drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure(cont) garrett j. gross, ph.d. drugs used in...
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Drugs Used In the Treatment ofDrugs Used In the Treatment ofCongestive Heart Failure(Cont)Congestive Heart Failure(Cont)
Garrett J. Gross, Ph.D.Garrett J. Gross, Ph.D.
Drugs Used In the Treatment ofDrugs Used In the Treatment ofCongestive Heart Failure(Cont)Congestive Heart Failure(Cont)
Garrett J. Gross, Ph.D.Garrett J. Gross, Ph.D.
BLOCKERSBLOCKERS
ATAT1 1 BLOCKERSBLOCKERS
DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
STROKE VOLUMESTROKE VOLUME
PRELOADPRELOAD
CONTRACTILITYCONTRACTILITY
CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT
HEART RATE
HEART RATE
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
AFTERLOADAFTERLOAD
Frank-Starling Law
DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
STROKE VOLUMESTROKE VOLUME
PRELOADPRELOAD
CONTRACTILITYCONTRACTILITY
CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT
HEART RATE
HEART RATE
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
AFTERLOADAFTERLOAD
DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DETERMINANTS OF
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
STROKE VOLUMESTROKE VOLUME
PRELOADPRELOAD
CONTRACTILITYCONTRACTILITY
CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT
HEART RATE
HEART RATE
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
- Synergistic LV contraction - LV wall integrity - Valvular competence
AFTERLOADAFTERLOAD
Venous Vasodilatation
Venous Vasodilatation
MIXED -adrenergic Blockers
ACEIAngiotensin II inhibitors
K+ channel activatorsNitroprusside
MIXED -adrenergic Blockers
ACEIAngiotensin II inhibitors
K+ channel activatorsNitroprusside
VENOUSNitrates
Molsidomine
VENOUSNitrates
Molsidomine
ARTERIALMinoxidil
Hydralazin
ARTERIALMinoxidil
Hydralazin
VASODILATORSCLASSIFICATIONVASODILATORSCLASSIFICATION
Arterial Vasodilatation
Arterial Vasodilatation
1- VENOUS VASODILATATION Preload
2- Coronary vasodilatation Myocardial perfusion
3- Arterial vasodilatation Afterload
4- Others
1- VENOUS VASODILATATION Preload
2- Coronary vasodilatation Myocardial perfusion
3- Arterial vasodilatation Afterload
4- Others
Pulmonary congestionVentricular sizeVent. Wall stressMVO2
Pulmonary congestionVentricular sizeVent. Wall stressMVO2
NITRATESHEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
NITRATESHEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
• Cardiac output
• Blood pressure
• Cardiac output
• Blood pressure
PlaceboPlacebo
EnalaprilEnalapril
1212111110109988776655
PROBABILITYOFDEATH
PROBABILITYOFDEATH
MONTHSMONTHS
0.10.1
0.80.8
00
0.20.2
0.30.3
0.70.7
0.40.4
0.50.5
0.60.6p< 0.001p< 0.001
p< 0.002p< 0.002
CONSENSUSN Engl J Med 1987;316:1429CONSENSUSN Engl J Med 1987;316:1429
ACEI SURVIVALACEI SURVIVAL
4433221100
VASOCONSTRICTIONVASOCONSTRICTION VASODILATATION VASODILATATION
KininogenKininogen
KallikreinKallikrein
Inactive FragmentsInactive Fragments
AngiotensinogenAngiotensinogen
Angiotensin IAngiotensin I
RENINRENIN
Kininase IIKininase IIInhibitorInhibitor
ALDOSTERONEALDOSTERONE
SYMPATHETICSYMPATHETICVASOPRESSINVASOPRESSIN
PROSTAGLANDINSPROSTAGLANDINS
tPAtPA
ANGIOTENSIN IIANGIOTENSIN II
BRADYKININBRADYKININ
ACEIMECHANISM OF ACTION
ACEIMECHANISM OF ACTION
A.C.E.A.C.E.
ACEI
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTSACEI
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
Arteriovenous Vasodilatation- PCWP and LVEDP- SVR and BP- CO and exercise tolerance
No change in HR / contractilityMVO2
Renal, coronary and cerebral flowDiuresis and natriuresis
Arteriovenous Vasodilatation- PCWP and LVEDP- SVR and BP- CO and exercise tolerance
No change in HR / contractilityMVO2
Renal, coronary and cerebral flowDiuresis and natriuresis
ACEI
ADVANTAGESACEI
ADVANTAGESInhibit LV remodeling post-MI
Modify the progression of chronic CHF
- Survival
- Hospitalizations
- Improve the quality of life
In contrast to others vasodilators, do not produce neurohormonal activationor reflex tachycardia
Tolerance to its effects does not develop
Inhibit LV remodeling post-MI
Modify the progression of chronic CHF
- Survival
- Hospitalizations
- Improve the quality of life
In contrast to others vasodilators, do not produce neurohormonal activationor reflex tachycardia
Tolerance to its effects does not develop
ACEI
UNDESIRABLE EFFECTSACEI
UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS
Inherent in their mechanism of action- Hypotension- Hyperkalemia- Angioneurotic edema
Due to their chemical structure- Cutaneous eruptions- Neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia- Digestive upset
Inherent in their mechanism of action- Hypotension- Hyperkalemia- Angioneurotic edema
Due to their chemical structure- Cutaneous eruptions- Neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia- Digestive upset
- Dry cough- Renal Insuff.- Dry cough- Renal Insuff.
- Dysgeusia- Proteinuria- Dysgeusia- Proteinuria
ANGIOTENSIN II INHIBITORS
MECHANISM OF ACTIONANGIOTENSIN II INHIBITORS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
RENINRENIN
AngiotensinogenAngiotensinogen Angiotensin I
ANGIOTENSIN II
Angiotensin I
ANGIOTENSIN II
ACEACEOther pathsOther paths
VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction Proliferative Action
Proliferative Action
VasodilatationVasodilatation Antiproliferative Action
Antiproliferative Action
AT1 AT1 AT2AT2
AT1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
AT1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
RECEPTORSRECEPTORS
AT1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERSDRUGS
AT1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERSDRUGS
Losartan
Valsartan
Irbersartan
Candesartan
Losartan
Valsartan
Irbersartan
Candesartan
Competitive and selective
blocking of AT1 receptors
Competitive and selective
blocking of AT1 receptors
0.60.6
PROBABILITYOFDEATH
PROBABILITYOFDEATH
00
Placebo (273)Prazosin (183)Hz + ISDN (186)
Placebo (273)Prazosin (183)Hz + ISDN (186)
MONTHSMONTHS
0.70.7
0.50.5
0.30.3
0.40.4
0.20.2
0.10.1
VHefT-1N Engl J Med 1986;314:1547VHefT-1N Engl J Med 1986;314:1547
NITRATESSURVIVALNITRATESSURVIVAL
00 66 1212 1818 2424 3030 3636 4242
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
SYMPATHOMIMETICSCatecholaminesß-adrenergic agonists
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS Amrinone Enoximone
Others
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
SYMPATHOMIMETICSCatecholaminesß-adrenergic agonists
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS Amrinone Enoximone
Others
MilrinonePiroximoneMilrinonePiroximone
POSITIVE INOTROPESPOSITIVE INOTROPES
Inamrine&Mirinone
3. Nesiritide: natriuretic peptide
a. New treatment for acute congestive heart failure and dyspnea at rest
ß-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS INDICATIONS and UTILIZATIONß-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS INDICATIONS and UTILIZATION
Not clearly established
Begin with very low doses
Slow augmentation of dose
Slow withdrawal ?
Not clearly established
Begin with very low doses
Slow augmentation of dose
Slow withdrawal ?
ß-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS POSSIBLE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
ß-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS POSSIBLE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
Density of ß1 receptors
Inhibit cardiotoxicity of catecholamines
Neurohormonalactivation
HR
Antihypertensive and antianginal
Antiarrhythmic
Antioxidant
Antiproliferative
Density of ß1 receptors
Inhibit cardiotoxicity of catecholamines
Neurohormonalactivation
HR
Antihypertensive and antianginal
Antiarrhythmic
Antioxidant
Antiproliferative
ALDOSTERONEALDOSTERONE
Retention Na+
Retention H2O
Excretion K+
Excretion Mg2+
Retention Na+
Retention H2O
Excretion K+
Excretion Mg2+
Collagen
deposition
Fibrosis - myocardium
- vessels
SpironolactoneSpironolactone
Edema Edema
Arrhythmias Arrhythmias
Competitive antagonist of thealdosterone receptor(myocardium, arterial walls, kidney)
Competitive antagonist of thealdosterone receptor(myocardium, arterial walls, kidney)
ALDOSTERONE INHIBITORSALDOSTERONE INHIBITORS
BLOCKERSBLOCKERS
ATAT1 1 BLOCKERSBLOCKERS