harmonise regional responses and, in this way, improve the quality of livelihood-based drought response.

Looking to the future Mr. Cullis anticipates that with the help and support of participants, the DRM-ATF will continue to:

- Organise monthly business meetings at federal and regional level;

- Organise monthly Discussion Forums;

- Support NGOs and development partners develop livelihood-based proposals to secure increased funding to the sector;

- Attend the DRM-TWG meetings and more actively represent members at the DRM JSOC and Technical Committee level;

- Participate in seasonal assessments and ensure continually improved representation of agriculture sector and livelihood needs in the HRD;

- Offer international donors a ‘first choice’ information facility on agriculture and livelihood sector hazard management in both highland and lowland contexts;

- Lobby more aggressively for more flexible programme funding in Ethiopia’ belg and pastoral areas;


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- Support IGAD’s Initiative to End Drought Emergencies in the Horn of Africa and regional food security information networks including the Food and Nutrition Security Working Group (FSNWG) to provide timely information on agriculture sector hazards and to share lessons learned and emerging good practice.

In conclusion, Mr. Cullis thanked the following for their important contribution: The Organising Committee (Getachew Abate, FAO; Animesh Kumar, WFP; Fasil Demeke, Mercy Corps and Ato Kassahun Bedada, EWRD/ DRMFSS); the donors (USAID/OFDA in particular for resourcing the conference and its support in 2011 to the DRM-ATF); the facilitator, Dr Amdissa Teshome, Chairs, Rapporteurs and Presenters; and the participants.

The Conference was then opened, with presentations given over the period of two days, and rounded off with discussion sessions at different intervals. The presentations were divided into three main areas, namely: Innovative DRM Practices for Smallholder Farmers; Innovative DRM Practices for Pastoralists/Agro-Pastoralists; and Cross-Cutting Issues. The presentations are outlined in the following sections. Following the presentations within each sub-topic, presenters and participants took part in a discussion session. The key points raised during each discussion session are summarised below each presentation.


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2. SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: INNOVATIVE DRR PRACTICES

2.1 IMPROVING RESILIENCE

2.1.1 COMMUNITY WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, FOOD SECURITY & GROWTH IN RURAL TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF THE HONEY VALUE CHAIN - MELAKU GEBREYESUS, SOCIAL PROTECTION SPECIALIST, WORLD BANK

In the late 1990’s the GoE and rural communities adapted strategies towards environmental transformation – integrated community watershed development – based on livelihood diversification, food security and economic growth in Tigray region. In this regard, honey and beeswax production, and the honey value chain as a whole, was found to be a successful example. This is because honey and beeswax production in central Tigray benefits from a comparative advantage rooted in the historical legacy of its production in the region coupled with indigenous knowledge/practices, as well as environmental suitability, and the resiliency of honey and beeswax production to climate change. An enabling environment further contributes to creating a comparative advantage, made up of: (a) Availability (inputs for production and operation); (b) Affordability (start-up capital and extension support from the PSNP, HABP, NGOs, cooperatives, micro-finance and private traders); (c) High potential for value chain, scale and scope of operation; and (d) Market potential, both current and future. These factors, combined with joint efforts and support from institutions and development programmes, significantly contribute to food security and growth.

The adapted transformation strategies and processes that are being demonstrated in the honey value chain are the following: A shift from traditional to modern beekeeping and honey production (knowledge and technological transfer, improved quality of honey); economic returns have become relevant sooner from investment in environmental rehabilitation (re-greening degraded land through conservation such as area enclosures); contribution of investment in environmental rehabilitation towards food security and economic growth; change in behaviour and attitude (e.g. rural landless youths, including university graduates see rehabilitated areas a good businesses opportunity thus many youths are forming cooperatives and are becoming engaged in the honey value chain); improvement in the over-all honey value chain (participation of stakeholders and actors); and improvement in honey market outlets (local and international).

The honey value chain has shown to have better programmatic linkages (in terms of complementing programmes and having a synergy effect with these) as compared to the crop, livestock and non-agriculture sectors. For example, a significant number of PSNP and HABP beneficiaries are engaged in the honey value chain and experiencing positive returns. In this way the honey value chain complements social protection programmes. This implies that the support of the honey value chain is an integral part of social safety nets, having promotional and transformation functions. Additionally, because beekeeping/the entire honey value chain is resilient to climate change it can be considered to be a component of CCA/CCM interventions. The honey value chain also plays a significant role in DRM in that it ensures income security for poor people in vulnerable environments. Experience from the last ten years (during which Tigray has faced the challenge of recurrent drought) has shown that fluctuations in honey production and income sources were very low as compared to other agricultural products. Lastly, because honey is instrumental in ensuring food security and income security, it significantly contributes to development programmes.

At present and beyond, a scalable and sustainable honey value chain is possible – it has comparative advantages at both production and market function levels. However, along with the increased engagement in the honey value chain, the GoE and other supporting institutions should give equal attention to addressing the honey value chain constraints and challenges and other emerging issues, which


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include the following: Inadequate input and credit supply; under-developed value chain; weak governmental/institutional arrangement and capacity to support and manage the honey value chain; honey quality standards have not yet been institutionalized, lack enforcement and need monitored mechanisms; expansion and growth of beekeeping in rehabilitated area enclosure prevails without monitoring of the carrying capacity; unintended impact are felt from the use of chemicals; the regional Government lacks a specific regional strategic vision and development plan.

In this regard, the following is recommended: (i) Continue expanding and intensify demand-driven access to inputs and credit; (ii) Strengthen and balance technical and service support to improve the honey have chain; (iii) Strengthen institutional arrangement and capacity, considering the importance of the honey value chain in ensuring food security and economic growth; (iv) Institutionalize honey quality standards; (v) Track carrying capacity of rehabilitated lands and monitor the unintended impacts of chemicals; and (vi) Develop an evidence-based regional strategic vision and plan.

2.1.2 IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY THROUGH APPROPRIATE AND COST-EFFECTIVE POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY - FASIL DEMEKE, DME MANAGER, MERCY CORPS

In East Hararge zone of Ethiopia, post-harvest losses – mainly due to moisture and insect infiltration – accounts for 30-40% of total crop production. This makes smallholder farmers more vulnerable to the impacts of food insecurity as they lose a third of their already small harvests. While there have been many attempts to address the issue with affordable, scalable and locally available technologies, truly effective and universally appropriate solutions have been elusive. Utilising a participatory research approach for solving the problem in its context, Mercy Corps has identified primary causes of post-harvest losses, investigating possible solutions, and selecting potentially appropriate interventions and technologies.

The Pit Storage Bag (PSB) is a storage liner for underground pit grain stores that is effective, affordable and adaptable to almost any pit of different shapes and sizes. It is easily and inexpensively transportable and installable, culturally acceptable, and appropriate for scaling efforts using a market facilitation inputs supply chain approach. It was thus identified as an appropriate technology to address post-harvest losses. In order to build in an exit strategy from the start, private sector actors who could manufacture, market and disseminate the PSBs were identified and the Mercy Corps team worked with three larger sewing businesses with the productive capacity to quickly manufacture the initial trial supply of 1,400 PSBs. Simultaneously, the team worked with 11 Farmer Field Schools as local sales agents and trainers on product use, as well as with the government extension workers to build awareness.

The impact analysis of the technology indicates that the use of PSBs wholly eliminates losses, and the viability of grain stored using PSBs was found to have roughly 90% germination rates meaning it was used for seed, home consumption and marketing (selling) purposes. However, farmers who stored grain using tradition methods (i.e. no PSB) during the same period in the same areas reported an average of 31.4% losses, predominantly attributed to weevils and grain moulding. The PSB-stored grain was found to be free of odour, soil, mould and colour adulteration, and also eliminated the tedious work of cleaning and sorting grain which normally would consume much of the day for women and girls. Conversely, grain stored in traditional pits was found to be unappetizing and time-consuming to clean as it was mixed with soil, discoloured from mould, and smelled rancid. Economically, at a retail cost of roughly USD 32.00, a 2-ton PSB is demonstrated to generate an annual gross revenue of roughly USD 104.00 (USD 72.00 net profit). With an estimated lifespan of over 2 years, the return on the investment on a PSB is about USD 176.00 (over 5-fold), roughly the value of over 1,200kgs of grain on the local market.


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The lessons brought forward from this intervention are that Farmer Field Schools can play paramount roles in dissemination and adoption of new agricultural technologies; even very poor farmers are willing to pay for the PSB technology; and the private sector is an efficient and effective means of disseminating new technologies and practices to rural communities.

2.2 STABILISING MARKETS

2.2.1 FOOD PRICE STABILIZATION IN ETHIOPIA - ASCHALEW FELEKE, PROGRAMME OFFICER/MARKET ANALYST, WFP

Weather variability translates into yield and price variability. When there is a spike in the price of staple food commodities, poor market-dependent households suffer the consequences. In countries where food expenditure accounts for a disproportionate allocation of household income, households face unbearable consequences. This is the case for Ethiopia, and resultantly, the income elasticity of demand for food is high (growth in income is likely to lead to a large increase in demand for food). When considering the national inflation rate, 57% of changes in the inflation rate are caused by changes in food prices (of which cereal accounts for 22.5%). Therefore any increases in the prices of food components – particularly cereals – have a direct impact on food as well as overall inflation. This has drawn the attention of national policymakers and as a result the GoE launched food stabilization mechanisms in March 2007 to minimize the impacts.

Studies revealed that food price instability in Ethiopia to be caused by: domestic staple cereals being less related to world prices; a rapid growth in money supply relative to economic growth; an overall increase in grain demand due to an increase in nominal income (in turn caused by a rise in GoE expenditure, disbursed credit, transfers in the form of remittance, PSNP cash and population growth); marketable surplus lagging behind rising demand due to increased retention on the farm (due to increased consumption by farmers and access to cash from various sources); collusion and hoarding behaviour of traders; cross-border trade; and an increase in international commodity prices (for example oil and fertilizer).

The GoE therefore put certain mechanisms in place since March 2007 to stabilize domestic market prices and protect the urban poor and net rural buyers. These mechanisms included: export bans on cereals; import of wheat grain, edible oil and sugar for distribution at subsidized prices; avoidance of VAT on grains; intermittent bank loan freeze; wage rate adjustments; wholesale and retail price ceilings on selected basic commodities; and administrative measures taken on traders to prevent hoarding. Despite its implications, the intervention of the GoE is appropriate in situations such as the one Ethiopia finds itself in, where the private sector is not responsive to such phenomena and short term solutions are lacking.

The implementation process has shown improvements. Major challenges were however experienced, including: Having to shift medium and long term development resources; pressure on balance of payments; uncertainty created in markets and private sector engagements; a reduction on government revenue; a widening in government controls and room for informal and illegal practices; illegal movement of sugar and edible oil by some traders; selling goods on the black market above government-determined prices; the limiting of quota to flour mills forcing them to operate below full capacity; and the inability to reach distant markets/areas.

Despite improvements caused by the intervention, the longer the intervention is handled by the GoE, the more it will contribute to the weakening of market development and the creation of uncertainty in those private sectors engaged in food supply and processing. Considering the lessons learnt from the intervention, and looking towards a long-term remedial solution, the GoE needs to play a leading role in coordinating development partners to render their support in materializing appropriate actions to uproot


the basic causes. Otherwise, continuation of this short-term response intervention with the existing modality would have incalculable impacts in the development of medium- and long-term investments.

Based on the above, a set of recommendations can be made, as per the following: Country-specific interventions that increase production and productivity should be carried out while aiming to minimize post-harvest losses; national monetary and fiscal policy should be strengthened; market efficiency should be strengthened though infrastructure, information flows, transport and storage thus minimizing costs; private sector needs capacity building; improve transparency and accountability; promote conditional based stock holding; promote and support local edible oil producers; and sugar shortages should be solved in the medium-term.

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DISCUSSION SESSION: KEY POINTS

Participants discussed the way forward in stabilising market prices in the country. It was noted that although the GoE price stabilisation effort has brought improvements in stabilising the market, the longer the intervention however, the weaker the markets will potentially become thereby increasing uncertainty.

2.2.2 MARKET-BASED RESPONSE TO EMERGENCY PROGRAMMING: SEED VOUCHERS AND FAIRS - LEGESSE DADI (DR.), AG/NRM PROGRAMME, CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES

any farming communities affected by disaster are food insecure, among other things, because seede either unavailable, unaffordable to disaster-affected farmers, or of an unacceptably low qualityffering approaches are used in emergency responses according to the type of problem – for example

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seeds are unavailable, direct distribution is employed. However, if seeds are available but affordable to disaster-affected farmers, as is the case during emergency situations in Ethiopia, market-sed approaches should be used. Seeds are often available at the local level, but the poorest and most lnerable farmers lack the means to access these. Three types of market-based approaches can be ed when seeds are inaccessible, namely; cash/cash vouchers, seed vouchers and fairs (SVF), and mmodity vouchers, with each approach having its own strengths and weaknesses. The SVF approach as employed in Ethiopia by Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and its implementing partners because the vantages of such a system (outlined below) is most appropriate to the Ethiopia context.

ed fairs are market-organised to distribute seeds to disaster-affected households through a voucher stem, and are organised on specific days, in specific locations, and announced in advance. Vulnerable useholds are provided vouchers worth a certain value, which are exchanged with registered vendors r seeds, who in turn redeem the vouchers for cash from project holders the same day. It is assumed that cal markets are strong and responsive. This system allows farmers (beneficiaries) the freedom to decide hat type of seeds to buy, how much of them to buy and from which registered vendor to buy them from. ed quality is left to the judgment of farmers. Transactions are carried out in open markets and prices e negotiated between the buyer (farmer) and the seller (local trader and/or farmer). The SVF system n be used for restocking (rebuilding of productive assets eroded by disaster) or can also be used to omote a specific commodity.

Fs have a number of advantages: To begin with, and as mentioned above, the system empowers rmers (beneficiaries) by allowing them the freedom to decide what type of seeds to buy, how much of em to buy and from which registered vendor to buy them from. The system is also a relatively low-cost proach. Furthermore, it allows farmers to meet their immediate seed needs, as a fair can be planned d implemented in a short period of time (between 7 – 15 days, depending on the experience of the


implementing agency). The community is actively involved in the planning and implementation of the fair. SVF is also an open and transparent process. Additionally, local production is supported with the strengthening of local farming systems. Formal and non-formal seed systems are also strengthened. The system can also lead to awareness-creation in terms of alternative seed sources and varieties. Lastly, the SVF approach increases financial and social capital in the targeted communities (as the proceeds from the sale of seeds are mostly shared among community-based traders). A major disadvantage, however, is that SVF beneficiaries may have less access to commercial seeds and seeds of new crop varieties.

CRS and its implementing partners have implemented the SVF approach in Ethiopia since 2003, and have reached 106,000 households between 2003-2010. CRS has implement SVF in many areas of Ethiopia making several types of seeds – such as wheat, maize, sorghum, beans, and the like – available. The major challenges experienced by CRS have been the following: Some traders/vendors wanted guarantees on seed volumes and price of seeds; initially some traders were skeptical and refused to travel to distant villages; vendors have a tendency towards increasing prices; and lastly, the formal seed sector in Ethiopia has shown little interest in SVFs and thus there has been less access to seeds of improved varieties.

2.3 ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY

2.3.1 ROOT & TUBER CROPS FOR FOOD SECURITY IN ETHIOPIA: POTENTIAL FOR EXPANSION - WONDIMAGEGNE SHIFERAW, AGRONOMIST, FAO ETHIOPIA

In August 2009 FAO launched a project together with its implementing partners (MoA, regional BoAs, several universities, USAID and CIP) with the objective of improving food security in several agro-ec d liv e in . Ph f Am h 20 n ap o M

Th


Although the market-based approach is the best approach in terms of its benefits both to farmers and traders, some of the participants raised concerns on the assumption made that seeds are always available within the community, particularly in the face of the severe recurrent drought affecting communities. The experience from implementations during drought years was shared in the course of the discussion.

ological zones of Ethiopia. Phase I of the project aimed to improve food security, income status anelihoods of 28,000 households affected by recurrent drought and soaring food prices, through thtroduction, multiplication and distribution of diversified root and tuber crops in 12 Woredas of Ethiopiaase II aimed to scale up root and tuber crop diversification in 15 Woredas (15,000 households) ohara, Oromiya, SNNPR and Tigray regions of Ethiopia. The project ran from August 2009 to Marc12. It was funded by USAID/OFDA and had a budget of USD 2,175,098. USAID/OFDA theproved further funding of USD 1,000,000 for the scaling up of the same activites from April 2012 t

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arch 2013. The root/tuber crops targeted were Irish potato, taro, enset, cassava and sweet potato.

e projects achievements are considerable and include the following:

- 7,326qts of Irish potato; 4,994qts of taro; 89,522 pcs of cassava; and 16.28 million pcs of sweet potato distributed between August 2009 – July 2011;

- 2,600qts of Irish potato; 1,000 qts of taro; 200,000 pcs of cassava pieces; and 6.4 million pcs of sweet potato distributed to 15,998 households between October 2011 – June 2012;

- 25 improved varieties of sweet potato, Irish potato, taro and cassava were distributed;


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- 13 focal persons trained in acclimatization of tissue culture plants; 64 women farmers, focal persons and home agents trained on root and tuber crop food preparation with hands-on exercises in SNNPR and Oromiya; 212 extension workers trained in improved root and tuber crop production; 640 farmers trained in all project Woredas.

- 47,581 beneficiary households diversified their cropping systems and increased their annual food production and income through direct sale of root and tuber crop products;

- 47 DLSs (Diffused Light Storage) constructed (design prepares, construction materials supplied, local materials and labour sourced from the Woredas);

- Training of trainers (ToT) conducted (joint FAO/CIP) – a total of 22 technical staff participated from all project areas;

- FAO has supported the established Ethiopia’s first tissue culture association known as “Plant Biotechnology Society of Ethiopia (PBSE)” in collaboration with USAID/MoA/MASHAV project;

- Based on lessons learned from the USAID/OFDA project, FAO is distributing large quantities of root and tuber planting materials in La Niña affected Woredas of SNNPR and Oromiya recovery projects supported by HRF and ECHO;

- The project has 237,905 direct beneficiaries.

The impacts felt from the project in each of the project regions have been significant. For example, in SNNPR, a large number of farmers have experienced a change in livelihood through protection and building of assets. The ripple effect of the project through farmer-to-farmer exchange of improved crop varieties is considerable. Farmers are also aware of the quality and nutritional value (vitamin A) of the OFSP variety. In Oromia farmers have witnessed a 3-fold increase in production through the use of improved varieties as compared to the previously-used local varieties. In Tigray (Alaje Woreda), households with plots of approximately 200-250m2 harvested 8-18qts of potato using 50kg of Irish potato seed tuber provided by the project. During the first harvest these farmers obtained 3,000 – 5,800 Birr each from the sale of potatoes and have retained enough seeds of the improved varieties for the next planting season. In Amhara, the 2,700 households that received seeds in 2010 have produced a total of 23,080qts of potato (average of 8.7qts per household) from very small pieces of land (less than 0.025ha). In Farta and Dessie Zuria Woredas an average yield of 275qt/ha was obtained from 84ha of potato planted with 3 improved varieties.

The project did however face some serious challenges in the form of: serious shortages of good-quality planting materials of root and tuber crop varieties; few varieties available on the market; knowledge gap in the growing/cultural practices and disease identification of root and tuber crops; limited know-how on food preparation, processing & consumption; and high risk of disease dissemination through planting materials. The need for nutrition education was however noted during the project.

The success of the project showed that root and tuber crops can greatly contribute to food security, especially when merging short and long term development interventions (emergency/recovery and development). Expansion to more food-insecure areas is recommended.

2.3.2 APPLE PRODUCTION IN IMPROVING THE LIVELIHOODS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE AMHARA HIGHLANDS: A CASE OF DABAT INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT (2005-2012) - ELIAS GETACHEW, PROGRAMME MANAGER, SAVE THE CHILDREN NORWAY

A number of GOs and NGOs have mainstreamed apple production as a poverty-reduction strategy in the highland areas of Amhara, and are trying to introduce and expand production across the region.


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Apple production has high potential in Amhara because of the favorable agro-ecology of the region: The growing population in Amhara is forcing family heads to split the land, resulting in smaller plots per family. The highland areas are also characterized by steep slope land forms, low temperatures, erosion and deforestation. Moreover, the agricultural activities taking place in the highlands are characterized by annual crops, and subsistence rain-fed farming dominated by Barley, Fava bean and Potato. The crop diversity in the highland areas is generally low, when compared to the lowland areas, which often causes yield instability across years. Additionally, the dominant crops currently grown in the area have low productivity, market value and demand. The overall agriculturally associated problems are contributing to the prevalence of poverty in the farming communities of the region. Indeed, of all the rural Woredas, nearly 50% are food insecure. In the highlands of the region where there is no fruit alternative, apple cultivation provides an indispensable role in maximising farmers’ incomes from sale of the fruit, and simultaneously improves the diet of family members. Moreover, as the apple is a perennial crop, it has vital contributions to environmental sustainability. In line with this, the efforts made by GOs and NGOs in the promotion of apple production in Amhara so far has shown an encouraging response. Up until 2008 only 253ha of land (with 280,000 trees) was used as apple plantations, but the coverage was expected to increase by at least one fold by 2011.

Save The Children Norway, Ethiopia, initiated a project in Dabat in partnership with ORDA, one of the regional development actors who became involved in the promotion of apple production as of 2004/5 in Dabat through Dabat IFSP. The main intervention activities were the following: Provision of 20,000 seedlings to over 325 food insecure households; training on nursery management and marketing; provision of farm implements; and experience exchange among farmers from various woredas. As a result the knowledge and skills of beneficiary households improved; farmers have planted various varieties of apple seedlings and are collecting 200 -250 fruits per tree, from 6-7 year old trees and selling an apple for between 2-3 birr each. A total of 310 households have benefited from the intervention. As a result the income of beneficiary farmers is increasing; they are also building assets and diversifying their income opportunities. Additionally, members of beneficiary households are benefitting from the consumption of apples which has great nutritional benefits for children as well.

A few challenges were identified along the way, including: the availability of trained manpower in managing apple cultivation; monitoring and provision of support to smallholder farmers; availability of seedlings; local knowledge on apples; and availability of middlemen to sell apples in cities and nearby towns. The lessons learnt during the project were that the trial nursery sites served not only as demonstration sites, but also as income generating sites for youths during the final hand-over period. Also, creating linkages with woreda-level agriculture offices ensured technical support after handover. Additionally, targeting women-headed households has a significant impact on livelihoods. Considering the significantly positive impacts of the project, it is concluded that further interventions of a similar nature are needed to increase annual income and crop alternatives for farmers in the highlands. It is recommended that market linkages and value chain processing be included in the initial project plan. Moreover, intensive support should be provided to the farmers, as this ensures quality products. Good working linkages should be created with regional research institutions and cooperative offices. Lastly, there should be a focus on activities that reinforce and are reinforced by apple production.


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3. PASTORALISTS/AGRO-PASTORALISTS: INNOVATIVE DRM PRACTICES

3.1 LINKING RELIEF & REHABILITATION TO DEVELOPMENT

3.1.1 LINKING EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO LONG-TERM RISK REDUCTION/DEVELOPMENT: IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RESPONSE TO FOOD CRISIS AND DROUGHT IN ETHIOPIA - GEZU BEKELE & NAZARETH FIKRU, REGIONAL HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR, OXFAM AMERICA

Oxfam America and partners have been implementing “Response to the Food Crisis and Drought in Ethiopia (RFCD)” programme in Oromia and Tigray regions with the support of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, since late 2008. RFCD is a two-phase program designed to assist poor vulnerable households to cope with, and recover from, the combined impacts of drought and the global food crisis. The first phase started in the last quarter of 2008, with a view to both addressing the immediate food shortage and protecting livelihoods assets, and was followed by the recovery phase in early 2009.

The presentation describes three of the six RFCD recovery phase program interventions selected for impact assessment: restocking plus cash-for-work, cash-for-work for bush clearance, and small-scale irrigation, implemented in the Jidda, Moyale and Liben woredas respectively in Oromia region. The impact assessments were conducted in December 2010 and January 2011 using a combination of focus-group discussions and household interviews, and involving a range of participatory methods.

The results show: In Jidda, around 16% of households benefitting both from the CFW and restocking interventions that were classified as poor in 2008 have moved up to the middle and/or better-off wealth classes in 2010, and this positive change in wealth status was limited to project participants. In Moyale, income from CFW contributed to protecting household livestock assets and reduced the need to engage in the sale of firewood/ charcoal, or to migrate to other areas for work. In Liben, although the small-scale irrigation project has been affected by flooding, there was a significant increase in total farm production and the proportion consumed (p<0.001), grain stored and the crop-by products fed to own livestock (p<0.01) by study households after the irrigation project.

Although the impact of the restocking scheme in Jidda is promising, there is room for further improvement in future restocking interventions. The relatively high mortality rate of the restocked sheep is of particular concern and issues that need to be addressed include the low quality and coverage of the currently available animal health services in the area. The establishment of a group insurance fund to cover restocked animals lost to disease should be considered for inclusion in future restocking interventions. Regarding the CFW intervention, though bush clearing has significantly contributed to improved regeneration of grasses during the rainy season that followed the drought period, integrating it to holistic rangeland management system including controlled bush burning, community and local government long-term planned practices are considered to be a more practical and sustainable way of rehabilitating pasture than physical clearance via CFW in the Moyale area. Finally, re small-scale irrigation, supporting a successful irrigation scheme is a complex and long-term (3-5 years) activity and the scheme requires continued close monitoring and support.


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3.1.2 COMMERCIAL DE-STOCKING: MERCY CORPS’ 2011 DROUGHT EXPERIENCE - TATE MUNRO, CHIEF OF PARTY, MERCY CORPS

The Revitalizing Agricultural/Pastoral Incomes and New Markets (RAIN) Project is a 36-month initiative funded by the United States Agency for International Development within the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA).The goal of the project is Protect, Promote, and Diversify livelihoods as a means of increasing households’ resilience to shock. The target area is a strategic cluster of four zones and 18 woredas across the Somali and Oromia Regions of Ethiopia. The project aims to benefit 682,934 individuals with a total budget of US$ 16.9million.

The RAIN project strategy is an integrated graduation model that leverages existing OFDA and USAID initiatives and linkages with communities in the Oromia and Somali Regions of Ethiopia to build a more comprehensive, effective and holistic response to the escalating food security crisis. Building on extensive business, government and civil society networks and community relationships, the RAIN project follows a bottom-up and participatory approach. Empowering pastoral, ex-pastoral, agro-pastoral, and marginal farming households to increase their productivity, economic activity, and income generation, their resilience to recurring livelihood shocks is strengthened through an integrated approach that: Prevents food insecurity and livelihoods collapse via improved preparedness; Protects existing productive asset base to strengthen and diversify livelihoods; and Promotes market-based business models, local economic development, and economic integration and trade.

The commercial de-stocking formula presented below is the one Mercy Corps used for the recent 2010-2011 Horn of Africa drought from late May to August 2011, which included working with 17 established private livestock traders as the commercial de-stockers, the government as key governance regulators, private inputs suppliers and abattoirs as support and core market (value chain) actors, and Mercy Corps as a temporary financial service facilitator and temporary relationship broker between livestock traders and abattoirs.

Step 1: Assessment of Drought Level & LEGS Criteria Step 2: Examine Past Lessons Learned Step 3: Identify “Right” Traders Step 4: Develop Appropriate Mechanism Step 5: Legalise Agreements Step 6: Link Traders to Inputs Supply Chains Step 7: Link Traders with Alternative Output Markets Step 8: Continually Monitor Step 9: Partners Return Financial Supports Step 10: Evaluate Impact


Participants asked why maize was chosen as the crop for the small-scale irrigation scheme, as opposed to other high-value cash crops. The presenters responded that the priority crop, maize, was chosen based on market access, importance in securing household food needs, and perishability of crops – however the integration of other high value cash crops is under consideration. When asked about the sustainability of the project, as well as the sustainability of its impacts, the presenters answered that the involvement of both the GoE and beneficiary communities contribute towards sustainability. With regards to sustainability vis-à-vis climate change, effective ways in which to carry out water harvesting and distribution have been considered. Lastly, a participant asked if restocking was the only cause for flock size increments. To this the presenters responded that the increments are a results of the complementary effects of all the programme interventions.


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Mercy Corps’ commercial de-stocking intervention had certain key elements or features that appear to have heavily influenced its fairly well managed processes and positive outcomes. These included:

- The “Right” Partners (traders, abattoir, feed supplier & government): Innovative partners with demonstrated histories of substantial, market-based action who understand and appreciate contracts and recognise the long term opportunity in addressing the near term needs of thousands of drought stricken pastoralists.

- Linkages: Building and strengthening linkages critical in the livestock inputs and outputs market systems. Essential for targeting linkages was ensuring incentives lined up with roles. Near and long term economic incentives drove all the stakeholders.

- GoE Coordination: Close and continuous communication between Mercy Corps and its partner line bureaus facilitated critical design, preparation, implementation and modification actions during the activity.

- Legalised Agreements & Collateral Requirement: Recognizing it was engaging with professional businesses in a business relationship that had precedent setting qualities; there was strong commitment to the process of business interaction.

- Appropriate Financial Support Mechanisms (conditionality, size and cultural appropriateness): The features of the financial support mechanisms were critical to this initiative working with the local traders. The financial support mechanisms had to be large enough to make scaling possible both to reach a sizable number of beneficiaries as well as reach a tipping point in the trader-abattoir and trader-feed supplier linkages. The traders and producers were all Muslim so the financial support mechanisms had to observe the essential tenants of Islam. The financial support mechanisms also had to create an obligation for the partners to target the vulnerable, drought-stricken pastoralists while not prohibitively interfering with basic essential market forces that would lead to long term producer-trader-abattoir/inputs supplier relationships.

- Timeliness (holidays/seasonal markets): In many areas, the peak of this drought occurred around the two largest Muslim holidays of the year when demand for livestock consumption, and therefore prices, were highest. The high prices and substantial demand meant traders’ perceived risk was at the years lowest.

Mercy Corps’ use of the commercial de-stocking tactic was not without challenges. These challenges included:

- Movement of livestock: Shortage of pasture, availability of water points and animals’ deteriorated body condition made moving them to re-conditioning, fattening or intermediary and terminal markets difficult. The greatest impediments were the restrictions placed on traders who were transporting de-stocked livestock by vehicle from some parts of the country to their fattening stations in other locations near less secure borders.

- Movement of livestock associated inputs (e.g.: animal feed): Animal feeds were restricted from being moved from areas of supply to the traders’ fattening stations.

- Short periods of the financial support mechanisms: The initiative’s key partners, the livestock traders, were frustrated that the upstream linkages with producers and feed suppliers, as well as downstream linkages with various end markets were difficult to maintain because the financial support mechanism period was only 110 days.

- Issues amongst members of trader groups: The leaders reported difficulties with members who ‘free road’ on the hard work of other traders who reached distant, drought-affected pastoralists meeting weekly achievements and demand.

Over the course of 110 days, over 10,608 livestock were de-stocked by project supported traders. This benefit reached roughly 28,350 pastoralists (4,500 households). In addition to the traditional overland market channels, a new market channel to a highland abattoir, Helmix, was established. Over 2,408 shoats were sold to Helmix abattoir. In another first-of-its-kind relationship, 1,200 quintals of commercial animal feed was purchased from a commercial feed supplier, Ethiofeed PLC in Nazreth, and transported


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to the Somali region by a partner livestock trading/fattening group. The reach of the livestock traders was impressive. Livestock were purchased from over 23 woredas – many areas where humanitarian agencies were not otherwise permitted to access and deliver relief support. Of the 10,608 livestock de-stocked, 478 were cattle, the rest shoats. The average pastoralist household sold either 2.3 shoats or 1 cow. The average price per de-stocked shoat was ETB 545 (US$ 33.45) and de-stocked cattle was ETB 2,000 (US$122.70). Therefore, the average benefit per household was either ETB 1,254 (US$76.93) or ETB 2,000 (US$122.70) depending if they sold shoats or a cow. The total financial support mechanism amount for each trader was ETB 250,000 (US$15,337) or ETB 4.25million (US$260,736) for all 17 traders combined. Traders repaid 100% of their loans. The total estimated overall benefit was 182% of the financial support amount: ETB 7.7million (US$472,392). ETB 6.6million (US$ 405,121) or 86% of this benefit was paid directly to pastoralists as purchasing price for their shoats and cattle. 14.48% was for cattle, 85.52% for shoats. Government benefitted roughly ETB 485,000 (US$29,754) or 6% of the total benefit mainly from currency exchange fees as the cost of the export licenses was negligible. The traders gross revenue was ETB 615,000 (US$37,730) or roughly 8% of the total benefit, though their actual profit margin is lower when controlling for their costs for transport, fattening, watering, veterinary care and other livestock associated costs. Recognising the 100% cost recovery success of this activity, the actual cost of this initiative was only the programming running costs. The full ETB 4.25million original financial support capital was then able to be re-invested in other activities supporting the project’s overall objective.

During the course of designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluation this activity a number of lessons were learned:

i. The majority of benefit from commercial de-stocking appears to go directly to pastoralists.

ii. The most significant gap in the livestock value chain in this instance was availability of culturally- and scale-appropriate financial services.

iii. Commercial traders were able to quickly mobilize and scale their operations, much faster and more efficiently than NGOs are usually able to.

iv. It is possible to substantially amplify reach of resources using partners.

v. Emergencies do not supersede all bottlenecks: in spite of urgent need to transport drought-stricken livestock, critical animal feed supplement and strong support from Regional government partners delays at critical transport gateways led to higher than necessary mortality rates and transaction costs for de-stocked livestock.

vi. Strong agreements and commercial approach to partnerships lead to achievements at multiple levels.

vii. Multiple market outlet channels as well as fortunate seasonal timing contributed to the scale of the benefit.


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3.2 DRM EXPERIENCES & INNOVATIVE APPROACHES

3.2.1 DROUGHT CYCLE MANAGEMENT: LESSONS LEARNT IN PASTORAL AREAS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA, 2011 - ABOMSA KEBEDE & AXEL WEISER, SAVE THE CHILDREN USA

La Niña events which recently caused drought in Ethiopia, saw the country go through different drought cycle phases. These phases differed in various locations. For example in Borana, we experienced (on the basis of the drought cycle management model DCM) an “alert/alarm phase” already in late 2010. Accordingly, the Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative Phase II (PLI II) started with early response interventions, such as commercial destocking, in February 2011. When the start of the main rainy season in March failed, the DCM model moved to the “emergency phase”. PLI II implemented livelihoods-based emergency interventions, such survival feeding and slaughter destocking. During the late ganna rains in April and May, the DCM phase did not progress to “recovery” but returned to “alarm/alert”. During July to mid September the DCM phase returned again to “emergency” because the previous rains were insufficient to sustain livelihoods throughout the dry season. During the small rainy hagaya season in late September and October, Borana received exceptionally good rains. However, it was not sufficient for full recovery of the weakened livestock and consequently the DCM phase returned to “alarm/alert” and not to “recovery”. This phase remained throughout the dry season until early 2012. The DRMFSS-ATF Briefing Paper 9 March–April 2012 highlights the related Road Map and the National Guidelines for Livestock Relief Interventions in Pastoral Areas of Ethiopia provide a sound basis for programming.

But what are the triggers/thresholds for changes in phases? The IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification) uses multi-dimensional aspects of food security as indicators to classify the different situations. These multi-sectoral indicators include: crude mortality rate, malnutrition, stunting, food access/availability, dietary diversity, water access/availability, coping mechanisms, livelihood assets, civil security and hazards. The IPC classifies the stages as follows:

Phase 1A: GENERALLY FOOD SECURE Usually adequate and stable food access with moderate or low risk of sliding into Phase 3, 4 or 5.

Phase 1B: GENERALLY FOOD SECURE usually adequate and stable food access with moderate or low risk of sliding into Phase 3, 4 or 5.

Phase 2: MODERATELY/BORDERLINE FOOD INSECURE


Discussion following the presentation ranged from dialogue over market linkages to price determination and scaling up of the programme. Mr. Munro explained that the financial support mechanisms provided by Mercy Corps ceased once the emergency was over. However, there is interest among all parties involved in commercial destocking in continuing with the established market linkages. With regards to the determination of destocking prices, the presenter confirmed that a number of factors were taken into consideration by a number of parties, price was not set by the NGO or government as this would be against the key market value of the activity, and the actual prices were agreeable to all parties. As for the scaling up of the programme to other geographical areas, it was stated that the impacts of the intervention need to be analysed carefully before further action.

Borderline adequate food access with recurrent high risk (due to probably hazard events and high vulnerability) of sliding into Phase 3, 4 or 5.

Phase 3: ACUTE FOOD & LIVELIHOOD CRISISHighly stressed and critical lack of food access with high and above usmalnutrition and accelerated depletion of livelihood assets that, if continued, will slide the population into Phase 4 or 5, and/or will likely result in chronic poverty.

Phase 4: HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCYSevere lack of food access with excess mortality,malnutrition, and irreversible livelihood asset stripping.

Phase 5: FAMINE/HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHEExtreme social upheaval with complete lack of food access and/or other basic needs where mass starvation, death and displacement a

The challenge in identifying a specific exist. For example, at least nine different pastoral and agropastoral, camel/shoats pastoral, camel/shoat/cattle pastoral, market isolated cattle and shoats pastoral, maize/cattle agro-pastoral with dryland farming, maize/cattle/shoats agroirrigation, riverine agro-pastoral; and various crop based rural as well athere are a number of pastoral and agro(commercial and thriving); stepping out (vulnerable but viable); moving out (vulnerable and exiting); exited from pastoralism.

By gathering information from different sources, transitions between stages can be identified and thresholds can be understood. Programs in response projects, combine three main mechanisms to idanalysis of different information from various sourcesWFP price trends, OCHA Humanitarian Bulletinwith different community members, local government, NGOs and civil society; DRM (vulnerability, coping, hazard, risk) mechanisms supports up-to-date programming and managementin such dynamic situations.

In this context another important question needs to be asked: with development? Does development stop during a drought emergency phase? learned that development programmes should continue integrating with relief assistance activities. education, child protection, participatory natural

D R M - A T F 1 S T A N N U A L C O N F E R E N C E


ACUTE FOOD & LIVELIHOOD CRISIS Highly stressed and critical lack of food access with high and above usmalnutrition and accelerated depletion of livelihood assets that, if continued, will slide the population into Phase 4 or 5, and/or will likely result in chronic poverty.

HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY Severe lack of food access with excess mortality, very high and increasing malnutrition, and irreversible livelihood asset stripping. FAMINE/HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE Extreme social upheaval with complete lack of food access and/or other basic needs where mass starvation, death and displacement are evident.

specific phase in Ethiopia’s lowlands is that many different livelihood zones different pastoral and agro-pastoral based livelihoods, including: cattle

oral, camel/shoat/cattle pastoral, market isolated cattle and shoats pastoral, pastoral with dryland farming, maize/cattle/shoats agro-pastoral, agro

pastoral; and various crop based rural as well as semi-urban systems. Moreover, there are a number of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods dynamics and transitions: moving up (commercial and thriving); stepping out (vulnerable but viable); moving out (vulnerable and exiting);

By gathering information from different sources, transitions between stages can be identified and Programs in Save the Children USA, such as PLI II, PILLAR and drought

three main mechanisms to identify DCM phases and their transitions: (i) from various sources (DRMFSS EW Bulletin, FEWSNET, ICPAC, FAO

price trends, OCHA Humanitarian Bulletin, HRD factsheets, etc.); (ii) maintainingdifferent community members, local government, NGOs and civil society; (iii) own

DRM (vulnerability, coping, hazard, risk) and livelihoods needs assessments. The combination of these date programming and management decision making and thus timely acti

In this context another important question needs to be asked: What are the interactiondevelopment? Does development stop during a drought emergency phase?

evelopment programmes should continue also during an emergency phase while integrating with relief assistance activities. Especially interventions that aim at improved health and education, child protection, participatory natural resources management (PNRM), gender mainstreaming,

livelihoods diversification, alternative livelihoods, early warning, conflict prevention and mitigation, do no harm (DNH), and risk reduction are essential during all DCM phases. development activities should continue throughout the DCM cycle. However, for some interventions the implementation approach needs to be adjusted. The development phase explicit focus on “help for self help” levels of community resource coother side, humanitarian interventions require less or no contribution from communities. Against this background Save the Children’s DCM

A N N U A L C O N F E R E N C E P R O C E E D I N G S

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Highly stressed and critical lack of food access with high and above usual malnutrition and accelerated depletion of livelihood assets that, if continued, will slide the population into Phase 4 or 5, and/or will likely result in chronic poverty.

very high and increasing

Extreme social upheaval with complete lack of food access and/or other basic needs

is that many different livelihood zones pastoral based livelihoods, including: cattle

oral, camel/shoat/cattle pastoral, market isolated cattle and shoats pastoral, pastoral, agro-pastoral with

urban systems. Moreover, dynamics and transitions: moving up

(commercial and thriving); stepping out (vulnerable but viable); moving out (vulnerable and exiting); and

By gathering information from different sources, transitions between stages can be identified and , such as PLI II, PILLAR and drought

entify DCM phases and their transitions: (i) (DRMFSS EW Bulletin, FEWSNET, ICPAC, FAO and

; (ii) maintaining continuous dialogue (iii) own people-centered

. The combination of these decision making and thus timely action

the interactions of DCM phases development? Does development stop during a drought emergency phase? Save the Children has

during an emergency phase while Especially interventions that aim at improved health and

resources management (PNRM), gender mainstreaming, livelihoods diversification, alternative livelihoods, early warning, conflict prevention and mitigation, do no harm (DNH), and risk reduction are essential during all DCM phases. Therefore specific

pment activities should continue throughout . However, for some interventions

the implementation approach needs to be he development phase supports an

“help for self help” and higher levels of community resource contributions. On the other side, humanitarian interventions require less or no contribution from communities. Against this background Save the Children’s DCM


programming and practical work develops towards more integration of DCM phases than maintaining a distinct separation. This can be visualized in the adjusted DCM, above.

Pa f m g in r ha t ch ); ch e ch t ad t w

G f Fa d on g papanediwenot

SpExtracapom


Discussions in reference to the above presentation began with the observation that drought cycle management has served as an excellent framework but is becoming static – a more continuous/flexible approach is needed. This was related to a point raised about fund rigidity to address emergencies: The development community needs to move away from the current compartmentalised funding structure to flexible funding – donors should have flexible funding mechanisms (such as USAID’s crisis modifier), which should in turn improve the chronic problem of timing of response. Donors need to support the entire drought management cycle. A question was then raised about the correct balance between emergency management and risk management. It was stated that a sound development foundation is needed, although there is also a need to work on emergency activities – there is indeed a strong need to integrate drought response and mitigation interventions. The discussion then turned to the effectiveness of dialogue with the government, whereby Save the Children USA confirmed dialogue has been effective especially during emergency, although more has to be done, especially in terms of development activities.

3.2.2 EXPERIENCE OF PASTORALIST FIELD SCHOOLS IN ETHIOPIA - TAREKEGN TOLA (DR.), FAO ETHIOPIA

storalism as a production system is facing growing internal and external challenges: The occurrence oultifaceted hazards; increased dynamic pressures (both human and livestock population); weakenindigenous coping mechanisms; weak pastoral extension systems/poor dryland farming and watervesting experiences; encroachments (invasive spp., settlements in grazing/watering fronts); markeallenges (information, infrastructure); poor basic social services (as compared to the national averageronic food insecurity; and lack of long term vision and policy support, result in continuous adaptivanges, some of which have negative impacts. And, in turn, as a result of the challenges and consequenaptations, the perception of pastoralism is changing in a way which is more adaptable to the presenithout losing its economic and ecological potential: “Modern and Mobile.”

iven the above pressures, Pastoralist Field Schools (PFS) have come into existence as an adaptation ormer Field Schools, for communities that live in arid and semi-arid, where livelihoods largely depen livestock production. PFSs are community-based, practical-oriented field study programmes involvin

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storalists/agro-pastoralists, and are facilitated by extension staff or by other pastoralists/agro-storalists. PFSs act as forums for pastoralists/agro-pastoralists to learn, test and adapt practices and w technologies using practical hands-on methods of learning that emphasise field observation, scussion, analysis, experimentation and collective decision-making. They are “schools without walls” hich result in capacity building. PFSs not only act as a platform for learning, but for empowerment in hancing pastoralists’/agro-pastoralists’ food security and improve their preparedness to drought and her natural calamities as well.

ecifically, PFSs have the ability to address a number of difficulties by finding ways to cope with these. amples include: New developments such as climate change or emerging diseases; weakening ditional coping mechanisms and the need to supplement these with modern solutions; strengthening the pacity of local communities to analyze their livelihood systems, identify their main constraints and test ssible solutions; quick adaptation to the dynamism of the pastoral systems; preparedness against ultitudes of hazards and associated livelihood shocks; and enhanced livelihood diversification.


FAO and its implementing partners – Oromia Pastoral Areas Development Commission; Somali Region LCRDB; Afar PADB; Oxfam GB; DCA and partners (AFD, ASE and LWF); Save the Children UK; and IIRR/GPDI – launched a project to establish a number PFSs in Ethiopia. The project was funded by The Swiss Development Cooperation, ECHO and the European Commission. So far 49 PFSs have been established around the country (Borana, Guji, Bale, Somali, Afar and SNNPR). Learning enterprises and lessons of the PFSs thus far include rangeland management, livestock fattening, livelihood diversification mechanisms (e.g. apiary), water and soil conservation, and seedling planting.

Through the project it has become clear that PFSs are an ideal approach for adaptation and livelihoods diversification. They improved community analytical skills, the decision-making capacity of communities, and stimulated local innovation. New research products and technologies can easily be disseminated through the PFSs. However, the success of PFSs depends on the support and goodwill of the facilitators, communities and authorities at various levels especially community leaders, government experts and supervisors. It was also found that community cohesion and team spirit was strengthened beyond the learning component. Lastly, it was noted that PFSs require strong follow-up and monitoring. Significant challenges included the limited commitment of pastoral development offices, high turnover of government DAs, and the fact that activities focused on more sedentary herds. FAO recommends that future activities target mobile herds as well. It also recommends that PFSs should be linked to Community DRR initiatives as well as informal education and research institutions; PFS approaches should be harmonised; learning should be enhanced among illiterate participants by developing learning tools based on drawings and pictures; and lastly, technologies that are tested and applied by PFSs should be locally available for pastoralists to practice individually.

Inanemthmreliv


Dialogue on PFSs began with the observation that these are currently the emerging tool for provision of appropriate pastoral extension (knowledge and technology dissemination). Concern was however raised over who is responsible for deciding what topics will be focused on during the learning sessions. Dr. Tarekegn explained that it is the community who decides what areas to focus on depending on the community’s needs and priorities – from which the learning curriculum is developed. Concern was also

3.3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

3.3.1 ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO CROSS-BORDER DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT - ABAY BEKELE, OXFAM GB

raised about the compatibility of the concept of “schooling” with the pastoralist lifestyle – however, PFSs are not as defined and strict as fixed schools in that these take place in different locations and on different topics, based on the needs of the community, and are therefore more adaptable to the pastoralist lifestyle. Lastly, the role of women in PFSs was discussed, with the presenter explaining that although we are currently far from gender equality on PFSs, the number of women involved in PFSs is on the rise. However, in certain PFSs, the number of women is higher than that of men – such as the OGB case, which is made up of 70% female members.

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contrast to the Community Managed DRM (CMDRM), which tends to use Kebele as a geographic unit of alysis and intervention, Oxfam GB’s landscape/ecosystem approach to cross-border DRM approach phasises a deeper understanding of the vulnerability context at landscape scale to inform measures at enhance the capacity and cooperation between households and communities that enables them to anage the complex environments they live in. While CMDRM is still an important component in building silience, the use of Kebele as a management unit is found to be limiting as it misses movements of estock and herders between landscapes. In contrast, the use of the common ecosystem cross-border


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areas of Ethiopia and Somaliland as a management unit helps better understand the strategic water points and dry season grazing areas, the distribution of basic services across the border, the differentiated livelihoods groups and the reciprocal resource sharing and local social protection mechanisms used to address problems of vulnerability and impoverishment.

The findings of Oxfam GB’s observation runs counter to the CMDRM approach which has been used by Oxfam and many other organizations to build communities’ resilience to disaster risk. Some of the problems communities face stem from the implementation of CMDRM in isolated Kebeles which are likely to reinforce vulnerability in the longer term. Our analysis shows that, interventions undertaken in isolated Kebeles tend to focus on addressing the manifestations of vulnerability such as birkads and ponds which may improve the water situation through a single season, but do not provide protection against lengthy droughts, or the establishment of community institutions and by-laws which represent the interest, positions and needs of the communities only. At the aggregate level, such isolated inputs are enough to create privatization of communal assets, acting as disincentives for social cooperation and increased differentiation within and between local communities.

The biggest challenge shared with households, community, landscape and ecosystem is to reduce the number and magnitude of disaster risk management mistakes, given these mistakes will have high social, economic and ecological consequences in the dryland environment. For the Ethiopia and Somaliland some of the new focus areas are:

- Ecosystem: Access information such as volume of total dry matter in the ecosystem and strategic water resources, cross institutional cooperation to address drought risk; and, cross-border access to basic services (human, health, education and veterinary services) to manage stressors;

- Landscape: The development of strategic water resources and the management of dry season grazing areas around them in a socially acceptable, environmentally sound and economically feasible manner; better manage conflict and unintended social and environmental impacts;

- Community: Strengthening/establishing of community institutions that lead the planning and implementation of CMDRM, linked to, and in coordination with, local government, and other communities within and across the border;

- Households: Enhancing the ability of households to engage in safer and smoother transitions to alternative livelihoods, using for example, the pastoral field school approach, and aligning customary and external social support systems.

Policy implications from our ecosystem approach in the context of Ethiopia and Somaliland are different from the way CMDRM is currently implemented. Interventions to enhance the resilience of households and communities to disaster risks and stressors require a deeper understanding of the opportunities, constraints, and relationships within a common ecosystem. Interventions may be packaged under safer transition of households, community managed disaster risk reduction, strategic resource management at landscape level and cross border coordination of resources and services. Strengthening the institutional mechanisms that facilitate the cooperation between individuals and communities; and, between landscapes must be treated as the central engine of building resilience.


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3.3.2 CONSEQUENCES OF INAPPROPRIATE DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS IN THE BORANA RANGELANDS IN THE ‘60S AND ‘70S: “A CURSE OR A BLESSING” - SORA ADI

Ethiopia’s rangelands were once renowned as one of the best in East Africa, with pastoralists efficiently using the rangeland by employing traditional pastoralist and grazing systems (including communal property systems) developed and refined over many centuries. The Borana pastoralists and other ethnic groups occupy the vast territory of the southern part of Ethiopia. This region is home to the famous Borana cattle breed. The arid region has a dynamic and highly resilient ecosystem, with a strong capacity to regenerate rapidly when the rains return. Because pastoralism is a major livelihood component in the area, maintaining the integrity and productivity of rangelands is key.

However, development interventions in the ‘60s and ‘70s, particularly in the Borana lowlands, led to unintended consequences in the form of widespread overgrazing (caused by the construction of ponds in the area), extensive bush encroachment, and the expansion of agriculture into the rangelands. This may have been caused by the lack of indigenous knowledge on the part of project designers, as well as their failure to include the participation of pastoral communities in project planning. Similarly, past development interventions aimed at improving rangeland and living conditions of local communities failed to identify appropriate rangeland management techniques due to the use of a top-down approach. Furthermore, no attempt was made to address problems of pastoralist communities using a holistic approach, and policy makers failed to understand the dynamics of pastoralist systems.

This has resulted in the deterioration of Borana rangelands and in turn the deterioration in the productivity of pastoralism (both the land and the livestock) and pastoralist livelihoods themselves have deteriorated. These problems are worsened by the effects of drought, climate change and the absence of bush fires. The carrying capacity of the rangelands has declined so much that the pastoralists are forced to keep few numbers livestock. Indeed bush encroachment has rendered it more suitable for camels and shoats rather than the Borana cattle. The deteriorated rangelands no longer support pastoralist livelihoods. Strategies need to be designed in a way that restore the rangelands and maximise its use. Disaster Risk Reduction (DDR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) each have the potential to highlight and address the underlying causes of vulnerability thereby placing rangeland dwellers higher up on the development and investment agenda.

In recent years the GoE, as well as other relevant stakeholders, have recognised the issue and are moving forwards in addressing it, both at the national and international level. Government policy in the last few years has been strongly committed to alleviating rangeland problems through the provision of water and the implementation of integrated water-based development plans (IBD). Certain aspects of the IBD plan have already been implemented on a promising scale but still need to be translated into


Participants began with the question of how to link to the regional (Somali) Early Warning system: Dr. Abay explained that information sharing occurs at Regional Task Force meetings, which provides a linkage with the regional Early Warning system. Next the collection, analysis and dissemination of information to the community was discussed – in particular, it was asked how this is done. The presenter explained that the community-based Early Warning system is scaled up from Borena zone and adapted for Somaliland, and uses standard EW indicators to collect data and disseminate it to the communities. With the support of Oxfam GB, the community analyses the Early Warning data and takes early action.


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implementable actions in order to solve some emerging implementation and administrative problems. Moreover, the recently endorsed Policy Frame Work for pastoralists in Africa from the African Union is another undertaking which would provide an excellent platform for guiding government efforts in securing pastoralism as a viable livelihood.

The Borana area at present needs significant rangeland management interventions: Construction and/or rehabilitation of ponds/wells/water troughs is a solution, but the location of water sources needs to be studied as to avoid over-grazing and animal/human disease contamination. Improvement of bush encroachment will require proper understanding of the mechanics of invasion. The lowland vegetation that is typical of a savannah, dominated by varying proportions of woodlands and more grasslands, has shifted more towards woodlands. Savannah vegetation is maintained under climatic variation and periodic disturbance in the form of grazing, fire and drought. Disturbance in the cycle results in unpredictable changes in woody-grass ratio, and changes favor woody plants when grassland productivity is reduced. Additionally, levels of desirable (decreaser) species of plants decline with over-grazing, and gives way to undesirable increasers and invaders (bush) that are not consumed by cattle. In the end, an entirely new ecosystem comes into existence, the “bush land.” Other challenges to addressing the problem include: Drought; ethnic conflicts; poor infrastructure; weak market access; poor market conditions; lack of cooperatives or collective decision-making in order to influence livestock prices; and the cessation of the bimodal rain pattern of the region due to climate change.

The lessons learnt have been that multi-sectoral programs based on pastoral economic organizations may be most promising. Additionally, raising productivity will be of no use without efficient markets. The export market for livestock is as yet not well established. Establishing a modern livestock marketing system in rangelands not only benefits the producers, but a value chain with added value along the chain will be created to siphon out young steers and unproductive animals for both domestic and foreign markets. Recommendations include the following: Work closely with pastoralists to determine where and how they should settle; maintain and enhance mobility of livestock; adopt the use of traditional ponds/wells and modern water troughs appropriately; control the build–up of further human pressure in pastoral areas; halt encroachment by farmers and nature conservationists onto pastoral land, except where multiple land uses of benefits to both sides can be negotiated; arrange for veterinary personnel to take care of the animal health component; work towards opening up marketing opportunities to Isiolo, Kenya and onto Mombasa; introduce appropriate forage crops near to the fattening scheme in collaboration with the Oromia Pastoral Development Commission (OPDC); promote and demonstrate the usage of current modern marketing facilities in the region; develop and establish an early warning system specifically for pastoralist economies; develop interventions to reduce long-term vulnerability (e.g. increased use of dry-season fodder, improved grazing management); invest in stand-by capability; provide restocking loans (guarantee funds); and provide education to mobile pastoralists.


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4. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 4.1 A REVIEW OF THE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA

- KEDIR SHEMSU, GIS OFFICER, WFP

In Ethiopia, flood disasters (flash and river floods) are increasing in frequency and severity in recent years. Their negative effects have caused severe damage in human life and assets. It is worthy to reconsider the existing flood risk management and response system to deliver an effective and reliable service in view of uncertainties such as climate change. In theory, flood risk management addresses the complete management cycle focusing on risk assessment, prevention, protection, preparedness including flood forecasts and early warning systems. However, there is often a lack of appropriate implementation mechanisms as well as consistent policy in the country.

Ethiopia’s disaster structure is better prepared for slow onset disaster risk: The various hazards (including flood) experienced in 2006 have emphasised the need for comprehensive disaster risk management and mitigation. The nationwide flood crisis and the Acute Watery Diarrheal (AWD) epidemic reinforced the need for better risk management for all disaster risks, particularly fast on-set ones such as flood and health epidemics. There is a need for an enhanced sectoral early warning mechanism and contingency planning to facilitate early response and support for early recovery. Furthermore, current practice of sector ministries needs to shift from managing disaster to disaster risk management (DRM). This would mean a shift from managing the risk and not the flood itself; giving equal consideration to physical and non-structural measures; and developing a continuous cycle of assessment, implementation, and maintenance. A flood risk management cycle would have to be developed whereby risk analysis takes place (information on flood risk); followed by risk assessment (perception and evaluation); and finally risk reduction (interventions to decrease risks) - continually. The ability to manage flood risk will largely be governed by the ability to coordinate policies and actions amongst several partners (for example, between the DRMFSS, the Ministry of Water & Energy (MoW&E), regional DPFSCOs, the National Meteorological Agency, and the Ministry of Health). There is also a need for greater coordination by DRMFSS on sectoral-level DRM activities within the line ministries.

However, poor working linkages among different government institutions and on ad hoc basis, are barriers to the implementation of flood risk management cycle. Furthermore, government capacity at all levels is a problem. Another difficulty exists in that donors are still more prone to react with reconstruction models rather than with preventive action. Uncertainty as to whether an extreme natural event is actually going to occur often deters decision makers from investing in DRM programmes.

It is recommended first and foremost that a shift from disaster management to DRM. DRM policy should get proper attention urgently and be ratified. Links amongst GoE institutions should be strengthened. Consequently, based on the DRM policy specific guidelines for flood risk management, a proper institutional arrangement should be established, which specifies areas of responsibility, authority and accountability. The commitment of each partner institution is required in working towards the common goal of managing flood, and there should be strategy to ensure their commitment. Government initiatives on reducing exposure also have to be strengthened through improved flood forecast and management, scaling up of integrated watershed management in flood-prone upper catchments, and improved flood defence in the floodplains. Finally, enhancing adaptive capacity has to be coupled with building DRM capacity at all levels and an early warning system.

4.2 WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN SMALLHOLDING FARMER DEVELOPMENT - BERHANU GELETO, RIFT VALLEY CHILDREN & WOMEN DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

Rift Valley Children and Women Development Organization (RCWDO) is an indigenous NGO which was established in September 1993. It deals with welfare promotion of the poor, particularly vulnerable


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groups such as children, women and the elderly. Arsi Negelle woreda, one of RCWDO’s operational area, has been subject to tremendous shocks caused by erratic and reduced rainfall since 1985/6. This reduced and erratic rainfall pattern has gotten worse every year, eventually leading to total crop failure and food insecurity in the lowlands of the district. The poor were severely affected, particularly the destitute and female-headed households.

The main source of income in the target areas is subsistence farming which includes crop and livestock production, with low levels of production and productivity, as well as a lack of alternative income sources, which has in turn further exacerbated the effects of drought. The recurrent drought has decreased the resiliency of the community to shocks as their asset base has been depleted through time. Coping mechanisms include the selling of livestock, charcoal making and selling of firewood (of which the last two are environmentally destructive). Women tend to engage in informal sector activities to sustain the livelihoods of their family members, which increases the workload on women. In addition, women often take loans from local money lenders to access food for their households – but access to such credit is highly challenging particularly for the poor families due to collateral requirements. Gender inequality is one of the main factors bringing about prolonged poverty for women in society, as women’s disempowerment has led to worsening in resilience capacity. In order to address this problem and enhance the condition and position of women in development, systematic gender mainstreaming is very important, so that women can equally benefit from any development effort.

RCWDO’s intervention – in partnership with Oxfam GB – aimed to build the resilience of poor, food-insecure and drought-affected households, with a specific focus on women. It aimed to do so by undertaking smallholder farmer development and enhancing the market and value chain; enhancing productive capacity and purchasing power; enhancing women’s economic empowerment; and strengthening their resilience to shock. The starting point was to conduct a participatory community-based risk assessment, which was done in collaboration with Oxfam GB and the local government. The assessment highlighted the specific vulnerabilities of women (especially pregnant and lactating women), children and the elderly, and raised awareness about the underlying factors that make people vulnerable to hazards. It confirmed that taking loans is a common coping mechanism in the area, and that women generally engage in informal sector income-generating activities to address gaps and reduce vulnerability to drought.

The major components of the intervention included: Improvement in women’s participation in activities which increased agricultural productivity and facilitated market access (e.g. irrigation schemes); promotion of women’s self-help groups in order to develop solidarity, address socio-economic challenges and facilitate resource pooling and sharing; cash transfers to drought-affected households in order to increase their purchasing power through engagement in public works consistent with the PSNP approach; and, linking organised self-help groups with other food security interventions. Throughout the intervention, the following approaches were used: poverty-targeting approach; gender mainstreaming approach; participatory learning and action; livelihood-focused functional adult literacy through REFLECT approach; building on indigenous knowledge and existing potentials; and capacity building. The key impacts were: welfare promotion; better access to resources; increased participation in the community; improved risk management skills; improved management over household resources and community issues; and strengthened solidarity and democratic values.

The key challenges and lessons learnt were the following:

- Most of the targeted poorest-of-the-poor households, particularly women-headed households, rent out their land to in order to access food for the household; re-gaining the land takes time and many women found it difficult to engage in other income-generating activities through support of the project;


- Limited access to land by women – even in female-headed households, traditional views

have suppressed women by stopping them from openly demanding title of ownership;

- Due to the existence of different interventions by various development actors including NGO’s and government targeting the same communities/households in the project areas, some households, particularly women, try to benefit from different interventions. As result they are overstretched, which is in turn affecting their active participation;

- Integration of basic literacy education in the promotion of SHG to facilitate women’s economic empowerment is an important intervention in ensuring sustained empowerment, but most livelihood programmes by the government and donors disregard this component.

4.3 C-

The failure of 2011, comingdroughts. In Shon the availabnegative copinRecent wealth than 5 sheep maintain a suspoor pastoral

In response, Oand public heother negativeoverall and sp

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Discussions began on the way in which the poorest of the poor were identified: RCWDO used community indicators such as wealth ranking to identify the poor – in general PRA tools were used, with different social groups identified, including the poorest of the poor. In this regard it was observed that poverty is not only related to financial terms. Next, participants asked what types of changes were observed in the relationships between husbands and wives, and males and females, if any. Ato Bemales in thevalue addiresources aknowledge transform tcommunitiesThe present

ASH GRANTS & WOMEN TRADERS: A SUITABLE EMERGENCY RESPONSE? BLESSING MUTSAKA, OXFAM GB

the short rains in December 2010 saw the beginnings of a particularly harsh drought in

rhanu noted that in both male and female-headed households, females generally consult decision-making process, resulting in pseudo-male headed households. With regards to

tion to the existing indigenous system, it was observed that women generally share s part of their culture – however, training on business skills, and on linking indigenous to modern technology was provided, as well as strengthening institutions, in order to heir traditional approach into a more business-oriented approach, and in order for the to access loans. Lastly, a participant asked what practical changes have been observed. er indicated that women are now able to sell assets and finance their children’s schooling.

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at a time when pastoralists in Ethiopia were still recovering from the effects of earlier inile Zone, pastoralists are exposed to multiple hazards. Ongoing drought, which impacts ility and accessibility of water and pasture, combines with a weakening asset base and g mechanisms to leave pastoralist communities with high levels of poverty and destitution. ranking by Oxfam revealed that more than half of the population live in poverty with less or goats (‘shoats’) per capita – compared to the 40 shoats needed per household to tainable herd size, and a decent pastoral livelihood. Worryingly, more than half of these groups are women.

xfam implemented a programme with both emergency food security and livelihoods (EFSL) alth interventions, to help prevent further depletion of livestock, distress migration, and coping strategies by vulnerable and destitute households. According to the logframe, the ecific objectives are:

verall objective: To contribute to reduce suffering of pastoral communities in Shinile zone of mali Region of Ethiopia.

ecific objectives: To reduce human suffering and loss of asset in drought affected areas of inile zone in Somali region.


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Specifically, the intervention included a number of activities aimed at improving beneficiaries’ access to food – these were: Market support through women traders; cash for work; and unconditional grants. It also included three interventions aimed at livelihood protection: Animal treatment through vouchers using CAHWs & drug support; logistical support to Government vaccination campaigns; and animal concentrate feed distribution. These in turn aimed for improved food security and livelihoods protection.

The objective of the women traders’ support initiative was to ensure availability of affordable basic food items to rural communities with limited market access, and reduce the risk of inflation as a result of the cash transfer programming. The process involved identifying women groups and assessing their capabilities. Selected groups were then trained in business skills and record-keeping. They were then provided with stock and equipment. Lastly, the activities of the groups were monitored, links with suppliers were created, and transport for the second round stock delivery was subsidised. The progress made to date is outlined below:

- Greater food availability and access - food now available at kebele level at affordable prices (at lower price than during drought);

- Women groups have start-up capital to start and expand a business;

- Market ‘infrastructure’ at Kebele level which can be utilised in subsequent livelihoods programming;

- Aside from those earning a wage from working in the store, there has been limited impact on household income so far, as most groups are putting all proceeds back into the business;

- Group size may hinder operations and reduce profitability;

- Exclusion of women in Sub-Kebeles due to targeting of already existing groups;

- No direct impact on women group households yet as groups are re-investing earnings into the business;

- Some groups feel constrained in what they can engage in due to licensing issues.

OXFAM GB carried out an Emergency Markets Mapping & analysis EMMA in the area (Pasta, Sorghum, water and Shoats). It was found during the EMMA that profit margin on staples are low. While the cooperatives are a valuable source of staple foods in communities, and help increase staples’ availability, profit margins should be increased to more significant levels. Oxfam GB therefore recognises that diversification, in addition to stocking of cereals, needs to be considered for the future. There is a possibility for groups to become Food Import License Holders – need to check amount of profit from this before further consideration. Lastly, there is a need for Small Business Training in order to improve their knowledge of basic bookkeeping, stock management, savings, re-investment and profit calculation.

4.4 REGIONAL LINKAGES: THE FSNWG PLATFORM - DANIELE DE BERNARDI, REGIONAL FOOD SECURITY ANALYST, FAO

The Food Security & Nutrition Working Group (FSNWG) for central and eastern Africa is a multi-stakeholder forum established in 2005 and based in Nairobi. The working group is co-chaired by IGAD, owned by its members and its secretariat is hosted by FAO, The working groups includes more than 25 International NGOs, 12 UN agencies, 20 donors, technical partners and regional initiatives. Regional & National Governments are also key stakeholders. –It covers 13 countries in the eastern and central Africa region and it is organized in a core group and several thematic sub-groups or task forces (i.e. Market Analysis Subgroup – MAS; the Regional IPC Steering Committee; the Regional Livestock Subgroup; La Niña Task Force etc.). Its objectives are to:


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- Create consensus on situation analysis and share the information across the region;

- Strengthen links between risk profiling, situation analysis and appropriate response identification;

- Coordinate donor and partner advocacy towards strategic response;

- Initiate regional joint programming;

- Build Food Security & Nutrition (FSN) capacity at country & regional levels;

- Develop joint FSN tools.

The work of the FSNWG core group and its thematic sub-groups covers three pillars: Situation Analysis, Response Analysis and Advocacy & Capacity Building. The FSNWG has developed an information system relying on country-level platforms/clusters/ national technical working groups (such as the DRM-ATF) that feed information into the regional FSNWG. The FSNWG compile and analyse this information together with other information provided by the sub-working groups and by regional initiatives & partners, and produces several regional informational products on a regular basis (such as monthly updates, regional analyses, regional Food Security maps, response roadmaps, etc.), products that are shared with country- regional- and global- actors. Information on the situation in the region is first presented during the monthly meetings, where consensus is built with the different partners. The monthly update newsletters, the regional presentations on food security situation and outlook, special newsletters (e.g. La Niña alerts) and other products are then widely disseminated via email or through the FSNWG webpage.

The FSNWG webpage is currently hosted by a broader DRR focused website, and can be found at http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/east-central-africa/fsnwg . The DRR website is also a valuable resource of relevant sectoral information and reports that are uploaded directly by partners. It also includes online mapping of projects and activities in the region, directly uploaded by implementing partners. Another mapping tool available on the DRR website is the dynamic map of water points that provides details on water source types, location, name, status and organisation that provided the information about the point.

Partnerships with governments and NGOs, for water points mapping have been completed in Kenya, Djibouti and Uganda (Karamoja). The DRR website also features a section on mapping of cash, vouchers and input-based interventions. Starting in Kenya with mapping WFP cash-based interventions, other stakeholders and the Government of Kenya expressed interest in mapping their short and long-term cash and vouchers programs. The cash mapping tool will then be presented to Ethiopia, Djibouti and South Sudan, to start the regional roll out. Country-owned specific DRR webpage in the regional DRR website are also being developed upon request (i.e. Djibouti, Burundi). Lastly, the FSNWG Market Analysis Sub-Group (MAS) has initiated a cross-border formal-informal trade monitoring intiative and the information is posted on the website (http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/east-central-africa/mas).

Country-level platforms are key to the FSNWG as it relies upon country platforms’ experiences and best practices to be replicated in the region. For example, the drought preparedness, response and recovery roadmap produced by the DRM-ATF has been used to inform key partners in the region in order to design appropriate drought-related actions.

http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/east-central-africa/fsnwg

http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/east-central-africa/mas


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Discussion on the above presentation mainly focused on two areas: a multi-sectoral approach and institutionalisation. With regards to the multi-sectoral approach, it was asked why FSNWG only focuses on food and security nutrition when DRR/DRM applies to all sectors. Mr. De Bernardi explained that the FSNWG is slightly moving towards a broader direction, from a pure focus on emergency to more analysis of structural and underlying causes, including other sectors of interest (i.e. urban issues). The FSNWG is currently focusing on food security and nutrition, that to be adequately understood require a multi-sectoral approach . As for institutionalisation, the presenter observed that institutionalisation started with IGAD recently (December 2011) – it is linking the FSNWG to governments.


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5. CONCLUSIONS & CLOSING REMARKS 5.1 WRAP-UP

A discussion session reviewing the Conference revealed that participants saw tremendous progress being made through the development of more innovative DRM work. This is supported by GoE (both federal and regional) ownership; networking & coordination; and impact assessments that are supporting the replication and taking to at least modest scale of some of the interventions. It was recognised however more has to be done, including developing a more holistic approach to DRM that includes both a focus on production and marketing, with government and other actors playing a more supportive role of markets. In relation to this it was recognised that it is important to promote community-orientated approaches that builds on existing resilience and does not undermine it. Overall it was noted that there is a sense that DRM is maturing in Ethiopia and the momentum should be supported.

During the closing remarks Ato Hassen Ali, Assistant FAOR, FAO Ethiopia, noted a good start for the 1st Annual Conference of the DRM-ATF. He particularly emphasised the importance of linking short-term interventions to long-term ones, as well as finding a way of reducing emergency interventions in Ethiopia while promoting more development and mitigation interventions.

Ato Melaku Gebreyesus, Programme Adviser/Social Protection Specialist, World Bank questioned to what extent development partners are supporting each other and not competing with one another. He also raised concerns about the value of money, and how it should be addressed in terms of efficiency and effectiveness at the aggregate and institutional levels. Additionally, he highlighted the importance of capturing lessons learnt and that of experience sharing. Lastly, he emphasized that funding flexibility and timely response are a necessity.

Adrian Cullis, DRM Coordinator and Co-Chair of the DRM-ATF, FAO Ethiopia, expressed his appreciation of the level of knowledge in the house, and like Ato Melaku, emphasised the importance of sharing experiences. With regards to short-term and long-term interventions, he noted that short term interventions can, if appropriately implemented, have longer-term impacts. Looking ahead, he noted the need to improve the gender balance, and for the regional government to present papers and share their lessons in future.

5.2 CLOSING REMARKS

Ato Kassahun Bedada, Hazard Monitoring, Early Warning & Response Case Team Coordinator, EWRD, and Chair of the DRM-ATF, delivered the closing remarks. He began by pronouncing his appreciation at the opportunity provided by the DRM-ATF 1st Annual Conference for development partners, institutions and others to come together and share lessons and experiences on the on-going DRM activities in the country. Furthermore, he said the conference provided an opportunity to identify emerging issues and strategies, and based on these, to develop partnerships or enhance existing ones, in order to strengthen coordination mechanisms at federal and regional level. The EWRD, he said, is working towards strengthening cooperation and integration among humanitarian agencies. The mandate of the DRM-ATF is to provide support in order to minimise the impacts of disasters on communities, as well as raising awareness on critical issues. The conference, Ato Kassahun said, has provided an opportunity to raise and discuss issues supporting both the EWRD and DRM-ATF mandate.

Ato Kassahun then emphasized the progress made by the DRM-ATF since its re-launch in 2010, particularly in terms of the progress made in bringing development partners together to coordinate and harmonise approaches, in order to undertake prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and early recovery actions. He also noted the steady increase in DRM-ATF members, execution of regular meetings, information exchange and the establishment of regional Task Forces. Ato Kassahun emphasized that all


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of the above has been accomplished through the relentless work of FAO and good cooperation of the members.

Lastly, Ato Kassahun expressed his thanks and appreciation to the participants for actively participating in the conference. He also thanked FAO for its continued support and effort, as well as other members for their contribution in making the conference a success.


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ANNEX I

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

T I M E S E S S I O N P R E S E N T E R

D A Y 1 : 3 R D A P R I L 2 0 1 2

08:30 – 09:00 Registration

09:00 – 09:10 Conference Programme & Objectives Overall Facilitator

09:10 – 09:20 Welcome & Opening Remarks DRMFSS Official

09:20 – 09:30 Speech of Honourable Guest

09:30 – 09:55 Introduction to DRMATF Coordination in 2011 and Future Vision Adrian Cullis, FAO

09:55– 10:20 Regional Perspectives

10:20 – 10:40 T E A B R E A K

H A L L A : T E AM1 H A L L B : T E AM2

T H E M A T I C A R E A 1 : IM P R O V I N G R E S I L I E N C E

T H E M A T I C A R E A 1 : L I N K I N G R E L I E F & R E H A B I L I T A T I O N T O D E V E L O P M E N T ( L R R D )

A)10:40 – 11:05 B) 10:40 – 11:05

Community Watershed Management, Food Security, Growth in Rural Ethiopia, Tigray: Supporting Landless Rural Youths in Value Chain Honey and Beeswax Production – Melaku Gebreyesus, Productive Safety Net Program Donor Coordination Team, World Bank

Linking Emergency Response to Long-Term Risk Reduction / Development Impact Assessment of Response to the Food Crisis and Drought in Ethiopia – Nazereth Fikru, Regional Humanitarian Coordinator, Oxfam America

A)11:05 – 11:30 B) 11:05 – 11:30

Improving Food Security through Appropriate and Cost-Effective Post-Harvest Technology – Fasil Demeke, DME Manager, Mercy Corps

Commercial Destocking Activity in Pastoralist Households across the Somali Region of Ethiopia – Tate Munro, Chief of Party, Mercy Corps

A)11:30 – 12:30 B) 11:30 – 12:30

Discussion and Reflection on Presentations Discussion and Reflection on Presentations

12:30 – 14:00 L U N C H B R E A K


T H E M A T I C A R E A 2 : S T A B I L I S I N G M A R K E T S T H E M A T I C A R E A 2 : D I S A S T E R R I S K R E D U C T I O N ( D R R ) E X P E R I E N C E S & I N N O V A T I V E A P P R O A C H E S

A)14:00 – 14:20 B)14:00 – 14:30

Food Price Stabilization in Ethiopia – Aschalew Feleke, Programme Officer / Markets Analyst, WFP

Drought Cycle Management in Disaster Risk Management – Weiser Axel, Livelihoods Unit Director, SCUS

A)14:20 – 14:40 B) 14:30 – 15:00

Diversifying Markets for Increasing Resiliency – Maria Ruiz, RDD Coordinator, SCUK

The Experience of Pastoral Field Schools in Ethiopia – Tarekegn Tola (Dr.), DRR Officer, FAO

A) 14:40 – 15:00 Seed Voucher Practices - CRS

A)15:00 – 15:30 B)15:00 – 15:30


15:30 – 15:50 T E A B R E A K


T H E M A T I C A R E A 3 : E N H A N C I N G P R O D U C T I V I T Y

T H E M A T I C A R E A 3 : N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E M A N A G EM E N T

A)15:50 –16:20 B) 15:50 – 16: 20

Root and Tuber Crop Activities in SNNPR – Wondimagegn Shiferaw, Agronomist, FAO

Our "Ecosystem" Approach to Rangeland Management in the Pastoral Programme – Abay Bekele (Dr), Pastoral Programme, Oxfam GB

A)16:20 – 16:50 B) 16:20 – 16:50

Apple Seedling for Smallholder Farmers in the Amhara Highlands: A Case of Dabat Woreda – Elias Getachew, Programme Coordinator, Disaster

Rangeland Improvement: Gone are the days when in 60’s and 70’s the Ethiopian Rangelands were Renowned as one of the Best Rangelands in East Africa – Sora Adi


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Management & Emergency Response, SC Norway

A)16:50 – 17:30 B) 16:50 – 17:30


D A Y 2 : 4 T H A P R I L 2 0 1 2

08:30 – 09:10 Recap of Day 1 and Introduction to Day 2 program –Amdissa Teshome (Dr)

09:10 – 09:35 A Review of Flood Risk Management and Response System in Ethiopia – Kedir Shemsu, GIS Officer, VAM Unit, WFP

09:35 – 10:00 Women's Economic Empowerment – Birhanu, Director, Rift Valley (Oxfam GB Partner)

10:00 – 10:25 Cash Grant and Women Traders – Blessing _OXFAM GB

10:30 – 11:00 T E A B R E A K

11:00 – 11:30 Discussion and Reflection on presentations

11:30 – 11:50 Summary points of day1 parallel session discussions

11:50 – 12.10 Plenary discussion & lessons learned –Amdissa Teshome (Dr)

12:10 – 12:30 Wrap-up Presentations – Animesh _WFP/DRMFSS

12:30 – 12:40 Closing Remarks

12:40 – 14:00 L U N C H ( E N D O F P R O G R A M M E )


Page | 33

ANNEX II

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

# Participant Name Position Agency Telephone Email

1 Abay Bekele (Dr) Pastoral Prog. Manager Oxfam GB 0911.891.804 [email protected]

2 Abdulkadir Sulaiman Early Warning Officer DPFO 0910.998.421 [email protected]

3 Abera Kassa Livestock Expert DRMFSS 0911.308.289 [email protected]

4 Abomsa Kebede SCUS 0911.387.617 [email protected]

5 Adrian Cullis FAO 0920.341.384 [email protected]

6 Ahmed Mohamed (Dr) FAO 0913.988.173 [email protected]

7 Aisha Mohammed Head DPFSPCO 0911.717.676 [email protected]

8 Akloweg Nigatu DRMFSS 0911.877.321 [email protected]

9 Alemtseheg Aberra Consultant 021.567.168 [email protected]

10 Amare Kendie Deputy Head DPFSPCO 0918.340.128 [email protected]

11 Amy Martin OCHA 12 Animesh.Kumar DRMFSS/WFP 0912.797.646 [email protected]

13 Anna Zingg Early Recovery Specialist UNDP 0911.218.934 [email protected]

14 Aschalew Feleke Prog. Officer/Markets Analyst WFP 0913.912.447 [email protected]

15 Axel Weiser SCUS [email protected]

16 Ayele Sebaro GOAL Ethiopia 0911.922.878 [email protected]

17 Beletu Tefera DRMFSS 0911.339.040 [email protected]

18 Berhanu Admassu Tuft University 0911.243.501 [email protected]

19 Berhanu Woldemichael DRMFSS [email protected]

20 Berhanu Geleto Director RCWDO 0911.217.390 [email protected]

21 Blessing Mutsaka Emergency Food Security Specialist OXFAM GB 0921. 784.702 [email protected]

22 Chetan Deva DRMFSS 0928.310.235 [email protected]

23 Claire Balbo UNDP 0922.112.334 [email protected]

24 Daniele De Bernardi FAO [email protected]

25 Dereje Asaminew FAO 0911.733.531 [email protected]

26 Degeme Mebratu DRMFSS 0911.715.701 27 Demeke Eshete USAID [email protected]

28 Desta Arega Programme Manager, Joint Emergency Operation Plan WV 0911.840.604 [email protected]

29 Elias Getachew Programme Coordinator, DM&ER SC Norway

0912.125.596 0113.206.381/84

[email protected]

30 Esmael Tesssema VSF Germany 0911.000.526 [email protected]

31 Ewnetu Mekonnen Programme Officer GAA 0911.468.096 0116.624.765 [email protected]

32 Fasil Demeke DME Manager Mercy Corps 0911.141.233 [email protected]

33 Fuyera Abdi SOS Sahel 0911.208.838 [email protected]

34 Gebreegziabher Abay Market Officer EGTE 0911.207.790 [email protected]

35 Gemeda Gelge ODPPC 0911.191.536 [email protected]

36 Getachew Abate Analyst FAO 0911.457.160 [email protected]

37 Gezahegn Eshete SCUK 0911.373.072 [email protected]

38 Gezu Bekele PRE 0911.407.631 [email protected]

39 Gijs Van’t Klooster FAO 0921.329.756 [email protected]

40 Girma Legesse Oxfam America 0911.644.172 [email protected]

41 Habtamu Tada Plan International 0911.680.908 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




























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42 Hailu Hagos HAPS 0912.120.886 [email protected]

43 Hassen Ali FAO 0911.402.420 [email protected]

44 Helen Alemayehu FAO 0921.944.724 [email protected]

45 Herrie Hamedu FAO 0911.7588.02 [email protected]

46 Ilona Gluecks VSF-Suisse [email protected]

47 Jami Montgomery USAID [email protected]

48 Kassahun Bedada DRMFSS

49 Kedir Shemsu GIS Officer WFP 0911.199.709 [email protected]

50 Kelay Belihu (Dr) FAO 0911174.311 [email protected]

51 Kidist Hailemariam SOS Sahel 0911.400.497 [email protected]

52 Kidus Belay Agro-Meteorologist NMA 0911.016.830 [email protected]

53 Kinfu Mamo DCA 0911.482.712 [email protected]

54 Legesse Dadi (Dr) CRS 0911.736.620 [email protected]

55 Lemessa Demie Senior DRR Advisor Oxfam GB 0911.489.842 [email protected]

56 Lucia Di Troia Italian Cooperation 0922.825.064 [email protected]

57 Mahlet Mulugeta FAO 0911.461.332 [email protected]

58 Mahmudul Islam Food & Nutrition Security Prog. Manager FAO [email protected]

59 Martha Getachew UN OCHA 0911.101.458 0115.444.156 [email protected]

60 Melaku Gebremichael PSNP (WB) Donor Coordination Team WB/DCT 0911.343.784 [email protected]

61 Mekonnen Kebede (Dr) FAO 0911901.663 [email protected]

62 Mesfin Arega CARE 0921.567.670 [email protected]

63 Mesfin Ayele Assistant Country Director Mercy Corps 0911.605.994 [email protected]

64 Miesso Nebi CDI 0911.366.465 [email protected]

65 Muktar Ebrahim Mercy Corps 0911.694.183 [email protected]

66 Nazereth Fikru Regional Humanitarian Coordinator

Oxfam America 0911.462.564 [email protected]

67 Patricia Wall CAFOD, SCIAF & TROCAIRE [email protected]

68 Peter Muhangi SC UK [email protected]

69 Rahel Asmare SCUS 0911.369.178 [email protected]

70 Rwash Tut Gak Head DPFSA 0911.032.730 [email protected]

71 Salomon Hussein ZOA 0911.391.731 [email protected]

72 Shanti Kleiman Mercy Corps [email protected]

73 Shiferaw, Wondimagegne Agronomy Consultant FAO 0911.608.833 Wondimagegne.Shiferaw@fao.

org

74 Sileshi Mekonnen (Dr) Regional DRM-ATF Coordinator FAO 0911.445.844 [email protected]

75 Sintayehu Alemayehu Livestock Marketing and IT Specialist

EMDTI/Mercy Corps 0911.045.053 [email protected]

76 Sora Adi Private 0921.467.114 [email protected]

77 Tadesse Manoro EWFS 0916.825.623

78 Tamrat Terefe Emergency Programme Officer

Christian Aid Ethiopia 0912.062.566 [email protected]

79 Tamrat Mengistu Expert DPFSPCO 0911.033.035 [email protected]

80 Tamrat Tsegaye DRMFSS/EWRD 0911.487.096 [email protected]

81 Tarekegh Tola (Dr) DRR Officer FAO 0910.448.939 [email protected]

82 Tate Munro Chief of Party Mercy Corps 0920.563.559 [email protected]

83 Teamrat Belai CAFOD/SCIAF/Trocaire 0911.315.526 [email protected]

84 Tefera Bekele ODPPC 0911.038.473 85 Teketel Abuto Livelihoods Programme

Coordinator Food for the Hungry 0912.993.4 64 [email protected]





























Page | 35


86 Teshome Dega SOS Sahel 0911.119.882 [email protected]

87 Ton Haverkort Cordaid 0911.248.993 [email protected]

88 Weiser Axel Director, Livelihoods Unit SC USA 0911.513.716 [email protected]

89 Wendwosen Beri DPFSO 0911.023.689 [email protected]

90 Wondimagegne Shiferaw Agronomy Consultant FAO 0911.608.833 Wondimagegne.Shiferaw@fao.

org

91 Yilma Muluken Food Security and Emergency Coordinator

ActionAid Ethiopia 0911.339.524 [email protected]

[email protected]

92 Yohannes Gebeyehu EWRFS 0916.309.370 [email protected]

93 Zekeria Mohammed Early Warning Officer FSDPO 0915.136.554 [email protected]

94 Zelalem Ewnetu WFP 0913.505.880 [email protected]

95 Zelealem Letyibelu National Humanitarian Affairs Officer UN OCHA 0911.600.391 [email protected]











drm-atf 1st annual conference

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