dr.s nayak1 risk factors for cardiovascular disease cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of...

Dr.S NayakDr.S Nayak 11

Risk Factors for Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of illness and death in the world illness and death in the world

The majority of cases stem from atherosclerosisThe majority of cases stem from atherosclerosis

In coronary heart disease, the arteries to the heart In coronary heart disease, the arteries to the heart muscle (myocardium) are narrowed leads to reduced muscle (myocardium) are narrowed leads to reduced blood supply to the heart can result in chest pain blood supply to the heart can result in chest pain (angina pectoris) or other symptoms, typically (angina pectoris) or other symptoms, typically triggered by physical exertion If a narrowed blood triggered by physical exertion If a narrowed blood vessel is completely blocked by a blood clot, the vessel is completely blocked by a blood clot, the area of the heart just beyond the blockage is denied area of the heart just beyond the blockage is denied oxygen and nourishment, resulting in a heart attack oxygen and nourishment, resulting in a heart attack (MI)(MI)


Ten risk factors help to predict the likelihood of CHD Ten risk factors help to predict the likelihood of CHD areare

1.1. HeredityHeredity

2.2. GenderGender

3.3. Age Age

4.4. Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoking

5.5. High blood pressure High blood pressure

6.6. Diabetes Diabetes

7.7. Obesity Obesity

8.8. Lack of physical activity Lack of physical activity

9.9. Abnormal blood cholesterol Abnormal blood cholesterol

10.10.Homocysteine levelsHomocysteine levels

The more risk factors a person has, the greater the likelihood of The more risk factors a person has, the greater the likelihood of

developing heart disease. Heredity, gender, and age cannot bedeveloping heart disease. Heredity, gender, and age cannot be

modified, but the others can be influenced by the individual's modified, but the others can be influenced by the individual's

behaviorbehavior


Major risk factors [can't be changed]Major risk factors [can't be changed] AgeAge — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary

heart disease are 65 or olderheart disease are 65 or older

GenderGender — Men have a greater risk of heart attack — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in lifethan women do, and they have attacks earlier in life

HeredityHeredity (including (including RaceRace) — Children of parents ) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians and among Mexican Americans, American Indians and some Asian Americans. This is partly due to higher some Asian Americans. This is partly due to higher rates of obesity and diabetes. Most people with a rates of obesity and diabetes. Most people with a strong family history of heart disease have one or strong family history of heart disease have one or more other risk factors.more other risk factors.


Major risk factors [can be modified]Major risk factors [can be modified]Can be modified through treatment or control by Can be modified through treatment or control by changing lifestyle or taking medicinechanging lifestyle or taking medicine

Tobacco smokeTobacco smokeSmokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease.death in patients with coronary heart disease.Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease.

High blood cholesterolHigh blood cholesterol As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. risk increases even more.


Total blood cholesterol is classified by levels:Total blood cholesterol is classified by levels:Desirable: under 200 mg/dL Desirable: under 200 mg/dL 55Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL High risk: 240 mg/dL and above High risk: 240 mg/dL and above

LDL CholesterolLDL Cholesterol Optimal (ideal): Less than 100 mg/dL Optimal (ideal): Less than 100 mg/dL Near optimal/above optimal: 100-129 mg/dL Near optimal/above optimal: 100-129 mg/dL Borderline high: 130-159 mg/dL Borderline high: 130-159 mg/dL High: 160-189 mg/dL (high risk)High: 160-189 mg/dL (high risk)Very high: 190 mg/dL and above (very high risk)Very high: 190 mg/dL and above (very high risk)

HDL CholesterolHDL CholesterolMajor heart disease risk factor: less than 40 mg/dL Major heart disease risk factor: less than 40 mg/dL Protection against heart disease: 60 mg/dL and Protection against heart disease: 60 mg/dL and AboveAbove


High blood pressureHigh blood pressureHigh blood pressure increases the heart's workload, High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and also increases stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.increases several times.Healthy adult [at rest] should have a systolic pressure Healthy adult [at rest] should have a systolic pressure below 120 and a diastolic pressure below 80below 120 and a diastolic pressure below 80

Physical inactivityPhysical inactivityAn inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesitydiabetes and obesity


Obesity and overweightObesity and overweightPeople who have excess body fat — especially People who have excess body fat — especially at the waist are more likely to develop heart at the waist are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. risk factors. Excess weight increases blood pressure and Excess weight increases blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. It makes lowers HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. It makes diabetes more likely to developdiabetes more likely to develop

High HomocysteineHigh HomocysteineThe blood level of homocysteine is 15 The blood level of homocysteine is 15 micromoles/L. micromoles/L. Increased level associated with cardiovascular Increased level associated with cardiovascular diseasedisease


Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus Diabetes increases the risk of developing Diabetes increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. cardiovascular disease. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. The risk will be more if blood sugar is not stroke. The risk will be more if blood sugar is not well controlled. well controlled. About three-quarters of people with diabetes die About three-quarters of people with diabetes die of some form of heart or blood vessel disease. It of some form of heart or blood vessel disease. It is important to work with healthcare provider to is important to work with healthcare provider to manage it and control any other risk factors you manage it and control any other risk factors you can. can.

Other factors contribute to heart disease riskOther factors contribute to heart disease risk StressStress may be a contributing factor. For may be a contributing factor. For

example, people under stress may overeat, start example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would. would.


Too much alcoholToo much alcohol can raise blood pressure, can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, It It can contribute to high triglycerides, It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, contributes to obesity, alcoholism,

Experts say that moderate intake is an average of Experts say that moderate intake is an average of one to two drinks per day for men and one drink one to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women. per day for women.

One drink is defined as 1½ fluid ounces (fl oz) of One drink is defined as 1½ fluid ounces (fl oz) of 80-proof spirits (such as Scotch, vodka, gin, etc.), 80-proof spirits (such as Scotch, vodka, gin, etc.), 1 fl oz of 100-proof spirits, 4 fl oz of wine, or 12 fl 1 fl oz of 100-proof spirits, 4 fl oz of wine, or 12 fl oz of beer. oz of beer. But drinking more than a moderate amount of But drinking more than a moderate amount of alcohol can cause heart-related problems such as alcohol can cause heart-related problems such as high blood pressure, stroke, irregular heartbeats, high blood pressure, stroke, irregular heartbeats, and cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)and cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)

Ref: Essentials of BiochemistryRef: Essentials of Biochemistry

dr.s nayak1 risk factors for cardiovascular disease cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of...

Documents