drug courts. 2 drug courts – the national perspective presentation by the virginia drug treatment...
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Drug Courts
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Drug Courts – The National Perspective
Presentation by the Virginia Drug Treatment Court Advisory Committee:
Planning and Development Sub-committee
June 2008
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Drug Courts – The National Perspective
Do Drug Courts reduce recidivism? Are Drug Courts cost effective? Do Drug Courts reduce substance
abuse and save lives? Where are Drug Courts in the
United States? Who support Drug Courts
nationally?
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Drug Courts Reduce Recidivism
Drug Courts reduce crime by an average of 8% to 26%, with most estimates from 9% to 14%. Well-
functioning drug courts reduce crime rates by 35% and the effects last at
least 3 years.
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Drug Courts Reduce Recidivism
Statistics based on 5 meta-analyses of drug courts.
Meta-analysis – scientists statistically average the effects of a program over numerous research studies.
The meta-analyses of drug courts involve at least 5 experimental studies, dozens of quasi-experimental studies, and dismantling studies.
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Drug Courts Reduce Recidivism
In addition to dismantling studies, there have been matching effects studies.
Few, if any, other criminal justice programs come close to this level of scrutiny. [Painting the Current Picture: A National Report Card on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Court Programs in the United States, BJA, May 2008, Vol. II, No. 1]
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – other studies
2001 Columbia University’s Nat’l Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse: Study based on a review of 37 evaluations (updated 2000 study, 48 other evaluations)– average recidivism rate for those who complete Drug Court is between 4% and 29%, compared to 48% for those who do not participate in a Drug Court program.
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – other studies
9 Adult Drug Courts in California – re-arrest rates over a 4 year period were 29% for drug court participants and 17% for drug court graduates, compared to 41% for similar drug offenders who did not participate in drug court. [Carey, Finigan, Crumpton & Waller, 2006]
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – Meta-Analyses
Citation Institution Number of Drug Courts
Crime Reduced on Avg. by…
Wilson et al. (2006)
Campbell Collaborative
55 14% to 26%
Latimer et al. (2006)
Canada Dept. of Justice
66 14%
Shaffer et al. (2006)
Univ. of Nevada 76 9%
Lowenkamp et al. (2005)
Univ. of Cincinnati
22 8%
Aos et al. (2006) Washington State Inst. For Public Policy
57 8%
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – other studies
4 Adult Drug Courts in Massachusetts – drug court participants were 13% less likely to be re-arrested, 34% less likely to be re-convicted, and 24% less likely to be re-incarcerated than probationers who had been carefully matched to the drug court participants using sophisticated “propensity score” analyses [Rhodes, Kling, & Shively, 2006].
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Drug Courts Reduce Recidivism The most rigorous and conservative
estimate of the effect of any program is derived from meta-analyses.
The figures are averages, and include programs that were poorly implemented, targeted to the wrong people, or had only recently opened their doors.
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – other studies
Recent long-term evaluation of a Portland, Oregon Drug Court found that crime was reduced by 30% over 5 years, and effects on crime were still detectable 14 years from the time of arrest [Finigan, Carey & Cox, 2007]
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Drug Courts reduce recidivism – other studies ABA Summer 2004 study of 6 NY drug
courts (Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Suffolk County, Syracuse and Rochester)
The 6 drug courts reduced the reconviction rate by an average of 29% over 3 years after the initial arrest.
Over one year post-program, the reconviction rate was 71% less for graduates compared with nonparticipants across the 6 courts.
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Recidivism Rates Compared
Recidivism Rates ComparedCity Traditional Court Drug Court
Denver, CO 58% 53%
Multnomah County, OR (Portland)
1.53* 0.59*
Oakland, CA 1.33* 0.75*
Riverside, CA 33.0% 13.4%
Travis County, TX 41.0% 38.0%
Wilmington, DE 51.1% 33.3%
* “Expressed not as a percentage, but rather as the average number of arrests suffered during the follow-up period.”
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Drug Courts are cost effective
Incarceration of drug using offenders costs between $20,000 and $50,000 per person, per year. The capital costs of building a prison cell can be as high as $80,000. A comprehensive drug court system typically costs between $2,500 and $4,000 annually for each offender. NADCP, The Facts on Drug Courts [available at www.nadcp.org].
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Drug Courts are cost effective
Results of several large-scale, rigorous cost analyses of adult drug court programs: For every $1,000 invested in adult drug courts, communities reaped approximately $2 to $4 in benefits, totaling roughly $3,000 to $12,000 per participant.[Dr. Douglas B. Marlow, J.D., Ph.D. Chief of Research, Law and Policy, NADCP]
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Cost Analyses
Citation Avg. Benefit Per $1 Invested
Avg. Cost Saving Per Drug Court Client
Total Projected Cost Savings
Loman (2004) $2.80 to $6.32 $2,615 to $7,707
$298,399 after 4 yrs
Finigan et al. (2006)
$2.63 $6,744 to $12,218
$7.9 million per yr.
Barnoski & Aos (2003)
$1.74 $2,888 N/A
Carey et al. (2006)
$3.50 $11,000 $9 million per yr.
Aos et al. (2006)
N/A $4,767 N/A
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Cost Analyses – other studies
Washington, DC – 1 year of Drug Court costs $1,800 to $4,400 per participant. This compares to at least $20,000 per year to jail an offender.
[Notre Dame Law Review, “Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Drug Treatment Court Movement” Vol. 72, Issue 2, Jan. 1999].
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Drug Courts reduce substance abuse and save lives The additional medical costs
associated with the delivery of a drug-addicted baby are estimated to range from approximately $1,500 to $25,000 per day [Cooper, 2004]
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Drug Courts save lives Neonatal intensive care expenses
can range from $25,000 to $35,000 for the care of low-birth weight newborns and may reach $250,000 over the course of the first year of life [Office of Justice Programs, 1997].
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Drug Courts save lives Continuous care expenses through
the age of 18 years for developmentally delayed children can be as high as $750,000 [Janovsky & Kalotra, 2003].
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Drug Courts save lives 34 states and territories provided
usable data on confirmed births of drug free babies to their drug court participants.
During 2005, 844 drug free babies were born to active female drug court participants.[2005 National Survey on Drug Courts and Other Problem-solving Courts, National Drug Court Institute].
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Drug Courts reduce substance abuse and save lives
Drug courts provide closer, more comprehensive supervision and much more frequent drug testing and monitoring during the program, than other forms of community supervision. Drug use and criminal behavior are substantially reduced while offenders are participating in drug court.[Columbia University, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 2001].
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Drug Courts reduce substance abuse and save lives
The longer an addicted person stays in treatment, the better the outcome.
Extensive research confirms that treatment is the most cost effective way to combat drug abuse and non-violent drug-related crime.
Over 70% of all drug-using offenders who entered drug court programs either successfully completed or are current participants.
[General Accounting Office, 1997]
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Where are Drug Courts located? How many are there?
Drug Courts are in all 50 states, plus DC, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands
There are 1,872 Drug Courts An additional 255 Drug Courts are in
the planning process[BJA Drug Court Clearinghouse, May 23,
2008]
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Who supports Drug Courts? The Executive Branch of Government
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Judicial Branch of Government
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“Drug courts are an effective and cost efficient way to help non-violent drug offenders commit to a rigorous drug treatment program in lieu of prison.”
President George W. Bush
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“By leveraging the coercive power of the criminal justice system, drug courts can alter the behavior of non-violent, low-level drug offenders through a combination of judicial supervision, case management, mandatory drug testing, and treatment to ensure abstinence from drugs, and escalating sanctions.”
President Bush, Blueprint for New Beginnings, February 28, 2001.
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Who supports Drug Courts? “Three quarters of the growth in the
number of federal prison inmates is due to drug crimes. Building new prisons will go only so far. Drug courts and mandatory testing and treatment are effective. I have seen drug courts work. I know they . . . make a difference.”
Former President William J. Clinton
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“The long-term viability of the existing drug courts is critical, and can best be accomplished by ensuring that the courts are able to support the full range of services–especially treatment and training--that are needed by drug court clients if they are to break the cycle of drug abuse and criminal activity.”
Former Attorney General John Ashcroft
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“Drug usage of offenders participating in drug court programs is substantially reduced when they are in the programs, and [for] most participants who complete the program, drug use is eliminated altogether – let us get that message out to Congress, to state legislatures, to cities, county commissioners – treatment does work.”
Former Attorney General Janet Reno
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“The establishment of drug courts, coupled with [their] judicial leadership, constitutes one of the most monumental changes in social justice in this country since WWII. Maintaining the integrity of the drug court movement will take constant monitoring and reassessment of their progress.”
General Barry McCaffrey (ret.), Former Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy
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Who supports Drug Courts?
“Through drug courts, we have an opportunity to build an era of responsibility. On behalf of the DEA, I want to thank all of you who are so committed to this important work. There is no doubt that you make a lasting and significant impact on our society. Everyday you are giving people a second chance at a new future. That is what America is about. We are a nation of second chances.”
Asa Hutchinson, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration
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Who supports Drug Courts? - Legislative Support
A record 120 Members of Congress – up from 78 members in 2007 – formally requested $40 million in funding for the DOJ drug court grant program.
77 U.S. Representatives and 43 U.S. Senators co-signed letters requesting $40 million in fiscal year 2009.
See attachment for press release and list of 120 Members of Congress
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Legislative Support
5/1/08 – Senator J. Biden, on S.Resolution No. 534, urging local, state, and federal officials to help expand and robustly fund drug courts, and designating May 2008 as National Drug Court Month
“There’s no question that drug courts save lives.”
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Senator Biden, con’t “These programs are some of the
most cost-effective and proven approaches to breaking the cycle of drug addiction and crime that infect our communities. I hope that during National Drug Court Month we can all celebrate drug courts’ important role in saving lives and communities.”
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Senator Charles Grassley (R-IA)
“Drug courts present an opportunity for communities to come together and divert offenders to a system that will allow better rehabilitation of drug users. With National Drug Court Month in May, we can highlight programs that help to reduce drug use in our communities by keeping people from repeating their offenses.”[www.jointogether.org/news/yourturn/announcements/2008/may-drug-court-month.html]
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Who supports Drug Courts?
Judicial Support -
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Chief Justices of Highest State Courts
The national Conference of Chief Justices passed a resolution supporting Drug Courts…
Proposal from Task Force on Therapeutic Justice of the Conference of Chief Justices adopted as proposed at the 52nd Annual Meeting, 8/5/00.
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Who supports Drug Courts? In 1999 the Conference of State
Court Administrators passed a resolution in support of drug courts.
In 2000 the Conference of State Court Administrators passed a resolution in support of problem solving courts.
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Drug Court Judges There are approximately 2,775
judges serving as Drug Court judges for programs operating or being planned.
There are approximately 2,500 judges who have previously served as Drug Court judges.
American Univ., BJA Drug Court Clearinghouse, May 23, 2008.
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Drug Courts 56% of drug court judges are
former prosecutors 23% of drug court judges are
former public defenders
[NADCP Talking Points/Statistics on Drug Courts]
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Who supports Drug Courts? The American Bar Association Approved Standard 2.77,
recognizing support for drug courts at the ABA Annual Meeting in Chicago, Ill, 8/7/01
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Drug Courts In February 2005, the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report confirming that drug courts are an effective tool in reducing substance abuse and related crime.
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Drug Courts “We know that drug courts
outperform virtually all other strategies that have been attempted for drug-involved offenders.”[Marlow, Dematteo, & Festinger, 2003. From National Drug Court Institute, Office of National Drug Control Policy, BJA. www.ndci.org/courtfacts.htm]
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Drug Courts
“For a decade, the research on Drug Courts, spanning more than 100 program evaluations and at least five scientifically rigorous meta-analyses, has yielded definitive proof that Drug Courts significantly reduce crime and substance abuse, and produce greater cost-benefits than any other justice strategy.”[Urban Institute Report, from NADCP CEO West Huddleston, May 21, 2008].
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Drug Courts Work!
Thank you.