droit moral - aperçu international valérie laure benabou prof. university of versailles france
TRANSCRIPT
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Droit Moral - Aperçu International
Valérie Laure Benabou
Prof. University of Versailles France
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no
provision• WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision • TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision • Community Law : no provision• International Convention on Cultural
Diversity: no provision
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Only the Berne Convention : article 6 bis (Revision Conference of Rome 1928)
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no provision : why ?
Minimalist approach of International Copyright Law• WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision • TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision • Community Law : no provision• International Convention on Cultural Diversity: no
provision
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no provision : • WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision : why ? Different
purposes : Internet / DRM/Information • TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision • Community Law : no provision• International Convention on Cultural Diversity: no
provision
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no provision : • WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision :• TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision : why ?
Economic Organisation : Moral Right outside of its scope
• Community Law : no provision• International Convention on Cultural Diversity: no
provision
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no provision : • WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision :• TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision • Community Law : no provision : why ? Economic
Organisation : Moral Right outside of its scope… so far ?
• International Convention on Cultural Diversity: no provision
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Moral Rights : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis• Geneva Universal Convention : no provision : • WIPO Treaties 1996 : no provision :• TRIP’S Agreement 1994: no provision • Community Law : no provision • International Convention on Cultural Diversity: no
provision : why ? Cultural goals ? Access to knowledge…
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Moral Right : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis« Moral Rights »
• 1. To claim authorship; to object to certain modifications and other derogatory actions;
• 2. After the author's death; • 3. Means of redress
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Moral Right : International Sources
• article 6 bis : Content (1) Independently of the author's economic
rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, the said work, which would be prejudicial to his honor or reputation.
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Moral Right : International Sources
• article 6 bis : Content(1) Independently of the author's economic
rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work (paternity right or right of attribution)
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Moral Right : International Sources
• article 6 bis: Content(1) Independently of the author's economic
rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification (integrity right)
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Moral Right : International Sources
• Berne Convention : article 6 bis
Paternity right Integrity right No right to « divulge » No right of withdraw or repent
Minimalist conception of Moral Rights as compared to national legislations (France ; Germany…)
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Moral Right : International Sources
Article 6 bis : Authorship /duration• (2) The rights granted to the author in accordance with
the preceding paragraph shall, after his death, be maintained, at least until the expiry of the economic rights, and shall be exercisable by the persons or institutions authorized by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed. However, those countries whose legislation, at the moment of their ratification of or accession to this Act, does not provide for the protection after the death of the author of all the rights set out in the preceding paragraph may provide that some of these rights may, after his death, cease to be maintained
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Moral Right : International Sources
Article 6 bis : authorship/duration• (2) The rights granted to the author in accordance with
the preceding paragraph shall, after his death, be maintained, at least until the expiry of the economic rights, and shall be exercisable by the persons or institutions authorized by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed. However, those countries whose legislation, at the moment of their ratification of or accession to this Act, does not provide for the protection after the death of the author of all the rights set out in the preceding paragraph may provide that some of these rights may, after his death, cease to be maintained
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Moral Right : International Sources
Article 6 bis : authorship/duration• (2) The rights granted to the author in accordance
with the preceding paragraph shall, after his death, be maintained, at least until the expiry of the economic rights, and shall be exercisable by the persons or institutions authorized by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed. However, those countries whose legislation, at the moment of their ratification of or accession to this Act, does not provide for the protection after the death of the author of all the rights set out in the preceding paragraph may provide that some of these rights may, after his death, cease to be maintained
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Moral Right : International Sources
Article 6 bis : conflict of Law : legislation of the country where protection is claimed
• (3) The means of redress for safeguarding the rights granted by this Article shall be governed by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed.
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Moral Right : International Sources
Scope and effectiveness of the article 6 bis
Limited scope as it is possible to comply with article 6 bis without introducing express provisions within copyright law (see United States)
The TRIP’S reference to the Berne Convention does not extend to article 6 bis
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Moral Right : Comparative Law
Civil Law
Droit moral or « droits
moraux »
Common Law
Weak moral right or
inexistence
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Monist conception
Germany
« Urheberpersönlich-
keitsrecht »
Austria, Hungaria,Czech
Republic..
Dualist conception
France, Italy, Spain…
« Droit moral, diritto morale, deretcho
moral »
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Moral Rights
• Civil Law countries
• No unanimity on duration, on scope, on possibility of waiving one’s right
• Ex : ghostwriter agreement is not really enforceable through French Law / opposed to Netherland Act (waiver of the right to be named).
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Monist conception
Germany
Urheberpersönlichkeitsrecht
Same duration End of moral right at the
expiration of economic rights
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Monist conception
Germany
Urheberpersönlichkeitsrecht
Urheberrecht as a whole is not alienable
Same philosophy : balance of interests
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France…
Droit moral
Different regime from economic
rights
Different philosophy
(author centered
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Perpetual
Inalienable
Imprescriptible
Public order
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Perpetual:
Until no heirs ?
Right to redress from a
collective society ?
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Perpetual:
« Les liasons dangereuses
1969 »
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Perpetual:
« Les liasons dangereuses
1969 »
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Perpetual
Inalienable
Imprescriptible
Public order
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Inalienable
Non transferable
No waiver
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Inalienable
Ghostwriters conventions
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Inalienable
« On va fluncher »
No general waiver for unknown uses
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Inalienable
Limits vis-à-vis right of
adaptation…
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Inalienable
Specific regime for audiovisual works
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
Public order
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
International Public order
« Asphalt Jungle » /
colorization of american film
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Moral Right : Civil Law
Dualist conception
France
Droit moral
International Public order
« Asphalt Jungle » /
colorization of american film
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Moral Right : Common Law
Copyright Law No moral right at all ?
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Moral Right : Common Law
Copyright Law No moral right is an inaccurate
view
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Moral Right : Common Law
Copyright Law See Millar v. Taylor 1769
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Moral Rights
• Millar v. Taylor : Lord Mandsfield
« From what source, then, is the common law drawn ? The author can not reap pecuniary profit it, the next moment after his work comes out, it may be pirated upon worse paper and in worse print, and in a cheaper volume ? (…)
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Moral Rights
• Millar v. Taylor : Lord Mandsfield « The author may not be deprived of any profit,
but lose the expense he has been at. He is no more the master of the use of his own name. He has no control over the correctness of his own work. He can not prevent additions. He can not retract errors. He can not amend ; or cancel a faulty edition. Any one may print, pirate and perpetuate the imperfections to the disgrace and against the will of the author….
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Moral Right Quizz Origin • Is MR Case-Law or are there legal provisions ? Content • What is the content of MR ? Does it go further than article 6 bis? • Is there a divulgation right ? If not, is there a specific power of
the author on the decision to publish ?• Is there a right to repent or to withdraw ? • What duration for MR ? Structure of MR within copyright/droit d’auteur • What kind of relationship between MR and economic rights ?• What kind of relationship lies between right to integrity and
adaptation right ?
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Limitations to moral right
• Abuse ? • Exhaustion of right CJCE Dansk Imerco• Article 10 ECHR• Exceptions : parody, quotations, criticism…• Access to Knowledge ?• Ownership on material work• Public order ?
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Limitations to moral right
• Article 10 ECHR
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Limitations to moral right
• Article 10 ECHR
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Les Misérables
Heir of Victor Hugo fails to stop Les Mis• France's highest appeal court allows modern sequel to 1860s masterpie• Kim Willsher in Paris• Wednesday January 31, 2007• The Guardian• The great-great-grandson of Victor Hugo said yesterday he was bitterly
disappointed after his six-year battle to ban a modern sequel to Les Misérables was ended by France's highest appeal court
• But he vowed to continue fighting to protect what he described as his family's "moral rights" to the classic wor
• "I believed we were fighting the good cause but the court decided otzherwise. It is very, very disappointing," Pierre Hugo said. "I am not just fighting for myself, my family and for Victor Hugo but for the descendants of all writers, painters and composers who should be protected from people who want to use a famous name and work just for money
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Les Misérables
• Angry descendants claiming the publishers had betrayed the spirit of his ancestor's work to make money.
• Hugo, 59, a goldsmith, has been fighting to have banned Cosette ou le Temps des Illusions (Cosette or the Time of Illusions), written by journalist François Cérésa. He had demanded £450,000 damages, have written to President Jacques Chirac, to the European parliament and to France's culture ministry urging them to criticise the book. In an open letter to the French newspaper Libération they asked: "Can one imagine commissioning the 10th symphony of Beethoven?" Hugo purists were furious that Cérésa resurrected Inspector Javert, the villain of Hugo's story who jumps into the Seine at the end, and recast him as a hero.
• The court decision met with a sigh of relief from authors, playwrights and musical producers who had feared an end to adaptations of classical works
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Les misérables
• Mr Hugo argued that the sequel, branded Les Mis II by critics, violated the "respect of the integrity" of Les Misérables, which Hugo wrote in 1862. The first court threw out his case saying he had not proved he was related to the author.
• In 2004 an appeal court overturned this verdict, ruling that an author's rights were transmissible to heirs. It called Les Misérables "a veritable monument of world literature" and agreed that Hugo "would not have accepted for a third party to write a sequel". The publishers were ordered to pay symbolic damages of €1 but appealed.
• Yesterday the French court of cassation decided Cosette, published by Plon, did not betray the spirit of the original or breach descendants' rights.
• Mr Hugo said: "I don't mind adaptations and many are very good but this book is not an adaptation. I have read it and it is not badly written but the publishers used Victor Hugo's name and the title Les Misérables as a commercial operation ... It was nothing to do with literature, they were just trying to make money."
• Mr Cérésa's lawyers argued that banning his novel would violate freedom of expression and prevent others using great works of art and literature as inspiration. Victor Hugo himself once wrote: "The writer as a writer has but one heir - the public domain.
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Moral right of the performers
• Compilation ?
• Jean Ferrat / Pierre Perret
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Moral Right Quizz
Characteristics of MR • Is the Moral Right assignable, transferable?• Is it possible to waive one’s MR, such as right to claim
ownership? • Is it possible to renounce to the benefit of the Moral Right ex
ante and/or ex post ?
Ownership• Is the moral right of the employee restrained ? • Do the authors of a collaboration work share the moral right and
if so, how ? • What exercise of the MR by the heirs ? • Is the moral right at the discretion of the rightholder or is an
abusive exercise thereof possible ?