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NASA Contractor Report 4585
DOT/FAA/CT-94/02
Drop Size Distributions and Related Propertiesof Fog for Five Locations Measured FromAircraft
J. Allen Zak
ViGYAN, Inc. • Hampton, Virginia
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLangley Research Center • Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001
Prepared for Langley Research Centerunder Contract NAS1-19341
April 1994
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940028559 2020-01-18T09:43:46+00:00Z
f _ "-11,
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abreviations and Acronyms ...................................... iv
Summary ................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................... 2
2. Instrumentation ............................................. 2
a. Description ........................................... 2
b. Calibration and Quality Control ............................ 3c. Error Sources ......................................... 3
3. Procedures ................................................ 4
4. Results ................................................... 4
a. Vandenberg AFB, CA ................................... 5
b. Arcata, CA ........................................... 7
c. Santa Maria, CA ....................................... 9
d. Worcester, MA ........................................ 9
e. Huntington, WV ...................................... 11
5. Comparisons with Other Measurements .......................... 12
6. Summary and Conclusion ..................................... 13
7. References ............................................... 15
Appendix .................................................. A
iii
_GE IP_ANK NOT F__M_
AGL
CAT-I
d
DH
FAA
FLAPIR
FSSP
GMT
LWC
MMW
MVR
NA
n
Nt
OAP
PMS
R
r
RVR
_s
X
ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Above Ground _Level
Category I instrument landing system
Diameter of water drops
Decision Height
Eederal Aviation Administration
Forward _Looking Infrared and Lidar Atmospheric Propagation in the IR
experiment
Forward S_cattering S_pectrometer Probe
Greenwich Mean Time
Instrument Landing System
Liquid Water Content
Milimeter Wave
Median Volume Radius
Not available
Number concentration
Total number concentration, totaI number of particles
Optical Array Probe
Particle Measuring _vstem, Inc.
Range
Radius of water drops
Runway Visual Range
Visibility
Obscuration
iv
Drop Size Distributions and Related Properties of Fog forFive Locations Measured from Aircraft
SUMMARY
A Gulfstream II Aircraft was equipped with a wing pod-mounted Forward
Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and an Optical Array Probe (OAP 200X or
200Y) during flight tests completed as part of the FAA/DoD/Industry Synthetic Vision
Technology Demonstration Program. Flights were made to 27 airports to look at various
meterological and runway conditions. Among these flights were approaches to
Vandenberg AFB, CA. Arcata, CA, Santa Maria, CA, Worcester, MA and Huntington,
WV during August and September 1992 in fog. The aircraft made repeated descents on
a three degree glide slope from th e top of the fog to the surface or near the runway
surface. Number concentrations of particles from 1 to 300/zm or from 1 to 4500/_m
diameter were collected each second, averaged into 10 meter altitude intervals, and
shown in three dimensional plots of altitude vs. concentration vs. size. The West Coast
advection fogs had the highest concentration of large drops, with median volume radius
of 6-11/zm (outside of drizzle). There was typically a maximum number density for
drops of 4-8/zm diameter in the lower altitudes and of 12 to 20 _m drops at higher
altitudes. There were changes in the 10 to 15 minute periods between approaches of all
fogs at all altitudes, but the general properties of relative maximum concentration, liquid
water content (LWC) and median volume radius (MVR) at a given altitude changed
least. Liquid water contents were high (0.3 to 0.7 g m 3) for all the advection fogs and
increased with height. There was a shift toward larger particles at higher altitudes.
Dissipating or mature fogs contained more large drops. The frontal fog at Worcester,
MA was unique in that rain was falling into the low level stratus at first. Measurements
in the one radiation fog were limited to 20 m altitudes and higher due to operational
constraints. The largest drops and number concentrations were in the lower 50 m, and
like the advection fogs, 8-11 p_m drops had maximum concentration. These
measurements compare favorably with others in gross properties but each fog is unique
in many ways.
1. Introduction
Fog data presented in this paper were collected as part of the Synthetic Vision
Technology Demonstration Program. This program was a government-industry effort led
by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to determine the feasibility of a
combination of technologies to enable aircraft landing, takeoff, taxi and ground
operations in very low visibilities. An image available from millimeter wave and infrared
sensors was projected on a heads up display together with altitude, airspeed, velocity
vector, glide slope, heading and other information for the pilot. A more complete
description of this project is available in Burgess et al. (1992), Home et al. (1992), and
the Synthetic Vision final report to be released by the FAA shortly (Burgess et al. 1993).
Particle size data were collected to aid in understanding the performance of
candidate Synthetic Vision Sensors. The drop size distributions were used to assess
attenuation by scattering and absorption which are proportional to the cross sectional
area of the particles and liquid water content (particle volume) respectively. The slant
path drop size measurements through the stratus cloud, along the identical path as the
sensors allowed a fundamental understanding of atmospheric effects and verification of
theoretical predictions (Burgess and Hayes 1992). Preliminary results are discussed in
Horne et al. (1992).
The purpose of this report is to present and discuss the microphysical properties
of the fogs encountered and their variation in time and space from the top of the stratus
to the surface. Another objective is to compare this data with other published data and
with physical models of fog properties to determine similarities and differences. Sources
of potential errors are presented and possible impacts discussed.
2. Instrumentation
a. Description
A Gulfstream II twin engine executive jet was modified to permit all particle size
sensors to be suspended in pods from both sides of the wing (Fig. 1). This configuration
provided the location of least disturbed air. For flights in fog, a Particle Measuring
Systems, Inc. (PMS) forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-100) leased from and
operated by JTD Environmental Services, Inc., was mounted on one side of the wing,
and an optical array probe (OAP 200X or 200Y) on the other depending on whether
that day's mission was to look for fog or rain. Characteristics of these sensors are shown
in Table 1. The theory and operation of the FSSP-100 and OAP sensors as well as a
detailed description of the probes can be found in Baumgardner (1984), Baumgardner et
al. (1984), and Knowlenberg (1970). Briefly, the FSSP measures light scattered by a thin
(0.2 mm dia.) laser in a sampling tube. A droplet crossing the beam produces a pulse in
optical diodes whose amplitude is proportional to the drop diameter, index of refraction,
laser beam wavelength, power, and solid angle over which the scattered light is collected.
2
The OAP operation is basedon shadowsproduced by precipitation-size particles (0.1 to4.5 mm) passingthrough a laser light source. In this casea linear array of photodetectorscomprise the sizemeasuringgrid.
For aircraft flights to Vandenberg AFB, CA and Arcata, CA, the OAP-200Xaccompaniedthe FSSP-100. At SantaMaria, CA, Worcester, MA, and Huntington, WV,flights were conductedwith the OAP 200Y asthe secondsensor. Fog (or haze) dropletslessthan two _m diameter, were not measured. Complementing the PMS probeswere aresistive temperature device from Rosemont, Inc., and a Johnston-Williams hot wire
LWC sensor. Liquid water content discussed in this report, however, was calculated
independently from the particle size distributions.
b. Calibration and Quality Control
The FSSP-100 was calibrated by JTD personnel prior to each mission by using
standard size glass beads: 3-9/_m, 10-15/zm, 15-25 #m, 25-35/_m and 35-45 _m. A
water spray check ensured probe function. A description of the glass bead process is
presented in Hovenac and Lock (1993). Since the index of refraction of glass beads isdifferent from water, glass beads of one diameter are used to simulate scattering of water
droplets of another diameter. This relationship is captured in a set of calibration curves
where scattered power as a function of droplet diameter is calculated for water drops
using Mie scattering theory.
The OAP sensors were calibrated using glass rods rotated by a motor and a spray
check in a similar manner to FSSP calibration. A JTD technician was a part of the
aircrew on each mission and monitored sensor performance through real-time printed
data. Post flight, the recorded data was reviewed prior to final processing.
C. Error sources
Despite calibration and quality control, there are certain errors recognized and
reported by many investigators inherent in the instrumentation, optics, sampling and
sizing. Corrections for sampling errors were made in the first few size bins according to
manufacturer's recommendation. Other errors result from fogging of the optics
(Brenguier 1993) but were not present in these data due to the low altitude of these
flights. More accurate MIE scattering calculations in the calibration curves is shown by
Hovenac (1993) to improve results for particles greater than 10/zm. These new curveswere not available, but would not alter the data reported here due to the small number
count in the large size bins. Errors can result from coincidence and dead-time losses, as
described by Baumgardner and Dye (1985). Particle concentrations are underestimated
when two or more drops are co-resident in the beam or when particles pass through
during an electronic delay following each detected particle. These errors can be 15% for
concentrations greater than 500 cm 3 which were rarely observed above the 2/_m dia.
minimum size radius in our FSSP-100 configuration. Finally, there is an error due to the
sampling rate (1 see), small optical area (0.35 mm2), and low number counts in the upperchannels of each sensor. This error, as discussed in the result section, underestimates
the number of drops per cm 3 if only one sensor is used. Concentrations of 10 .2 and
below per cm 3 can be missed in the upper 3-4 bins of the FSSP-100. All these errors
were considered when estimating the sizing accuracy of _+ one range bin for each probe.
3. Procedures
FAA approval was obtained prior to aircraft approaches in fog conditions belowCAT-I minimums. For the West Coast locations, there was considerable coordination
with airfield managers, air traffic controllers, and weather and maintenance personnel
prior to operations at their airfields. In some cases, these approaches and landings were
made in conditions below the published minimums but within the special approval
envelope for the experimental category aircraft capable of providing the runway image tothe pilot. All approaches in fog reported in this paper were made on a nominal CAT I
instrument landing system (ILS) three degree glide slope following published procedures.
This scenario and the distances applicable are shown in Fig. 2. Drop size data were
collected, monitored, and stored from the time of cloud penetration, as indicated by themeasurement of liquid water from the Johnston Williams LWC probe, until touchdown
or the beginning of a go-around. The data were reduced and processed by JTD into
particle concentrations according to PMS published procedures using airspeed and
known sensor aperture. Output was the number of particles per cubic meter in each of
30 size bins (15 for each probe). Data were available at one-second intervals as shown in
Fig. 3. One second corresponds to 70 meters in slant path distance through the cloud
and four meters vertical distance at typical approach speeds. These one-second
observations were averaged into 10 meter height intervals using barometric and radar
altitudes. Typically, 2-3 seconds worth of data were collected in a 10 meter vertical
interval. All data at and below the 10 m altitude interval were averaged and applied tothat interval. The lowest altitude achieved often contained 10 or more one-second
observations due to the touch and go, landing, and go-around occupying more time atthe lowest altitude. The number of seconds in each 10 m altitude is shown in theAppendix.
4. Results
Droplet spectra have been shown in a number of ways. One common form used
here is the function n(r) where n(r)dr is the number of droplets per unit volume in the
radius interval (r, r+dr). The function r3 n(r) is also calculated since 4/3 zrr_n(r) dr is thecontribution of drops in dr to the LWC or water volume. The summation over all size
bins is the total water volume which would have to be penetrated by any sensor on boardthe aircraft. The LWC contributes the most to millimeter-wave attenuation in the small
drops of the fogs. The median volume radius is a parameter that divides the LWC in
half for a given altitude and is calculated for all data collected. This parameter, together
with the total number of particles (Nt) (per cm 3) at that altitude represent the gross
4
properties of the fogs (stratus) as a function of height. Finally, the cross-sectional area
of particles (zrr 2 n(r)dr) integrated over all dr is sometimes shown since it primarilyaffects the scattering part of attenuation for electromagnetic waves. Scattering efficiency
is greatest when the wavelength of the sensor equals the drop size and is significant for
drops larger than the wavelength.
Because the number concentrations can span eight orders of magnitude, the
logarithm of number concentration is shown. A zero number count is converted to zero
in the plots. Unfortunately, the logarithm plots hide much of the interestingcharacteristics of the drop size distribution, so the basic number concentration in each
size bin for the larger concentrations are also shown. When data from both sensors on
board the aircraft are combined in the plots, the concentration is divided by the bin size
(3, 20 or 300/zm) for a fair comparison. All the basic data and primary parameters areshown in the appendix. Plots of combined FSSP and OAP data should show 30 bins or
28 bins. The midpoint diameter is labeled on the axis. For the OAP 200X, there is an
overlap in the first two channels. In order to preserve the time resolution of the 3/_m
bins, the first two OAP 200X bins were not used in the plots or parameter calculations.
For each location where flights were made into fog, three-dimensional plots of
number concentration vs. altitude vs. size bin are presented. The data are discussed as a
vertical profile even though 3800 m of horizontal distance was traversed on the 3 degree
glide slope from an altitude of 200 m. Also, each approach took anywhere from
approximately a minute to more than 5 minutes, depending on starting altitude
(determined by cloud top at all places except Worcester, MA). Most of the fogsencountered were mature advection fogs which were sampled from their most intense
(with respect to minimum surface visibility) phase to various stages of dissipation. TheWest Coast fogs formed over the ocean where ample large salt condensation nuclei exist.
The drop sizes measured are large but change with time and altitude. A series of chartswill show the time evolution and vertical variation of microphysical properties for each
location. A summary of flights and associated surface weather observations (in standard
airways code) are shown in Table 2. Times are rounded to the nearest minute. These
flights are discussed in the following sections.
a. Vandenberg AFB, CA
Vandenberg AFB is located 220 km northwest of Los Angeles on the north end of
Point Arguello. A surface wind from the NW will produce on-shore flow. Runway 12-30
is 112 m above sea level. The NW end is just 5 km from the Pacific Ocean. On August
27, 1992 there was a very weak surface pressure gradient NW to SE. Fog over the cold
water moved inland the previous evening and by 1455 G mT was producing a 100 ft.
ceiling (vertical visibility into the obstruction) and prevailing visibility of 1/8 statute miles.
Typical of these fogs was a strong temperature increase with height (inversion) to the top
of the stratus (Fig. 4). Surface conditions changed during the 45 minutes of the data
collection which began at 1500 G mT. Both the temperature and dew point increased at
the surface during the hour from 1455 to 1555 G mT from 54/53 F to 57/57 F. The
visibility improved slightly from 1/8 to 3/16 mile. Surface wind was 3 m s_ or less from
the NW. The top of the stratus changed from 190 m at 1500 G mT to 250 m at 1556 GroT, but the ceiling remained 100 ft obscured at the surface.
Both the FSSP-100 and OAP-200X recorded particle sizes during each approachwhich lasted about 1 minute. There were 7 approaches as shown in Table 2 but the first
approach was a high altitude go-around, and the data were not used. In all plots that
follow each mark on the altitude axis corresponds to a 10 meter interval from the top to
the bottom of the approach, even if space does not allow printing all the values. The
same is true for the drop size labels. The first bin midpoint is'always 3.5/zm
representing the 2-5 #m diameter range. The last entry on the drop size axis will eitherbe 45.5 for the FSSP-100 data alone, or 300 for OAP-200X and 4500 for OAP-200Y.
Thoughout this report, data for more than one approach are shown such as in Fig. 5
where three approaches are shown as a time sequence about 10 minutes apart.
Particle concentrations increase with altitude for most particle sizes but not
consistently (Fig. 5). During the first two approaches, there was a pronounced peak in
concentration (200 cm -3) of 5-8/zm dia. drops at 180 m altitude. By 1556 (Approach -7)concentrations increased in the middle of the cloud (100 to 160 m). In the last 3
approaches, a bimodal distribution is apparent but not as pronounced as in other fogs.
There is a peak in concentration near the surface for smaller drops and at high altitudes
for larger drops. Drops as large as 25/_m have concentrations of tens per cm 3 but dropsup to 160/zm diameter have been counted by the OAP-200X. These drops have
concentrations of a few hundred per m 3 (Fig. 6). Note that the logarithm plot shows the
complete spectrum where the characteristic log-normal shape is apparent although thedetail is obscured.
The change in concentration with time at a fixed altitude is shown in Fig. 7 for20 m and 80 m respectively. There is an increase at first then a decrease later for the
smallest particles at the 20 m level but an increase in concentrations of all sizes at 80 m.
The LWC increased with height, reaching 0.7 g m 3 in the first approach at 100 m
altitude, but the maximum varied greatly from approach to approach as different parts of
the cloud were sampled just 10 minutes apart (Fig. 8). In subsequent approaches the
maximum LWC varied between 0.3 and 0.7 g m 3 near the top 1/3 of the cloud. The
median volume radius was highest (11/zm) in the lower part of the stratus at first but
varied between 6 and 10 #m at 80 to 120 m altitude thereafter. The total number of
particles (NE) counted in all size bins increased slightly with both time and height(Fig. 9).
6
Discussion:
The Vandenbergcaserepresented a pristine marine fog with little overland
trajectory to influence drop sizes via increased condensation nuclei. Although drops less
than 2/zm in dia. could not be measured, some authors claim that it is unlikely that the
aircraft sensors would have encountered the 103 to 104 per cm 3 number concentrations of
these haze droplets of inland fogs (Hudson 1978). The bimodal nature of fogs has been
noted by others (Pinnick et al. 1978, Pilie et al. 1975 and Rogers and Yau 1988) and will
be shown repeatedly at other locations discussed later. The cause has been postulated to
be the mixing of dry air at the top causing more rapid evaporation of the smaller drops
there coupled with regeneration through condensation and advection of the smaller
drops near the surface. However, there is considerable non homogeneity as indicated by
changes in the number concentration during the 10 minutes between observations in
different parts of the cloud. Even the differences of fog characteristics in horizontaldistances of hundreds of meters can be significant as indicated by runway visual range
(RVR) measurements concurrently at different ends of a runway and for different
runways at the same airport. For this fog absorption of millimeter wave energy was
greatest due to the high LWC. Scattering by these large drops will and did influence
both the optical and 3-5/_m IR sensor carried on all flights. This fog and all fogs
encountered were opaque to the eye and IR through its entire volume. There is
significant IR attenuation due to water vapor absorption and inherent low thermal
contrast of the scene as well.
b. Arcata, CA
Arcata is a small town in Northern California about 115 km south of the Oregon
border. The airport is about 10 km north of the city adjacent to the Pacific coast. The
elevation of the field is 66 m with an increase in height of 12 m from the sea end to
inland end of the runway. Much higher terrain is east and south of the airport. There is
a 46 m embankment at the end of runway 32. Fog is a frequent summertime occurrence
owing to the proximity of the cold ocean water and frequent sea to land air movement.
On August 28, 1992 there was a weak on-shore pressure gradient. Surface winds were
less than 3 m s-1. Fog moved inland the previous evening and was at its worst (minimum
surface visibility) during the time of the first approach, 1520 G mT. At this time the
ceiling was zero with prevailing visibility 1/8 mile and RVR 600 ft. Temperature/dewpoint
was 49/49 but rose to 51/51 by the 8th approach at 1652 G mT. At 1600 the ceiling
lifted to 100 ft. and visibility improved to 3/8 mi. RVR varied between 600 and 1400 ft.
until 1650 G mT when it rose to 1200 to 5000 ft. During the last two approaches, 1817
and 1828 G mT, the ceiling lifted to 300 ft. and visibility rose to 1 1/4 miles indicating
significant dissipation. The top of the fog/stratus rose from 100 m at first to over 300 m
by the end of the approach sequences. On 8 of the 10 approaches, the aircraftdescended to the surface of the runway by special permission.
Drop size distributions are shown in Fig. 10 and in greater detail for the larger
concentrations in Fig. 11. Note that there were drops as large as 180/zm, although their
number densities were on the order of a few tens per cubic meter per/xm as in the
Vandenberg fog. Due to small collection area, short dwell time, and few particles in the
38 to 47/xm region, there are often no particles counted, yet drops are present in' these
sizes as shown by the anomalous gap in Fig. 12. The omission of particle counts in thissize region affected gross properties by 2.0% or less.
As in the Vandenberg data the multimodal nature of the number densities can be
seen in Fig. 11. As the stratus grows in vertical extent from 100 m to 200 m over 30
minutes, the number concentrations in bin 4 (11-13/zm) increase to 43 cm -3 per/zm in
the top 60 m of the cloud, whereas the concentration of smaller drops (2-5 #m) continue
to peak in the lowest 40 m. The number count falls off rapidly, changing by 2 orders of
magnitude by 17-20/zm dia. sizes. In Fig. 11b (approach 6) the number of intermediate
(bin 2, 3) drops and large drops have increased from 15 to 50/cm3//zm in an hour. The
larger drops, on the other hand, extend to lower altitudes but their number densities
change little in the top 30 m of the cloud. This trend continues through 1652 G mT
where the peak number density of 78 cm "3 per/zm is reached at 230 m, 60 m from cloud
top. The last two approaches, 1816 and 1828 G mT (Fig. 13), were conducted in a
rapidly dissipating stage when the ceiling rose to 300 ft. and tops became more irregular.
Also, the particle densities of all drops decreased in the lowest 100 m of the fog. Thechange in number concentration with time at the 20, 80 and 160 m altitudes is shown inFig. 14.
There appears to be a cycle of increase in concentrations at first then a decrease
about every 30 min for the first 7 approaches. The temperature inversion is still
pronounced (Fig. 15) for all approaches. The LWC increases with height from 0.05 to
0.25 g m 3 to within 30 m of the cloud top and increases with time reaching nearly 0.6g m 3 by 1652 G mT (Fig. 16). AS the fog begins to dissipate, the LWC decreased to a
maximum of 0.45 g m 3 at 1828 G mT (Fig. 28). The median volume radius, on the other
hand, also shown in Fig. 16, remained nearly constant at 4-6 #m. The only difference
was in the lowest 10 m of the fog where the MVR approached drizzle drop size (100
/xm) for some of the approaches. There was drizzle reported by the pilots. Finally, asindicated in the number density plots and Fig. 17, the Nt of particles in all size bins
increases with altitude in the first 40 m then begins an erratic decline.
Discussion:
The Arcata fog is similar to Vandenberg where nuclei from ground and industrial
sources have not had much influence. The LWC, while less than Vandenberg, is still
relatively high and in the top half of the cloud. That, coupled with the median volume
radius in the 4-6 #m range, will present difficulties for sensors whose wavelengths are
less than 12/zm due to scattering. Absorption of millimeter wave energy will be noticed,
especially for the higher frequencies (94 GHZ and above), when looking through the
entire cloud LWC volume. At Category I decision height, 200 ft (60 m), 2/3 of the liquid
is above the path, but the drops still remain relatively large. By the dissipation stage,
this cloud becomes more like a stratocumulus.
c. Santa Maria, CA
Santa Maria is 22 km Northeast of Vandenberg AFB, CA. It is 18 km from the
Pacific, further inland than the previous locations. Like the other advection fog
situations, the low level flow was from the NW where there is relatively flat terrain to the
coast. The airport elevation is 79 m. Although the humidity was 100%, the fog was
nearing a dissipation stage more so than the others. In the 20 minutes between
approach 1 and 3 (approach 2 data is missing), the ceiling changed from 100 ft. obscuredto 200 ft. overcast and the visibility changed from 1/4 mile to 3/8 mile. The second
sensor available for this flight was a rain probe (OAP 200Y) which did not contribute to
the knowledge of fog microphysics, since there was no rain. The discussion will be
limited to data from the FSSP-100 sensor.
The drop size spectrum (Fig. 18) is very similar to those of Vandenberg and
Arcata. The maximum number concentration reached about 170 cm -3 near the top of the
fog; but unlike the previous fogs, the intermediate drop sizes (11-14/zm) had this largenumber concentration (Fig. 19). Here there is a trimodal case; a lower peak
concentration for 2-5/zm drops, mid level peak for 8-11 and 11-14/zm drops and high
altitude peak of the biggest drops with significant (1 cm 3 or above) number counts of 14-
20/zm size drops. The temperature increase with height was about the same magnitude
as at the other locations (Fig. 20). The LWC of 0.1 to 0.4 g m 3 was also very similar
with higher values near the top of the cloud (Fig. 21). The median volume radius was
slightly more erratic but still showed an increase in the lowest 50 m of the fog whichindicates the contribution of the smaller number concentration of the large drops. Total
number of particles (350-400 em 3) is also nearly the same as the other advection fogs
(Fig. 22).
Discussion:
With addition of more varied condensation nuclei farther inland, there should be
a larger number of the smaller drops, but this was not observed. Some broadening of
the spectrum is apparent at mid levels of the cloud, but this may be due to the fog
nearing more a dissipation stage. Attenuation characteristics for visible up to radar
frequencies should be similar to those discussed previously.
d. Worcester, MA
Worcester is located 73 km west south west of Boston's Logan Airport. The
remains of tropical storm Danielle were located over Northern NJ and moving NE. This
storm, coupled with high pressure over Maine, produced a NE flow of 4-5 m s 1. There
9
was a warm front acrossNew York state to the south. There waswide spreadstratus,fog and rain north of this front with ceilings about 100-200ft. and prevailing visibilities1/4 to 3/4 miles in light rain and fog. During all the approachesto Worcester, the skycondition was 100 ft. obscured. There were layered cloudsabove the low stratus so nodefinite cloud top and no inversion existed;therefore, the beginning of data collectionwassomewhatarbitrary. Attempts were made to begin the data collection whenencountering the lowest cloud layer. During the last two approaches,the rain changedto drizzle. Rain rates of 1-3mm/hr were calculated from the drop size distribution forthe lowest 80 m of cloud in the first 5 approaches. Rain rateswere significantly less forthe last 3 approaches.
Fig. 23 showsthe broadeneddrop sizespectrumat all altitude with numberconcentrations ashigh as 103/m3even at 300/.Lmdrop size. The negativenumbers resultfrom the normalization for sizebins (dividing by 300 in this case)where number countsare less than 300 m3. From the shapeof the FSSP-100drop sizespectrum (Fig. 24) thefog part of the cloud systemextended to about 200 m. The spectrum is more sharplypeaked in the 5-8_m size region in the middle of the stratus where number countsreached280 per cm3compared to 60 for Arcata. The tri-modal nature is still evidentwith low altitude peaks of the smallest drops measured (3-5 _m) and a peak of drops 11
to 17/.tm at high altitudes in addition to the sharp peak in mid levels of 5-8/_m drops.
The approaches in the late afternoon (Fig. 25, 26) revealed a similar spectrum shape, butthere appear to be two regions of low stratus; one from 20 m to 200 m and another from
200 to 340 m. Number concentrations are similar in both regions.
Liquid water content is influenced by the rain drops (Fig. 27). At 1723 G mT the
rain influenced the areas where fog drop contributions were small (_< 0.05 g m3). At1734 and 1745 G mT rain drops contributed 80% of the LWC near 300 m altitude. At
1755 G mT the most significant contribution is at 240 and 120 m. There was also a
significant contribution for all approaches near the surface. The range of LWC, 0.1 to
0.4 g m 3, is similar to the advection fogs of the West Coast. By late afternoon the LWC
came predonimately from fog drops and drizzle (Fig. 28). The median volume radius
also shown in Fig. 27 shows the significant effect of the rain drops near the top and
bottom of the clouds. The total number of drops (Fig. 29) is equivalent to that of the
other fogs despite the increase in the number of big drops (with very low numberconcentrations).
Discussion:
This situation of rain and fog with ceilings below CAT-I minimums is not
uncommon in overrunning warm frontal fogs of mid latitudes. The most serious
consequence is the effect of the rain on millimeter wave sensor performance. Even rain
rates of a few mm/hr can attenuate tens of db/km of the radar signal (Battan 1959) suchthat the image of the runway is lost above CAT-I decision height. Backscatter becomes
an increasing problem with rain of any significant drop size since it is proportional to the
10
sixth power of the average drop diameter. The return signal from the rain could
obliterate any signal from the ground. The same adverse effects discussed earlier for IR
wavelengths would apply here as well. If the rain increases at the expense of the fog,
then optical visibility might be adequate for aircraft operation below the clouds.
e. Huntington, WV
At Huntington, data were collected on the only inland radiation-type fog,
but it was so shallow (though optically and IR dense) that the aircraft had trouble getting
into the fog due to operational constraints of airfield minimums. There were six
approaches with data for the lowest layer (10 m) only available for one. The Huntington
airport is in NW West Virginia, near the Ohio border, and adjacent to the Ohio Riverand some of its tributaries. The presence of the water undoubtedly influenced the
formation of and properties of the fog. There was a weak ridge of high pressure over
State College, PA. A cold front had passed through the area the previous day. The
surface winds were very light with clear skies, all the ingredients necessary for fog. Fog
formed in the early morning hours and by the time of the first approach (1147 G mT)
the ceiling was 100 ft. obscured with zero prevailing visibility. By 1155 9/10 of the sky
was obscured, but there was no ceiling even though the prevailing visibility was just 1/16
mile. These conditions prevailed through the last approach at 1247 G mT. Only the fog
data from the FSSP sensor will be discussed. The cloud top rose from about 100 m to
160 m before the cloud began to evaporate. Data were collected only for the first two
approaches within 20 m of the ground where the highest concentration of particles were
found. The other approaches terminated at 40 m or above.
There were significant numbers of drops with sizes up to 17-20/zm and 104
particles per m 3 as large as 45/_m (Fig. 30). It is likely that larger numbers of smaller
haze drops (< 1/xm radius) existed in this fog but could not be measured. The number
concentrations observed during the first two approaches were maximum at 5-8/zm at the
lowest altitude. The details for higher number concentrations are shown in Fig. 31 for
the first three approaches.
Liquid water content was very low until 1235 G mT when values of 0.13 g m 3
(Fig. 32) were calculated from the observed drop distribution. In later aircraft
approaches, the LWC always peaked at the lowest altitude corresponding to the highnumber concentrations; however, the lowest altitude on several of the approaches was
halfway into the shallow cloud. The median volume radius remained quite large (5-8
/_m) within 50 m of the ground (Fig. 32). Temperature was nearly constant at 12 C
through the top 3/4 of the cloud. The total number concentration (Fig. 33) reached a
maximum of 170 per cm 3 at 40 m for approach 2. Had there been a capability to
measure smaller drops, this count would most likely have been much higher.
11
Discussion:
The high numbers of relatively large drops (5-8/zm) wassurprising for this
shallow inland radiation fog. This fog, like all the others, was opaque to the optical
(visible) and IR (3-5 _m) spectrum but presented no problems for the imaging radar.
is unlikely that an IR sensor of longer wavelength would have been any more effective
due to scattering associated with the significant number counts of 10-16/zm diameterdrops close to the ground.
It
5. Comparisons with Other Measurements
Microphysical parameters reported in the literature are highly dependent on the
type of fog, the airmass in which it is embedded (supersaturation, temperature, humidity,
condensation nuclei available, turbulence), time period of measurements, measurement
technique, altitude of measurements, and stage of fog development. Prior to the 1970's,
fog drop sizes were measured by impaction techniques (Piele 1975, Prokh 1974, Garland
1971, and Goodman 1977), by collection on spiderwebs (Arnulf et al. 1957), by early light
scattering (Elridge 1961) and by Nephelometers (Dickerson et al. 1975). These
measurements had significant limitations apart from the other factors influencing the
measurements. For example, the impaction techniques required laborious, time
consuming microscopic counting of craters made by drops. The smallest drops that could
be reliably measured were on the order of 2/zm (Rhinehart, 1969). Corrections were
needed for collection efficiencies and in the conversion to droplet concentration.
Although still subject to errors and corrections for collection efficiency, the lightscattering instruments of the 70's, 80's, and 90's offer near real-time measurement and
effective calibration with known particle sizes when done carefully.
Results of previous fog data collection activity are summarized in Table 3. There
have been several concerted international and multi-agency cooperative projects to
measure fundamental properties of fogs. Some of these prior to the Synthetic Vision
Program were Forward _Looking Infrared and Lidar Atmospheric Propagation in the IR
(FLAPIR) experiment (Koenig 1991), FOG-82 (Meyer et al. 1986), Meppin-80 (Lind_erg
et al. 1984), Po Valley (Fuzzi et al. 1992) and Graffenwohr (Pinnick et al. 1978). Note
that the instrumentation used, drop size range and type of fog are shown. In several
cases many observations taken at different times and locations were grouped togetherand the average for the entire grouping is presented.
The number concentration is a function of instrumentation bin size which in some
cases was not reported (indicated as not available (NA) in the table). A reasonable
assumption is that the values given are "per micrometer" unless indicated. From Table 3,
the higher number counts in the submicron region are due most likely to haze particles.
The maximum drop concentration for the size region, 3-20/zm, for both advection and
radiation fogs range from 10's to 300 per cm 3. For radiation fogs, however, there are
concentrations in the 103 range at/zm size and below.
12
The range of LWC maxima is from 0.1 to 0.4 g m 3 for advection fogs and 0.1 to
0.7 g m 3 for radiation fogs although there is great variability due to stage of
development/dissipation and altitude of the measurements. The "typical" characteristics
of both types of fogs are shown by Kocmond et al. (1969) in Table 4. Up to five stages
of development have been identified for radiation fogs. Each has identifiable fog
characteristics (Juisto et al. 1983). The Synthetic Vision data show the variability of fog
parameters in marine advection fogs as they begin to dissipate. Also, the vertical
variation of parameters is even more pronounced than horizontal changes or time
changes in most fogs. The measurements of LWC reported in this paper were as high as
0.7 g m 3 in advection fogs with frequent values of 0.2 to 0.5 compared with the 0.17
value in Table 4.
The other drop size characteristics measured during the Synthetic Vision
Technology Demonstration program are consistent with previous measurements. These
are the only measurements made in fog showing drop size characteristics with both avertical and a time dimension along the path of a landing aircraft.
6. Summary and Conclusion
Sequential 1-2 minute penetrations of the fog repeated every 10-20 minutes for
about an hour reveal some consistency with respect to general characteristics and gross
features such as LWC and MVR. The differences due to natural variability within the
fog cloud are readily apparent as are the changes in a dissipating fog. All fogs containnumber concentrations of tens to hundreds of drops per cm 3 per micrometer in the range
of drop sizes from 2-25 pm diameter.
The advection fogs were found to contain number concentrations of 10 .2 cm "3 per
micrometer for drops above 45 pm in many cases. The rain falling through the fog at
Worcester, MA affected the fog drop spectrum; although it, too, when viewed alone
showed many of the characteristics noted in number counts vs. drop size of marine
advection fogs. There were multimodal tendencies in nearly all the fogs which tended to
spread the spectrum when viewed over many altitudes. The one radiation fogencountered exhibited drops larger than expected although there are similar
measurements of large drops in radiation fogs (Gerber 1991, Meyer et al. 1986). The
variation of general fog characteristics with altitude and time is shown in Table 5.
The text book description of marine stratus clouds and their microphysical
properties is the following: the mean droplet size increases with height, the spectrum is
narrow due to growth of particles by condensation rather than coalescence, liquid water
contents generally increase with height varying between 0.05 and 0.25 g m 3, and the
droplet concentration does not increase with height (Rogers and Yau 1989). The
observations reported in the paper show a somewhat narrow spectrum where the total
number of particles increases slightly with height and time, whereas drop sizes were
bigger near the surface but changed little with height thereafter, and the droplet
13
concentration increasedwith height when several drop size bins are grouped together.
The biggest difference is a greater range in liquid water contents from 0.05 to 0.7 g m "3for these measurements.
More measurements of radiation fogs made in different parts of the country (and
the world) are needed to confirm the changes in stage of fog development and altitude.
Also, more data are needed on the evolution of advection fogs, especially frontal fogs atinland locations.
While fog was not a limiting factor at radar frequencies with respect to the ability
to image the runway from 80 m and below, more data are needed in high LWC fogs atinherently low contrast airports (contrast refers to the relative backscatter difference
between the runway and grass or dirt border) and for more fogs with significant drizzle.
Finally, there is also a need to show the data in the context of functions such as
the gamma or log normal distribution that capture their essence with a few statistics;
then to develop limits of characteristic model parameters which impact performance of
sensor systems contemplated for all-weather imaging of the runway.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the National Aeronautical and SpaceAdministration under Contract No. NAS1-19341.
14
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16
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17
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18
., et al., 1979: Verification of a linear relation between IR extinction, absorption,and liquid water content of fogs. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1577-1586.
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19
Table 1.
Sensor
FSSP
100
OAP
200X
OAP
200Y
Characteristics of Particle Measuring System, Inc. sensors
Drop dia. range
2 to 47 micrometers
10 to 310 micrometers
150 to 4650 micrometers
Bin size
3 micrometers
20mi_omemrs
300 micrometers
Accuracy
+1 bin
+i bin
+1 bin
20
Table 2. Approaches/Landings in fog for the Synthetic Vision Flight Test Program
r_
_ "_ _ _M
O O
[--
t_
I
_" u. m g. g.
5 5 °_ 5
21
¢)r_
I.N
t_
r_
J
_I _ _ _
C_c_
7_ _>
v-i
r.."
22
0
c_
#
c_
_G,-i
_D
o
z
Z
Z
V
iZ
Z _Z
Z Z
0
c_
c_
o_
o,
0
Z
N.o
Z
°i
Z
C'4
Z
o,
23
c_
c_
0
4_B
,I
J
m
CJ
c_
r_
24
Q_
_r
8
a_
Table 4. Typical fog properties (from Kocmond, et al., 1969)
Fog Parameter
d (_tm)
Range of d (I.tm)
LWC (gm "3)
n (cm "3)
Visibility (m)
Inland Radiation
10
5-35
0.11
2OO
100
Coastal Advection
2O
7-65
0.17
40
300
25
Table 5. Changes with altitude and time for fog charactertistics
Altitude Changes
Locations
Parameter Vandenbe_ AFB, Axca_ CA Santa Maria. CA Wc_eeste_, MA Htmt_x. WVCA
LWC
Nt
MVR
in¢'l'_c$
iilcI-P.asP.,_
!decreases then
increases: peak nearsurface
lnCTP.a3(_S
increasesthendecreases
constant peak near
surface
incz_a.sd_thendecreases
COOStaor _ neaz"
surface
variable
increasesthendecreases
variable d_ _cnLncl'e_ c$
LWC
Nt
MVR
Time Changes
Locations
Vandenberg AFB, Arcata, CA Santa Maria, CA Worcester, MA Huntington, WVCA
variable
decreases thcll
increases
dCcT_ascs
ilICI'_RSC$
constant
incT_a,se_
incI_a3c.s
con.stallt
increases thendecreases
[slight m_'eases
Ln_ca$¢.$
il'lcl'_asc$
constant
26
0
c_
E
o_
L_
0°_
0
o_
0
c_
oil
o_
27
i I6000 4000 2000Dlslance From Threshhold
5OO
I00
Raf 3e From Touct_lown, rl
/- 152
-122
-90
-60
-30
(h = 50 fl) (Cat I OH) R = 2.5 km)
Fig. 2. Synthetic Vision experimental aircraft instrument landing system (ILS)approach distances.
28
00
o
0
°_
o°_
#..
_0
0o
0
m i=,,
0m __ 0
L.
_o
Z_
rrt_
29
r i
OL
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Or,
OS
09
OL
30
L_<:_3
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t_
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6u.
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_o
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0
6LI.x=
m
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/
//
//
/
//
/
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\
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\
\
oi _
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w&q_b_a,Jmm_v
i(
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@
M
/\\
\
<
>
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=..+ .=
Vandenberg AF9, CA, August 27. 1992. AgDroach-2 [1500 GMT) Vandenberg AF9. CA. August 27. 1992. AoproacP1-2 (1500 G+'VIT_,
Vandenberg AFB. CA. August 27, 1992. Approach-4 (1524 GM13
i.+ =
_= 2-:'
c " r
,,,,,,,__-"2, .s-. ,,..... ++ _'---+_+r-+----_.5 _.:,,+
+..., +"o,,+,
Vandenberg AFB, CA. August 27. 1992. A00roacn-4. {1524. GMT
i !:| t.+ s_ :,_
+"_:- _.o_-_--_:-_.....
-':.-::::-,,- ..
= = __ -.2:---:.:--_.:-'.::_'5o.
,_ o_og
Vandenberg AFB, CA. August 27. 1992. Ap0roach 6 (1546 GMT)Vandenherg AFB, CA..August 2"7, 1992. Aoproach 6 (1546 GMT)
- - = _ _ G _-,i'_c
oo,= .i , /
:='+"::o_ i ""::-+='= _o--+_:_-"__ +++++:+ ;+++_'T+:++ ::' ,-is;,,.+- +...S,
30C
-_ + :-_:+:_ o.+35__-----30.+ ,,_m_oe _m_ ""+--_- 120 ',""0
,_" ._ _ 3oo _,"o,_ _ _ +,,,
,-,+
Fig. 6. Drop size distributio, logarithm plots for Va.de.berg AFB, CA.
33
Vandenberg AFB, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude
for Sequential Approaches
Q.v
._o=No
Co
oooo00o.4ooooooo3oo00o0o._,10000000 _ _ _
o_ '_ '_ Drop Size_n = |me . Dia. (m-6)
Drop Size Dia. (m-6) _ M "13me _ _
Vandenberg AFB, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude
for Sequential Approaches
e_
c.2 ENo
g_C0
100000000
80000000- _ I_. _acoooooo_, ._..---_R_,,_=,_I
oooooooo °oooooooi_h r_-_'H_,ooooooo i __/_,xO0000OO _ 3.5
- _ _ _ =_ 500Z T,me _. _. _"3-_.,__'=.,'4 39.5 U
Drop Size Dia. (m-6) _ _n,¢ Time - =. _ _,.o<_
Fig. 7. Drop size distribution for 20 and 80 m altitude for Vandenberg AT'B, CA.
34
E
v
5¢3"
"-i
8.00E-01
7,00E-Of
6.00E-O I
5.00E-O I
4.00E-01
3.00E-01
2.00E-OI
1.00E-O !
O,OOE ', O0
VBG Approach 2,3,4 (1500, 1513. 1524 GMT)
[ _ LWC --=--- MVR
-\
| t-I_1
12
8.00E-01
VBG Approach 5,6,7 (1534, 1546, 1556 GMT)
J.---:=aL',vC - .-- MvR 12
oiv
7, OOE-O I
6.00E-01
5.00E-01
4.00E-01
3.00E-01
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
O.OOE + O0
og_g_og_ggogog_°g_gg_ggg_ggg_
Sequential Approach Altitudes (m|
10
Ev
6 ""
O>
Fig. 8. Liquid water content and medium volume radius for Vandenberg AFB, CA.
35
5OO
450
4OO
E 350
300
.-(2 250
_. 200w
150
1O0
5O
VandenbergAFB August 27, 1992 ( 1500, 1513, 1524 GMT)
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OO O O O O O O O O O O
AltitudeforSequentialApproaches (m }
VandenbergAFB August 27, 1992 (1534, 1546, 1556 GMT)
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)
Fig. 9. Total number of particles for Vandenberg AFB, CA.
36
!
-g£
(4
.EU
0
0,.
o
o£
\\\
09
7'
.e
\\\\
\
05OL
06i
0
.=
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o
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0
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37
tD
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oQ.Q.
0
4.e
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p 8
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Drop size dia (m-6)
Fig. t2. Drop size distribution for approach 1, Arcata, CA.
43
Arcata Approach 9 (1816 GMT)
3.00E + 08
"E 2.50E+08o:3
_' 2.00E + 08-
Q,,
- 1.50E+08co
1.00E+08c@_' 5.00E+07co
O.OOE + O0
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¢'3
Altitude Ira)
39.530.5
21.512.5 Drop size dia
3.5 (micrometers}
ArcataApproach 10 (1828GMT)
.u
g.=m
o=u
3.50E +08
3.00E + 08
2.50E + 08-
2.00E _ 08
I. 50E + 08
100E _ 08
5.00E _ 07
O.OOE, 00 }i_ot.-. o
455
39 5335
27 5
tw _ 215
Altitude (ml 15 5 Drop size die ]micrometers)
35
Fig. 13. Drop size distribution for approach 9, 10, Arcata, CA.
44
Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
60000000
,ooooooo_dil_l-_ ,ooooooo_1_i2 ooooooo., ! ,ooooooo_iii_LT_
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Drop Size Dia. Ira-6) _ ,T
Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
I.
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Drop Size Die. (m-6] _
Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 160 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
II
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Fig. 14. Drop size distribution
Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
==._
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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
200000000_sooooooo-' _ i!: !,
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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 160 meter Altitude for
Sequential Approaches
=00000007 ._,= '_,_ ._s15ooooooo_i i_.-- ! I
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0--_ 30.5"
3_:9.6 Drop Size Dia.
Time - _o-- (0
for 20, 80, 160 m altitude for Arcata, CA.
45
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[ 1
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i 12.00
T n_, _,ooo_
\ 800
i i 2.00
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Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)
0.60 -iI
0.50 T
Arcata Approach 4, 5, 6 (1559, 1617, 1628 GMT)
[r-======_ LWC _MVR iI )
0.40 T iii ,i, '
_°'°tiln H ""'!IllII _- ri ,7_ . ;L, Nn _';-
ll! n , ' " "l_ll" J_
0.00 ..........................................888oooo8oooooo_ooooooooo_°_8_°_8_°
Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)
20.00
_8.00
6.oo
14.00 --
12.0010.00 ""
8.00 ;
6.004.00
2.00
0.00
Fig. 16a. Liquid water content and median volume radius for A.rcata, CA.
47
Arcata Approach 7, 8 (1640, 1652 GMT)
_ _ LWC _ MVR r0.60 i _ i - 16.00
r ,l_Hr "'
'; 0.40 I, !i il!Jl ', i-i t ,l_irr- 2)LFIJII:(5¢,[ i _n <',_ 0.20+/_ I i',,_,1!1_"t7 ' , i "-_.; , , T6.00
0.102.00
o.oo i. n_[J!J!]!! F .n o.oog28_2_2g_2_Sg_88888888_
SequentialApproachAItitudes(m)
0.4-5 T
o.'i "0.3 III_I '7
]1 i _ ,," ,
0.05 _ t t I '_ == ' !,==u_=-- •,, .. d!,,,l,_I,!JtJ_!,llIJ_l_....o ltIJ I/jrllJt_,_v,:!]i _,l_,!l • ",°°g°_°ooooooo_oooooso_oo. a888_gS_8_ _
Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)
Arcata Approach 9, 10 (1816, 1828 GMT)
; _ LWC _ MVR30.00
T 25.00
E
20.00i .-:
T _5.00 =
t 10.00
T 5,00i
0.00
Fig. 16b. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Arcata, CA.
48
Arcata CA, Approach 1, 2, 3 ( 1520, 1537, 1548 GMT)
Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)
Arcata CA, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1559, 1618, 1628 GMT)
-- 400-¢') iE 350
300
200
150
i 100
z
50
08oooooo8ooooooooooo_ooooo°°_ _ °_°
Altitude for Sequential Approaches (ml
Fig. 17a. Total number of particles for Arcata, CA.
4.9
Arcata CA, Approach 7, 8 ( 1640, 1652 GMT)
-- 500 T
450
400
d
eW e4 e4 _ _-_ " --e4 ew _ e4 N
AltitudeforSequentialApproaches {m)
Arcata Approach 9, 10 (1816, 1828 GMT)
706
606
i 506
i 406
r j]_o6 i006 ....... _-_-_
SequentialApproach Altitudes(m)
Fig. 17b. Total number of particles for Arcata, CA.
50
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22
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Altitude (m)
Fig. 20. Temperature vs. altitude for Santa Maria, CA.
53
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worcester, MA, Approach 1,2 (1723, 1734 GMT)
Worcester, MA Approach 3, 4 (1745, 1755 GMT)
6
Drop size Oia.
(micrometers)
Worcester. MA Approach 3, 4 (1745. 1755 GMT}
Fig. 23. Drop size distribution for Worcester, MA, logarithm plot.
56
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Worcester, MA Approach 1,2 (1723, 1734 GMT)
0.35
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Seriesl
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SequentialApproachAItitudes(m)
- 200190
- 180" 170
I_ooo140 _
130 _,120 _110
I00 ;908070 =60 .-_504O3O20100
Worcester, MA. Approach 3, 4, 5 (1745, 1755, 1806 GMT)
Series 1
T
r
R__S_SR__SR_SR_o_SRSequential Approach Altitudes (m)
- 200- 190
180170_160_,150E140 --130
120110
100 __90 -;
_o70605040 I_3020100
Fig. 27. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Worcester, MA.
6O
0.35
0.30
E 0.25
_. 0.20
0.15
D._e-0.10,,,.]
0.05
0.00
SequentialApproachAItitudes(m)
0.00
Fig. 28. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Worcester, MA., FSSP
only.
61
Worcester,MA Approach 1, 2 (1723, 1734 GMT)
500.00
450.00 !
im, 250.00 r
,°°°°°:rll- ,5000! I.-- ,oo.oo! dll
050.00 1
ooooo_lllJ............,.,.._...............oooooooo_oo_ _ _,.,_,F. -=°°l_°°8=°_°8°8°88°8_.°88_o
Sequential Approach Attitudes (m)
500.00 T450.00
E-_ 400.00C0
•_ 350.00300.00
(,,)
= 250.000
200.00
150.00
z 100.00
o5o.oo000.00
Worcester, MA Approach 3, 4, 5 (1745, 1755, 1806 GMT)
I
Sequential Approach Attitudes (m)
Worcester,MA Approach 6, 7 (2116, 2126 GMT)
350.000 T
300.000L
25o.ooo I
o 200.000
'llllllo 150.000
E 100.000
- [050.000I.-
000,000 .......
Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)
Fig. 29. Total number of particles for Worcester, MA.
62
{,I_IaLLIOJ:)!U,J JG(J _U.J jecl} UO!IRJIUaDUOO BO'I
o_=
0
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:=
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f
Huntington, _VV, Approach 1. 2.3. (1147, 1155. 1203 GMT) Huntington. WV. Appro=ch 1. 2. 3. (1147. 1155. 1203 GMT)
600E*07 // _ _"-e 00E*07
_ 7
i IIi / llllLJ ' '3.0OE ÷ 07
i _. 3,00E * 07
le_z, entl=l i,pl_'OaClNid_udoo.4_,oacle|mf-_ F oo 0 _0 0 1'- '_'_'_OO c,D r,,. _lmu_nr;e/'2 _ iI'dtudeo Ira!
E.o
==
O
Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT) Huntington, WV. Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214. 1235. 1247 GMT)
7.00E _07
6.00E +07"_ i
5'00E+071 I
4 00E÷07 i _,.L3100E + 07
_.oo_÷o7_ _, oo +o,
.5, al',_,_.,_. S _ _,OOOE_oo_._=-_-:.-_,z-;_:
Approodl - $
Sequential approach altitudes (el
;,_OOE.07
i 3'°°E÷°7 _2.00E+07
_.__a_ooo_.oo;.L-_.__-_._-_:,_>%.Io
:;_,;_ 6 _ - " "(micromelar=l
0 O_0 -- [ Sequential approach altitudes
oo (ml
Approach -5 Approach .5
Approach -6
Fig. 31. Drop size distribution for Huntington, WV.
65
Huntington, WV, Approach 1, 2, 3 (1147, 1155, 1203 GMT)
o12!
_o_oi _\oo8! \._
O.O6 U
•_ 0.04
0.02
00ol8o0o0 ® _. = =o o o o o
-q
If"IJ
i
9.00i
8.00
; 7.00 ,E
v
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i - 5.0o_; te
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! ',,i ; 3.00=_--Q----i • i --
lit '200°FI 1.oo
' ' ' ' "- ' _ _ 0.00o o_4_ 0 0 0 0 0 0f5 IN 01, _i O 0® o o
Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)
Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT)
\
1.00
' 0.00
Fig. 32. Liquid water contents and median volume radius for Huntington, WV.
66
Huntington, WV, Approach 1, 2, 3 (1147, 1155, 1203 GMT)
Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT)
- 250.000EU
200.000 -
- Lg"=_ 150.000C
UC
100.000-
e_
E 050,000z
_" 000.0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)
Fig. 33. Total number of particles for Huntington, WV.
67
APPENDIX A
Drop size concentration data and related parameters
A
J
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ol
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o_oooooooooooooooooooo
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N_ N
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°°°°g°ggN8888NB_Bgg
N_g_N_N_SN_82N_N_
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eooooogeoogooag_ogg
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Q o')
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00000000000000000000000 0000000000000000 _
QO000000000000000000000 00_ 00000000_00 O _ 0
0_000 O00000000000000 _00 0000000000000 _00 _
ooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooo_o°°_°°_
0 _ 0000 _ 000 O000000000000 00000000000 _- _000 _ -
oooooooooooooooooo_oooo_oooooo_oooo__
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A-5
00
0
OOQO _000000000000000_00 0 O0 O00QO 0000 O00 oo Q 0 0
0000 00000000 O0 _ 0000_000 O000000000000000 O00 0
oooo_oooooooooooooo_ ooooooooooooo_o.o_o
0
ooo__ oooooooooo-oo_-_o___ °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°_0
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°°°°_°____ O
0 0 00 0 0
A-6
00 000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 _00
_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _'_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000 _ 00 Q 000000_0000
000
000
oooooooo _o___._ _ _
°°°°°_°°_.°°°°_°°°°°__- _ °°°°_°°_°_°_"_-._=_ _.__ -°_o_°°°
000
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++++++++++++++++++÷
++++++++++++
÷++++++++++ ÷++++++ _
0 00 0
0
A-?
00000000000000000000000
QQQQQOQQQOO_QQQQQQQOQQQ
OO O 0 O QQO OOOOO _Q Q 0 O OOOQO
Q_QO_QQQQ_Q_QQQQQQQOQQO
O0000000__O000000000
P_
A-8
Approach
number
Altitude
(ml
Begin time End dine
Temp
(C)
Vandenberg AFB, CA
August 27. 1992
Vapor Number
density second=
(g/m3I in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3}
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
145958 150110210 18.5 15.84 2 0.00 2.60
200 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 6.28
190 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 3.05
180 18.1 15.47 2 0.06 3.59
170 17.2 14.66 2 0,06 4.01
160 17.2 14.66 2 0,13 3.93
150 17.2 14.66 2 0.10 4.23
140 16,7 14.20 3 0.08 4.27
130 16.4 13.97 2 0.02 4.53
120 16.4 13.97 2 0.63 11.04
110 16.4 13.97 1 0.73 11.00
100 15.6 13.31 3 0.76 11.13
90 15.6 13.31 2 0.66 11.14
80 15.3 13.07 3 0.41 10.62
70 14.7 12.60 2 0.27 9.67
60 14.7 12.60 3 0.37 10.81
50 14.7 12.60 3 0.17 8.69
40 13.9 12.00 2 0.09 8.02
30 13.9 12.00 4 0.10 7.77
20 13.7 11.87 5 0.06 6.19
10 12.9 11.31 24 0.13 11.28
151247 151343
200 17.2 14.66 1 0.00 3.04
190 17.5 14.92 3 0.07 4.46
180 17.2 14.66 2 0.11 3.86
170 16.9 14.43 3 0,07 4.24
160 16.4 13.97 2 0.13 4.84
150 16.4 13.97 2 0.12 5.71
140 16 13.64 2 0.17 7.63
130 15.6 13.31 3 0.13 8.73
120 15.6 13.31 3 0.24 7.08
110 15 12.84 3 0.24 7.64
100 14.7 12.60 3 0.31 8.91
90 14.7 12.60 2 0.22 7.98
80 14.2 12.20 3 0.30 9.83
70 13.9 12.00 3 0.23 7.23
60 13.9 12.00 3 0.18 8.00
50 13.6 11.78 3 0.17 7.79
40 13 11.35 3 0.16 8.38
30 13 11.35 5 0.11 7.48
20 12.6 11.07 8 0.09 7.16
152342 152434
200 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 2.86
000.995
001.384
034.929
290.279
219.441
466.022
329.471
232.961
060.410
188.730
225.146
223.102
197.952
166.253
157.298
162.387
1 64.949
106.717
1 23.525
104.41 6
061.340
002.009
176.709
386.5O8
242.181
279.135
235.122
208.253
104.369
259.695
261.948
283.772
221.198
215.375
345.081
214.575
240.887
160.479
161.295
130.961
002.236
A-9
Approach
number
Altitude
[ml
Begin time End time
Tamp
(C)
Vandenberg AFB, CAAugu=t 27. 1992
Vapor Number
den=ity =econde
(glm3) in laver
Liquid water
content
(g/m3l
Median
vol. radiua
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)444444444444444444
55555555555555555
5555
666
1901801701601501401301201101009080706050403O2O
15342921020O190180170160150140130
1201101O090807O60504O3O2O10
154535240230220
153543
154635
17.8 1'5.19 3 0.02 4.5217,2 14,66 2 0.12 5.8017.2 14.66 2 0.19 7.5917.2 14.86 2 0.17 7.7116.4 13.97 2 0.07 8.6516.4 13,97 3 0.19 9.4516 13.64 2 0.54 9.76
15.6 13.31 3 0.36 9.2715.6 13.31 2 0.40 9.7515.3 13.07 3 0.37 9.51
14.7 12.60 2 0.31 8,8414.7 12,60 2 0.32 9.1114.7 12.60 2 0.38 10.0914.4 12,40 3 0.33 9.3313.9 12.00 2 0.21 8.4713.9 12.00 3 0.18 8.4413,7 11.89 6 0.24 9.6112.9 11.27 7 0.15 8.73
18,1 15,47 2 0.00 7.2418,1 15.47 3 0.09 9.8617.2 14.66 2 0.47 10. 1517.2 14.66 2 0.60 9.8416.8 14.31 2 0.55 9.6216,4 13.97 2 0.73 9.4416.4 13.97 2 0.59 9,1816.4 13.97 2 0.46 8.5015.6 13.31 2 0,33 7.21
15.6 13.31 3 0.36 8,1515.6 13.31 4 0.33 7.7214.7 12.60 2 0.31 7.7514.7 12.60 3 0.22 6.8214,4 12.40 3 0.24 7.4413.9 12.00 3 0.20 6.8813.9 12.00 3 0.17 6,5613.9 12,00 3 0.12 5.9713.4 11.67 2 0.10 5.6913 11.35 4 0.08 5.3413 11.35 4 0.07 5.84
12.3 10.85 22 0.07 9.52
19.3 16.65 2 0.00 3.29i8.9 16.22 2 0.03 9.9318 15.42 2 0.21 7.91
050.036180.167185.177172.921079.506133.684225.429207.200233.906280.077200.725213,900229.791183.611190,322184.193216.526146.387
002.662064.756176.129217,66621 9.405271.739297.521299.314
305.667256.024300.483247.808265.937210.706212.764217.928174.743180.116195.761121.014066.131
001.039020.723154.938
A-IO
Approach
number
6
Altitude
(ml
8_in dine
210
Vandenberg AFB, CA
Auguat 27, 1992.
Tamp Vapor Number Uquid water
{C] density seconds content
(glm31 in lever (q/m3l
18 15.42 4 0.26
Median
vol. radius
[m-6)
8.51
Tota|
number
(par cm31
1 90.307
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2OO
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
9O
80
70
60
50
40
155623
26O
25O
240
23O
220
210
2O0
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
5O
40
30
20
10
155746
17.9 15.30 5 0.40 8.81
17.5 14.92 3 0.51 8.97
17.2 14.66 1 0.48 7.25
16.8 14.28 0 0.45 7.49
16.3 13.90 9 0.43 7.77
16 13.61 0 0.40 7.69
15.6 13.31 1 0.36 7.61
15.6 t3.31 1 0,24 7.22
15.6 13.31 2 0.28 8.03
14.9 12.78 4 0.35 7.61
14.7 12.60 2 0.36 7.18
14.4 12.40 3 0.35 7.56
13.9 12.00 3 0.35 8.21
13.9 12.00 2 0.38 8.68
13.5 11.69 4 0.28 7.22
12.9 11.27 6 0.29 7.67
13 11.35 5 0.21 6.85
19.8
19.8
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.1
18.1
17.2
17.2
16.8
16.4
16.1
15.6
15.6
15
14.7
14.7
14.2
13.9
13.9
13.9
13.3
13
13
13
12.5
17.10
17.10
16.22
16.22
16.22
15.47
15.47
14..66
14.66
14.31
13.97
13.75
13.31
13.31
12.84
12.60
12.60
12.20
12.00
12.00
12.00
11.57
11.35
11.35
11.35
11.01
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
6
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.18
0.60
0.66
0.28
0.43
0.51
0.45
0.31
0.52
0.50
0.52
0.47
0.41
0.40
0.31
0.27
0.25
0.34
0.25
0.21
0.11
0.16
0.10
0.06
0.04
1.99
7.09
7.46
8.50
7.71
8.21
8.09
8.01
7.99
8.04
7.70
7.84
7.77
7.37
7.56
7.00
6.62
6.19
7.45
6.79
6.74
5.23
6.65
5.85
7.24
6.18
220.436
270.415
381.060
362.261
343.462
328.176
312.955
227.667
204.980
318.931
413.280
361.198
259.247
274.224
339.791
261.939
237.311
000.820
129.996
389.285
377.361
208.711
280.416
346.769
314.079
216.363
359.113
357.019
376.000
339.698
332.951
322.513
291.363
286.209
331.975
289.808
246.533
216.654
240.442
183.617
188.338
086.281
050.520
A-11
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A-19
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
Begin time End U'me
Ts mp
(cl
Arcata, CA
August 28, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3} in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol, radius
(m-6)
152008 1520481 110 13.2 11.51 4 0.11 5.811 100 13.0 11.35 2 0.24 5.771 90 13.0 11.35 2 0.14 6.111 80 12.2 10.80 2 0.21 5.891 70 12.2 10.80 2 0.15 5.651 60 12.2 10.80 2 0.14 5.241 50 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 4.871 40 11.4 10.28 3 0.10 4.541 30 11.1 10.08 3 0.08 5.041 20 10.5 9.71 5 0.07 5.521 10 10.2 9.54 14 0.12 13.89
153634 1537112 110 13.9 12.00 1 0.00 8.232 100 13.4 11.67 2 0.01 5.722 90 13.0 11.35 2 0.07 5.432 80 12.7 11.17 3 0.07 5.292 70 12.2 10.80 2 0.14 5.232 60 12.2 10.80 3 0.14 5.202 50 11.4 10.28 2 0.10 4.952 40 11.4 10.28 3 0.14 5.182 30 11.4 10.28 3 0.09 5.452 20 10.5 9,71 3 0.06 6.012 10 10.5 9.71 13 0.12 12.39
154746 154826 154826.003 200 15.6 13.31 2 0.00 0.883 190 15.3 13.07 3 0.01 5.223 180 14.7 i2.60 2 0.17 5.993 i70 14.7 12.60 2 0.25 5.913 160 14.0 12.07 8 0.25 5.653 150 13.5 11.71 0 0.23 5.573 140 13.0 11.35 3 0.20 5.463 130 12.6 11.07 2 0.15 5.193 120 12.2 10.80 2 0.19 5.533 110 12.2 10.80 2 0.19 5.493 100 12.2 10.80 2 0.12 4.963 90 11.8 10.54 2 0.12 5.243 80 11.4 10.28 1 0.13 5.323 70 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 4.673 60 11.4 10.28 2 0.10 4.463 50 10.5 9.71 2 0.10 4.483 40 10.5 9.71 4 0.11 4.83
155924 1600164 200 14.7 12.60 2 0.00 0.88
A-20
Total
number
(per cm3]
116.151266.396141.181231.030193.016240.538176.017251.638189.304122.412042.366
001.298029.823104.336118.548216.924236.368186.627283.552165.519122.314044.841
000.091014.294166.110251.324303.895291.046278.136258.267268.598263.513220.460207.889213.915189.048222.369232.304230.969
000.044
Approach
number
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Altitude
(ml
Begin time End u'me
Temp
(Cl
Arcata, CA
August 28, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m31
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
3O
2O
10
161632
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
162755
161736
162907
14.7 12.60 3 0.06 6.37
14.3 12.30 2 0.36 6.42
13.9 12.00 3 0.28 6.17
13.4 11.67 2 0.31 6.00
13.0 11.35 3 0.21 5.97
13.0 11.35 2 0.19 6.21
12.5 10.98 3 0.23 5.67
12.2 10.80 3 0.18 5.46
11.4 10.28 3 0.18 5,43
11.4 10.28 3 0.19 5.47
11.1 10.08 3 0.19 5.39
10.5 9.71 3 0.15 4.97
10.5 9.71 2 0.15 5.00
10.1 9.47 2 0.10 5.27
09.7 9.23 3 0.10 4.57
09.7 9.23 2 0.08 4.25
09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.49
09.3 9.00 6 0.05 5.31
08.9 8.77 1 0.05 26.42
16.4 13.97 2 0.00 2.38
15.6 13.31 2 0.12 6.18
15.6 13.31 2 0.19 5.78
15.1 12.95 4 0.18 6.03
14.7 12.60 3 0.25 6.77
14.2 12.20 3 0.24 6.08
13.6 11.78 3 0.23 6.04
13.0 11.35 2 0.30 6.35
13.0 11.35 2 0.27 6,06
12.6 11.07 2 0.19 5.77
12.2 10.80 3 0.25 5.92
11.7 10,45 3 0.22 5.72
11.4 10.28 5 0.24 5.70
11.1 10.08 3 0.22 5.86
10.5 9.71 3 0.20 5.64
10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.24
10.5 9.71 2 0.17 5.01
10.1 9.47 2 0.16 5.42
10.1 9.47 2 0.13 5.62
09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.18
09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.71
09.7 9.23 2 0.05 5.25
09.5 9.12 9 0.02 7.66
A-21
Total
number
(par cm3)
103.084
302.052
256.227
299.693
203.060
176.468
276.743
256.586
250.247
269.763
286.281
275.890
270.803
177.685
230.462
232,438
170.417
118.455
067.676
000.183
124.645
220.424
190.896
210.720
231.959
239.253
274.061
271.084
221.827
276.365
270.289
290.771
263.331
270.912
207.128
318.270
247.114
189.899
164.009
129.057
139.398
030.759
Approach Altitude
number (m}
Begin dine End ume
Tamp
(C}
Arcata, CA
August 28. 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3|
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
6 2606 2506 2406 2306 2206 2106 2006 1906 1806 1706 1606 1506 1406 1306 1206 1106 1006 906 806 706 606 5O6 406 306 206 10
1639407 2907 2807 2707 2607 2507 2407 230
7 2207 2107 2007 1907 1807 1707 1607 1507 1407 130
164048
16.4 13.97 1 0.00
16.7 14.20 3 0.1616.4 13.97 2 0.2516.1 13.75 3 0.5315.6 13.31 2 0.5615.3 13.07 3 0.5114.7 12.60 2 0.4414.7 12.60 2 0.4813.9 12.00 3 0.4713.6 11.78 3 0.4313.0 11.35 3 0.3912.7 11.17 3 0.4112.2 10.80 2 0.4112.2 10.80 2 0.4012.2 10.80 2 0.3011.7 10.45 3 0.3611.4 10.28 2 0.2311.4 10.28 2 0.2711.4 10.28 2 0.2510.5 9.71 3 0.1610.5 9.71 3 0.1710.5 9.71 3 0.1310.2 9.55 3 0.1109.7 9.23 3 0.1409.7 9.23 6 0.12
09.5 9.10 7 0.02
0.886.927.507.196.997.127.097.127.066.457.126.957.087.266.136.946.086.535.684.775.794.485.256.358.207.53
17.2 14.66 1 0.00 0.8817.2 14.66 2 0.00 0.8817.2 14.66 2 0.03 6.8216.4 13.97 2 0.37 7.2716.4 13.97 3 0.24 7.3915.6 13.31 2 0.53 7.1915.6 13.31 2 0.48 7.1915.0 12.84 3 0.36 7.4414.7 12.60 2 0.51 6.6714.3 12.30 2 0.51 6.3913.9 12.00 2 0.51 6.5013.9 12.00 2 0.49 6.8013.9 12.00 1 0.49 6.6013.0 tl.35 3 0.46 6.6313.0 11.35 2 0.43 5.97
12.6 11.07 2 0.39 6.4712.2 10.80 1 0.37 5.94
000.171119.013151.012347.217398.378343.696303.450319.563336.681373.583277.600322.806310.291304.993333.846301.023273.811314.570362.965319.982254.585322.414255.054264.262141.820026.348
000.088000.174024.801230.830146.502331.439317.935221.305416.439429.254426.749395.799422.616406.379447.285388.518442.373
A-22
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
B_gin dine End t_;,ne
Temp
(Cl
Arcata,
August 28,
Vapor
density
(glm3)
CA
1992
Number
seconds
in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radiue
(m-6)
Total
number
(per ¢m3)
777777777777
8888888888888888888888888888
8
120110100908070605040302010
16520729028027026025024023022021020019018017016015014013012011010090807060504O302O
10
165325
12.212.211.411.411.410.910.510.510.510.510.510.2
17.217.216.416.415.615.614.714.714.313.913.913.313.012.712.212.211.411.411.411.410.510.510.510.510.5IO.O09.7
09.709.9
10.8010.8010.2810.2810.289.999.719.719.719.719.719.53
14.6614.66
13.9713.9713.3113.3112.6012.6012.3012.0012.0011.5711.3511.1710.8010.8010.2810.2810.2810.289.719.719.719.719.719.399.239.239.36
232432322318
113233222223133223223333333
211
0.390.350.250.300.320.280.220.190.120.130.090.04
0.180.29
0.570.550.570.480.470.510.480.440.400.4OO.4O0.360.300.320.320.180.230.200.160.150.140.160.120.08
0.050.03O.01
6.606.505.485.636.366.085.715.735.366.776.438.35
7.036.626.586.876.5O6.415.966.296.276.326.246.216.125.915.705.755.965.385.265.654.674.534.634.504.545.354.674.9815.08
374.945378.486388.028420.657369.763391.752347.473325.983236.892228.333159.332039.594
134.366237.229460.136387.718440.316387.510437.226428.233428.429393.602357.309356.534368.740384.263366.298393.200361.711292.623373.730308.158332.818347.654318.314372.523293.446167.905188.967
120.361008.504
A-23
00000000000000000000000000_0000
+
0000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
00000000000_0000
+
+
+
+ ÷+
m NN
+ ++ +
NN
oo0000_m_o_0ooooo oo
++++++ ++
++++++++++
4N4_N_44
++++++++++
ooooo___++++++++++
0000000000
++++++++ ++
++++++++++
_oooo___0+ ++++++++++
+ ++++++++++
oooooooooo__
_! .oooooooooooooooooooooooooo°o°°°A-24
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000_
g
0000000000000000000000
¢I iEu
0000_0_00000000000000_0 0
+ +
N _
_OQ_O_OOQQ_OQOOOOOQO000 0 0 0
+ + + +
o_om_om_o_oooooooooo_0 O0 000 0 0
+ ++ +++ + +
___gogoggooooo_+++++++++++ + ++
ii
0o000000000
_33÷_33_330
+(5
P,;
O0 O0 0
0000000000000000 0 O0
0
+
0
+
0
LO
0
0000000000000000000000
+++++++++++++++÷++++++
i_ oooooooooooooooooooooo,-,¢
A-25
0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000
0000_00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000
O0000000000000N_O00000000000000 0000000000000_
00000000_0_0_0000000000000000 00000000000000
: io
Z
0000000 _ _'_ _ O_ 0 r'- 00 _' e,J _ 0000000000000
00000 __00_0_000000_00000 _000
00000_000 _ 000 O0 _ 00_ 0000000_ 0000
00000000000000000_000_000_0000
_ °
00000000_00_0_
000000000000_0
000000000000_0
00000000_0000_
00000_00000000000_0000_00_000_ 00000000000_00
0
00000000000000000000 0000000
0
+LU
0+
O0000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
_0000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00_o 00000000000000000000
E
(._ _ _00000000000000000QQOQQO
OQ 00000 OQO000 O 00 OOOO0_
0000000000_00000_00000_
0_00000000000000000000_
• a3
0
li
o
2 E
g_°°g_g_ggg_°_
÷++++++÷+++++ ÷ + + + ÷
00000000000000000000000
A-27
Approach
number
9999999999999999999999999999999
1010101010101010101010
Altitude
(m}
Begin u'me End t/me
Temp
(CI
181556330320310300290280270260250240230220
2102OO1901 80
170
16O150140
130120110IO09O
8O7O6O50
4O3O
182730370360350340
330
3203103OO290280270
181716
182900
18.118.117.817.217.216.716.416.015.615.614.714.413.913.913.013,012.712.212.211.411.411.410.810.510.510.59.99.79.79.79.5
18.9
18.918.918.918.118.118.117.617.216.816.4
Arcata,
August 28,
Vapor
density
(g/m3)
CA1992
Number
seconds
in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3}
Median
vol. radius
{m-6)
15.4715.4715.1914.6614.6614.2013.9713.6413.3113.3112.6012.4012.0012.0011.3511.3511.1710.8010.8010.2810.2810.289.899.71
9.719.719.359.23
9.239.239.10
16.2216.2216.2216.2215.47
15.4715.4715.0614.66
14.3113.97
1232331222232322332332333342237
0.0000.0000.1630.4390.4110.3900.281
0.3460.4160.3920.3540.2270.3120.2350.2530.2700.2410.2360.1810.1670.1280.1080.0960.0770.0910.0630.0350.0260.0190.0030.001
0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0890.2930.3670.205
0.3620.430
2.4_
4.65.85.95.95.95.75.55.55.85.75.15.55.45.35.14.74.74.85.04.64.14.13.53.94.04.14.75.36.87.5
4.0
0.92.30.90.95.75.95.75.65.65.4
A-28
Total
number
(per cm3}
000.151000.301198.453484.463459.085427.076400.724517.227594.194502.217475.240424.681480.155384.905419.395467.078491.0t2494.062393.221334.614304.494375.3O4332.011462.654394.120267.941161.356073.229042.579005.515001.554
000.161000.080000.119000.079000.199106.767333.120471.593288.848
497.459645.451
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
Begin time End dine
Temp
Arcata, CA
August 28, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3} in layer
Liquid water
content
(olin3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
260250240230220210200190180
170160150140130120110100908070605040302010
16.4 13.97 2 0.428 5.615.6 13.31 2 0.390 5.315.3 13.07 3 0.362 4.914.7 12.60 3 0.382 5.314.3 12.30 2 0.347 5.413.9 12.00 2 0.260 5.213.9 12.00 2 0.289 4.513.0 11.35 2 0.281 4.713.0 11.35 3 0.261 4.913.0 11.35 1 0.222 5.012.5 10.98 3 0.234 5.412.2 10.80 2 0.123 4.912.2 10.80 2 0.171 5.012.2 10.80 3 0.118 4.511.4 10.28 3 0.065 4.111.4 10.28 2 0.004 3.011.4 10.28 3 0.008 4.011.4 10.28 2 0.000 4.011.4 10.28 2 0.001 5.110.8 9.89 3 0.003 6.410.5 9.71 2 0.000 3.710.5 9.71 2 0.000 24.910.5 9.71 3 0.000 2.910.5 9.71 2 0.001 24.010.5 9.71 3 0.001 52.410.3 9.60 9 0.003 26.1
592.101639.935693.842625.459535.608464.464643.185607.180539.048451.515404.474273.054359.071345.178239.444040.040045.973001.407003.060010.550001.076001.021
000.709001.649001.229001.360
A-29
00000000000_00_0_0_0_0
+ + + + ++++
0 00000 000000000
+ +++++ +++++++++
÷+÷÷÷ ÷÷++++++÷÷
+++ +++++++++ ++++
00000 00000000000+++++ ++++++ +++++
o +++÷++ ++++++++++++
000000000000000
++++++++++++++++++
+++++++ ++++÷++++++
ooo_ooo_____++++++++++ + ++ +++++
ul i++++++ ++ +++ + ++++++
00000000_000_00_0_00+++ ++ + ÷
0000000 000000000+ ++++ ++ +++++++++
++++++ + + ++++++
+++++ ++++++++++÷++
++++÷÷++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++
ooooo_©©©©©©©_©©©©©©©©_000000000000000000+++++++÷++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++
+ +++++++++++++++++*
+ ÷÷+++÷++++÷+÷÷÷÷++
ooooo_o_____+ +++++++++++÷÷+++++
0 O0 000000000000000000+ ++ ++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++ +++++++
0 000000000000000000
+ ++++++++÷++++++÷++
___0_ _
++ +++++++++++++++++++
_ gg_;g;gg_dgd_ggg
++++++++++++ ++++ + + + + +++++ ++
_ ooooooooooooooooooooooo_ _- = +++++++++++++++++++++++_ _
!i
I :_ A-30
_°°_____+ ++++++++++++++++++
000000000000000000000000 _ 00000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000 O0000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000
000 O000000000000000000000
o
"i2
00000000000000000000_000
m
_0000000000000000000000000
_ooooooooooooooooooooooooo
000000000_000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
O0000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000 O0 O0
00000000_00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000 00000000_00000000000000
000000000 _0_0_00000000000 00000000000000000000000
0000000000
I)A-31
Approach
number
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Altitude
(m)
Begin time End u'me
Temp
(c)
Santa Maria, CA
September 23, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(glm3} in layer
Liquidwoter
content
(olin3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
143952
250240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
9O8O
70
60
5O
4O
30
20
10
150122
230220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
144110
150224
21.5 18.88 1 0.000 3.3
21.5 18.88 1 0.000 2.4
21.5 18.88 3 0.000 3.1
21.5 18.88 3 0.000 6.7
21.5 18.88 1 0.000 2.3
21.5 18.88 3 0.000 3.2
20.9 18.23 3 0.000 2.2
20.6 17.92 3 0.309 7.8
20.6 17.92 2 0.309 7.5
19.8 17.10 4 0.322 6.918.9 16.22 1 0.255 6.1
18.6 15.96 6 0.256 6.0
18.1 15.47 2 0.257 6.2
17.2 14.66 4 0.281 5.8
16.8 14.31 2 0.297 5.9
16.4 13.97 2 0.305 6.1
15.9 13.53 3 0.273 6.6
15.6 13.31 3 0.291 7.3
15.0 12.84 3 0.253 7.9
14.7 12.60 3 0.233 8.4
14.2 12.20 3 0.127 7.1
13.9 12.00 4 0.124 8.4
13.4 11.67 6 0.097 9.8
12.6 11.07 12 0.105 10.8
12.2 10.80 1 0.090 9.9
21.5 18.88 2 0.000 8.4
21.5 18.88 4 0.000 3.6
21.5 18.88 2 0.000 3.0
20.6 17.92 2 0.000 5.5
20.6 17.92 1 0.000 6.8
20.6 17.92 3 0.074 7.0
20.6 17.92 2 0.462 7.5
20.0 17.26 5 0.467 6.4
18.9 16.24 4 0.312 6.7
18.6 15.96 3 0.414 6.9
18.1 15.47 2 0.389 6.2
17.5 14.92 3 0.301 5.9
17.2 14.66 3 0.260 5.8
16.4 13.97 2 0.223 5.2
16.4 13.97 3 0.212 6.5
15.6 13.31 1 0.233 7.2
15.6 13.31 3 0.172 6.4
15.6 13.31 2 0.164 5.8
15.0 12.84 3 0.176 7.5
14.7 12.60 3 0.149 7.9
14.2 12.20 3 0.126 9.0
13.9 12.00 5 0.088 9.5
13.4 11.67 2 0.059 7.7
A-32
Total
number
{per cm3)
000.34
000.17
000.22
000.25
000.26
000.43
000.34
182.49
196.11
245.43
259.38
266.49
250.63
318.81
352.22
366.32
286.79
283.23
285.98
237.49
252.79
255.29
134.19
113.96
107.88
000.38
000.36
000.38
OO0.04
000.42
055.39
306.17
394.53
275.96
358.11
399.74
380.76
362.81
4O8.O8
297.40
3O6.79
276.57
352.17
273.63
257.75
244.62
127.09
073.88
_ac
E
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O0_0000_000_0_0_0000_00000_00000 0 0 0 0 0 0+ + + + + ÷ +
O000000000_0_00000000_00000000_0 0
o_00_00000 0 _gOO_*gO0000_O_00_000 0 0 0
+ + ++ ++ + + + +
000__00000_0000000_0_00000_00000 0 0 O0+++++ + + ++
00000_000000_000_0_0_000_000 O0 0 0 O0 000
++÷ ++ + + ++ +÷+
O0 00000 000 O0 O0 000 O0
+÷ +++÷+ ÷++ ++ ++ +++ ++
+÷+÷÷÷÷÷÷+÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷+÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷
00000_0_00_0000 0 O0
+ + ++
© m _N
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++ +
+ ++ +
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+ + ++÷++++ +
°°°g_g°_ggoggog+++ +÷+ ++ +
0 000000000000
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oooooooooooo ooooooo oooooooooo gggg_g_g_g_+++÷+++÷++++ ++++÷++ +÷++++++÷+ +÷÷+÷++÷++++++_
000000000000000000 00000000000000_
++++++++++++÷++_++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
00_00_000__0000_00000000_++++++++++++_++++÷+÷++÷++++++++
000000000000000
+++++++++÷+++++
+ +++ + + ++ + + + + + + +
÷÷+÷+÷÷+++÷++÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷÷÷+÷÷÷++÷++÷÷÷
+÷÷÷÷++÷÷+÷+++÷++÷+÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷++
++++++++++++++++++÷++++++÷++÷++ +++++++++++++++
0000000000000000000000000000000_000000000000000
A-33
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m _ 4_NN44N_ NN_ N_
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09. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
m + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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L_3 L_ _ Lu L_ LLI _ LU L_I _ _ %_2 _ L_ I._ LM LLI k_J _ U-I _ _ __"_ _0 m- _ ,- _ O _" _' ',O _00 O e'_ _'J _ c_ _') u'9 _ 0_ _ e4 _
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E E
- A-34
N
000000_00 0_00000 0
+++ + + + +
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0 O0 O0 0 0 0 0
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0 000 O0 O0 0000+ +++ ++ ++ ++++
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-_ A-35
+ + ++ + + +++++ +++++++ + ++++ +++ +
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000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000
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: ° A-36
0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000
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- A-37
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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A-38
000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000
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A..39
000000000000000000000000000
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A--40
Approach
number
Altitude
(ml
Begin time End time
Temp
(c)
Worcester, MASeptember 26, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3|
Median
vol. radius
(m-6|
Total
number
(per cm3)
172307 172437
1 310 09.7 9.23 1 0.01 22.81 300 09.7 9.23 3 0.02 71.01 290 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 21.31 280 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 08.31 270 09.7 9.23 4 0.06 07.41 260 09.7 9.23 4 0.05 07.21 250 09.7 9.23 4 0.08 07.31 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 06.91 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.22 06.71 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.20 06.81 210 09.4 9.07 3 0,17 06.31 200 09.7 9.23 2 0.25 05.71 190 08.9 8.77 2 0.17 05.71 180 08.9 8.77 4 0.17 05.61 170 09.1 8.86 5 0.24 05.61 160 08.9 8.77 3 0.23 05.6
1 150 08.9 8.77 2 0.17 06.01 140 08.9 8.77 2 0.23 05.81 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.18 05.11 120 08.9 8.77 2 O. 19 04.81 110 08.9 8.77 3 0.21 04.81 100 08.9 8.77 5 0.17 05.21 90 08.9 8.77 3 0.17 05.51 80 08.9 8.77 3 0.22 05.11 70 08.9 8.77 2 0.16 13.51 60 08.4 8,52 2 0.12 142.61 50 08.4 8.52 2 0.15 30.81 40 08.9 8.77 3 0.15 75.91 30 08.9 8.77 2 0.12 161.21 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.12 137.91 10 08.9 8.77 9 0.12 179.0
173353 1735532 390 11.4 10.28 1 0.08 110.02 380 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 116.12 370 11.4 10.28 2 0.08 109.62 360 10.9 9.99 2 O.14 146.42 350 10.5 9.71 2 0.11 131.82 340 10.5 9.71 1 0.09 120.62 330 10.5 9.71 3 O.11 209.22 320 10.5 9.71 4 0.29 316.12 310 10.5 9.71 4 0.29 227.4
2 300 10.5 9.71 6 0.33 1231.82 290 09.7 9.23 2 0.12 09.5
007.40010.28019.74022.32046.10042.05061.71129.86185.91164.77167.88304.92229.08
232.78331.94317.65205.92319.02311.45371.43410.91325.30353.55484.59282.97114.61293.90352.09088.23141.09040.82
021.73014.31013.21015.72013.65018.06015.88025.55038.94049.63061.26
A-41
Approach
number
222222222222
2222222222222222
333333333333333
Altitude
(m)Begin time End u'me
Temp
(c)
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
{g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
28027026025024023022021020019018017016015014013012011010090
80706050403020
10174509
320310300
290280270260250240230220210200190180
174646
09.7 9.23 3 0.13 08.909.7 9.23 3 O. 10 11.609.7 9.23 3 0.12 08.209.7 9.23 3 0,16 09.209.7 9.23 4 O. 19 11.509.4 9.07 3 0.17 23.508.9 8.77 3 0.18 14.608.9 8.77 3 0.25 17.808.9 8.77 3 0.20 07.108.9 8.77 2 0.14 93.608.9 8.77 3 0.16 32.7
08.9 8.77 3 0.24 07.508.9 8.77 4 0.31 06.408.9 8.77 3 0.27 07.208.9 8.77 2 0.26 51.408.9 8.77 2 0.25 07.708.9 8.77 3 0.24 06.408.9 8.77 2 0.22 08.508.9 8.77 3 0.21 46.208.9 8.77 3 0.23 14,008.9 8.77 3 0.22 10.308.9 8.77 2 0.18 10.008.9 8.77 2 0.22 95.308.9 8.77 2 0.18 130.808.6 8.60 3 0.13 129.508.9 8.77 3 0.15 150.108.9 8.77 3 0.16 156.209.2 8.97 16 0.16 173.9
10.5 9.71 1 0.05 90.110.1 9.47 2 0.06 82.610.1 9.47 4 0.09 94.609.7 9.23 3 0.11 99.909.7 9,23 4 0.16 105.909.7 9.23 2 0.25 91.709.7 9.23 3 0.30 130.109.7 9.23 3 0.30 137.509,4 9.07 3 0.36 39.409.4 9.07 3 0.30 09.208.9 8.77 3 0.22 71.708.9 8.77 3 0.19 70.308.9 8.77 3 0.25 74.708.9 8.77 3 0.26 158.708.9 8.77 3 0.25 80.3
A-42
Total
number
(per cm31
067.30061.27084.01087.82104.54094.18102.52142.41170.81060.91128.58199.72305.20285.95220.83265.82320.91281.62284.59329.01404.42378.27341.93199.49075.60114.10066.88024.08
011.53011.20015.19019.89038.71108.32098.33100.71229.38206.60101.32096.53115.06082.36141.42
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
Begin t/me End t#ne
Temp
(el
Worcester, MA
September 2.6, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(glm3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3l
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
33333333333333333
44444444444444444444444444
170160150140130120110100908070605040302010
175527310300290
280270260250240230220210200
19018017016015014013012011010090807060
175705
08.9 8.77 2 0.34 39.608.9 8.77 3 0.27 38.608.9 8.77 3 0.30 06.908.9 8.77 3 0.28 06.408.9 8.77 4 0.28 05.708.9 8.77 3 0.19 06.2
08.9 8.77 3 0.26 09.208.9 8.77 2 0.18 05.708.9 8.77 2 0.17 46.408.9 8.77 2 0.16 74.608.9 8.77 2 0.12 95.608.9 8.77 3 0.14 69.708.9 8.77 3 0.14 63.508.9 8.77 3 0.13 141.308.9 8.77 3 0.11 126.608.9 8.77 2 0.10 126.009.4 9.07 12 0.11 130.7
10.5 9.71 2 0.04 96.5
10.5 9.71 3 0.06 110.210.5 9.71 2 0.07 105.410.5 9.71 2 0.10 127.110.0 9.39 3 0.15 127.709.7 9.23 5 0.23 35.209.7 9.23 4 0.25 84.209.7 9.23 2 0.34 130.309.7 9.23 3 0.31 98.209.7 9.23 3 0.34 126.509.7 9.23 4 0.25 115.309.5 9.11 4 0.13 148.108.9 8.77 2 0.20 29.308.9 8.77 4 0.25 65.408.9 8.77 2 0.30 12.108.9 8.77 3 0.27 07.208.9 8.77 2 0.24 49.108.9 8.77 2 0.24 39.808.9 8.77 2 0.26 17.708.9 8.77 2 0.45 191.508.9 8.77 2 0.38 141.408.9 8.77 2 0.35 134.508.9 8.77 4 0.28 108.708.9 8.77 5 0.33 139.208.9 8.77 2 0.22 139.308.9 8.77 3 0.20 157.8
272.65203.01310.16313.88389.90258.17355.85359.19285.75265.30135.83292.03267.73082.57012.47009.80006.45
006.19012.82010.93024.54039.45139.47101.35119.91136.00143.82109.72029.26128.89165.45257.2O279.70209.66242.92317.43352.01357.38354.07317.54404.15202.69054.32
A-43
Approach
number
Altitude
[m)
Begin drne End dine
Temp
it)
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3} in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
44444
555555555
555555555555555555555
555
5040302010
18062233032031030029028027026025O24023022O210200190180170160150140130120110100908O70605O40
302010
180800
08.9 8.77 3 0.21 172,6 069.8308.9 8.77 3 0.22 180.2 064,3408.9 8.77 2 0.20 183.3 012.8809.3 9.00 2 0.19 168.2 014.0909.7 9.23 15 0,24 177.6 010.34
10.5 9.71 3 0.00 10.9
10.5 9.71 2 0.00 05.710.5 9.71 3 0.00 12.410.5 9.71 2 0.00 05.410.5 9.71 2 0.00 07.710.7 9.85 4 0.00 06.710.7 9.85 4 0.00 05.611.4 10.28 5 0.02 06.310.9 9.99 2 0.01 06.710.5 9.71 3 0.00 05.910.5 9.71 3 0.00 08.110.5 9.71 3 0.09 05.510.5 9.71 2 0.04 05.710.5 9.71 2 0.11 05.4
10.5 9.71 3 0.03 05.410.5 9.71 2 0.18 05.210.5 9.71 2 0.21 05.110.0 9.39 3 0.09 04.809.7 9.23 3 0.13 05.109.7 9.23 4 0.14 04.409.7 9.23 3 O. 16 04.309.7 9.23 3 O. 11 04.109.7 9.23 2 O. 12 04.109.7 9.23 2 O. 11 04.009.7 9.23 1 0.12 04.009.7 9.23 2 0.08 04.409.7 9.23 2 0.03 17.509.7 9.23 2 0.06 49.309.7 9.23 2 0.08 66.409.7 9.23 3 0.08 93.509.7 9.23 3 0.04 71.909.7 9.23 2 0.05 110.110.7 9.83 15 0.11 128.3
000.58001.60002.30002.13000.61002.09001.05025.11009,61006.07002.80147.0106O.59184.27049.72293.63355.64196.47232.55329.56393.62351.98376.41407.23452.71284.44071.38094.63072.87049.27006.47004.44006.26
A-44
c
o;
00000000000000000000000_00_00000 0
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0000000_000000_000_0_0_0000000_0 0 0 0 0+ + + + +
°0o0_0o0o0oo0o00o0_o00oo0000o0o0 0
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00_000000_00000_0_0000000000_000 0 0 0 0
+ + + + +
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+ + + + +
00_0_0_0000 _ 0
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& + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
000000000000000.o"_ ++++++++++++++++4-+++++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Lu
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo o÷+++++÷++++++++++++++++÷+++++ ÷ ++÷÷÷÷+++++÷+++
_o ++++++++++++++++Jr++++++++++++++ +++++++Jr+++++++¢ Lu u_ uJ Lu t_ t_ uJ LU W LU tIJ L_ _J UJ LIj UJ _ 13j Uj LU _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ud UJ UJ LU U_ _ t_J UJ U_ LU W U,j
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r_+++ +++++++++ ++ + ++++++ ++
uJ _ uJ u_ ud uJ LU LU UJ LU LU tU LU LU LU
_0000000_000000 O0+ ++
_000_00_000_0000 0 0 0+++ + _ +
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"_ A-45
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_000000_0_000_0_000000_00000 O0 0 0 0 0
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___._._ooo_o_o_oo_00000000000000000
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- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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O0 0000 0 0 0++ ++++ + + + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +
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A-46
000000000_
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A-47
O00000000000000000QO00000000000
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000000000000000
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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00000_0000000000000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO_OOOOOO
00000000000000_0000000000000
0000000000000_0_000000_000_
0 0 0
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A-49
000000OO0
000000000
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00000000_
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0
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A-50
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
Begin time End dine
Tamp
(c)
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
211540 211718
6 310 10,5 9.71 1 0.13 5.416 300 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.146 290 10.5 9.71 4 0.09 4.446 280 10.5 9.71 6 0.07 4.546 270 10.5 9.71 3 0.10 4.886 260 10.0 9.39 3 0.14 4.946 250 09.7 9.23 3 0.14 5.146 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.536 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 4.606 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 6.026 210 09.7 9,23 3 0,11 5.626 200 09.7 9.23 3 0.09 5.986 190 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.886 180 09.7 9.23 2 0.11 5.896 170 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.836 160 09.7 9,23 5 0,13 5.576 150 09.7 9,23 4 0.07 5.386 140 09.4 9,07 3 0.14 5.236 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.10 5.076 120 08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.906 110 08.9 8.77 3 0.11 4.416 100 08,9 8.77 3 0.06 4.366 90 08.9 8,77 2 0,08 4.096 80 08.9 8.77 3 0,04 4.386 70 08.9 8.77 3 0.04 4.12
6 60 08.9 8.77 2 0.03 3.586 50 08.9 8.77 3 0.03 5.506 40 08.9 8.77 4 0.02 4.146 30 08,9 8.77 3 0,02 5.526 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.01 61.476 10 09.6 9.19 11 0.03 281.80
212617 212806
7 340 11.4 10,28 2 0.34 8.867 330 11.4 10.28 2 0.24 6.667 320 11.4 10.28 2 0.27 7.107 310 11.4 10.28 2 0.30 6.927 300 11.4 10.28 2 0.17 6.097 290 10.5 9.71 2 0.08 6.257 280 10.5 9,71 2 0.12 6,647 270 10.5 9.71 4 0.13 6.427 260 10.5 9.71 6 0.16 6.297 250 10.3 9.57 7 0.13 7.577 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 8.25
161.661183.445181.500137.984186.425237.045225.467203.048112,166067.369174,556113.718153.293155,028149.332175.506111.658225,100177,464242.465260.251158.999258.615113,918155.658181.429075.447111.907075.896005,267002.738
168.643166.286187,376238.727202.474120.043116.188146.323
163.151139.679126.616
A-51
Approach
number
Altitude
(m)
Begin time End u'me
Temp
(c}
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992
Vapor Number
density seconds
(g/m3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)
77777777777777777777777
888
8888888888888888
8
230220210200190180170
1601501401301201101009O8O7060
50403O2O10
21385137036035034033032031030029028O27026025024023O220210200190180
214043
09.7 9.23 3 0.17 7.5109.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.7909.7 9.23 2 0.17 7.1009.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.6809.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.4909.7 9.23 3 0.13 6.61
09.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.8109.7 9.23 4 0.15 5.7709.7 9.23 4 0.17 5.6209.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.4709.7 9.23 3 0.16 5.4509.4 9.07 3 0.12 4.8109.4 9.07 3 0.14 4.4809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.4109.2 8.92 3 0.14 4.3809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.3208.9 8.77 2 0.14 4.3508.9 8.77 2 0.11 4.2808.9 8.77 3 0.06 3.9509.1 8.88 4 0.02 3.9908.9 8.77 3 0.02 3,4209.7 9.23 3 0.01 3.58
09.6 9.20 14 0.01 243.38
11.4 10.28 2 0.22 10.1411.4 10.28 2 0.25 9.2911.4 10.28 3 0.21 8.8011.4 10,28 2 0.15 7.7211.4 10.28 3 0.15 11.5011.4 10.28 3 0.16 12.4211.4 10.28 3 O. 12 10.2711.4 10.28 3 0.09 11.5611.4 10.28 3 0.09 10.6911.4 10.28 3 0.07 9.3911.4 10.28 3 0.05 8.5310.5 9.71 3 0.05 8.7810.9 9.99 4 0.07 9.0810.5 9.71 3 0.07 9.2610.5 9.71 3 0.12 9.4710.5 9.71 3 0.13 9.3510.5 9.71 3 0.14 8.8710.5 9.71 4 0.15 7.5510.5 9.71 2 0.20 7.62
10.5 9.71 3 0.24 6.97
145.394162.752141.139172.307183.475122.598213.554187.580232.986263.420238.816255.356330.161326.910338.592340.836348.338307.110221.883
087.738134.182091.808004.617
183.383214.683225.121219.640140.560069.441074.645039.356042_(344040.961060,157029.004040.337035.220076.271062.229076.793120.680128.680
189.766
A-52=
Approach
number
Altitude
(m}
Begin time End u'me
Temp
(C)
Worcester, MA
September 26. 1992
Vapor Number
density eeconde
{glm3) in layer
Liquid water
content
(g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)888888
88888888888
170160150140130120110100908070605040302010
10.0 9.39 3 0.19 6.2410.2 9.55 3 0.23 6.2509.7 9.23 3 0.20 6.4209,7 9,23 3 0.23 5.6909.7 9.23 3 0.20 5.4709,7 9.23 2 0.16 5.0009.7 9,23 3 0.16 4.9609.7 9.23 4 0.18 4.6909.7 9.23 3 0,30 11.2609.7 9.23 2 0.13 5.0509.7 9.23 4 0.13 4.7309.7 9.23 2 0.11 4.5309.3 9.00 2 0,12 4.5908,9 8,77 2 0,10 5.2508.9 8.77 2 0.08 8.17
09.3 9.00 2 0.11 968.2609.6 9.19 12 0.05 933.89
186.497227.092194.708298.552300.978304.842308.302366.164361.466259.574308.219298.353346,858269.912
168.346110.753019.691
A-53
Approach
number
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three column=)
Altitude
(m}
Begin time End dine
Tamp Vapor Number Liquid water Median Total
(C) density seconds content vol. radius number
(_]/m3} in layer (g/m3) (m-6) (per cm3)
211540 211718
6 310 10.5 9.71 1 0.12 5.31
6 300 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.07
6 290 10.5 9.71 4 0.08 4.32
6 280 10.5 9.71 6 0.06 4.42
6 270 10.5 9.71 3 0.10 4.78
6 260 10.0 9,39 3 O. 14 4.90
6 250 09.7 9.23 3 O. 14 5.12
6 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.51
6 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 4.54
6 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 6.02
6 210 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.60
6 200 09.7 9.23 3 0.08 5.97
6 190 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.88
6 180 09.7 9.23 2 O. 11 5.88
6 170 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.82
6 160 09.7 9.23 5 0.13 5.56
6 150 09.7 9.23 4 0.07 5.38
6 140 09.4 9.07 3 O. 14 5.22
6 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.10 5.05
6 120 08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.88
6 110 08.9 8.77 3 O. 11 4,40
6 100 08.9 8.77 3 0.06 4.26
6 90 08.9 8.77 2 0.08 4.07
6 80 08.9 8.77 3 0.03 4.18
6 70 08.9 8.77 3 0.04 3.97
6 60 08.9 8.77 2 0.03 3.26
6 50 08.9 8.77 3 0.02 4.23
6 40 08.9 8.77 4 0.02 3.20
6 30 08.9 8.77 3 0.01 3.65
6 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.00 5.54
6 10 09.6 9.19 11 0.00 9.20
212617 212806
7 340 11.4 10.28 2 0.34 8.86
7 330 11.4 10.28 2 0.24 6.66
7 320 11.4 10.28 2 0.27 7.10
7 310 11.4 10.28 2 0,30 6.92
7 300 11.4 10.28 2 O. 16 6.06
7 290 10.5 9.71 2 0.08 6.23
7 280 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 6.63
7 270 10.5 9.71 4 0.12 6.36
7 260 10.5 9.71 6 0.15 6.16
7 250 10.3 9.57 7 0.13 7.56
7 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 8.25
161.661
1 83,445
181.500
137.984
186.425
237.045
225.467
203.048
112.166
067.369
174.556
113.718
153.293
155.028
149.332
175.506
111.658
225.100
177.464
242.465
260.251
158.999
258.615
113.918
155.658
181.429
075.446
111.906
075.895
005.267
002.738
168.643
166.286
187.376
238.727
202.474
120.043
116.188
146.323
163.151
139.679
126.616
A-54
Approach
number
Altitude
(m}
Begin t/me
Worcester. MA
September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three columns)
Tamp Vapor Number Liquid water
(C} density seconds content
End time {g/m3) in layer (g/m3}
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
Total
number
(per cm3)77777777777777777777777
88888888888888888888
2302202102001901801701601501401301201101009O8O706050403O2010
21385137036O35O3403303203103OO29028O27026O25O2402302202102OO190180
214043
09.7 9.23 3 0.17 7.5109.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.7709.7 9.23 2 0.17 7.1009.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.6709.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.4909.7 9.23 3 0.13 6.5709.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.8009,7 9.23 4 0.15 5,7509.7 9.23 4 0.17 5.6109.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.4609.7 9.23 3 0.16 5.4509.4 9.07 3 0.12 4.8009.4 9.07 3 0.14 4.4809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.39
09.2 8.92 3 0.14 4.3809.3 9.00 2 0.13 4.32
08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.3408.9 8.77 2 0.11 4.2808.9 8.77 3 0.05 3.9409.1 8.88 4 0.02 3.9708.9 8.77 3 0.02 3.3909.7 9.23 3 0.01 3.4709.6 9.20 14 0.00 8.35
11.4 10.28 2 0.22 10.1111.4 10.28 2 0.25 9.1111.4 10.28 3 0.20 8.5311.4 10.28 2 0.14 7.5311.4 10.28 3 0.14 11.3411.4 10.28 3 0.14 11.2511.4 10.28 3 0.11 9.8711.4 10.28 3 0.09 11.2511.4 10.28 3 0.09 10.5211.4 10.28 3 0.07 9.0911.4 10.28 3 0.05 8.0410.5 9.71 3 0.04 8.0610.9 9.99 4 0.06 8.6010.5 9.71 3 0.05 8.1710.5 9.71 3 0.09 8.3810.5 9.71 3 0.11 8.8610.5 9.71 3 0.12 8.3710.5 9.71 4 0.14 7.1910.5 9.71 2 0.19 7.4710.5 9.71 3 0.21 6.44
145.394162.752141.139172.307183.475122.598213.554187.580232.986263.420238.816255.356330.161326.910338.592340.836
348.338307.110221.883087.738134.182091.808004.617
183.383214.683225.121219.640140.560069.440074.645039.356042.044040.961060.157029.004040.337035.220076.271062.229076.793120.680128.680189.766
A-55
Approach
number
8
Altitude
(m)
Begin U'me
Worcester, MA
September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three columns)
Temp Vapor Number Liquid water
(C) density seconds content
End tJ_ne (g/m3) in layer (g/m3)
Median
vol. radius
(m-6)
6.14170 10.0 9.39 3 0.18
Total
number
(per cm3)
186.497
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
160150140130120110100908070605040302010
10.2 9.55 3 0.20 6.0009.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.2109.7 9.23 3 0.22 5.5709.7 9.23 3 0.20 5.4309.7 9.23 2 0.16 4.9109.7 9.23 3 0.14 4.5909.7 9.23 4 O. 16 4.4809.7 9.23 3 0.15 4.4209.7 9,23 2 0.11 4.6509.7 9.23 4 0.10 4.3109.7 9.23 2 0.10 4.3209.3 9.00 2 0.09 4.0108.9 8.77 2 0.07 3.9208.9 8.77 2 0.05 4.4409.3 9.00 2 0.03 4.1809.6 9.19 12 0.01 7.92
227.092194.708298.552300.978304.842308.302366.164361.466259.574308.219298.353346.858269.912168.346110.753019.691
A-56
OOOO000000 000000 000000
OOO0
++++
++++
+ + ++++
00000
+++++
+++++
0_'_
+++++
000000
OOOOO
OOO_OO
+
N4
+++ +++++ ++++++ +++ +¢
00000
00000
OOOOO
OOOOO
00000
00000
OOOOO
OOOOO
00000
OOOOO
OOOO_O
+
N
0_00_0 0+ +
++++
OOOOOOOOOO_O
+
0000000000_0
+
0
+
++
N_
0
+
++
_N
++
O0
++
Ooooooooom_oo
++
_N
ooooooooom_oo
++
++
++
+ ++
OOOOOOO_O
+
OOOOOOO_O
+
+
O000000m0+
+
N
ooooooomo
0
0
+
N
+
+
N
0+
N
+
+
OOOO OOOOO O OO OO
++++ +++++ + ++ ++
A-57
¢
3 •..:-
0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000
0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000
0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000
0000020000000000 000000 000000
_0000000000 000000 000000 00000
0000000000 000000 000000 00000
I
i0000000000 000000 000000 00000
00000000000
00000o00000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
0000000000 00000_ 000000 00000 00000000000 0000000o
0000000000
0000000000
0000_0 000000 00000
000000 000000 00000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000
00000000
00000000_ O_ 000_000000 00000 00000000000 00000000
_00000000_0_000_000000_00000_00000000000_00000000
" A-58
Approach
.umber
Altitude
(m|
S*pternb*r 28,
T_p
(C)
End_o
Huntington. VVV
lgg2 (FSSP-IO0 Only. Ilmt threecolumrm)
Vaoor Number Liquidwater Medien TotJl
den_[y Imcondm confer*! v_, rediLm numb4ir
(Otto3] in Im,er (o/m3| (m-8) (Percm3)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
114649
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
lO
115442
70
60
50
40
3O
20
120328
9O
80
70
6o
5O
40
121346
90
80
70
80
5O
123510
160
15o
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
7O
60
124636
130
120
11o
lO0
9O
80
7O
60
114713
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
11.4
11.4
115458
13.9
13.9
13.9
13.o
13.0
12,6
120347
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
11.4
121406
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.9
12.o
123538
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12,2
124658
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
10.8 2 0.00 3.65 000.205
10.8 2 0.00 2.15 000.164
10.8 4 0.oo 2.03 000.104
lO.8 2 0.00 1.75 000.082
10.8 2 0.00 3.89 000.163
10.9 3 0.00 1.91 000.162
lO.8 2 0.00 7.25 001.002
10.8 1 0.02 5.85 047.898
lO.3 4 0.03 5.o6 071.454
10.3 3 0.05 5.50 105.338
12.0 1 0.00 2.38 000.316
12.0 4 0.01 8.72 007.158
12.0 3 0.13 8.31 079.709
11.4 2 0.12 5,93 167.118
11.4 3 0.06 4,87 157.221
11.1 4 0.04 4.22 138.165
10.8 4 0.00 2.38 000.165
10.8 3 0.00 2,32 000.138
10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.248
10.8 2 0.00 3.96 000.082
10.8 3 0.00 2.47 000.134
10.3 5 0.02 6.18 044.704
10.8 3 0.00 1.75 000.113
10.8 3 0.00 3.88 000.112
10.7 4 0.00 2.26 000.183
10.5 4 0.00 2.48 000.123
10.7 7 0.00 4.67 000.510
10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.242
10.8 2 0.00 2.21 000.280
10.8 3 0.00 2.48 000.187
10.8 3 0.00 2.32 000.136
10.8 3 0.00 1.75 000.164
10.8 2 0.00 1.75 000.082
10.8 2 0.00 3.65 000.202
10.8 2 0.00 2.30 000.318
10.8 1 0.00 2.15 000.313
10.8 3 0.02 8.44 015.389
10.8 6 0.14 6.57 185.330
10.8 1 0.00 0.00 000.000
10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.123
10.8 I 0.00 0.00 000.000
10.8 2 0.00 2.38 000.082
10.9 2 0.00 2.15 000.163
10.8 1 0.00 1.75 000.322
10.8 2 0.00 2.38 000.081
10.8 4 0.18 7.19 216.365
A-59
m
Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMBNo. o7o4-olee
Pubic repor_ng burden fro" this -'-ilection of information is estlmaled to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruclions, searching existing data sources,.. , ..... - , , ,
collection of intocrn_ion, including suggestions lot reduong tt_t$ ouraen, to wa_nmgton MeaoqL._3ne,= o_,v_ .............. '
Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington. VA 222024302, and to the Office of Management arid Budge. paperwork Reduction Project 0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.
1. A.GENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
April 1994 Contractor Report
4. TITLE AND SUBTITI'E 5, FUNDING NUMBERS
Drop Size Distributions and Related Properties of Fog for Five Locations C NAS1-19341Measured from Aircraft Task 10 Subtask
6. AUTHOR(S)
J. Allen Zak
7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)AN0ADDRESS(ES)
VIGYAN, INC.30 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
9. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001
and Federal Aviation Administration Technical CenterAtlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
WU 505-64-13-67
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REP_ORTNUMBER
10. SPONSORING / MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER
NASA CR-4585
DOT/FAA/CT-94/02
11.SUPPLEMENI:ARYNOTES
NASA Langley Contracting Officer's Technical Representative: James G. BattersonFAA Technical Center Task Monitor: James R. Branstetter
112a. DISTRIBUTION t AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Unclassified/Unlimited
Subject Categories 47 and 01
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
Fog drop size distributions were collected from aircraft as part of the Synthetic Vision Technology DemonstrationProgram. Three West Coast marine advection fogs, one frontal fog, and a radiation fog were sampled from thetop of the cloud to the bottom as the aircraft descended on a 3-degree glideslope. Drop size versus altitudeversus concentration are shown in 3-dimensional plots for each 10-meter altitude interval from 1-minute
samples. Also shown are median volume radius and liquid water content. Advection fogs contained the largestdrops with median volume radius of 5-8 micrometers, although the drop sizes in the radiation fog were also largejust above the runway surface. Liquid water content increased with height, and the total number of dropsgenerally increased with time. Multimodal variations in number density and particle size were noted in mostsamples where there was a peak concentration of small drops (2-5 micrometers) at low altitudes, mid-altitudepeak of drops 5-11 micrometers, and high-altitude peak of the larger drops (11-15 micrometers and above).These observations are compared with others and corroborate previous results in fog gross properties, although
there is considerable variation with time and altitude even in the same type of fog.
14.SUBJECTTERMS
Fog, drop size distributions, altitude and time variation of fog parameters
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18, SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
136
16, PRICE CODE
A07
20, UMITATION OF ABSTRACT
Standard Form 298 (Re,/, 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-t8
298-102