drug list compiled
TRANSCRIPT
DRUGMECHANISM OF
ACTIONDOSAGE INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATION
ADVERSE EFFECTS
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Acetylcysteine Exerts mucolytic action through its free sulfhydryl group which opens up the disulfide bonds in the mucoproteins thus lowering mucous viscosity.
600mg/tab 1 tab in 1 glass H2O BID
Acute and chronic resp tract infections with abundant mucus secretions
Asthmatic patients and those with history of peptic ulceration
Urticaria, bronchospasm, nausea, vomiting
Exerts mucolytic action through its free sulfhydryl group which opens up the disulfide bonds in the mucoproteins thus lowering mucous viscosity.
Acrivastine H1 receptor antagonists block the actions of histamine by reversible competitive antagonism at the H1 receptor. They have negligible potency at the H2 receptor and little at the H3 receptor.
1. Allergic hay fever conditions2. Allergic rhinitis including hay fever
Hypersensitivity to acrivastine or tripolidine. Avoid driving or operating machineries. Pregnancy & Lactation. Reduced renal function.
Mild drowsiness & headache
Alfusozine Alpha 1 selective quinazoline derivative
10mg/tab 1 tab OD
BPH GI disturbances, lipothymic events and headache. Less frequently-dry mouth, tachycardia, chest pain, asthenia, drowsiness, rash pruritis and flushes
Orthostatic hypotension, heatic insufficiency, severe renal insufficiency, intestinal occulsion
Allopurinol Acts on purine catabolism, reducing the production of uric acid without disrupting the biosynthesis of vital purines
300mg/tab 1 tab OD
Primary or secondary hyperuricemia associated with chronic gout, uric acid nephropathy, recurrent uric acid stone formation, enzyme disorders and cancer therapy
Acute attack of gout, skin reactions, renal or hepatic impairment, pregnancy, lactation, idiopathic hemochromatosis
Azathioprine, mercaptopurine, thiazide diuretics, captopril, theophylline, vidarabine
Ambroxol 2cc Tx of acute & chronic d/o of the respi tract assoc w/ abnormal bronchial secretions, asthmatic bronchitis & bronchial asthma
Gastric ulceration, 1st trimester of pregnancy
GI discomfort
Amiodarone Inhibits adrenergic stimulation; prolongs action potential and refractory period in myocardial tissue; decrease AV conduction and sinus node function
150mg/IV
Amlodipine Calcium ion influx inhibitor and inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into the cardiac and vascular smooth smooth muscle causing dilation of peripheral arterioles thus reducing the afterload
10 mg / tab OD
Hypertension and Angina
Known sensitivity to dihydropyridines
Headache, edema, fatigue, somnolence, nausea, abdominal pain, flushing, palpitations, dizziness
Ampicillin Sulbactam
Combines ampicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam, extending spectrum to include oxacillin sensitive staph aureus, anaerobes, and many enterobacters
750 mg/tab, 1 tab BID
Upper and lower respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, abdominal, pelvic, polymicrobial soft tissue infections. IV antibiotic of choice for serious cellulites.
Penicillin or cephalosporin allergy.
Anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis, anemia, leucopenia.
ASA Blocks thromboxane A2 synthesis arachidonic acid in platelets by irreversible acetylation and inhibition of cyclooxygenase ,a key enzyme in prostaglandin & thromboxane A2 synthesis.
80 mg/tab OD
Prevention and treatment of occlusive cardiovascular diseases, maintenance of vascular grafts and arterial patency and adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in MI Antiplatelet agent, for prevention of major CV level esp MI
Gastric & duodenal ulcers Children < 12 years and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, patients with bleeding tendencies
Gastric bleeding, hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia Prolonged bleeding time, increased incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, GI bleeding
Atenolol Preferentially block B1 receptors(cardioselective beta blocker)
50mg/tab OD
Hypertensive patients with impaired pulmonary function
AV block I and II, uncompensated cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock, marked bradycardia
Hypotension, bradycardia, fatigue, drowsiness
Atorvastatin Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase , rate-limiting step in the prod’n of cholesterol; Dec LDL receptors;
40mg/tab ODHS
Reduction of elevated cholesterol & LDL chole, APo B & trigly, in px w/ primary hypercholesterolemia,
Active liver disease or elevated serum transaminases > 3x the upper limit of normal. Pregnancy & lactation
GI disturbances, headache myalgia, asthenia, insomnia
Azithromycin Inhibits RNA dependent protein synthesis at the chain elongation step, binds to the 50s ribosomal unit resulting in blockage of transpeptidation
500mg/tab OD x 3 days
Respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, otitis media, STD due to N.gonnorhea, prophylaxis for MAC in HIV,
hypersensitivity GI disturbances, hypersensitivity, angioedema, anaphylaxis, hearing impairment, abnormal liver function, dizziness, vertigo, reduced cell counts
Buscopan Antispasmodic 10mg/IVq8 Acute GI, biliary and genitourinary spasm, ncluding biliary and renal colic
Myasthenia gravis, megacolon. Untreated narrow-angle glaucoma, prostate hypertrophy with urinary retention, mechanical stenosis of GIT, tachycardia
Xerostomia, tachycardia, urinary retention, allergic reactions, skn reactions, rarely dyspnea.
Calcium carbonate
Neutralize gastric acid. Thus, mucosal irritation is reduced. Pain relief precedes healing.
500mg/tab I tab TID
Symptomatic relief of gastric acid irritation.Calcium supplementation.
Osteomalacia, obstructive bowel disease, constipation
Constipation, hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, hemorrhoids, bleeding anal fissures, Rarely, milk alkali syndrome (if taken chronically with milk or bicarbonate)
Captopril Inhibits ACE in the lung which reduces synthesis of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Suppresses aldosterone resulting in natriuresis. Potentialtes other vasodilators
25 mg/tab ¼ tab TID
Management of hypertension and congestive heart failure
Angioneuritic edema, renal artery stenosis, post kidney transplant, hemodynamically relevant aortal or mitral valve stenosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Headache, tiredness, depression, disturbed sleep, tinnitus, blurred vision, rash pruritus, flushing, angioedema, GI irritation, abdominal pain
Captopril
Carvedilol Administered as a racemic mixture; Beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent; S(-) isomer is a nonselectivebeta-adrenoceptor blocker, but both S(-) and R(+) isomers have approximately equal alpha-blocking potency
6.25 mg/tab OD
BP lowering Bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, allergic rhinitis, swelling of laryngeal mucosa, sinus node syndrome, SA block, 2nd and 3rd degree AV block, too slow a heart rate (<55), shock, MI with complications, severe liver dysfunctions, metabolic acidosis or simultaneous use of MAOIs
Dizziness, headaches and tiredness, slowed pulse rate or GI upset or flu-like symptoms, breathing problems
Cefepime bacteriacidal action by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. It’s usually active against gram-positive microorganisms such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes and gram-negative microorganisms such as nterobacter species, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and P. aueruginosa.
1. Mild to moderate urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis, including cases related to concurrent bacteremia with these microorganisms.2. Severe urinary tract
Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug, other cephalosporins, penicillins, or other beta-lactam antibiotics. Use cautiously in patients with history of GI disease (especially colitis), impaired renal function, or poor nutritional status and in those
CNS: headache, pain, fever
CV: phlebitis
GI: colitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, oral candidiasis
GU: vaginitis
Skin: rash, pruritus, urticaria
Other: inflammation
infections including pyelonephritis caused by E. coli or K. pneumoniae.3.
Moderate to severe pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, or Enterobacter species.4.
Moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections caused bu Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains) or Streptococcus pyogenes.5. Empiric therapy in febrile neutropenia6.
Uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections, pneumonia.
receiving a protracted course of antimicrobial therapy.
Ceftazidime Interferes w/ the last step of bacterial wall synthesis, exposing a less stable membrane. Cell lysis occurs, thus bactericidal
2g/hr Infections of respi tract
Hypersensitivity to Cephalosporin
GI upsets, CNS & genitor-urinary effects, phlebitis or thrombophlebitis at IV inj site
Ceftriaxone Cephalosporins bind to PBPs on bacterial cell membranes to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by mechanisms similar to those of the penicillins
3gms/IV OD
Infection of the lower respi tract, intra-abdominal infections, PID, UTI, uncomplicated gonorrhea, bacterial septicemia
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, hypersensitivity to lidocaine.
GI disturbances, pseudomembranous colitis, elevated liver enzymes, headache, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, thrombocytopenia
Cefuroxime 2nd generation cephalosporin. Inhibits peptidoglycan formation in bacterial cell wall
500 mg BID Complicated UTI, otitis, sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, severe renal disease.
Hypersensitivity reactions, renal toxicity, hypoprothrombinemia
Celecoxib COX-2 inhibitor 200 mg/tab 1 tab OD
Acute pain, osteoarthritis, RA, post-surgical pain, dental pain
Asthma, urticaria, allergic type reaction to sulfonamides, aspirin, NSAIDs
GI effects, anaphylactic reaction, advanced renal disease
Ciprofloxacin Blocks bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV
500mg/tab q12 x 7 days
For gram-negative bacterial infections Intra-abdominal infections. Respiratory tract, middle ear, sinus, eyes, kidneys, Urinary Tract genital abdomen, skin & soft tissue infections, bone & joints, septicemia; infections in patients with reduced host
HypersensitivityPregnancy and lactation
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, restlessness ,rash
defense & selective intestinal decontamination inmmunocompromised patients
Cisplatin Cisplatin modifies cell cycle by interfering with DNA structure and function. Effects are most prominent during the S phase but cells are killed at all stages. Cisplatin synergises with other anticancer drugs e.g. fluorouracil. It has a narrow therapeutic margin and is highly toxic.
As monotherapy: 100 mg/m2 per cycle, given as a single dose infused in 0.9% sodium chloride or glucose once every 4 wk. For combination therapy with cyclophosphamide: 75-100 mg/m2 on day 1 of every 4-wk cycle.
Metastatic testicular and ovarian cancer, renal impairment, advanced
Patients with severe renal or auditory disorder, known hypersensitivity, severe bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, pregnancy, lactation
Severe nausea and vomiting. Serious toxic effects on the kidneys, bone marrows and ears. Hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperuricaemia. Peripheral neuropathies, papilloedema, optic neuritis, seizures. Ototoxicity (children) manifested as tinnitus, loss of hearing, deafness or vestibular toxicity.Potentially Fatal: Rarely, renal damage due to inadequate hydration during therapy. Very rarely life-threatening myelosuppression. Anaphylactoid reactions (rare) and cardiac abnormalities.
Citicholine Interneuronal communication enhancer; increases the neurotransmission levels because it favors the synthesis and production speed of dopamine in the striatum, acting then as a dopaminergic agonist through the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase; makes the neurons more active, causing the astrocytes to loosen their grip on the capillaries, thus improving microcirculation; also increases glucose incorporation aside from metabolism while at the same time decreasing lactate accumulation in the brain
1g/IV q2 Disturbances of consciousness due to head injury or brain surgery, in acute stage of cerebral infarction, hemiplegia after cerebral apoplexy, Parkinson’s disease, Pancreatitis
Parasympathetic hypertonia
Hypotension, insomnia, excitement
Clopidogrel Blocks ADP receptors which prevent fibrinogen binding at that site and thereby decreasing platelet adhesion/aggregation
75mg/tab OD
For the reduction of atherosclerotic events (MI, stroke and vascular death) in patients with atherosclerosis documented by recent stroke, MI, or established peripheral arterial disease; for the tx of pxs suffering from nonST elevation ACS (unstable angina or non-Q wave MI), in combi w/ ASA
Severe liver impairment; PUD and ICH, lactation
GI bleeding, purpura, bruising, hematoma, epistaxis, hematuria, ocular hemorrhage, intracranial bleed, abd pain, dyspepsia, gastritis, constipation, rash, pruritus
Co-amoxyclavInhibits bactrial growth by interfering with cell wall synthesis. Clavulanic acid inhibits bacterial ß-lactamases and protects hydrolyzable penicillins from inactivation.
500mg/tab q12 x 7 days
For gram-positive and ß-lactamase- producing gram-negative bacterial infections.For systemic infections.
Hypersensitivity Diarrhea, nausea, skin rashes & urticaria, vaginitis, abdominal discomfort, flatulence, headache
Combivent + ambroxol neb
Ipratropium bromide – blocks the action of Ach at parasympathetic sites
Q6
in bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilationSalbutamol – relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting on B2-receptors with little effect on heart rateAmbroxol – secretolytic; causes the formation of a qualitatively different mucus of lower viscosity by the mucus-secreting cells and thus leads to liquefaction of the mucus in the lumen of the respiratory tract; expectoration of mucus is facilitated and breathing is eased considerably
Cotrimoxazole Trimethoprim-inhibits bacterial dihydrofolic acid reductaseSulfonamides- competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase
400/80mg amp, 2 amp/IV,160/800mg q12h
Moderately severe to severe pneumocystis pneumonia; gm (-) bacterial sepsis including enterobacter & serratia; shigellosis, typhoid fever, UTI
Trimethoprim-megalsoblastic anemia, leucopenia, granulocytopeniaTMP-SMX-nausea & vomiting, vasculitis, renal damage
Marked liver parenchymal damage, renal impairment, pregnancy hypersensitivity
Coumadin Block the gamma-carboxylation of several glutamate residues in prothrombin and factors VII, IX and X as well as the endogenous anticoagulant protein C and S
2.5 mg/tab OD every other day
Cardioembolic stroke
Crosses placenta readily and can cause hemorrhagic disorder in the fetus, serious birth defect characterized by abnormal bone formation, cutaneous necrosis with reduced activity of protein C
Cytarabine S-phase specific antimetabolite which competitively inhibits DNA polymerase
acute myelogenous leukemia
hypersensitivity; drug-induced bone marrow suppression; pregnancy & lactation
nausea, severe myelosuppression, varying degrees of stomatitis or alopecia
Daflon Micronized purified flavonoid fraction: reduces venous distensibility and venous stasis; in the microcirculation, it normalizes capillary permeability and reinforces capillary resistance
500mg/tab 1 tab TID
Treatment of organic and idiopathic chronic venous disease of the lower limbs with the following symptoms: heavy legs, pain, nocturnal cramps, edema. Treatment of hemorrhoids and acute hemorrhoidal attacks
None Minor gastrointestinal and autonomic disorders
Dexamethasone Decreases inflammation by suppression of PMNs migration and reversal of increased capillary permeability
0.5mg/tab q8
Cerebral edema, severe anaphylaxis, severe COPD, RA, gout, acute exacerbations of asthma
Systemic infections GI ulcerations, adrenal suppressions, Cushing’s syndrome, electrolyte imbalance, glaucoma, exacerbation of infections, hyperglycemia, impaired wound healing
Diazepam Benzodiazepine, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant by facilitating action of GABA
5mg/IV prn Symptomatic relief of anxiety, agitation & tension due to psychoneurotic states & transient situational disturbances; adjunct in major mental & organic disorders and relief of reflex muscle spasm due to local
Dependence on other substances including alcohol except in management of acute withdrawal reactions. Severe chronic hypercapnia
Blurred vision, urinary retention, paradoxical reactions, dependence, withdrawal symptoms
traumaDigoxin Inhibition of the Na K
ATPase pumps which acts to increase Na-Ca exchange to increase intracellular Ca leading to increased contractility
0.25mg/tab OD
Cardiac failure, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillations
Heart blocks Nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, gynecomastia, headache, psychosis, arrhythmia
Diltiazam preventive treatment of angina attacks, arterial hypertension
sinusoidal dysfunction, 2nd & 3rd degree AV block without pacemaker. Left ventricular failure with pulmonary congestion. Severe bradycardia. Pregnancy. Lactation and fertile women. Use of dantrolene.
ankle edema, headache, malaise, hot flushes, GI disturbances. Symptomatic bradycardia, AV block, SA block. Rashes. Severe vascular skin reactions. Moderate & transient elevation of liver transaminases.
Diphenhydramine
H1 receptor antagonist 50mg/cap ODHS
Treat allergic reactions, to induce sleep
Anticholinergic activity may aggravate bronchial asthma, urinary retention, glaucoma
Sedative, GI upset, orthostatic postural hypotention,
Dopamine Myocardial inotropic agent which may incrase mesenteric and renal blood flow and urinary output.
Hemodynamic imbalances like shock due to MI, trauma, sepsis, surgery, renal failure, CHF
Pheochromocytoma, tachyarrythmias and ventricular fibrillations
Ectopic beats, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, anginal paibn, palpitations, dyspnea, headache, hypotension
Doxophylline Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
400/tab ½ tab
Doxorubicin high-affinity binding to DNA through intercalation and DNA strand scission through effects on
to membranes to alter fluidity and ion transport; generation of the semiquinone
radicals through an enzyme-mediated reductive process
leukemia, CA of breast, endometrium, ovary, testes, thyroid, lung, sarcoma, multiple myeloma Hodgkin’s disease, diffuse non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
hypersensitivity; severe bone marrow depression; impaired cardiac function; previous treatment with
complete cumulative doses of anthracyclines; severe liver/renal impairments; uncontrolled infections;
increased hemorrhagic tendency; pregnancy and lactation
nausea, red urine, cardiotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, alopecia
Enoxaparine Either directly or indirectly convert plasminogen to plasmin w/c in turn cleaves fibrin, thus lysing thrombi.
0.4ml/SC BID
Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease, esp those assoc. w/ orthopedic or general surgery. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in bedridden px including cardiac insufficiency, respi failure, severe infections
Conditions w/ a high risk of uncontrolled hemorrhage including major bleeding disorders
Hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia
Eperisone HCl Skeletal muscle relaxant; reduces muscle spindle sensitivity via the γ-motor neurons
50 mg/tab, 1 tab OD
Spastic paralysis in Cerebrovascular diseases, spastic spinal paralysis, cervical spondylosis, post-operative sequelae, sequelae to trauma, ALS, CP, spinocerebellar degeneration, spinal vascular diseases, other encephalomyopathies
hypersensitivity Shock, anaphylactoid reactions, elevation of SGOT, SGPT and ALP, proteinuria, elevation of BUN, anemia, hypersensitivity, insomnia, sleepiness, headache, numbness of extremities, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, constipation, stomatitis, urinary retention, incontinence, weekness, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, edema
Esomeprazole Proton pump inhibitor which suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase in the gastric parietal cell
40 mg/tab 50 cc H20
Felodipine Dihydropiridine derivative, calcium antagonist; interfere with voltage- dependent L-type calcium channels in membranes of smooth muscle cells
10 mg/tab, 1 tab OD
Treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris
Cardiogenic shock, severe aortic or mitral stenosis, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; unstable angina pectoris, acute MI within 4-8 weeks, decompensated heart failure. Severe hepatic impairment
Flushing, headache, tinnitus, peripheral edema
Ferrous Sulfate Repletes iron stores over approximately 6 months.
1 tab BID Iron deficiency anemia
Constipation, cramping, diarrhea, nausea
Fluconazole reduction of ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450
candidemia, disseminated candidiasis & other invasive candidal infections; vaginal candidiasis; oropharyngeal candidiasis; other candidal infections of mucosa; prevention of candidiasis based on risk of developing fungal infection; deep endemic mycoses; cryptococcal meningitis
hypersensitivity to the drug or related azole
nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence; rash
Folic Acid participation in one carbon transfer reactions, especially important for DNA synthesis
megaloblastic anemia, malabsorption syndromes
Furosemide 20mg/IV Edema of CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal disease and pulmonary edema
Hepatic cirrhosis and & ascites, hepatic coma, severe electrolyte depletion
Hypersensitivity reactions, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipedemia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, ototoxicity
Glargine stimulates peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Insulin inhibits lipolysis in the adipocyte, inhibits proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.
14 “U” reduces the risk of severe nocturnal hypoglycaemia
hypersensitivity Hypoglycemia, Worsening of diabetic retinopathy, Lipodystrophy, Allergic reactions, Sodium retention, Edema
Glimepiride Decreases blood glucose concentration mainly by stimulation insulin release from pancreatic B-cells
5mg/tab
Hexetedine TID General oral hygiene, minor sore throat, improves appearance of mouth tissues
Hydrocortisone Dose-related effects on CHO, protein and fat metabolism. Stimulate protein and RNA synthesis in the liver, catabolic effects on bone,
100mg/IV q8
Adrenocortical insufficiency, acute hypersensitivity reactions, conditions
Systemic fungal infection, lactation
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, growth
reduces manifestations to inflammation
amenable to systemic glucocorticoid injection therapy
retardation, protein catabolism
Hydroxyurea Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor which induces rapid disease control in cancer
500mg/tab ODInitial dose: 1-4g/day; halved with each 50% reduction of WBC count
Myeloproliferative disorders, acute leukemia, solid tumors, radiosensitizer, psoriasis, sickle cell disease, B-thalassemia
Bone marrow depression, severe anemia, pregnancy, lactation
Cytarabine, fluorouracil, live virus vaccines, CNS depressants
Imidapril Block ACE that cleaves angiotensin I to form angiotensin IILower BP by reducing peripheral vascular resistance without reflexly increasing cardiac output, rate, contractilityDiminish rate of bradykinin formationDecreases GFR indirectly by blocking the vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles by Angiotensin II
5mg/tab OD Effective in the management of patients with chronic CHF, standard in the care following MI (started 24 hours after the end of the infarction)
Angioneurotic edema, bilateral or unilateral renal artery stenosis, relevant left ventricular inflow or outflow obstructionPregnancy and lactation
Dry cough, rashes, fever
Imipenem Binds to penicillin binding proteins. Hence itdisrupts cell wall synethesis and is bactericidal
500mg/IV TID
It is abroad-spectrum antibiotic with excellent activity against a variety of gram positive and gram negativeorganism (both aerobic and anaerobic). Susceptible organisms include: Streptococci, Enterococci. Staphylococci, Lister,Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Clostridium
Hypersensitivity to carbapanems, hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type and in patients with severe shock or heart block
Demonstrate cross-reactivity withimipenem. Imipemem may produce nausea and vomiting. Seizures have been reported with high doses
Ipratropium bromide
competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, effectively blocking contraction of airway smooth muscle and increase in mucus secretion
acute prevention & treatment of symptoms in chronic airway disorders with reversible bronchospasm
hypersensitivity to atropine-like substances
dryness of mouth; throat irritation or cough
Irbesartan OD An angiotensin receptor antagonist; angiotensin II acts as a vasoconstrictor and it also stimulates the release of aldosterone; once aldosterone is released, Na as well water are reabsorbed; the end result is an elevation in blood pressure; it binds to the AT1 angiotensin II receptor; this binding prevents angiotensin II from binding to the receptor thereby blocking the vasoconstriction and the aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II
150mg/tab For the tx of hpn and tx of renal disease in pxs with hpn and type II DM
Pregnancy and lactation
Musculoskeletal trauma and flushing
Insulin Anabolic hormone. Increased glycolysis and glycogenesis, decreased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Increased lipogenesis and protein synthesis
20 u prebreakfast10 u predinner
Hyperglycemia in DM type 1 or refractory DM type II, gestational diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemic crises, hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia, hypersensitivity. No absolute contraindications to its use
Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, insulin-induced hyperglycemia (“Somogyi effect”), insulin antagonism/resistance, rapid insulin metabolism, and local reactions to the “foreign” proteins
ISDN Dilates large myocardial 5mg/tab SL Most commonly Hypotension &
arteries to increase blood supply to the heart. Reduces cardiac preload by reducing venous tone. This allows blood pooling in the periphery.
used antianginal agent.
rebound tachycardia, bradycardia, cerebral ischemia, aggravation of peripheral edema
ISMN Organic compd such as nitroglycerin are thought to relax vascular smooth mx by intracellular conversion to nitrite ions and to NO, w/c in turn activates guanylate cyclase & inc\ the cells cGMP. Elevated cGMP leads to dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain resulting vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
30mg/tab OD
Anti-anginal agent, vasodilator, Long term treatment of ischemic heart disease, prevention of angina attacks, treatment of chronic cardiac failure incombination with cardiac glycosides and or diuretics
Hypersensitivity to nitrates, acute MI with low filling pressures, shock, very low BP, aortic stenosis, closed angle glaucoma
Nitrate headache , manifest of collapse may arise after 1st dose in pts w/ circ liability.
Kalium Durule Potassium replacement (equivalent to approximately 10 mEq)
2 durule TID (0.75g)
Hypokalemia. As prophylaxis during treatment with diuretics.
Renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Lactulose Increases water content and softens the stoolLowers the pH of the colon which inhibits the diffusion of ammonia from the colon to the blood
30cc ODHS Chronic constipation in adults and geriatric patientsAdjunct in management of PSE
Patients on low-galactose diets
Belching, cramps, distention, flatulence, diarrhea
Levofloxacin 500 ng/IV OD Block bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase II and IV
Adults >18 y/o with mild mod and severe infection caused by susceptible strains of microorganism in the ff: CAP, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, complicated and uncomplicated skin infections, acute pyelonephritis, complicated and uncomplicated UTI, nosocomial pneumonia
Hypersensitivity to quinolones, IV epilepsy, hx of tendon d/o related to fluoroquinolone therapy, children, pregnancy, lactation
Antacids, sucralfate, metal cations, MVP with Zn, concominatant administration of theophyline, fenbufen or similar NSAIDs can increase the risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures
Levophed 8 mg in 250 cc D5W to start at 2 cc/hr
Inotropic and chronotropic action on the heart and vasoconstriction; more effect in ß1 receptors, hence increases peripheral resistance and both diastolic and systolic BP
BP control in certain acute hypotensive states; adjunct in the treatment of cardiac arrest and profound hypotension
Hypotension from blood volume deficits; concomitant cyclopropane and halothane anesthesia; with mesenteric and peripheral vascular thrombosis unless lifesaving
MAOI, TCA, cycloproprane, halothane
Mannitol Adult: 50-100 g in a 24-hr period by IV infusion of a 5-25% solution. Adjust rate of administration to maintain a urine flow of at least 30-50 mL/hr. Child: 0.25-2 g/kg.
Oliguric phase of renal failure, cerebral edema, increased IOP
Pulmonary congestion or oedema; intracranial bleeding; CHF; metabolic oedema with abnormal capillary fragility; anuria due to severe renal disease; severe dehydration.
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance; acidosis (with high doses). Nausea, vomiting, thirst; headache, dizziness, convulsions, chills, fever; tachycardia, chest pain; blurred vision; urticaria and hypotension or hypertension; acute renal failure; skin necrosis; thrombophloebitis.
Metformin unknown but the following are postulated
insulin resistance syndrome with
renal impairment, cardiac failure,
GI disturbances; nausea, vomiting,
MOA’s:1. direct stimulation of glycolysis in tissues with increased glucose removal from blood2. reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis3. slowing of glucose absorption from the GI tract with increased glucose to lactate conversion by enterocytes4. reduction of plasma glucagons levels
refractory obesity; inadequacy of exclusive sulfonylurea therapy
diabetic coma, sever liver disorder, pancreatitis, severe feverish ailments, alcoholism, slimming diet, hypersensitivity to the drug, shock, severe lung disorders, vascular insufficiency, necrosis, conditions likely to predispose to lactic acidosis
diarrhea, metallic taste in the mouth; lactic acidosis
Metoclopromide blocking of dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone
prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting
GI hemorrhage, mechanical obstruction or perforation; pheochromocytoma; hypersensitivity; epilepsy;
breast CA
: restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, lassitude; insomnia, headache,dizziness, nausea, galactorrhea,
gynecomastia, bowel disturbances
Metoprolol Competitive B1 specific blocker
50mg/tab ½ tab OD
Management of hypertension and angina pectoris
Untreated myocardial failure, shock, AV block grades II and III, SA block, bradycardia, bronchial asthma, hypotension, advanced stages of peripheral circulatory disturbance, pheochromocytoma
Bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, dizziness, fatigue, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, impotence
Moxifloxacin Inhibit the replication of bacterial DNA by interfering w/ the action of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)nduring bacterial growth & reproduction
400mg/IV OD
Upper & lower RTI, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, CAP
hypersensitivity GI disturbances, headache, dizziness, taste perversion
Myrin P forte Combination chemotherapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3 tabs/day pre-breakfast
Initial phase treatment and re-treatment of all forms of TB in category I and II patients caused by susceptible strains of mycobacteria
Alcoholism, optic neuritis, impaired hepatic function, severe renal insuffieciency, hyperuricemia, gouty arthritis, jaundice, retrobulbar neuritis, pregnancy, lactation
Disorders of blood and lymphatic system, immune system, metabolism and nutrition, CNS, eye, GI, hepatobiliary, skin and SC tissues, musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone and renal conditions
Nimodipine Calcium channel blocker 30mg/tab, 2 tabs q8
Prophylaxis and treatment of ischemic neurological deficits due to cerebral vasospasm after SAH
Hypersensitivity to nimodipine
Hypotension, deterioration of renal function, arrhythmia, increased liver enzymes, GI disturbances
Nitroglycerin Patch
denitration in the smooth muscle cells, releasing free nitrite ion via glutathione S-transferase. Unknown enzymatic action releases nitric oxide, causing activation of guanylyl cyclase and an increase in cGMP, leading to smooth muscle relaxation
prevention of attacks of angina pectoris. Supplementary treatment of CHF. Prevention of phlebitis and extravasation
hypersensitivity, acute circulatory failure, increased ICP, myocardial insufficiency due to obstruction
headache; application site reactions; dizziness; reflex tachycardia
Omeprazole proton pump inhibitors (PPI) which block the production of acid by the stomach
40mg/tab 1 tab OD
short-term treatment (up to 16 weeks) of erosive esophagitis associated with GERD;maintenance treatment of erosive esophagitis, acute or maintenance
known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, rash and headaches, dizziness, nervousness, abnormal heartbeat, muscle pain, weakness, leg cramps and water retention
treatment of duodenal or gastric ulcers, treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, and adjunct treatment with antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori
rarely occur
Paracetamol weak prostaglandin inhibitor in peripheral tissues with no significant anti-inflammatory effects
fever & pain nephropathy skin rashes and other allergic reactions; hematological anaphylaxis
Ondansetron Ondansetron antagonises 5-HT3 receptor, blocking serotonin, both peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
Adult: 24 mg, as a single dose, 30 minutes before the start of single-day chemotherapy.
Prophylaxis of post-operative pain, nausea and vomiting
Use with apomorphine (profound hypotension).
Headache, malaise/fatigue, constipation; drowsiness, fever, dizziness, anxiety, cold sensation; pruritus, rash; diarrhoea; gynaecological disorder, urinary retention; elevated transaminase; local inj site reaction (pain, redness, burning); paresthesia; hypoxia. Rarely: Anaphylaxis, angina, bronchospasm, ECG changes, extrapyramidal symptoms, grand mal seizure, hypokalaemia, tachycardia, vascular occlusive events.
Pantoprazole Inhibits fasting and meal-stimulated secretion by blocking the final common pathway of acid secretion
40mg/IV q12 Duodenal and
gastric ulcerModerate to severe renal or hepatic dysfunctionPregnancy and lactation
Headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Paracetamol Weak inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Analgesic and antipyretic effect.
500mg/tab q4
Pain and fever Renal and hepatic failure
Hematological, skin , and other allergic reactions
Piptazo Piperacillin- inhibits bacterial wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin binding proteins which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesisTazobactam- potent inhibitor of B- lactamases.The combination enhances and extends the antibiotic spectrum of piperacillin to include many B- lactamase- producing bacteria normally resistant to it and other B- lactam antibiotics
4.5 g/vial ½ vial
Treatment of systemic or local bacterial infection; UTI, LRTI, bacterial septicemia
Hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephlosporins or B-lactamase
Diarrhea, constipation, nausea, headache, insomia, rash, erythema, pruritus, vomiting, allergic reactions, urticaria, and superinfections
Piracetam unknown Treatment of CVA & cerebral circulatory insufficiency. Post-traumatic syndromes. Severe obnubilation & vascular coma of traumatic or toxic origin. Chronic alcoholism & addiction.
severe renal insufficiency with creatinine clearance <20mL/min.
somnolence; asthenia; dizziness; agitation; anxety
Involutional syndromes related to aging. Treatment of cortical myoclonus.
Prednisone Suppression of inflammatory and immune response by binding to specific cellular receptor proteins; profound effects on concentration, distribution and function of leukocytes and suppressive effects on inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
20 mg/tab 1 tab OD
Adrenocortical insufficiency, adjunctive short term therapy for rheumatic disorders. Collagen and inflammatory ophtha diseases. Allergic forms of bronchial asthma and rhinitis. Resp and hematological disorders. Organ transplant. GI, dermatologic neoplastic and nervous disorders
Peptic ulcer, osteoporosis, pychosis or severe psychoneuroses, active or quiescent TB, acute infection, live vaccines
Fluid and salt retention, edema, HPN, amenorrhea, hyperhidrosis, mental disturbances, acute pancreatitis, aseptic osteonecrosis, muscle weakness, cushingoid state, raised IOC, visual disturbances, local atrophy, increased appetite, growth retardation
Propranoplol Non-selective β blocker, blocks response to β1 & 2 adrenergic stimulation w/c ↓ HR, BP, myocardial contractility and O2 demand
10mg/tab TID
Hypertension, angina, anxiety, migraine, essential tremors, arrythmias, thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, tachycardia
Asthma or bronchospasm, bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, metabolic acidosis
Cold extremities, GI and sleep disturbances, fatigue, deterioration in heart failure, bradycardia, postural hypotension
PTU Inhibits the release of pre-formed thyroid hormones and blocks the peripheral conversion of T4 T3 (DOC for thyroid storm)
50mg/tab 6 tabs q8
Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm
GI disorders, exopthalmos, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis and thyrotoxic crisis after discontinuation
Ramipril Block ACE that cleaves angiotensin I to form angiotensin IILower BP by reducing peripheral vascular resistance without reflexly increasing cardiac output, rate, contractilityDiminish rate of bradykinin formation
5mg/tab OD Effective in the management of patients with chronic CHF, standard in the care following MI (started 24 hours after the end of the infarction)
Angioneurotic edema, bilateral or unilateral renal artery stenosis, relevant left ventricular inflow or outflow obstructionPregnancy and lactation
Dry cough, rashes, fever
Ranitidine Antiulcerative action: Competitively inhibits histamine;s action at H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells. This reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion as well as that caused by histamine, food, amino acids, insulin, and pentagastrin.
150 mg/tab ½ tab q 12
Duodenal ulcer, benign gastric ulcer, post-op ulcer, reflux esophagitis and Z-E syndrome
Contraindicated in patients with hypersensiticity to drug and in those with history of acute porphyria. Use cautiously in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Reversible hepatitis, hypersensitivity, headache, dizziness
Salmeterol xinafoate + Fluticasone propionate (Seretide), 250 diskus, 1 puff BID
Salmeterol:Bronchodilator
action: Selectively stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors, resulting in bronchodilation. Also blocks the release of histamine from mast cells lining the respiratory tract, which produces vasodilation and increases ciliary motility.Fluticasone:
Antiinflammatory action: Stimulates synthesis of enzymes needed to decrease inflammation
Salmeterol: 1) Long-term maintenance treatment of asthma;prevention of bronchospasm in patients with nocturnal asthma or reversible obstructive airway disease who need regular treatment with short acting beta agonists2)
Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm3) COPD or emphysemaFluticasone1) Relief of inflammation and pruritus of corticosteroid-
Salmeterol: Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to drug or its components. Use cautiously in patients with coronary insufficiency, arrhythmias, hypertension, other CV disorders, thyrotoxicosis, or seizure disorders and in those unusually responsive to sympathomimetics.
Fluticasone: Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to drug or its components and in those with viral,
Salmeterol:CNS: headache, sinus headache, tremor, nervousness, giddinessCV: tachycardia, palpitations, ventricular arrhythmiasEENT: nasopharyngitis, nasal cavity or sinus disorderGI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburnMuskuloskeletal: joint and back pain, myalgiaResp: cough, lower repiratory infection, upper respiratory infection, bronchospasmOther: hypersensitivity
responsice dermatoses2) Allergic rhinitis3)
Management of nasal symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis in children4)
Maintenance therapy of asthma as prophylactic therapy
fungal, herpetic, or tubercular skin lesions. Flovent inhalation aerosol and powder are contraindicated as the primary treatment in status asthmaticus or other acute episodes of asthma in which intensive measures are required. Use care when transferring patients from systemically active corticosteroids to Flovent inhalation aerosol or powder because deaths have occurred in asthmatic patients during and after transfer from systemic corticosteroids to less systemically available inhalation cortico steroids. During periods of stress or severe asthma attack, patients who have been withdrawn from systemic corticosteroids should be instructed to resume oral corticosteroids in large doses immediately and to call for further medical assistance.
reactions (rash, urticaria)Fluticasone:CNS: dizziness, giddinessGU: dysmennorrheaMetabolic: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, Cushing’s syndromeMuskuloskeletal: pain in joints, sprain or strain aches and pain, pain in limbsResp: bronchitis, chest congestionSkin: stinging, burning, pruritus, irritation, dryness, erythema, folliculitis, skin atrophy, leukoderma, vesicles, numbness of fingers, rash, hypertrichosis, anceiform eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, secondary infection, striae, miliariaOther: fever
Salbutamol relaxation of airway smooth muscle and inhibition of release of bronchoconstricting substances from mast cells; inhibition of microvascular leakage; increase in mucociliary transport
relief of bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway diseases
hypersensitivity; cardiac arrhythmia associated with tachycardia caused by digitalis intoxication
nausea, dizziness, skin rash, increased heart rate & restlessness
Simvastatin A methylated derivative of lovastatin that acts by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis
40mg/tab 1 tab OD
Reduction of elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C and TG levels; increase HDL-C levels in the treatment of dyslipid- emia, including hyper- cholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia
Liver disease or unexplained persistent rise of serum transaminases; pregnancy and lactation
Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, rash, myopathy, asthenia, headache, dyspepsia, pruritus, anemia, alopecia, dizziness, muscle cramps, myalgia, pancreatitis, paresthesia, vomiting
Cyclosporine and other lipid-lowering agents; amiodarone and verapamil; itraconazole; ketoconazole; macrolides; HIV – protease inhibitors and nefazodone; digoxin
NaHCO3 Dissociates to provide bicarbonate ion which neutralizes hydrogen ion concentration and raises blood and urinary pH
gr X tab TID
Spirinolactone Competes with aldosterone for receptor sites at distal renal tubule increasing NaCl and water excretion, conserving K and H
25 mg/tab OD
Essential hypertension, edematous disorder, CHF, nephritic syndrome, malignant hypertension, hypoK, hypoMg
Acute renal insufficiency, anuria, hyperK, pregnancy
Gynecomastia, GI symptoms, drowsiness, lethargy, menstrual irregularities
SSKI Goiter prophylaxis for I deficiency and treatment of I deficiency
5 gtts 1 hr after PTU TID
Iodine deficiency Thyroid overactivity
Tamoxifin citrate
Antineoplastic action: Exact mechanism unclear. May exert cytotoxic action by blocking estrogen receptors within tumor cells that need estrogen to thrive. The estrogen
Advanced breast cancer, adjunct treatment to breast cancer, prevention of breast cancer in high risk women, mastalgia,
Hypersensitivity to drug and during pregnancy. In patients taking coumarin-type anticoagulants and in women with history of DVT or
GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrheaGU: vaginal discharge and bleeding, irregular menses, increased BUNHema: leucopenia,
receptor tamoxifen citrate complex may be translocated into the nucleus of the tumor cell where it inhibits DNA synthesis
stimulation of ovulation
pulmonary edema. Use cautiously in patients with existing leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.
thrombocytopeniaHepatic: elevated liver enzymesMetabolic: hypercalcemia, increased serum triglyceridea and cholesterol levels, increased thyroxine levels; weight loss or gainMuskuloskeletal: temporary bone or tumor pain, brief exacerbation of pain from osseous metastasesOther: hot flashes, fluid retention
Theophylline Bronchodilator action: May act by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, elevating cellular cAMP levels, or antagonizing adenosine receptors in the bronchi, resulting in the relaxation of the smooth muscle.
Increases sensitivity of the medullary respiratory center to carbon dioxide to reduce apneic episodes. Prevents muscle fatigue, especially that of the diaphragm. Also causes diuresis and cardiac and CNS stimulation
1)
Symptomatic relief of bronchospasm in patients not currently receiving theophylline who require rapid relief of acute symptoms2)
Parenteral theophylline for patients not currently receiving theophylline3)
Symptomatic relief of bronchospasm in patients currently receiving theophylline4)
Prophylaxis of bronchial asthma, bronchospasm of chronic bronchitis, and emphysema5) Cystic fibrosis6)
Promotion of diuresis7)
Treatment of Cheyne-Stokes respirations8)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to xanthine compounds (caffeine, theobromine) and in those with active peptic ulcer and seizure disorders.
Use cautiously in elderly patients; in neonates, infants under age 1, and young children; and in patients with COPD, cardiac failure, cor pulmonale, renal or hepatic disease, peptic ulcer, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, severe hypoxemia, hypertension, compromised cardiac or circulatory function, angina, acute MI, or sulfite sensitivity
CNS: restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, headache, irritability, seizures, muscle twitchingCV: palpitations, sinus tachycardia, extrasystoles, flushing, marked hypotension, arryhtmiasGI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric painResp: tachypnea, respiratory arrest
Ticarcillin-Clavulanate
Ticarcillin – inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to 1 or more of the penicillin-binding proteins which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesisClavulanate – binds and inhibits B-lactamases thus giving an expanded spectrum of activity
3.2g/IV
Tramadol Non-opiate synthetic analgesic.Bind to u-opioid receptors, but is only partially antagonized by naloxone.
50mg/tab q8
Moderate to severe pain.
Acute intoxication with alcohol, sedatives, analgesics, sedatives, psychotropic
Constipation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, pruritus.
Antidepressants, MAOI, ritonavir
Reduces uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
drugsa
Tramadol+ Paracetamol (Dolcet)
Tramadol- non-opiate synthetic analgesic.Bind to u-opioid receptors, but is only partially antagonized by naloxone.Reduces uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.Paracetamol- Weak inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Analgesic and antipyretic effect
50mg/tab q6 prn
Moderate to severe pain.
Constipation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, pruritus.
Tranexamic acid An analog of aminocaproic acid (EACA), synthetic inhibitor of fibrinolysis by competitively inhibiting plasminogen activation
15mg/kg loading dose, followed by 30mg/kg q6
Adjunctive therapy in hemophilia, therapy for bleeding from fibrinolytic therapy, and as prophylxis for rebleeding from intracranial aneurysms
DIC, genitourinary bleeding of the upper tract, eg. kidney and ureters
Intravascular thrombosis, hypotension, myopathy, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and nasal stuffiness
Trimetazidine(Vastarel)
Metabolic anti ischemic agentInhibitor of 3-KAT which allows recoupling of glycolysis and increase in glucose oxidation for better energy production under ischemic conditions
35 mg/tab BID
Long-term treatment of coronary insufficiency and angina pectoris
Lactation GI upset
Vancomycin Bactericidal action resulting from inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis; alters bacterial cell membrane permeability and RNA synthesis
750mg/IV in 250cc D5W
Serious infections caused by susceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staph.; Penicillin-allergic patients; staph endocarditis, septicemia, bone, lower respi tract, skin infections; diphtheroid endocarditis
Rapid infusion-related reactions, hearing loss, renal impairment, pregnancy and lactation
Thrombophlebitis, febrile reactions with rigor during administration, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
Increased risk of ototoxicity with loop diuretics, aminoglycosides; increased risk of nephrotoxicity with with aminoglycosides and cephalosporins
Vitamin K Confers biologic activity upon prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X by participating in their postribosomal modification
10 mg/IV Prolonged PT
Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Antasthmatic action: Selectively competes for leukotriene receptor (LTD4 and LTE4) sites, blocking inflammatory action.
Prophylaxis and long-term treatment of asthma
Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to drug or its components. Use cautiously in elderly patients and in patients with hepatic impairment.
CNS: asthenia, dizziness, headacheGI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, nausea, vomitingHepatic: elevated liver enzyme levelsMusculoskeletal: back pain, myalgiaOther: accidental injury, fever, infection, pain