drug induced gingival enlargement
DESCRIPTION
this ppt describes the drugs related to gingival enlargement and some of the mechanisms involved in itTRANSCRIPT
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Presented by
Guru Ram Tej K
Postgraduate
Mamata dental college
Drug induced gingival enlargement
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INTRODUCTIONCLASSIFICATIONPREVALENCEMEASUREMENT OF ENLARGEMENTDRUGS CAUSING ENLARGEMENTANTI CONVULSANTS
Pharmaco-dyanamics of anti epileptic drugs
Pharmaco kinetics of phenytoinPathogenesis of phenytoin induced
gingival enlargement
CONTENTS
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IMMUNO-SUPPRESSANTSCyclosporine PathogenesisClinical manifestationsHistological features
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERSPathogenesisClinical manifestations
MANAGEMENT OF GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENTMedical management- drug substitutionGingivectomyLaser
CLINICAL RELEVANCE and CASE REPORTS
Contents…
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Drug induced gingival enlargement
Problems
Risk factors
Age predilection
Introduction
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Based on location and distributionLocalizedGeneralizedMarginalPapillaryDiffuseDiscrete
Classification
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Based on etiologic factors and pathologic changes.
Inflammatory enlargement Acute Chronic
Drug induced gingival enlargement Enlargements associated with systemic diseases or
conditions Conditioned enlargement
Pregnancy Puberty Vitamin- C deficiency Plasma cell gingivitis Pyogenic granulosa (non-specified conditioned
enlargement) Systemic diseases causing gingival enlargement
Leukemia Granulomatous diseases(Wegener’s granulomatosis,
sarcoidosis
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Neoplastic enlargement Benign tumors
Epulis Fibroma Papilloma Peripheral gaint cell granuloma Central gaint cell granuloma Leukoplakia Gingival cyst Other benign masses like nevus,
myoblastoma, hemangioma, neurilemmoma, neurifibroma, mucoceles, ameloblastoma
False enlargement
Malignant tumorsSquamous cell carcinomaMalignant melanomaSarcoma:
FibrosarcomaLymphosarcomaReticulum cell sarcomaKaposis sarcomaRenal cell carcinomaHypernephromaChondrosarcoma
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Prevalence
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Bokenkamp A. Bohnhoest BGrade 0 -No signs of gingival enlargementGrade 1 -Enlargement confined the IDPGrade 2 -Enlargement involves papilla and
marginal gingivaGrade 3 -Enlargement covers three
quarters or more of crown.
Measurement
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Angel poulus and Goaz –1972 According to the amount of gingiva covering anatomic crown• Grade 0 – No hyperplasia• Grade 1 – Hyperplasia covering cervical 3rd of ant. Crown• Grade2 – Hyperplastic gingiva extending the middle 3rd of
anatomic crown of Ant. Teeth• Grade 3 – Hyperplastic gingiva covering > 2/3rd of crown of
anterior tooth.
• Nery et al (1995) modified by adding interproximal area
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McGaw et al (1987)
Degree of gingival enlargement can be scored as
Grade 0: No signs of inflammation
Grade 1: GE confined to interdental papilla
Grade 2: Enlargement involves papilla &marginal gingiva.
Grade 3: Enlargement covers three quarters or more of crown.
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Based on assessment of plaster study cast
Seymour et al –1985
Included both thickening and encrochment. GO assessed on a plaster model in upper and lower segments.
Grade o – Normal
Grade 1- Thickening from normal upto 2mm,
Grade 2 – Thickening >2mm
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Based on Histopathologic examination
Barak et al (1985)
Grade 1 – Normal width of epithelium 0.30 to 0.50 mm
Grade 2 – Slight hyperplasia 0.50 to 1.5 mm
Grade 3 - moderate hyperplasia1.50 to 3.0 mm
Grade 4 – severe hyperplasia 3 to 4 mm
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Miranda and Brunet –2001
Measured GO in buccolingual direction both for buccal and lingual/palatal papilla.
0 – papillary thickness < 1 mm
1 – papillary thickness 1-2 mm
2 – papillary thickness > 2 mm
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Miranda and brunet index
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Gingival overgrowth has been associated with the use of erythromycin
Valsecchi et al in 1992Lombardi et al in 1989
Oral contraceptivesNorethindroneMestranol
ResponseSeymour et al in 1998
drugs…..
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Characteristics of drug induced GE (Moritti 1999)
Variation in inter-patient & intra patient patternPredilection for anterior gingivaHigher prevalence in childrenOnset within 3 monthsChange in the gingival contour leading to modification of
gingival sizeEnlargement first observed at interdental papillaNot associated with attachment lossReduction in dental plaque can limit severity of lesion.
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Pathogenesis
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Seymour et al 1996Multifactorial model
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Inflammation from bacterial plaque is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH
An increased amount of GAGs is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH Immunoglobulins are involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH Phenotvpical differences within gingival fibroblasts are involved in the
pathogenesis of DIGH EGF is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH The pharmacokinetics of inducing drugs and the gingival binding
affinities of these drugs are a determinate in the pathogenesis of DIGH
The activation of collagenase is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH Disruption of fibroblast cellular Na/Ca flux - The influence of inducing
drugs on gingival fibroblast cellular sodium/calcium flux is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH
Folic acid is involved in the pathogenesis of DIGH An hypothesis is proposed that involves a combination of several of
the above hypotheses
Hypotheses……
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MODEER & DAHLOFF divided 59 PHT-treated non-institutionalized children into three groups
Dental prophylaxis and "good" oral hygiene can reduce or prevent the expression of DIGH
Inflammation from bacterial plaque
16 intensive
13 moderate
30 no preventive
None of the subjects in the intensive program developed GH
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Dahloff- ferret- decreased degradation within the fibroblasts
GH represents neither hypertrophy, hyperplasia nor fibrosis, but is an example of uncontrolled growth of a connective tissue of apparently normal cell and fiber composition
An increased amount of GAGs
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Smith et al IgA in the serum and the oral cavity
Setterstorm et al – IgG, IgA and IgM
Dahloff -T cells
It appears that immunoglobulins may be more a marker than a cause of local cellular immune reactions occuring within the gingiva during periodontal disease
Immunoglobulins
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Hassell and Gilbert in 1983
Hassell and Stanek in 1974
Seymour et al in 2005Genetic heterogenecityDifferences in cellular ion fluxReceptor binding affinityCellular turnover
Gingival fibroblasts phenotype
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Modeer et al- 2pts- 9 monthsEGF Receptor metabolism
The steady-state level of EGF-receptor mRNA increased significantly in the cultured fibroblasts derived from the non-responder but decreased significantly in the responder.
Modeer and Anderson
Epidermal growth factor
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Salivary glands- Noach et al
Woodbury et al twice in epileptic- serum level
Conrad et al and Mcgaw et al
Pharmacokinetics
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Hassell 1982- synthesis of the procollagenase
LIU & BHATNAGAR determined that Phenytoin interfers with prolyl hydroxylase, an enzyme required for the post translational hydroxylation of prolyl residues in the synthesis of collagen
Murphy 1987 and Meikle in 1989- Plasminogen- plasmin MMP cascade
Collagenase activation
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Kobayashi et al- the proliferation rate of fibroblast- inhibition of calcium uptake
Colombani et al- Cs A
Disruption of sodium/calcium influx
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Drew et al in 1987- folate therapy
Vogel et al in 1980 and Ariel et al- association of the phenytoin and the folate
Folic acid
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Anticonvulsants Phenytoin
Introduced by Merritt & Putnam in 1938Used to control seizures in patients with epilepsyMost commonly used because of low cost ,easy
availability & effectiveHyperplasic changes were first reported in 1939 by
Kimball
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Mechanism of action:Selectively depress the motor cortex of CNS
Blocks voltage dependent Na channels
Limit the progression of neuronal excitation
Blocks high frequency firing
seen in seizures
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Pathogenesis
Shafer (1984) reported that the optimal rate of cell growth at phenytoin concentration 5µg/ml
Hassell & page (1992) demonstrated GO in response to
‘5-Parahydroxyphenyl-5-phenylhydantoin’
Phenytoin sensitive sub population of fibroblasts
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Soreness and tendernessInitial involvement of interdental papillaGranulated lobules or pebbly surface
Clinical features
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Acanthosis of squamous epithelium
Numerous young capillaries and fibroblasts and irregularly arranged collagen fibrils with occasional lymphocytes.
Histological features
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Immunosuppresants
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Cyclosporine, a metabolite of fungal species Beauveria Nivea
(Borel et al 1976)
The first human clinical trials of CsA in human kidney allograft recipients by CalneV and Powles' groups in 1978
Cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth was first reported by Rateischak – Pluss et al.
Immunosuppresants
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Specifically, Cyclosporin A inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2)
synthesis, hence inhibits the ability of cytotoxic T
lymphocytes to respond to IL-2 at oral dosages of 10-20
mg/kg.
Inhibits the activation of macrophages and preventing the
production of IL-1 receptors on the surface of T-helper
cells.
Cyclosporin A is water insoluble and absorption depends
on the presence of bile salts.
Mechanism
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Wyosocki et al 1983 by fibroblasts sensitive to cyclosporine
Schincaglia et al 1992 – the anti-collagenase activity by decreasing MMPase
Enhanced macrophage platelet derived growth factor
gene expression
promotes fibroblast proliferation and production of
extracellular matrix constituents.
Pathogenesis
Plemonas et al 1996
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Pennu et al 1992 - patient expressing HLA DR1 have protective role against gingival overgrowth from cyclosporine A.
Contrast..
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Affects more frequently to children's & females.Enlarged gingival tissue is soft, red or bluish red,
extremely fragile & bleed easily on probing. Overgrowth is restricted to width of attached
gingiva
Clinical features
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Acanthosis and parakeratinization of the epithelium with pseudoepitheliomatous proliferation.
Inflammatory cells are seen
Mariani et al found that the basal and spinous layers of epithelium show distinct dilatation of the intercellular spaces, characteristic of disease related overgrowth.
Histological features
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First reported case of GH induced by nifedipine was reported
by Ramon et al
Interdental papilla become enlarged
In many areas its shows ulcerations & BOP
False periodontal pockets without bone loss
Calcium channel blockers
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Fujii et al (1991) tested the effect of Ca channel blockers on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and Collagen synthesis
Lucas et al and Jones et al(1994) suggested that GO results from overproduction of extracellular ground substance characterized by increased presence of GAG and collagen
Barelay (1999) noted that the collagenolytic effects of inflammatory cells and synthesis of collagenase are Ca dependent cellular events
Pathogenesis
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Nifedipine induces gingival hyperplasia in rats through inhibition of apoptosis, which prolongs cell life……………..(Shimizu et al,2001)
Nifidepine 5.— reductase activity
Stimulates synthesis of DHT from Testosterone in gingival fibroblast
Production of large amount of collagen + Inactive from of collagenase Gingival overgrowth
Pathogenesis….
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Epithelium exhibits para keratosis, proliferation and elongation of rete pegs that extends into lamina propria.
Increase in epithelial width, infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma
Nander wall et al 1985 Fibroblasts contain strongly
mucopolysaccharides and secretory granules.
Histologic features
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Key strategies in gingival enlargement.
Management
Plaque control
medical management
periodontal surgical procedures
multidisciplinary dental care
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Drug substitutionCCB’s : Nifedipine with Isradipine ( 20 mg BD)
….(westbrook in 2001)
ACE Inhibitors like Captopril (12.5 to 50mgBD), Enalapril (2.5to20 mg OD) to control hypertension
Phenytoin with Phenobarbital(60 mg TDS), Primidone ( 100mg TDS)
Carbamezepine (200-400mg TDS)
Valproic acid (200-500mg TDS)Cyclosporin A with Tacrolimus (0.15 to 0.20/kg/d)
Rapamycin
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Surgical Treatment of gingival enlargement
Gingivectomy Excision of gingiva.Simple & quick technique
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Gingivectomy by Electro surgery
Advantages Permits an adequate contouring of the
tissue Controls hemorrhage
DisadvantagesUnpleasant odour Irreparable damage to bone Use limited to superficial proceduresHeat generated can cause tissue damage &
loss of periodontal support.
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Laser gingivectomyCo2 lasers used for excision of gingiva
Advantages Excellent soft tissue ablationHaemostatic characteristic DisadvantagesHealing is delayedRequires precautionary measuresApplication to root surface or alveolar bone
causes carbonization & major thermal damage
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Silverstain et al 1995 – Nifidepine induced gingival enlargements has been reported around dental implants
Yoon Angela et al in 2006 - Myeloid sarcoma occurring concurrently with drug induced gingival enlargement
Frederic Duffau in 2007 - Gingival enlargement originating from medication and tooth migration
Case reports….
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Ronald S Brown, William T Beaver, and William K Bottomley: On the mechanism of drug induced gingival hyperplasia. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20: 201-9
Seymour RA and Heasmen PA: Drugs and the Periodontium. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 15: 1-16
Bettina Dannewitz: proliferation of the gingiva: aetiology risk factors and treatment modalities for gingival enlargement. Quintessence int. 2007;4(2): 83-92
Bhardwaj Amit, Bhardwaj Verma Shalu: Gingival enlargement induced by anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers and immunosuppresants: a review: Int Res J Pharm; 2012, 3(7)
Valsecchi R, Cainelli T. Gingival hyperplasia induced by erythromycin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992;72: 157.
Roderick I Marshall, P Mark Bartold: A clinical review of drug induced gingival overgrowths: Aus dent Jour. 1999: 44: 4.
Thomas M Hassell and Arthur F Hefti; Drug induced gingival overgrowth: Old Problem, New Problem: critical reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine: 1991: 2(1): 103-137
P M Camargo, Philip R Melnick, Flavia Q M Pirih, R Lagos & Henry H Takei: Treatment of drug induced gingival enlargement: aesthetic and functional considerations. Perio 2000,2001: 27, 131-138
References
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Kumar and Kumar et al: Drug induced gingival hyperplasia: an updated review: Int J Pharm & Toxic Science1(1): 2011, 34-42
Omid Panahi, Mohsin Seyed Arab, Kevin Tamson: Amlodipine induced gingival hyperplasia: pakisthanoral dental journal 2010: 30(2)
Barbara Anne Taylor: Management of drug induced gingival enlargement: Aust Prescr 2003; 26: 11-13
Miranda J, Brunet L, Roset et al: Reliability of two measurement indices for gingival enlargement: J O P 2012: 47(6): 776-782
Yoon Angela, Pulse Carla et al: Myeloid sarcoma occurring concurrently with drug induced gingival enlargement:J O P 2006: 77(1): 119-122
Alaaddinoglu Emine Elif, Karabay Gulten et al: Apoptosis in cyclosporine A induced gingival overgrowth: A histological study: J O P 2005: 76(2): 166-170
A defect in fibroblasts from an unidentified syndrome with gingival hyperplasia as the predominant feature: B Johnson, M E Guindy, William et al: J O P 1986: 21: 403-413.
Johnson BD, Narayanan AS. Pieters HP, Page RC: Effect of cell donor age on the synthetic properties of fihrohlasts obtained from phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. J Periodont Res 1990; 25: 74-80.
references……
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Frederic Duffau: Gingival enlargement originating from medication and tooth migration: quntiscence international, 2007; 4(2): 109-113
Romanos GE. Schroter-Kermani C. Hinz N, Bernimoulin J-P: Distribution of fibronectin in healthy, infiamed and drug-induced gingival hyperplasia. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21: 256-260.
Pradhan S, Mishra P, Joshi S: Drug induced gingival enlargement – A review
Akhthar: Drug induced gingival enlargement, Bangladesh dental journal 2012
Fatema Akhter and Shaheen:Drug induced gingival enlargement – A review; Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 25(1&2): 26-29
The pathogenesis of drug induced gingival overgrowth: R A Seymour et al J C P 1996. 23(3), 165-175
references……
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Thank you