drought and urbanization: water supply challenges of nogales

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Andrea Prichard, University of Arizona Dr. Christopher Scott, U of A Prescott Vandervoet, U of A Dr. Sharon Megdal, U of A DROUGHT AND URBANIZATION: WATER SUPPLY CHALLENGES OF NOGALES, SONORA 1 Arizona Hydrological Society Symposium September 1-4 2010 http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/a-sonoran-desert-community

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Page 1: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Andrea Prichard, University of ArizonaDr. Christopher Scott, U of APrescott Vandervoet, U of ADr. Sharon Megdal, U of A

DROUGHT AND URBANIZATION: WATER SUPPLY CHALLENGES 

OF NOGALES, SONORA

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Arizona Hydrological Society SymposiumSeptember 1-4 2010

http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/a-sonoran-desert-community

Page 2: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Outline

• Local water challenges of Nogales, Son.– Projected rise in demand and decline in supply

– Infrastructure limitations

– Seasonal flooding

– Water quality concerns

• Current approaches to meet these challenges:– Augmentation strategies

– Increased wastewater treatment, infrastructure

– Flood dams, urban planning

– Water quality testing, improved infrastructure 2

Page 3: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Nogales, Sonora

• Upstream of Nogales, Arizona via Nogales Wash

• Several unplanned communities in floodzones• Dependent on groundwater• Demand on Santa Cruz Aquifer exceeds natural recharge in Sonora

Mexican Aquifers in Nogales designated as overexploited

Nogales

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Page 4: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Regional climate change projections include:

• Increased intensity of precipitation events 

• +2 degrees Celsius by 2050

• 5‐15% decline in rainfall by 2050                          (IPCC 2007)

Monsoon

Climate and Precipitation

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Page 5: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

• 47% of water supply imported from the Los Alisos watershed. 

• Sonoran recharge of the Santa Cruz Aquifer not balanced with demand

• Severe drought this decade

• Reduced precipitation projected

• Water demand is growing with the population

Population of Ambos Nogales 1900‐2000  Pick et al 2002

Water Balance

OOMAPAS 20085

Page 6: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_2008_ing/06_agua/cap6_2.html

SONORAARIZONA

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Page 7: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Conservation and Augmentation

• Tandeo implementation

(intermittent water supply)

• Older pipes leak 30‐50%

• Prioritization of water uses

• Water augmentation via    interbasin transfers

Nogales Tandeo Zones OOMAPAS 2008

3hr/day

Variable

24hr/day

http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=248630303072&v=info

Opposition to Tandeo

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Page 8: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Los AlisosAquifer

Santa Cruz Aquifer

Nogales Wash Aquifer   23%

Arizona

Sonora

Nogales, Sonora’s Municipal Water Source

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30%

47%

Page 9: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Water Sources

• Groundwater is pumped from the following aquifers:– 339 lps (7.74 MGD) from Los Alisos (inter‐basin transfer)

– 213 lps (4.86 MGD) from Santa Cruz (binational)– 169 lps (3.86 MGD) from Nogales Wash (recharged in part by leaky pipes)

(Watergy 2008, OOMAPAS 2008, Gomez & Salas 2003)

Water from Los Alisos

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Page 10: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

EFFLUENT

• Excessive wastewater flows from Sonora to the NIWTP

• Los Alisos Wastewater Treatment Plant planned to treat about 40% of Nogales’s sewage. 

• Mexican effluent rights and the Santa Cruz riparian ecosystem

10Morehouse, Carter, and Sprouse 2000

Page 11: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Water Quality • A new Sonoran plant will service 6 colonias that do not have 

coverage. (EPA 2009) • Pollution sources: industrial waste and sewage 

• E. coli, ammonia, chlorine, and dissolved copper exceed surface water quality standards. (March 2009 ADEQ) 

• Infrastructure projects underway: – Wastewater collection system rehabilitation project– Water supply and distribution project– Solid waste projects

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Page 12: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Quality Testing• The maquiladora industry has been a source of volatile compounds, heavy metals, and other pollutants                 

‐ (Rosegrant and Schleyer 1996) 

• In February 2006, an OOMAPAS‐run lab in Nogales was opened to run quality analyses of wastewater.

• Citations and Fines‐ Border 2012, April 2010

http://www.azdeq.gov/obep/download/wateren.pdf

OOMAPAS Water Quality Lab ‘06

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Page 13: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Colonias marginales

• The average salary of Nogales,SON is 1/7 that of Nogales, AZ

• Maquiladoras provide 20% of the city’s employment

• 75% of maquila workers not from Nogales (Varady and Morehouse 2004).

• The 2020 population may double 2000’s population

• Informal communities often develop on the fringes of the city, and lack potable water and sewerage connections 13

Page 14: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Public Utilities and Low‐Income Housing

• Mini‐wastewater treatment facilities• Casas de interes social – low‐income housing• Colonia Colosio potable water extension

Pipa truck refillingNew housing with water tanks

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• Municipal sanitation coverage: 88%• Potable water connections: 85% • 24‐hour coverage: 39%  ‐(OOMAPAS 2006)

• Pipas (water trucks)

Page 15: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Flooding in Nogales, Sonora

•Dangerous

•Property damage

•Infrastructure damage

•Erosion

•Spreads toxins,   garbage, and pathogens

•Impacts Arizona

2008 Flood Damage

15Santa Cruz County Flood Control District

Page 16: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Damaged infrastructure results in sediment clogging of the sewage conveyance.

Photo from IBWC

Overflowing manhole from sewage backup

Damaged stormwater conveyance tunnel

16GNEB City of Nogales 2009

Page 17: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Flood Control

Gabion detention basins recently constructed to reduce peak flow and damage

5 de Febrero detention feature after precipitation event on August 21, 2010

IMIP Nogales17

Page 18: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

The effect of detention basins on                  peak flow in urban environments

Hydrographshttp://serc.carleton.edu/images/introgeo/socratic/examples/Hydrograph.jpg

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Page 19: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Int’l Border

CAPULINES

MAQUILADORAS

CHIMENEAS

Completed gabion dams (green) and proposed dams/detention basins (orange)

7

8

9

1012 11

131514

16 1718

19

201 2

4

53

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IMIP 19ADEQ

Page 20: Drought and Urbanization: Water Supply Challenges of Nogales

Conclusion• Water demand is rising quickly; augmentation comes in the 

form of inter‐basin transfers.

• Current infrastructure projects, when completed, will greatly  reduce leakage, improve quality, and increase coverage.

• Flooding is a costly and dangerous problem each year, and project completion and development coordination are required for mitigation.

• City planners, engineers, and community organizations are working on sustainability measures to address the problems of rapid urbanization of this water‐limited city.

Andrea Prichard ‐[email protected]

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