drought and floods in indonesia. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. october 2006

7/31/2019 Drought and Floods in Indonesia. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2006.

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From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Headline

When drought's gone, it's time for floods 3

'Rain Harvest' la Gunung Kidul 9

Interview

H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Deve-

lopment) Dept. Home Affairs:

Allocate Budget of Water Supply For Village 10

Telescope

It's all wrong with Bantar Gebang 13DKI Jakarta Waste Management Master Plan Review 15

Insight

Water Supply Development and Poverty 18

PDAM Report Development Strategy 21

From Plato to WSS-BM Policy 23

HIPPAM Failure at Bleberan Village 29

Story

Child Scavenger of Bantar Gebang 31

Reportage

Communal Composting, Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste 33

Innovation

Urinoir without flush 35

Abstract

The impact of Water Supply Investment to Economic

Growth and Income Distribution in DKI Jakarta 36

Regulation

Sludge Treatment Installation 37

ISSDP Corner

Choice Model 38

Around Plan Indonesia

Plan Indonesia in Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Program 41

Book Info 42

CD Info 44

Around WASPOLA 45

Around WSS 48

WSS Bibliography 50

Agenda 51

IATPI Clinic 52

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:

orking Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:

Director General for Urban andural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:

Director of Human Settlement and Housing,tional Development Planning Agency Republic

of IndonesiaDirector of Environmental Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Water Supply Development,

Department of Public Works

rector of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,

Department of Home AffairsDirector for Facilitation of Special Planning

Environment Management,

Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:

Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:

Supriyanto, Johan Susmono,Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:

Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

heidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:

Rudi Kosasih

Production:

Machrudin

Distribution:

Agus Syuhada

Address:

Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at Waterupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id


3/56

Time goes by. Thanks God we

are still blessed with happy

day, Iedul Fitri. On this win-

ners' day Percik's crew and all mem-

bers of WSS secretariate wish you our

heartfelt greetings "Selamat Idul Fitri

1427H. Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin.

Minal Aidin wal Faizin". Let's hope all

of us become purified from sins and

keep the purity in the days to come.

Dear readers, sadness upon sad-

ness are continuously overwhelming

this country. It's now a long dry sea-

son that we are experiencing especial-

ly in Java and Nusa Tenggara.

Community access to water supply

declines from the already desperate

level. They drink whatever water

there is. Availability is always a ques-

tion. The community have no choice.

Whereas the government seems

unable to satisfy the demand of the

population. Regional Utility (PDAM)

Company being the backbone forwater supply in the regions is facing its

own problem; short of supply to meet

the consumers' demand. Therefore,

let alone a free service, PDAM itself is

still defending itself.

Shortly we will be entering the

rainy season. This is a blessing, of

course. But to some areas, for exam-

ple Jakarta, a city of this size rain may

become a disaster. Rainfall that we

long for may inundate vast areas of the

city. Again, the community have no

way to escape from it. We will hear

again someone saying: "It's nothing

unusual."

Are we going to take it as some-

thing natural and let may happen as it

usually does? Actually, drought, flood

can be prevented if we want. Both are

not natural phenomena that happen

all of a sudden. They can be predicted.

The question is again, why should it

happen? The attention towards is

lacking. Maybe the program towards

their prevention is still not so popular.

That is Indonesia.

Readers, besides discussing the

main topic on drought and flood,

Percik also held an interview with

Director General for Regional

Development, Department of HomeAffairs to find out what is the condi-

tion of development in the regions in

its relations with water supply and

environmental sanitation. In the

Teropong column we present to you

TPA Bantar Gebang where in last

September the waste hill collapsed

taking the lives of several people. In

connection with the same condition,

in Story column, we present to you the

story of a child scavenger who

depends his life on the Indonesia's

largest TPA.

Not to be overlooked, in Reportase

column, we bring forward cooperation

between a Non Government

Organization with a community at the

outskirt of Jakarta for a self reliant

waste management without adding

burden to TPA. With an add-in of

flexible ideas fixed to it this manage-

ment model might be suitable for

application in many other communi-

ties.

Dear Readers,

It seems that WSS is still going to

be governed many different problems

coming up one after another from

time to time. New issue appears any

time. We have a feeling that all the

issues haven't been given sufficientattention by the government. While

poor WSS condition directly affects

Indonesian people. We hope that

something new would come out that

may lead us to improvement.

Together we can make WSS obtain

more attention. God bless us.

FROM EDITOR

Percik October 2006 1

HappyEid

Mubarak1427 H

CREATED BY RUDI KOZ


4/56

Motorless Water Pump

I read in Percik website that in Go-

rontalo they use motorless water pumpfor their water supply. I would appre-

ciate it if you could provide me with

further information about the equip-

ment. Specifically I'd like to know:

1. What steps are taken for installing

the equipment?

2. Is there possibility for our commu-

nity back home to obtain govern-

ment assistance for such motorless

water pump?

We would be grateful if equipment

like that could be installed for our com-

munity in NTT. We have water supply

difficulty and I am convinced that this

kind of equipment may help our com-

munity.

Leonardo FoEnale

Surabaya

For further information about the

motorless water pump please contact

PT. Tirta Anugrah Nusantara at Hotel

Mahadria 4th floor Jl. Ki Mas Jong

No. 12 Serang, Banten. Tel. 0254-

220270/22268 attn. Ade Purnama

(CEO). As for financial assistance it is

recommended that you contact the in-

volved agency of the regional govern-

ment. (Editor)

Comment and Suggestion

As follow up to Director of Housing

and Settlement Systems Bappenas let-

ter No. 5411/Dt.6.3/09/2006 dated 4

September 2006 re Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Information

Media we would like to peresent to you

the following comment and suggestion:

a) Design and layout looks excellent.

b) Articles related to environmental

sanitation are presented in suffi-

cient quantity.

c) Articles on water supply are a bit

wanting considering the media

deals with water supply.

d) Do away with columns on envi-

ronmental voices, waste and

drinking water containing letter

from the reader and opinion from

the editor and or an expert.

e) Column dealing with environ-

ment, waste and water supply

from neighbouring countries that

are worthy of note.

Thanks for your attention.

Ir. Agus Sutyoso, MSi

CEO PDAM Kota Semarang

Jl. Kelud Semarang

Thank you for your comment and sug-

gestion. We will take all your comment andsuggestion to our consideration. We hope

that in the future Percik will improve

tomeet the expectation of the readers. In

addition, we are also inviting you to con-

ribute articles in accordance with your ca-

pacity. We hope your contribution will ser-

ve as lesson for other readers (Editor)

The UnderdevelopedIndonesia

Recently the Asian DevelopmentBank in cooperation with the United

Nations published in Manila a report

on poverty reduction program by the

Asia-Pacific Nations. The report dis-

cusses the performance of various na-

tions in the program.

The most advanced nations in re-

ducing poverty are China, Malaysia,

Thailand, Palau, Vietnam, Armenia,

Azerbaijan, and Kirgiztan. On the

other hand there are several nations

that become less committed to re-ducing poverty. They are Fiji, Kazakh-

stan, Samoa, and Uzbekistan. The next

group of nations work harder, these are

India, Aghanistan, Nepal. Finally, the

most underdeveloped group in terms of

poverty reduction. Members of this

group consist of Bangladesh, Indo-

nesia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pa-

kistan, Papua New Guinea, and the Phi-

lippines.

ADB assessment seems to confirm

the real situation. The number of our

poor population is increasing rather

than diminishing. Beggars and va-

grants are adding up day after day.

Hunger and related diseases remain

unhealed. The question is now, where

are the government promises to reduce

poverty? The same question must also

be asked to the political parties and the

people's representatives. Where are

your promises to improve community

wellbeing? Shame to all of you, onlygovernment officials, bureaucrates, and

people's representatives are prosperous

while the common people are getting

poorer.

Meddy Chandra

Ciputat, Tangerang

YOUR VOICE



5/56

R

ecently, the drought related

news is almost daily in print

and electronic flash. It is very

hard for the communities to get water

for daily need even just for drinking.

They have to walk for kilometres just for

a pail of water, regardless of quality, for

drinking and cooking. Each member of

the community can only take a little

because the limited source has to be

shared with so many others. Let's forget

about water for bathing, washing and

defecating; it may not be available at all.

This picture covers almost the entire

island of Java. As far as eyes can see,

the areas along the northern coast are

completely dry. Leaves fell to the

ground. Teak woods standing like con-

struction piles. Withered yellow grass

looks miserable. Burned patches of land

here and there. Farm lands cracked

from dryness. Farming is out of ques-


When Drought's Gone,IT'S NOW TIME FOR FLOODSThe natural environmentof Indonesia is severely

degraded. If at one timedrought withers every green,next time flood devastateslarge areas. Whereas all

these occurences areactually predictable ahead

of time. Should theykeep on coming back?

HEADLINES

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

W a t e r R e s o u r c e i n J a v a


6/56

tion. Harvest is impossible.

Drought does not only overwhelm

the rurals. In some cities water is in

limitd quantity. Even for Jakarta, the

citizens have complaining lately. Rawwater supply for treatment plants is get-

ting lower. Consequently, water supply

distribution is retarded. The citizens

cannot do much. Luckily they still can

buy bottled water, or refill water or

water vendor although at a higher price.

But what about the poor who are far

away from the reach of clean water sup-

ply?

Like a double edged dagger this

drought will shortly be followed withrainy season. To some the blessing from

the sky is welcome with gratitude

because it irrigates their lands. But to

others, rain is a disaster. Flood will

come at any moment. The misery from

water shortage will change into flood

sufferings.

It is ironical that flood is coming

back year after year. And, the signs of

its preventive measures are nowhere to

be seen. There is no significant effort

mutually undertaken by the stakehold-

ers. Consequently, drought and flood

are routines that must be accepted by

the common people.

Drought as annual schedule

Drought that withers vast areas of

Java doesn't come all of a sudden. This

means that signals of its coming have

been sent long before. The calculation

of water balance or water equilibrium

comparing water demand over avail-

ability conducted by Directorate of

Water Resources and Irrigation

Bappenas in 2005 indicates that based

on 2003 data some 77 percent of areas

outside Jabodetabek will suffer from

water deficit between one to eight

months. While in Jabodetabek only 50


HEADLINES

No.

I.1

2

3

4

5

6

II.

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

III.

1

2

3

4

IV.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

V.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Kabupaten / City

J A W A B A R ATKuningan

Cirebon

Majalengka

Indramayu

Kota Bandung

Kota Cirebon

J A WA T E N G A H

Magelang

Klaten

Sukoharjo

KaranganyarSragen

Blora

Pekalongan

Kota Semarang

Kota Pekalongan

Temanggung

D I Y O G Y A K A R T A

Bantul

Gunung Kidul

Sleman

Kota Yogyakarta

J A W A T I M U R

Ponorogo

Sidoarjo

Madiun & Kota Madiun

Magetan

Ngawi

Bojonegoro

Tuban

Lamongan

Bangkalan

Pamekasan

Sumenep

Sampang

J A B O D E T A B E K

DKI Jakarta

Bogor & Depok & Kota Bogor

Tangerang & Kota Tangerang

Bekasi & Kota Bekasi

Serang & Kota Cilegon

Karawang & Purwakarta

River Basin

Cimanuk

Cintanduy

Cimanuk

Cimanuk

Cintanduy

Citarum

Cimanuk

Citarum

Cimanuk

Progo-Opak-Oyo

Jratun Seluna

Serayu

Progo-Opak-Oyo

Bengawan Solo

Bengawan Solo

Bengawan SoloJratun Seluna

Bengawan Solo

Jratun Seluna

Bengawan Solo

Pemali-Comal

Serayu

Jratun Seluna

Pemali-Comal

Jratun Seluna

Progo-Opak-Oyo

Progo-Opak-Oyo

Bengawan Solo

Progo-Opak-Oyo

Bengawan Solo

Progo-Opak-Oyo

K. Brantas

Bengawan Solo

K. Brantas

K. Brantas

Bengawan Solo

Bengawan Solo

Jratun Seluna

Bengawan Solo

K. Brantas

Bengawan Solo

Bengawan Solo

K. Brantas

Bengawan Solo

Madura

Madura

Madura

Madura

Ciliwung-Cisadane

Ciujung-Climan

Cisadea-Cikuningan

Citarum

Ciliwung-Cisadane

Ciliwung-Cisadane

Ciliwung-Cisadane

Citarum

Ciujung-Ciliman

Ciliwung-Cisadane

Citarum

No. of deficit months

2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

6 6 6 6 6 7

6 6 7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 7 10 11 12

5 5 5 5 5 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 7

5 5 5 5 5 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

5 6 7 7 7 7

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A






87.3 %

12.7 %

100.0 %

93.6 %

6.4 %

37.9 %

62.1 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

96.9 %

0.4 %

2.6 %

2.0 %

98.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %25.9 %

74.1 %

44.7 %

55.3 %

99.8 %

0.2 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

41.0 %

100.0 %

86.9 %

13.1 %

98.3 %

1.7 %

100.0 %

2.7 %

97.3 %

100.0 %

12.6 %

87.4 %

100.0 %

0.1 %

99.9 %

0.9 %

99.1 %

100.0 %

2.4 %

97.6 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

2.9 %

0.2 %

9.4 %

87.4 %

100.0 %

64.5 %

35.5 %

90.2 %

9.8 %

100.0 %

Max. deficit (m3/sec)

2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

-9.71 -9.81 -10.13 -10.52 -10.96 -11.46

-26.75 -27.27 -28.68 -30.23 -31.94 -33.85

-14.47 -14.15 -13.42 -12.77 -12.18 -11.64

-48.99 -48.13 -46.11 -44.33 -42.80 -41.59

-1.94 -2.16 -2.76 -3.40 -4.09 -4.86

-0.61 -0.63 -0.69 -0.74 -0.81 -0.88

-25.72 -25.85 -26.20 -26.59 -27.05 -27.57

-32.57 -32.58 -32.63 -32.71 -32.83 -32.99

-16.68 -16.66 -16.64 -16.67 -16.75 -16.91

-18.52 -18.44 -18.27 -18.14 -18.04 -17.97-20.64 -20.77 -21.17 -21.66 -22.27 -23.03

-12.92 -12.94 -13.00 -13.07 -13.14 -13.22

-11.45 -11.48 -11.56 -11.67 -11.80 -11.94

-2.40 -2.58 -3.20 -4.05 -5.20 -6.76

-1.07 -1.10 -1.18 -1.27 -1.38 -1.51

-19.09 -19.13 -19.25 -19.37 -19.51 -19.66

-16.33 -16.37 -14.67 -16.63 -16.82 -17.07

-5.49 -5.48 -5.47 -5.45 -5.44 -5.42

-21.89 -21.95 -22.13 -22.34 -22.57 -22.84

-0.85 -0.83 -0.79 -0.75 -0.70 -0.66

-28.93 -28.77 -28.41 -28.07 -27.76 -27.50

-15.53 -15.82 -16.78 -18.19 -20.16 -22.89

-28.34 -28.25 -28.02 -27.79 -27.57 -27.35

-32.62 -32.87 -33.52 -34.19 -34.87 -35.56

-42.28 -43.77 -47.73 -52.03 -56.69 -61.77

-25.46 -25.51 -25.68 -25.89 -26.16 -26.51

-26.87 -26.46 -25.47 -24.54 -23.65 -22.82

-56.23 -55.62 -54.20 -52.95 -51.90 -51.09

-12.08 -12.11 -12.23 -12.38 -12.58 -12.81

-13.07 -13.04 -12.98 -12.94 -12.90 -12.88

-16.52 -16.35 -15.95 -15.57 -15.21 -14.88

-10.42 -10.77 -11.81 -13.13 -14.80 -16.90

-0.2 -1.5 -4.9 -8.7 -13.1 -18.0

-2.0 -2.6 -4.5 -7.1 -10.5 -15.0

-3.9 -4.5 -6.6 -9.2 -12.7 -17.3

- - - - - -3.2

- - - -0.9 -4.0 -8.3

- - - - - -2.2

N/A: Not Available

Table 1

Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience big deficit

Source: Result of analysis by Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation Bappenas


7/56

percent will suffer the deficit.

The figures were derived from calcu-

lating water availability factor of the

catchment area (representing surface

water availability) and regional water

demand (covering water demand for

domestic, urban activity, industrial, fish

farming, animal husbandry, and irriga-

tion).

Water balance of 2003 indicates that

the total water demand for Java and Bali

is 38,4 billion m3 during the dry season.

The demand can be satisfied only up to

25,3 m3 or about 66 percent. It is esti-

mated the deficit will be higher in 2020

as a consequence of population growth

and increasing economic activity.In general, drought is caused by

three influencing factors, namely global

climatic changes such as deviation of ra-

iny and dry seasons from the usual pat-

tern and other climatic changes, envi-

ronmental factor, and water resources

management and infrastructures. Spe-

cifically, the causes of dryness other

than global climatic changes include:

1. Damages in the catchment area that

reduces water catchment carryingcapacity;

2. Low performing water resource

infrastructures;

3. Excessive underground water

exploitation that cause lower

groundwater table, land subsi-

dence, and salt water intrusion;

4. Poor hydrological management.

Water balance is divided into 4 clas-

ses: normal, low deficit, medium deficit,

big deficit.Normal condition when there is no

deficit month within a given year. If

there are 3 deficit months in a year it is

called low deficit. Four to six months

medium deficit. More than six months

is categorized as big deficit. Table 1

shows us areas with big deficit.

If this condition prevails, meaning


Chart 1

Water Balance Projection by Kabupaten/Kota ofJava and Madura

Source: result of analysis

= Normal

= No deficit

= Low deficit

= Medium deficit

HEADLINES


8/56

that no infrastructure intervention is

inroduced, it can be expected that water

balance deficit will be increasing.

Several kabupatens/kota in 2020 are

likely to experience an increasing

deficit, among others are Kabupaten

Ngawi of Bengawan Solo river basin and

the city of Surabaya of the Brantas river

basin. The projection of water balance

condition of Java and Madura is illus-

trated in Chart 1.

Water balance deficit adversely

affects water availability. The worst

impact will hit agriculture, industry, city

population, drinking water, etc.

Drinking water supply should be given

priority because it is directly related tobasic demand for life. Table 2 illustrates

the regions that suffer from drinking

water deficit and projection up to 2025.

Groundwater condition

Although currently suffering from

dryness, the island of Java actually

maintains groundwater potential. This

is because the island has many ground-

water basins. There are at least 80

basins spreading along Java and

Madura. They are not fully exploited

yet. And if any, such as ones in big

cities, they are not properly controlled.

As a consequence, new problems crop

up such as decrease in groundwater

quality (Bandung, Semarang), spread of

brackish/salt water (Jakarta and

Semarang), lower groundwater table

(Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang).

There is a big groundwater proten-

tial. Tables 3 through 8 illustrate gro-

undwater potential by administrative

regions.

Flood threats

It is estimated that rain will start to

fall within this month. The blessing

from the falling droplets will bring life

back to the dry soil. Economic wheels,

especially in agriculture sector, will start

rolling again after being idle for some

time. But to some regions, there is al-

ways anxiety that rain will cause floods.

This anxiety grows especially in areas

where flooding is a recurring phenome-

non.

The cause of flooding may vary from

region to region. Several factors causing

flood are among others sedimentation

of river bed, overflow from embank-

ments, poor drainage system, backwater

effect, and defective flood control facili-

ty.

Almost all rivers of Java carry sedi-

ment load in big quantity scouring the

land along their banks down to the sea.

As a result, areas of sediment depositare built along the river mouth. Sedi-

mentation decreases the river storage

capacity. In addition, sand mining in

big rivers leads to degradation of river

beds. The big water discharge cannot be

retained within the water bodies of the

lowland area. Water then overflows the

embankments putting farmland and the

relatively flat areas under water. Em-

bankments built along the river in the

upper watershed may protect upper wa-tershed areas from flooding, but it cau-

ses more severe threat to lower water-

shed areas. This is made worse if the

drainage system is defective. It still

does not say about backwater effect at

the upper areas as consequence from

changes in current in the lower areas. If

backwater happens -at a convulsion of a

stream with the main river, damming or

river constriction- flood is unavoidable.

Flood also happens if the catchmentarea disappears. Forest clearing and in-

correct cropping pattern take part in it.

Since there is no more water catchment

area, water flows directly into the river.

This condition is aggravated in steep ri-

verbanks and in rivers that flush swiftly

in to the downstream areas, whereas the

retention capacity of these areas such as


HEADLINES

Table 2Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience drinking water deficit

No.

I.1

23

4

56II.1

2

3

4III.12

3IV.1

234V.1

2

Kabupaten / Kota

JAWA BARATKuningan

CirebonMajalengka

Indramayu

Kota BandungKota CirebonJAWA TENGAHMagelang

Klaten

Sragen

Kota SemarangDI YOGYAKARTABantulSleman

Kota YogyakartaJAWA TIMURBangkalan

PamekasanSumenepSampangJABODETABEKBogor & Depok & Kota Bogor

Tangerang & Kota Tangerang

River Basin

CimanukCintanduy

CimanukCimanukCintanduyCitarumCimanukCitarumCimanuk

Progo-Opak-OyoJratun SelunaSerayuProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloJratun SelunaBengawan SoloJratun Seluna

Progo-Opak-OyoProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloProgo-Opak-Oyo

Madura

MaduraMaduraMadura

Ciujung-ClimanCisadea-CikuninganCitarumCiliwung-CisadaneCiliwung-Cisadane

87.3 %12.7 %

100.0 %93.6 %6.4 %

37.9 %62.1 %

100.0 %100.0 %

96.9 %0.4 %2.6 %2.0 %

98.0 %25.9 %74.1 %

100.0 %

100.0 %98.3 %1.7 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %

2.9 %0.2 %9.4 %

87.4 %100.0 %

Max. deficit (m3/sec)2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

-0.51 -0.54 -0.64 -0.74 -0.85 -0.96

-1.67 -1.75 -1.98 -2.22 -2.49 -2.78-0.47 -0.50 -0.55 -0.61 -0.67 -0.73

-0.17 -0.23 -0.39 -0.57 -0.75 -0.95

- - - - -0.27 -0.78-0.38 -0.40 -0.44 -0.48 -0.53 -0.58

- - -0.09 -0.35 -0.63 -0.94

-1.43 -1.42 -1.39 -1.36 -1.33 -1.30

- - - - -0.30 -0.83

- - -0.11 -0.55 -1.06 -1.63

-0.08 -0.11 -0.18 -0.26 -0.34 -0.43- - -0.05 -0.19 -0.35 -0.52

-0.52 -0.51 -0.47 -0.44 -0.41 -0.38

-0.54 -0.56 -0.64 -0.72 -0.81 -0.90

-0.47 -0.50 -0.56 -0.62 -0.69 -0.77-0.69 -0.70 -0.75 -0.81 -0.86 -0.92-0.24 -0.28 -0.38 -0.49 -0.61 -0.75

- - - - - -2.6

- - - - -0.2 -3.5

Max. deficit m3/sec)


9/56


Table 3Groundwater Potential in Province of Banten

Table 4

Groundwater Potential in Province of DKI Jakarta

HEADLINES

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pandeglang

Lebak

Tangerang

Serang

Kota Tangerang

Kota Cilegon

Groundwater potential

35,27

10,95

14,31

20,02

3,21

1,73

1.112,34

345,40

451,23

631,35

101,09

54,65

m3/secmillion m3/yearKabupatenNo

1

2

3

4

5

Jakarta Selatan

Jakarta Timur

Jakarta Pusat

Jakarta Barat

Jakarta Utara


2,85

3,53

0,97

2,31

2,51

89,95

111,36

30,75

72,77

79,28


1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

2627

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Cilacap

BanyumasPurbalingga

Banjarnegara

Kebumen

Purworejo

Wonosobo

Magelang

Boyolali

Klaten

Sukoharjo

Wonogiri

Karanganyar

SragenGrobogan

Blora

Rembang

Pati

Kudus

Jepara

Demak

Semarang

Temanggung

Kendal

Batang

PekalonganPemalang

Tegal

Brebes

Kota Magelang

Kota Surakarta

Kota Salatiga

Kota Semarang

Kota Pekalongan

Kota Tegal


4,18

7,70

5,09

9,60

3,94

1,85

7,00

17,78

7,77

7,21

5,19

11,06

8,96

7,1210,87

1,23

3,35

10,45

4,59

10,36

12,07

7,70

12,91

9,14

10,71

11,179,56

6,25

7,94

0,16

0,93

0,40

4,64

1,04

0,21

131,75

242,94

160,41

302,72

124,18

58,21

220,69

560,79

245,06

227,35

163,76

348,72

282,55

224,62342,69

38,67

105,64

329,50

144,86

326,67

380,72

242,80

407,06

288,19

337,67

352,16301,48

197,20

250,40

5,14

29,44

12,64

146,23

32,95

6,68


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Bogor

Sukabumi

Cianjur

Bandung

Garut

Tasikmalaya

Ciamis

Kuningan

Cirebon

Majalengka

Sumedang

Indramayu

Subang

Purwakarta

Karawang

Bekasi

Kota Bogor

Kota Sukabumi

Kota Bandung

Kota Cirebon

Kota Bekasi

Kota Depok


35,59

32,80

26,95

48,04

48,48

24,46

28,78

12,42

10,87

24,79

28,00

23,20

22,43

8,05

20,25

15,31

2,78

1,04

2,56

0,33

3,79

3,95

1.122,29

1.034,35

849,96

1.514,95

1.528,81

771,38

907,64

391,62

342,94

781,67

883,07

731,53

707,25

253,83

638,68

482,66

87,72

32,82

80,76

10,48

119,63

124,70


Table 5

Groundwater Potential in Province of West Java

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team



Table 6Groundwater Potential in Province of Central Java

Table 7Groundwater Potential in Province of

Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY)

1

2

3

4

5

Kulonprogo

Bantul

Gunungkidul

Sleman

Kota Yogyakarta


1,89

5,30

9,44

9,89

0,62

59,75

167,08

297,79

311,88

19,41





10/56

Jakarta, Semarang and other big cities

is insufficient. Flood becomes unavoid-

able.According to Dept Public Works

flood in Java mostly hit the north and

south coasts, basin areas and big cities.

In 2002, there were 74 flood occurences

inundating 81,9 thousand ha of settle-

ment areas and agricultural lands. The

figures increased in 2003 to 91,1 thou-

sand ha of affected

areas. The distibution

of flood vulnerable

areas in Java can be

seen in Chart 2.Flood control

through infrastructure

approach has been

practised for a long ti-

me. Take a look for

instance the North Ja-

va Flood Control

Project and South Java

Flood Control Project

in Jawa Tengah,

Citarum Flood Control

Project south of

Bandung, Ciliwung

Cisadane Flood Control

Project and the cons-

truction of Eastern

Drainage Canal (BKT)

in Jakarta, and urban

development projects

like Bandung Urban

Development Project (BUDP) and Sura-

baya Urban Development Project

(SUDP). However, the acceleration of

flood control infrastructure develop-

ment is unable to cope with magnitude

and frequency of the flood. "Flood sea-

son" is recurring year after year.

Challenges of the Future

Water demand for domestic, indus-

trial, city and agriculture purposes are

increasing continuously along with pop-

ulation growth and increasing economic

activity. On the other hand, raw water

availability is disrupted as consequence

of changes in land use pattern thatadversely influences hydrological char-

acteristics. This condition is aggravated

by the decreasing of environmental car-

rying capacity as a consequence of

degradation of the catchment area. One

could expect that drought and flood will

come in succession. More than that,

some kabupatens/kotas have put on red

signal indicating inability to meet the

demand of the population.

Like it or not, the kabupatens/kotas

that currently are critical situation in

water supply despite infrastructure and

other related interventions, must be pri-

oritized. Besides, it is necessary to make

water distribution readjustments

among the various demand types, espe-

cially for irrigation in Java. This is not

an easy thing to do, of course. Indepth

study is needed. More than that, water

resources management in Java

demands synergy and integratedness.

The Directorate of Water Resources

and Irrigation of Bappenas suggests a

recommendation for water resources

development program on the island of

Java divided into priority actions,

immediate (short term), medium and

long term.

The necessary short term action


Table 8Groundwater Potential in Province of East Java

Gambar2. Lokasi Rawan Banjir di Pulau Jawa

HEADLINES

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

Pacitan

PonorogoTrenggalek

Tulungagung

Blitar

Kediri

Malang

Lumajang

Jember

Banyuwangi

Bondowoso

Situbondo

Probolinggo

Pasuruan

Sidoarjo

Mojokerto

Jombang

Nganjuk

Madiun

Magetan

Ngawi

Bojonegoro

Tuban

Lamongan

Gresik

Bangkalan

Sampang

Pamekasan

Sumenep

Kota Kediri

Kota Blitar

Kota Malang

Kota Probolinggo

Kota Pasuruan

Kota Mojokerto

Kota Madiun

Kota Surabaya


2,08

13,370,34

10,00

14,60

18,87

37,35

34,53

53,78

52,09

32,81

37,11

26,42

19,53

8,37

11,43

12,06

14,42

14,01

9,14

13,99

8,09

10,17

10,12

7,41

6,06

4,90

3,66

6,14

0,84

0,45

0,90

0,76

0,52

0,22

0,39

3,63

65,71

421,7310,70

315,34

460,27

595,20

1.178,00

1.088,80

1.695,89

1.642,60

1.034,75

1.170,37

833,08

615,85

264,09

360,32

380,47

454,63

441,68

288,28

441,29

254,97

320,71

319,06

233,58

191,21

154,55

115,55

193,59

26,44

14,20

28,52

23,87

16,43

6,80

12,23

114,39

(m3/sec)million m3/yearKabupatenNo


Chart 2. Flood vulnerable areas in Java


11/56

comprises:

1. Land rehabilitation and water

resources conservation, through (a)

replanting of critical lands with pro-

ductive tree stands involving the

community participation; (b) mini-mizing sedimentation rate through

river bank rehabilitation and stabi-

lization; (c) minimizing flooding

time to maximize irrigation water

efficiency; and (d) integration of

flood management and land reha-

bilitation programs.

2. Community education in flood and

drought mitigation, through (a)

building community awareness of

flood and drought and ways to man-

age them; (b) improvement of com-

munity alertness in anticipation of

flood and drought; (c) water

thrifthiness campaign; (d) develop-

ment of flood early warning system;

(e) development of water resources

management institution; (f) human

resources development in water

resources management; (g) water

related conflict resolution through

water resources management; (h)

prevention of land conversion

through provision of incentive and

issuance of certification; and (i)

improvement of the role of land

rehabilitation and water conserva-

tion institution.

Medium priorities needed to sustain

the immediate priority programs,

among others:

1. Improvement of water use efficien-

cy for regions with high water

deficit potential through rehabilita-tion of irrgation network and effi-

cient water distribution;

2. Rearrangment and control over of

sand mining in the river bed;

3. Development of local level forest

product industry;

4. Development of IT based land reha-

bilitation plans;

5. Increase in simple infrastructure

design facilitation at local level; and

6. Development of data base on flood

and drought in Java including sus-

tainable data management concept.Long term priority covers sustain-

able drought and flood mitigation plan-

ning, among others:

1. Formulation of macro policy and

strategy for integrated, cross sector

and inter-regional implementation;

2. Development of long term financ-

ing scenario from various different

sources with emphasis on funds

directly raised from within the com-

munities; and

3. Development of community basedinfrastructure O&M.

The program may work if it is sup-

ported with a strong commitment from

the stakeholders. Otherwise,

Indonesian condition will become

worse. Now it is up to us. MJ


The village of Bunder, Kecama-

tan Patok, Gunung Kidul, Yog-

yakarta belongs to arid climate re-

gion. Traditinally the area was

grown with cassava almost all the

year round. But since it was select-

ed as the pilot project site for rain

harvest and surface water develop-

ment technology, the cassava plan-

ting area has been converted to

ricefield.

The technology is basically qui-

te simple, it collects rainwater and

surface runoff into a hydrological

network of 20 m long, 5 m wide and

about 3 m deep reserviors. The

small reservoir is capable of hol-

ding more or less 300 m3 of water.The water can be used for vari-

ous purposes. In this village it is

used for irrigation. Water is avai-

lable not only during rainy season

but also during dry monsoon, so

that various problems related to

water for agriculture can be resol-

ved.

This retention technique can al-

so be used effectively to reduce ve-

locity of surface runoff, reduce

amount of flowing water and hold

it for future use.

The technology is recommend-

able for application in Puncak area

to hold ronoff velocity and reduce

the amount of flowing water. In va-

rious regions dryland farming with

water deficit can be improved with

this technology. And the invest-

ment is not as big as a dam con-

struction.

Thousands of small reservoirs li-

ke this can be constructed alongthe Ciliwung river and other rivers

from upper to downstream areas.

If it is done, the impact may be ex-

traordinary. Drought and flood pro-

blems can be resolved simultane-

ously. MJ

'Rain Harvest'

la Gunung Kidul

HEADLINES


12/56

What does regional develop-ment currently look like?Regional development vision is now

part of national development paradigm.

The new paradigm reflected in the Law

No 32 on Regional Government is that

most of government authorities are now

delegated to the regional government.

By so doing the regions have a bigger

opportunity especially in development

planning and implementation to impro-

ve welfare of the community and to pro-

vide the best services. Therefore the ini-

tiative, creativity must grow from the

region. Therefore the paradigm for

regional development is now converted

into developing region. Developing re-

gion implies that the region takes the

initiative in planning what is neededand what to do to develop the region on

its own in order to bring welfare to the

population. That is the essence of the

current development paradigm.

Have the regions adopted the

paradigm?

They should have. Most of the regi-

ons have been playing according to it.

They have taken care of themselves

pretty well. Everyone seems to know

what he is doing. As we know Law No.

32 is a new law, effective only in 2004.

But previously Law No. 22 of 1999 has

provisioned the authority. Since the go-

vernment reform i.e. since rescinsion of

Law No. 574 to be replaced by Law No.

22 the process has been continuing.

Since Law No 22 seven years ago the au-

thority has been delegated to the heads

of the region except those that must be

absolutely vested on the central govern-

ment. The regions are already playing

within that rule now. The issue is to

herd them to reconcile their vision and

mission with the ones developed byIn-

donesia Bersatu (United Indonesia) ca-binet. This is actually the subsystem of

national development. That is the area

we must deal with.

What is the problem why the

regions do not proceed quite in

line with the central?

This is closely related with the

capacity of the regions to read the

national and provincial vision and mis-

sion. The national vision should trans-

late itself into provincial vision. Provin-

cial vision then goes down to kabupa-

ten/kota vision. So, if all the vision hit

the target, we can expect national and

provincial vision and mission is also

developed. But, many regions do not

have the capacity to find the linkages

with the provincial and national vision.

As a result, tha region may have done a

lot of things but still miss the direction.

They argue it by saying, "we are an au-

tonomous region". Yes. You are auto-

nomous but you are bound within Unity

Nation framework. Regional objective

is set in the framework of national ob-

jectives. That is the system that we

must build.

Does it mean the regions main-

tain their own egoism?

Yes. For the reason of autonomy

and resources management, social poli-

tic progress, and for the reason that the

regional vision and mission is largely

determined by the vision and mission of

the elected Bupati. It is the Bupati's vi-

sion and mission that is translated into

Medium Term Regional Development

Plan (RJMPD). Some of the elected Bu-

pati hardly understand the regional po-

tential as a wholesome. The approach is

based more on how you choose me. The

knowledge about the kabupaten/kota it-self is weak because most of them are

outsider, coming from some other place.

However, as a beginning this is still an

acceptable condition. In the future, a

bupati candidate must fully knowledge-

able about his region, otherwise it'd be

difficult for him to plan a development.

You could imagine someone born and

INTERVIEW


H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Development) Dept. Home Affairs

Allocate Budget of Water Supply for Village!

Since the beginning of regional autonomy, the development

chorus was transferred to the regions. Using the existing resources

each region owns, they are competing among each other.

Sometimes, as they are busy with their own activities they have for-

gotten to adjust their development vision and mission to that of the

national vision. As a result, each development proceeds as one

wishes.

The consequence of the practice is that the development does

not go in the national direction. Sectors that sould be treated as

common priority are neglected simply because they have no direct

contribution to the regional revenue. This condition does not benefit the communities, rather this is only for

the satisfaction of the head of the region. WSS sector is one of the victims. Regional government's attention

is in want. How could this happen? To answer this, Percik interviewed the Director General for Regioonal

Development. The following are the excerpts:

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO


13/56

brought up in Jakarta should become a

Bupati in Tulungagung, what does he

know about the region except from writ-

ten documents, figures, etc. This is not

enough if he doesn't know the people,the community and their actual conditi-

on. From there his vision is born. The

people elect him and he wins the office.

That is then translated into RJMPD.

Whether this is suitable, we do not know

yet. Whether he reconciles it with the

provincial vision? Quite unlikely. That

is where the discrepancy comes from.

What should regional vision

and mission look like in order to

be sustainable?

First, it must be part of the national

vision and mission. Though some spe-

cific characteristics may appear ac-

cording the regional condition. Say for

instance, for a coastal region, the vision

is closely related to sea coast. But it

must in tune with the national vision i.e

poverty reduction. In the past there

used to be a national development plan-

ning system. Actually this mechanism is

still applicable. We have the so-called

rakorbang (development coordination

meeting). Bottom up, beginning from

village level, then to kecamatan, to ka-

bupaten, province. Vision development

must learn from this mechanism.

Otherwise, it would be difficult to make

the linkage.

What does Bangda do to make

the regions proceed towards the

expected direction?

We are still preparing a government

regulation on regional development

planning. We hope that through thebottom up principle all the stakeholders

will be involved. Beginning from village

level development plan, then kecamaan,

kabupaten/kota, province, up to natio-

nal level. A village may have its own vi-

sion. But there are activities of the vil-

lage that are part of kecamatan pro-

gram, and so forth. Prior to that we

issued a Home Minister circular letter.

The regional demand for such a plan-

ning must be responded, but it would

take a long time for issuance of a gov-

ernment regulation, therefore for the

time being we issued the Min of Home

Affairs circular letter on Regional

Medium Term Development Plan.

Therefore the Bupati's vision and mis-

sion must be tied with regional govern-

ment regulation, in order that he does

not forget to fulfill his promises he made

when campaigning for office. This is to

provide the population with a control

mechanism should the bupati try to

evade from his promises. The people

then may say "Bupati is going against

Regional Government Regulation".

Does it mean that so far there is

no hierarchial tie?

Not yet. We hope it is decreed in a

government regulation. If possible,

pursuant to Law No. 32.

Doesn't it imply limiting the

regions' room for maneuver?

Not really. Look here. What the re-

gions choose for vision and mision are

the bases for policy formulation. They

developed their vison and mision based

on data. Not simply on imagination.

Based on research conclusion. There-

fore it is impossible to impose limitation

if they have ample data and sufficient

knowledge about their own region.

Let us move to WSS sector.

What's your opinion on the re-

gions' care to this this matter?

The awareness to clean water supply

of the communities must be improved.

We have a WSS program with specific

emphasis on demand for clean water. It

is even planned that by 2015 eighty per-

cent of our people must consume clean

water supply. The problem of today is

our people of the regions drink whatever

water is available. If water looks clear

they take it as clean. In reality it is not

always the case. That's why we need to

build awareness to clean and hygienic

water. Secondly, townspeople are a lit-

tle luckier, because they have PDAM.

The problem is that most PDAM are

poorly managed so that 80 percent of

them are operating in red. What about

that? Clean water is vital to us but whenit's contaminated it will become the so-

urce of various diseases. In dry season

like this everywhere people are crying

for water. What's the regional go-

vernment's preparation to cope with the

problem? I had a chance to take a look

at a draft regional budget, the regions

depend too heavily on PDAM. But

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Parliament has to adjust local vision with national vision.


14/56

PDAMs are only in capital cities. The

kecamatans are overlooked. That's why

Bangda in cooperation with CARE and

WASPOLA try to fulfill the demand.

There are more people living outside thekabupaten capital cities. They take wa-

ter from pit wells, or rivers, which they

have only very little knowledge about.

That's why a little bit brackish, never

mind. They don't know that in the long

run it will be dangerous to health.

What about the awareness of

the regional government?

In general the regions are aware that

clean water is in demand. That's why they

depend their hope on PDAM. But PDAM

can only cover townspeople. They should

provide regional budget (APBD) for water

supply at kecamatan, village levels, and

population concentration areas. This is

the part of foreign assistance for helping

the people of the rural areas.

But the fact is the most regions

provide very little budget, doesn't

it mean low priority?

Exactly. It is not a priority. What is

prioritized is physical construction, in-

frastructure. As if water will emerge by

itself. We have to admit that everybody

drinks, no one dies of dehydration. But the

question is whether the water is worth

drinking. That's what we have to find out.

Is there any effort from central

government to make the regions

prioritize this?

Our effort is to develop cooperation

with donor countries because speaking

of water supply implies a big invest-

ment, but it touches the needs of the ge-neral public. Together with Bappenas,

Public Works, Health we implement

WASPOLA and WSLIC to push esta-

blishment of water supply provision. But

this is limited both in terms of charac-

teristics and coverage area. We hope the

regions would take note on it and follow

the idea. I think for many Pemdas (re-

gional governments) the awareness

about the importance of water supply is

somewhat neglected. What we can do is

to provide them with examples. WSLIC

is an exemplary project on how to ma-nage water supply and environmental

sanitation.

That means that some regions'

budget is limited?

Yes, it is.

Is it possible to push the re-

gions to become self reliant?

This is how it stands. This is a pro-

blem of perception. As if drinking water

is easily accessible by everyone. You

know. The common people of the re-

gion already consume bottled water.

There is even a Bupati who has a bottled

water producing company knowing that

ther's a limited supply from outside.

The Bupati's wife runs the water bot-

tling enterprise. But that's not the solu-

tion. Because the people's buying capa-

city is low, the demand for water for do-

mestic consumption is countinuous and

increasing, the solution is not through

bottled water. The solution is through

exploring a water source and process

the water to be worthy of use. This can

be done through a program and is sup-

ported with sufficient regional budget.

Do we need a regulation to

maintain our own environment?

Certainly. Because water is closelyrelated to environment, especially fo-

rest, therefore the signal is getting clear-

er today. It is not only necessary, it is al-

ready in action. Especially in forest cle-

aring, we strictly forbid it. On the other

hand, our demand for wood is very high.

And we do not have alternative, if not

wood then what? Now we in Bangda are

preparing a policy to minimize wood

consumption. The solution is utilization

of light steel for construction. I was the

Governor of Sulawesi Barat, and that

has started over there. In spite of there

is abundant wood in the area. If you

need wood you just cut one tree. But

that means a disturbance, no matter

how insignificant it seems. There must

be a policy. Otherwise men will always

need wood though it is prohibited.

That's the beginning of illegal logging.

As for with light steel there are not many

who are familiar with this kind of stuff.

Whereas it is quakeproof and white ants

free. Therefore for water protection,

one of the methods is forest protection.

Forest is significantly influential to

hydrological cycle. MJ

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Uncontrolled and illegal logging is devastating water resources sustainability.


15/56

Waste material tragedy keeps

on haunting our waste ma-

nagement in Indonesia. Last

year, death toll count to scores of people

buried under by the toppling down of

TPA (final disposal site) Lewigajah, near

Bandung. Last month, shortly before

daybreak of 8 September it was the time

for TPA Bantar Gebang, Bekasi to take

the live of 5 people and wounded several

others.

Both tragedies evolved from diffe-

rent backgrounds. At Lewigajah, the ex-

panse waste field slid downhill burying

the low lying settlement along the path.

While in Bantar Gebang the top of 20 m

high waste mound collapsed burying

scavengers who were then operating at

the base of the mound.

Some people put the blame on PT.

Patriot Bangkit Bekasi (PBB), the TPA

Bantar Gebang management. The com-

pany that is operating on contract with

DKI (Special Province) Jakarta is consi-

dered incapable of managing the 108 ha

waste dumping area. The company is

blamed for operating in disregard of the

SOP. Pursuant to provisions of the con-

tract the area must be treated with sani-

tary landfill, but the real fact indicates it

is not more than open dumping. On the

other hand, the Governor of DKI Ja-

karta, Sutiyoso, blamed the scavengers

who unscropulously entered the dangerzone of the waste disposal area. Critics

and counter critics were flowing to and

fro for some time. Up to now there is no

acceptable solution how this matter

should be handled.

Apart from it, TPA Bantar Gebang

that is divided into 5 zones is heavily

burdened. Based on the previous agree-

ment, the TPA that started operation in

1992 should be closed down in Decem-

ber 2003. But the plan did not work.

The contract was extended based on a

consclusion and recommendation if an

independent consultant. Monev con-

ducted by the independent consultant in

collabotation with Jakarta Cleaning

Agency, Human Resources and Envi-

ronment Research Centre University of

Indonesia and Development and En-

vironment Study Centre Islamic Univer-

sity "45" Bekasi concluded "assuming

the amount of waste that enters TPA

Bantar Gebang is in accordance with

that of 2003 condition (i.e 20.000 m3

daily) and is decreasing due to the ope-

ration of new TPAs in several other pla-

ces and with reference to Cleaning

Agency data of 2003 (14.000 m3 per

day); the decrease in amount of waste in

the TPA from decomposition and com-

paction (50%) and reduction by sca-

vengers. Based on the height of the mo-

und in 2003 and for height variation

between 12 to 15 metres, TPA Bantar

Gebang can still be used for 417-1.015

days.

On the other hand DKI Jakarta Cle-

aning Agency cannot release the TPA

just like that. It is because DKI does not

have a replacement. The plan to build

an integrated waste management facili-

ty (TPST) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kela-

panunggal, Bogor does not work

because of the local community's reject-

ion. Like it or not, TPA Bantar Gebang

is still the only hope. Certainly DKI

doesn't want the tragedy like the one in

Bandung to happen here.

Once there was a rumour that the

TPA was going to be enlarged. There is

a 2,3 ha piece of land that might be

used. But the plan met a bih constraint.

TELESCOPE


It's all wrong with

BANTAR GEBANG

SOURCE:BAGONG S

Scavengers are fighting over the wastes around loaders.


16/56

There are so many go-betweeners roam-

ing around so that the land price

jumped too high much above the tax-

able price. Should the TPA be enlarged,

the capacity will remain insufficient toreceive 6.000 tons of waste that comes

incessantly every day.

In 2004 the Centre for Study and

Development of Environmental Tech-

nology (BPPT) made a study on the

possibility for rehabilitation of TPA

Bantar Gebang. The study concludes,

the TPA can still be rehabilitated into an

environmentally friendly and can be

used continuously. The organic matter

content underneath the pile can be

mined for reclamation of critical lands

or ex mining areas.

Up to now there is no concrete acti-

on to handle TPA Bantar Gebang. Eve-

rything seems to run as usual, despite

the death tolls. "This is because TPA

Bantar Gebang is an arena to make mo-

ney. Everyone is competing for money

here," says Bagong Sutoyo, Chairman of

NGO Coalition for National Waste Ma-

nagement. He tells a story about the

smell of politic in this largest TPA. Big

political parties lend their hands to de-

termine its existence. Not counting still,

exploitation and hoodlum practices that

may not be less cruel.

Bagong was one the Coordinator of

Working Group for Handling TPA Ban-

tar Gebang revealed that money politics

that makes the TPA management deter-

rent. "The Rp 120 thousand monthly

management fee is pressured from eve-

ry side. Everyone wants a share. As a

result the money that should be used for

waste management is spent unnecessa-

rily for non technical expenses. TheTPA operation is thickly clad with hood-

lum and corruption and nepotism prac-

tices," he concludes

Still according to him, the appoint-

ment of PT PBB is inseparable from the

practices. The company should termi-

nate its contract in July 2006. Only God

knows that it is extended two times each

for six months. Whereas, everyone is

aware that PBB's capacity is question-

able. No one knows of its working capi-

tal, whether it has or none at all. PBB

does not apply any hi tech waste treat-

ment facility. Speaking about its human

resources, no one knows if this company

hires anyone with acceptable knowledge

on waste management. Bagong can only

wonder why such a company is appoint-

ed to manage TPA Bantar Gebang.

"Whether DKI does not have a better

business partner?" he says while adding

that KKN (corruption, collusion and ne-

potism) practice was behind the ap-

pointment.

In addition, he added further up to

now there is no tripartite agreement in-

volving the DKI Regional Government,

Bekasi Municipal Government and pri-vate sector. The only agreement is bet-

ween DKI and Bekasi Munipal Govern-

ment. It is the dark relationship that

causes the TPA management looks like

it is now.

Bagong suggests that it is high time

for DKI to request support from the cen-

tral government such as BPPT, Dept of

Public Works, Ministry of Environment,

and Bappenas to help them in the TPA

management. According to him the

TPA needs mining for organic matter a

useful input for farming.In the long run he suggests that DKI

applies 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) prin-

ciple right from the source of the waste.

Composting can also be undertaken in

the waste source area. This is important

considering that 44,63 percent of DKI

waste consists of organic material. "If

this works as expected, TPA will only

deal with the remainder. And that

means the lesser amount," says Bagong.

In a different occasion, the head of

Jakarta Cleaning Agency, Rama Budi

said that the problem related to waste

handling is not only from technical

aspect. The non technical aspect is even

bigger. He is aware that the technical

age of TPA Bantar Gebang is coming to

an end. That is why DKI Jakarta has

completed a reassessment of the Solid

Waste Management Master Plan com-

piled by JICA in 1987. The review con-

cluded a new DKI Jakarta Waste Mana-

gement action plan for the next 10 years

(2005-2015).

The action plan has taken into con-

sideration all the influencing factors in

waste management including institu-

tional, legal and financial aspects. The

approach and strategy includes redu-

cing and reuse as much as possible

waste before transporting it to TPA;

sorting; development of waste manage-

ment facilities in various locations and

waste management zones; application

of hi tech waste processing; exploration

of opportunity for inter-regional and

private sector cooperation; and chang-ing the community paradigm that waste

is actually an economic resource. This

strategy includes decentralization, ap-

plication of hi tech and inter-regional

cooperation. If this works, the burden

borne by TPA Bantar Gebang will be

much lighter. The question remains,

when? MJ

TELESCOPE


In 2004 the Centre for

Study and Development of

Environmental Technology(BPPT) once made a study

on the possibility for reha-

bilitation of TPA Bantar

Gebang in 2004. The

study concludes, the TPA

can still be rehabilitated

into an environmentally

friendly and can be used

continuously.


17/56

The tragedy of Jakarta's TPA (final

disposal site) at Bantar Gebang

on Friday 8 September 2005

killing 5 people and wounded 3 others is

an indication how bad is waste manage-

ment. Within the last two months there

were 4 accidents involving waste materi-

al toppling down in the TPA. Yet, the

management never learns from the dark

history. The old habit continues.

It is indeed not easy to change a

waste management system and prac-

tices habit that have been going on for

decades in Jakarta and also Indonesia

for that matter. The policy and manage-

ment approach followed by Jakarta is

strictly top-down, it is only the govern-

ment that takes care the waste and is

implemented under a strictly closed sys-

tem. This old time approach creates a

lot of problems.

The underlying ground upon which

waste management of Jakarta operates

is the master plan 1987-2005 developed

by JICA covering (1) collection such as

door to door service, LPS system

(garbage cart), street sweeping; (2)

transport (big SPA 2, small SPA 13); (3)

transport by container and compactor;

(4) disposal site, Bantar Gebang for

eastern zone and Ciangir, Tangerang for

western zone. Up to now TPA Ciangir

fails to operate because of objection

from the local community.

The conventional system comprising

collect-transport-dispose is nothing buta problem moving routine. The waste

from Jakarta is continuously dumped to

form a hill in Bantar Gebang. By July

2006 all the 5 zones of TPA Bantar

Gebang are already full, the TPA should

have been closed at the end of December

2003. More than 27.996 m3 or 6.000

tons of waste material a day is dumped

in Bantar Gebang, consisting 55,37 per-

cent organic and 44,63 percent inorga-

nic material. The waste is produced by

more than 10 million Jakarta popula-

tion.

After the Ciangir failure, and to

overcome the over satuaration of Bantar

Gebang, the government of DKI Jakarta

developed an integrated waste manage-

ment system (TPST) at Bojong,

Kelapanunggal Bogor, initiated in 2001.

But TPST Bojong is also rejected by the

local community. There are a number of

reasons for the rejection, beginning

from public lies up to incompliance with

the spatial planning. From the manage-

ment side, on the other hand, it is said

that the TPST will apply the most mo-

dern waste processing technology (balla

press) in Indonesia, capable of absorb-

ing 1.500 tons of Jakarta waste daily.

Up to now TPA Bantar Gebang is the

only hope for Jakarta at least within the

next 2-3 years. The problem is TPA

Bantar Gebang is managed in disregard

of basic technical consideration, which

naturally results in environmental (air,

ground and water) pollution. As an

example, the overflowing leachate takes

its way 15 km dowstream sending pollu-

tants to Kali Assem, Regency Housing,

Dukuh Zamrud/Kota Legenda, Duta

harapan, and so forth. The leachate as

pollutes rice fields that causes produc-

tivity drops drastically from year to

year. The pollution is worse in TPA

Sumur Batu because of an even poorer

management.

The pollutants directly influence

water quality in the wells of the commu-

nity, making it not worthy for drinking

TELESCOPE

Percik October 2006

DKI Jakarta Waste Management

Master Plan Review

GRAFIK TIMBULAN SAMPAH DI DKI JAKARTA TAHUN 2005(6.000 ton/Hari)

Pemukiman

Pasar

Sekolah

Perkantoran

Industri

Lain-lain

Pemukiman3.178 (52.97%)

Pasar240 (4%)

Sekolah319 (5.32%)

Perkantoran1.641 (27.35%)

Industri538 (8.97%)

Lain-lain84 (1.4%)

Jakarta Pusat : 5.280 m3

Jakarta Utara : 4.408 m3

Jakarta Barat : 6.000 m3

Jakarta Selatan : 6.218 m3

Jakarta Timur : 6.060 m3

Jumlah : 27.966 m3

1. Organik : 55,37 %

2. An Organik. : 44,63 %

2.1. Kertas : 20,57 %

2.2. Plastik : 13,25 %

2.3. Kayu : 0,07 %

2.4. Kain/Trkstil : 0,61 %

2.5. Karet/Kul it T iruan : 0,19 %

2.6. Logam/Metal : 1,06 %

2.7. Gelas/Kaca : 1,91 %

2.8. Sampah Bongkaran : 0,81 %

2.9. Sampah B3 : 1,52 %

2.10 Lain-lain (batu,pasir,dll) : 4,65 %

KOMPOSISI SAMPAH

VOLUME SAMPAH :

Sumber : WJEMP 2005

By: Bagong Suyoto*)

15

Graphic of Waste Accumulation of DKI Jakarta in 2005(6.000 tonnes/day)

Residential

Residential

WASTE COMPOSITION:

Market Place

MarketPlace

Offices

School

School

Offices

Industry

Industry Others

Others

1. Organic

2. Inorganic:

2.1. Paper

2.2. Plastic

2.3. Wood

2.4. Textile

2.5. Rubber/Artificial Leather

2.6. Metal

2.7. Wreckage

2.8. Dangerous

2.9.Poisonous Stuff

2.10.Others (sand, gravel, etc.)

QUANTITY OF WASTE

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Source: WJEMP 12005


18/56

any more. Now the population has to

depend on mineral water and artesian

well. It is quite unfortunate, the services

of artesian well cannot meet the

demand of all population around the

TPA, such as the communities ofCikiwul, Ciketing Udik, and Sumur Batu

all belonging to Kecamatan Gebang, and

the village of Taman Rahayu of

Kecamatan Setu. The wells of the com-

munity are contaminated by faecal bac-

teria (E. coli) and heavy metal. Most

waste dumped in the TPA is a mixture of

organic, inorganic and waste containing

dangerous and poisonous substances.

Most unfortunate of all are the sca-

vengers who have to consume and fulfill

their daily needs with whatever water is

available and quite possibly taken from

the polluted source.

Another problem is related to com-

munity health. Several diseases such as

repiratory tract, skin allergy, pneumo-

nia, asma, anaemia, and others become

common to the population. The health

disturbances are caused by smoke pro-

duced from burning the waste, dust

spreading from the waste, and the

stench blown by the wind, and so on.

Another related issue is the increas-

ing cases of social conflict (verical as

well as horizontal), corruption, collu-

sion and nepotic practices, vandalistic

and criminalism. Avariety of verted

interests are growing beginning from

the government of Jakarta, the munici-

pality of Belasi, regional people repre-

sentaives, political parties, mass organi-zations, NGOs, middlemen, scavengers,

and finally the local population living in

the vicinity. This is becoming obvious

and more intense when the MoU for

Bantar Gebang operation will end each

year. Waste material does finally fall

into political current, and indeed, waste

is now a political commodity. Poor

waste material management will

become a storage house of exploitation,

especially so since the TPA is located on

someone else's land.

Review Master Plan

To deal with various problems related

to waste management in Jakarta we need

to review the master plan 1987. Review for

the next 10 years (2005-2015) is made to

Solid Waste Management for Jakarta:

Master Plan Review and Program Deve-

lopment, part of Western Java Environ-

mental Management Project (WJEMP-

IBRD Loan 4612-IND/IDA Credit 3519-

IND). The most important part of WJEMP

is Jabodetabek Waste Management

Corporation (JWMC) i.e establishment

of regional TPA, planned for Nambo,

Bogor. Taking a lesson from experience

up to now DKI Jakarta must change its

paradigm, into a new era in waste ma-

nagement.

As a national capital, Jakarta metro-politan is burdened with various addi-

tional problems, such as population

growth and urbanization, ever increas-

ing economic activity and modernized

development. While the increasingly

consumptive habit of the population is

difficult to decelerate, including the use

of environmentally insensitive plastic

bags. This implies a growing amount

and variety of waste production.

Learning from experience of the past

and the subsequent problems, it's time-

ly for waste management of Jakarta to

shift to environmentally friendly mo-

dern technologies.

The approach and strategy will be

based on the recommendation of the

master plan review, namely decentrali-

zation, enviromentally sensitive, multi-

ple technologies, regulator/operator

arrangement, role of public sector and

the community, separation for the

application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recy-

cle), inter-regional cooperation, pay as

you throw. The immediate objective is

to prevent, while in the long run (2) it

will exercise an effective, efficient, envi-

ronmentally sensitive and modern tech-

nology based waste management; (2)

establishment of synergy among public

sector, business sector, and community;

(3) realization of waste as resource.

Sources of fund are regional budget, WB

APL-2, grant, and possibly from CDM.

The regional government of Jakarta

will develop 4 TPSTs in indoor areas, in

Duri Kosambi of Jakarta Barat,Marunda in Jakarta Utara, Pulogebang

in Jakarta Timur and Ragunan in Jakar-

ta Selatan. In essence the waste will be

managed right from its source (separa-

tion), transport to temporary station,

and finally transport to TPST. Waste

material will be processed into compost,

and the usable materials will be recycled

TELESCOPE

Percik October 2006

SOURCE: BAGONG S

16


19/56

or converted into energy (waste to ener-

gy). The Jakarta regional government is

exploring MoU with several companies,

domestic as well as foreign. From fo-

reign countries we may cite Kepple-Seghers of Singapore, and a Canadian

company.

In a report "Potential Project

Portfolio for Clean Development

Mechanism in India and Indonesia"

(March 2006) two areas will have

Canadian support, they are waste to

energy through incineration at Duri

Kosambi, Jakarta Barat and mechanical

composting and manual sorting by Wira

Gulfindo Sarana in Jakarta Utara -two

waste management projects to obtain

CDM facilitation. As for TPA Bantar

Gebang, a Japanese company (Kajima)

will also process waste into electricity.

Later GTZ and BaliFokus are making a

study to determine how big the project

will be given CDM facilitation.

Accompanied by representaives from

Bappenas, Ministry of Environment and

NGO Coalition for Nattional Waste they

visited Bantar Gebang in April 2006.

Main Key

Based on experience, no matter how

sophisticated the technology used for

waste processing is, it will end in a fail-

ure unless it is supported by the com-

munity. The community, including the

families living in the vicinity of

TPA/TPST, the womanfolks, the sca-

vengers and informal sector should be

invited in the design of a waste process-

ing facility, its implement-ation, moni-

toring and regular assessment.

The master plan can be put into

implementation successfully if it adoptsand elaborates the Recommendation of

Seminar Workshop on Jakarta Waste

Management Action Plan 2005-2015

held at Hotel Millennium Jakarta, 23

November 2005. The seminar

worskhop was conducted by NGO

Coalition for National Waste

Management in collaboration with

Dinas Kebersihan (Cleaning Agency)

Jakarta. Three points of recommenda-

tion, i.e (1) conducting a total review on

stakeholders' involvement, and also

community empowerment in wastemanagement, (2) provision of alterna-

tives review of the technology choice.

The technology choice must be stressed

on environmental sensitivity, economiz-

ing natural resources use, health pro-

tecting, and stimulate community wel-

fare improvement.

This effort should be complemented

with separation between regulator,

operator and supervisor function. All

this must be stipulated in a specific law

on wastes that is later elaborated further

into central and regional government

regulations.

Up to now there is now law specifi-

cally on wastes, according to informa-

tion, the draft of the wastes law is under

review in the Dept. of Justice and Law.

It has not reached the stage of national

legislation program. For our purpose it

should be recommended that the review

process be accelerated by a Presidential

decree for the draft be included in the

national legislation program and finally

into DPR agenda. The law is being

expected eagerly.

The various waste management

related problems such as TPA BantarGebang, TPST Bojong, the Bandung sea

of waste have contributed to the deve-

lopment of poor stigma and smeared

black colour to waste management in

Indonesia. The Ministry of

Environment estimates that what hap-

pened in Bandung may also happen in

some other place. If someday TPA

Bantar Gebang definitely came to an

end, and at that time Jakarta weren't

ready with the implementation of the

master plan the danger will be several

times bigger than the toppled hill of

Lewigajah in Bandung. This is because

waste producion in Jakarta is much big-

ger than in Bandung. To prevent such a

frightening danger DKI must take an

immediate, concrete, planned and com-

prehensive step from now.

*) Chairman of NGO Coalition

for National Solid Waste,

Local Board Chairman of

WALHI Jakarta.

TELESCOPE


SOURCE: BAGONG S


20/56

The twenty first century begins

with a condition in which many

aspects of basic human devel-

opment are undone, among others

access to drinking water, especially for

the population living in urban slums. It

is generally known that access to drink-

ing water is a resource or basic capital to

living. Access to drinking water is one of

the components in poverty classification

(Howard, 2004). Failure in water sup-

ply provision will affect all groups of the

community. But, the biggest impact of

all is to the poor urban group that it be-

comes harder for them to get out of the

poverty cycle.

There are several factors that contri-

bute to the difficulty of the poor to

access water supply, as the following:

a. The land on which they are living

does not belong to them.In urban areas, water supply pro-

vider does not cater the demand of

illegitimate settlers, for reason that

it might be considered as legitima-

tion of settlers living on that parti-

cular area. In spite of the national

policy mentioning that water is the

right for everyone, in practice it

does not work for illegitimate set-

tlers.

b. Limited capacity of the poor tomake cash down payment for ser-

vice connection.

The limitation to make down pay-

ment will result in that the poor will

never have a piped water service.

The price of piped water service is

far cheaper than the water vendor,

but it is quite expensive to have a

connection pipe installed (McIn-

tosh, A.C., 2003)

c. When the responsibility of water

supply is relinquished to the pri-

vate sector, the demand of the poor

is not an intention.

Water supply provider is not

interested in providing access to

poor families because of their low

consumption level and they cannot

affort to make a cash down payment

for laying down the connection net-

work. Furthermore, frequently they

are living in illegitimate area.

d. Some of the decision makers consi-

der that the poor are unable

and/or unwilling to pay.

The poor are considered unable to

pay. However, on some specific

days such as when it is close to ge-

neral election the poor are given

special attention with promise they

would be improvement in environ-

mental condition and water supply

for free.

e. The area is too far from a piping

network

When the poor live in slum areas, or

too far from a piping network,

access to water supply is limited.

Lack of water supply and sanitation

facility affects poverty in four di-

mensions, namely (i) health, (ii) educa-

tion, (iii) gender, and (iv) income and

consumption (Bosch, Homann, Sadoff

and Travers, 2000). This is illustrated

INSIGHT

Percik October 2006

Water Supply Development

and PovertyBy: Oswar Mungkasa*)

Kesehatan

Pendidikan

Pendapatan/

Konsumsi

- Penyakit terkait air dan sanitasi

-Malnutrisi karena diare-Berkurangnya usia harapan hidup

- Tingkat kehadiran berkurangkarena sakit, atau antri air

- Tingginya proporsi pengeluaranuntuk air

-Berkurangnya potensi penda-patan karena sakit, berkurangnyakesempatan kerja yang

memerlukan ketersediaan air.

Dimensi

Kemiskinan

Dampak Utama

Kekura-

nganAirMinum

dan

Sanitasi

Chart 1THE EFFECT OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO THE VARIOUS

POVERTY DIMENSIONS

Source Bosch dkk (2000)

18

Lack of

watersupply

and

sanitation

Poverty dimension

Health

Education

Income/

Consumption

Major Impact

water and sanitation related diseases

malnutrition due to diarrhoea

Shorter life expectancy

less school presence due to illness

or queueing for water

Bigger expenditure for water

Less income potential due to illness,

less job vacancies where water is

needed


21/56

more clearly in Chart 1 below.

Should the poor have no access to

water supply, it is the urban poor who

will bear most of the consequences,

among others (Johnstone and Wood,

1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi-

ture by those who have no access, (ii) lo-

wer water consumption, and (iii) bigger

health burden and extra cost due to loss

of productivity. It will be discussed in

more detail below.

Should the poor have no access to

water supply, it is the urban poor who

will bear most of the consequences,

among others (Johnstone and Wood,

1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi-ture by those who have no access, (ii)

lower water consum

drought and floods in indonesia. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. october 2006

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