drought and supply diversification - san francisco public...

Drought and Supply Diversification

© 2014 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Outline

Who is WRF?

IWRM or “One Water”

Past & On-going Efforts to Support One Water

Present One Water Projects

Drought Related Work


WRF Mission

To advance the science of water to improve the quality of life


Sponsor research funded primarily by drinking water utilities ~1,000 subscribers

Promote collaboration

Produce knowledge

world’s most extensive drinking water knowledge source

What does WRF do?


IWRM or “One Water”

Water from all sources must be managed holistically and cooperatively to meet economic, social, and environmental needs.


Support for IWRM

Institutional Challenges Graywater reuse

Potable Reuse WRF Research Focus Areas Water Supply Diversification Knowledge Portal


Institutional issues for "One Water" management

• Collaboration between WRF, WERF, and Water Research Australia


10-20 “snapshot” examples from energy and urban planning Detailed case studies illustrate transition to “one water” emphasis

— internal drivers/approaches that led to successful transition

— external institutional drivers/incentives that created the change

— constraints and challenges in making the transition

— benefits of adopting a “One Water” approach

Institutional Issues Case studies


Beneficial Reuse of Graywater and Stormwater

• National Research Council

• Key Issues —Quantity and Suitability —Treatment and Storage —Assessing Risks —Assessing Costs and Benefits —Implementation

• Publication in 2015

NRC 2012

Project 4521


Blueprint for Onsite Water Systems - A Step-by-Step Guide for Developing a Local Program to Manage Onsite

Water Systems

• Convene a Working Group • Select the Types of Alternate Water

Sources • Identify End Uses • Develop Water Quality Standards • Identify and Supplement Local Building

Practices • Develop Monitoring and Reporting

Requirements • Prepare an Operating Permitting Process • Develop Guidelines and Implement the

Program • Monitor and Evaluate the Program • Grow the Program

10 Steps for Developing a Local Program


Assessment of Techniques for Evaluating and Demonstrating Safety of DPR Product Water (4508) Blending Requirements for Water from DPR Treatment Facilities (4536) Collaboration with WateReuse DPR Initiative

Potable Reuse


WRF Project #4508 - Assessment of Techniques for Evaluating and

Demonstrating Safety of Direct Potable Reuse Product Water

• Identify key criteria for water providers and regulators

to assess the safety of DPR water

• Identify techniques and methodologies to assess DPR water safety

• Evaluate DPR treatment train effectiveness


WRF Project #4536 - Blending Requirements for Water from Direct Potable Reuse

Treatment Facilities

• Develop requirements and guidelines for integrating potable reuse water with existing water supplies to meet water quality and operational performance goals.

—Evaluate and Demonstrate Blending Impacts —Evaluate Benefits of Engineered Storage Buffer —Develop Conditioning Strategies


Published in 2013 Provides inventory of dual systems including 37 case studies Describes qualitative performance results

water safety/public health effectiveness in meeting system goals risk/reliability total cost implementation/operations

Project 4333

Dual Water Systems: Characterization and Performance for Distribution of Reclaimed Water


WRF Focus Area Program

• Broadly relevant issues and challenges

• Targeted and sustained research effort

• 60% of our research budget

WRF Research Focus Area Program Holistic Strategies to Manage Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water • By 2015, evaluate and support… “holistic control strategies for managing

contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water.”

NDMA and other Nitrosamines • By 2017… “understand the occurrence, precursor formation, treatment and

control, and fate of nitrosamines…” Finance • By 2017… “determine impacts of utility governance and ownership on

financial sustainability

Integrated Water/Energy Planning • By 2016… “develop strategies for multi-sector, regional, integrated water-

energy planning…”


New Focus Area - Integrated Water Management: Planning for Future Water Supplies

• Utilities are facing water supply challenges

• Drinking water and

public health perspective is needed as part of IWRM discussion


Focus Area Objectives (draft) 1. Institutional and economic issues of using integrated water management as a water supply diversification tool 2. Improve water supply planning to ensure more integrated, resilient and reliable supplies

3. Public health and implementation considerations of nontraditional water sources, such as graywater and stormwater


Water Supply Diversification Knowledge Portal

• Topics include: — Water Supply Planning — Potable Reuse — Managed underground storage — Desalination

• Will include: — Topic overviews — Project directory — Presentations — Fact sheets — Multimedia content

• Finalize Winter of 2014


Drought

Project Information • Funder: NOAA • Proposal: Drought Management under a

Changing Climate: Using Cost-Benefit Analyses to Assist Drinking Water Utilities – Water Research Foundation – Cadmus – National Drought Mitigation Center

• Funding $179K • Jan 2014-Aug 2015

Study Aims

• To provide drinking water utilities with information and guidance on the estimating the costs and benefits of leading practices to get a better sense of system-specific vulnerabilities.

Research Team • Water Research Foundation - Maureen Hodgins • Cadmus

– Dr. Julie Blue, Dr. Richard Krop, Katherine Martel • National Drought Mitigation Center – Advisory role

– Dr. Cody Knutson, Dr. Michael Hayes, Mark Svoboda, Kelly Smith

• Project Advisory Committee – Brian Skeens, CH2M Hill – Taryn Finnessey, Colorado Conservation Water Board – Dave Bracciano, Tampa Bay Water

Study Tasks • Develop cost-benefit framework and white

paper

• Identify drought related costs on utilities and customers (white paper)

• Identify drought related costs on utilities and customers (workshop)

• Feasibility of applying cost-benefit for drought mitigation planning

• Final Report and utility guidance

Frame Work for Evaluating Drought Management Plans

• Compare Annual Costs to Annual Benefits

• Simple Spreadsheet tool

• Support evaluations from a triple bottom line perspective

Example of Impacts and Costs # Participating

Utility Examples of Data To Be Provided

1 Cobb Cty-Marietta Water Authority, GA

Informal surveying of financial impacts of the 2007-2009 drought on local utilities, water quality effects from diminishing supply.

2 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility, NC

Water use restrictions, decreased consumption, drought management plan.

3 Oklahoma City Water, OK Pipe breaks and the higher turbidity from lower lake levels increased residuals generated by water treatment.

4 City of San Diego Public Utilities Dept., CA

Education campaign, No Time to Waste No Water To Waste and drought response plans.

5 Aurora Water, CO New water purification facility, leasing, spot sales, conservation, lost revenue, surcharges, fixed charges, public education and marketing. Comparative data from 2002 and 2012 droughts.

6 Denver Water, CO Impacts to water quality and storage capacity of reservoirs (including wildfires).

7 El Dorado Irrigation District, CA

Drought management plan, include varying water use and costs to set appropriate rates.

Literature Review – Impacts of Drought

• Decreased supply

• Increased demand

• Damage to water infrastructure

• Water quality degradation

• Unreliable utility revenue

Decreased Supply

Avoided Costs

Mean monthly WTP to avoid reductions in water availability (additional $/month in 2001$)

Increased Demand

Region Land Subsidence Estimated Costs (2013$)

Santa Clara Valley 14 feet (1910-1995) $756 million

San Joaquin Valley 28 feet (by 1970) $1.3 billion (1955-1972)

Source: Borchers and Carpenter (2014)

Subsidence resulting from groundwater withdrawals in California Source: USGS (2000)

Impacts to Infrastructure

Source: Gaewski and Blaha (2007)

Direct and societal costs of main breaks

Impacts to Infrastructure

Source: Patton (2013)

33-foot Drop in water level

Impacts to Water Quality

Unreliable Revenue

Hughes and Leurig (2013)

WRF reports Water Quality Impacts Of Extreme Weather-Related Events. WRF 4324. 2014. • Database tool with 46 case studies, 18 tagged with drought. Responding to Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Adaptation Strategies and Information Needs. WRF 4416. 2013. • Very brief 5 case studies. 4 related to drought. Effects of Wildfire on Drinking Water Utilities and Best Practices for Wildfire Risk Reduction and Mitigation. WRF 4482. 2013. Report on the Operational and Economic Impacts of Hurricane Irene on Drinking Water Systems. 2012.

http://www.waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID=4324

http://www.waterrf.org/resources/pages/PublicCaseStudiesList-detail.aspx?ItemID=25




http://www.waterrf.org/resources/pages/PublicSpecialReports-detail.aspx?ItemID=6








Summary

• Prolonged exposures to drought will have multiple impacts to water suppliers

• Developing an analysis that puts costs and benefits in perspective will support effective planning

Thank You

John Albert [email protected]


TAC Composition Organization Type Representatives

Water Utility Marsi Steirer – San Diego, California Bruce Whiteberry - GCWW

State Regulator Robert Mace – Texas Water Development Board Shanin Speas-Frost – FL DEP

Federal Gov’t Rep Bob Bastian – USEPA – Office of Water

Water Associations/ Researchers

Julie Minton – WateReuse Research Foundation Michael Campana – Oregon St/AWRA David Sedlak – ReNuwIt/UC-Berkeley

Drought: Socio-economic impacts

• Agricultural sector • Websites

– U.S. Drought Portal, www.drought.gov – National Drought Mitigation Center,

http://drought.unl.edu/Planning/Impacts.aspx

http://www.drought.gov/

http://drought.unl.edu/Planning/Impacts.aspx

drought and supply diversification - san francisco public...

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