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Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON - Jessica Miller 1

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Page 1: Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapychapter.aapm.org/nccaapm/z_meetings/2017-11-10/04...Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy ... Dual source DECT technology

Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON

- Jessica Miller

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Page 2: Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapychapter.aapm.org/nccaapm/z_meetings/2017-11-10/04...Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy ... Dual source DECT technology

• Funding provided by Siemens Medical

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Disclosures 

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• General principles of dual‐energy CT

• Technical approaches to dual‐energy CT

• Potential applications and challenges of dual‐energy CT in radiation oncology

Learning objectives

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Page 4: Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapychapter.aapm.org/nccaapm/z_meetings/2017-11-10/04...Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy ... Dual source DECT technology

What is dual‐energy CT?

80 kVp – Low Energy Image 140 kVp – High Energy Image

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• Above k‐edge energy, a linear attenuation can be approximated by the sum of PE and CS (basis pairs)

• + • Where  ∝ and  ∝

• Alternatively, the linear attenuation coefficient for an arbitrary material can be represented as a weighted sum of two independent material’s attenuation coefficients

• + 

Basis pair decomposition

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Basis pair decomposition

6

Szczykutowicz, T. in press. “Dual‐Energy and Spectral Imaging.” Comprehensive Biomedical Physics

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Basis pair decomposition

7

Szczykutowicz, T. in press. “Dual‐Energy and Spectral Imaging.” Comprehensive Biomedical Physics

Page 8: Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapychapter.aapm.org/nccaapm/z_meetings/2017-11-10/04...Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy ... Dual source DECT technology

Dual source DECT technology

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• Two x‐ray tubes separated by 90 degrees

• Dual‐Energy CT FOV of 33 cm

• Filters can be optimized for spectral separation

Image courtesy of SIEMENS

Page 9: Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapychapter.aapm.org/nccaapm/z_meetings/2017-11-10/04...Dual-Energy CT Applications in Radiation Therapy ... Dual source DECT technology

• Sequential CT scans: • 140 kV • 80 kV

• Creates a low‐ and high‐energy spectra, sequentially

Image courtesy of SIEMENS

Sequential scans 

140 kV

80 kV

return to starting position

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Fast kVp switching

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• 0.5 ms switching between 80 and 140 kVp to acquire interleaved projection data

• Requires fast generator response and detector response

Image courtesy of GE Healthcare

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Dual‐layer detector

11Cynthia H. McCollough; Shuai Leng; Lifeng Yu; Joel G. Fletcher; Radiology 2015, 276, 637‐653.

• ”Sandwich” scintillation detectors:

• Low energy data collected from the top/proximal layer• High energy data acquired from the bottom/distal layer

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• A removable split‐filter composed of gold (Au) and tin (Sn) which filters a 120 kV x‐ray beam

• Creates a low‐ and high‐energy spectra simultaneously

Images courtesy of SIEMENS

Single‐source DECT TwinBeam system

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Potential radiation therapy applications for DECT

Mixed – 120 kVp equivalent  

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Potential radiation therapy applications for DECT

True Contrast Image Virtual Non‐contrast

Iodine Map Rho/Z Map

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40 keV 55 keV

77 keV 190 keV

Potential radiation therapy applications for DECT

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Virtual monoenergetic reconstructions (VMI)

Roele, E.D., Timmer, V.C.M.L., Vaassen, L.A.A. et al. Curr Radiol Rep (2017) 5: 19.

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Metal Artifact Reduction at Higher VMI Energies

Shima Aran, Laleh Daftari Besheli, Musturay Karcaaltincaba, Rajiv Gupta, Efren J. Flores and Hani H. AbujudehAmerican Journal of Roentgenology 2014 202:4, W314‐W324

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Improved dose calculation

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Radiation therapy applications:

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Wouter van Elmpt et al. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2016, 3119, 137‐144.

Improved dose calculations

• Brachytherapy

• Protons

• External Beam – Photon Therapy

N. Hudobivnik et al. Med. Phys. 2016, 43, 495.

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Dose calculations – virtual non‐contrast (VNC) images

True Contrast Image Virtual Non‐contrast

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HU difference map (Mixed – VNC)

Dose calculations – virtual non‐contrast (VNC) images

Images courtesy of Dr. Huang‐Vredevoogd, University of Wisconsin

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• Ideal plan – VNC plan• Ideal plan – No override plan

Dose calculations – virtual non‐contrast (VNC) images

Images courtesy of Dr. Huang‐Vredevoogd, University of Wisconsin

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Tumor identification, characterization and delineation

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Radiation therapy applications:

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Cyst or Carcinoma?

Renal call carcinomaHyperattenuating cyst

Mukta D. Agrawal; Daniella F. Pinho; Naveen M. Kulkarni; Peter F. Hahn; Alexander R. Guimaraes; Dushyant V. Sahani; RadioGraphics 2014, 34, 589‐612. 24

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Calcium or hemorrhage?

Ranliang Hu; Laleh DaftariBesheli; Joseph Young; Markus Wu; Stuart Pomerantz; Michael H. Lev; Rajiv Gupta; Radiology 2016, 280, 177‐183. 25

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Material decomposition – iodine map

Roele, E.D., Timmer, V.C.M.L., Vaassen, L.A.A. et al. Curr Radiol Rep (2017) 5: 19.

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Material decomposition – iodine map

Mukta D. Agrawal; Daniella F. Pinho; Naveen M. Kulkarni; Peter F. Hahn; Alexander R. Guimaraes; Dushyant V. Sahani; RadioGraphics 2014, 34, 589‐612.27

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Tumor delineation

Mukta D. Agrawal; Daniella F. Pinho; Naveen M. Kulkarni; Peter F. Hahn; Alexander R. Guimaraes; Dushyant V. Sahani; RadioGraphics 2014, 34, 589‐612.

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Tumor delineation for pancreatic cancer

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Tumor delineation for pancreatic cancer

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Tumor delineation 

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Treatment response assessment 

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Radiation therapy applications:

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Treatment response with DECT

Xu Dai et al. European Journal of Radiology (2013) 82: 327‐334

Apfaltrer et al. Invest Radiol. (2012) 42:(1): 65‐70

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Normal tissue segmentation

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Radiation therapy applications:

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Normal tissue delineation

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Postma et al. Dual‐Energy CT: What the Neuroradiologist Should Know. Current Radiology Reports. 2015;3(5):16.

Supratentorialwhite matter/basal ganglia 

Posterior fossa

50 keV to 70 keV

Higher energies

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Functional normal tissue segmentation and toxicity

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Radiation therapy applications:

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Material decomposition – xenon map & iodine map

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Zhang, L.J., Zhou, C.S., Schoepf, U.J. et al. EurRadiol (2013) 23: 2666

Ventilation

Perfusion

Xenon inhalation

Iodine injection

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Houda Bahig et al., International Journal of Rad. Onc., Biology, Physics. V99,Issue 1, Paes 334‐343 (Oct 2017). 

Dose calculation accounting for functional lung 

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Bone Marrow

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Fornaro et al. Dual‐ and multi‐energy CT: approach to functional imaging. Insights into Imaging. 2011;2(2):149‐159.

Taiki Magome et al., Int J Radiation OncolBiol Phys, Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 679‐687, 2016 

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Sarah McGuire et al., Radiotherapy and Oncology, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 49‐54, 2011 

Bone Marrow

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Conclusions

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• Improving dose calculation

• Tumor identification and delineation

• Treatment response

• Normal tissue segmentation

• Functional normal tissue toxicities 

Challenges in commissioning and quality assurance of DECT systems for radiation therapy applications

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Thank you

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A. Visualization of bone marrow edema via virtual calcium removal

B. Enhancement of CNR between tumor and healthy tissue via iodine uptake 

C. Visualization of tissue metabolic activity via glucose uptake

D. Improvement of dose calculation accuracy with effective atomic number information

Which of the following is NOT a current application of Dual‐energy CT?

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van Elmpt W, Landry G, Das M, Verhaegen F. Dual energy CT in radiotherapy: Current applications and future outlook. Radiother Oncol. 2016 Apr;119(1):137‐44.

McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG. Dual‐ and multi‐energy CT: principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology 2015; 276: 637–53.

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Houda Bahig et al., International Journal of Rad. Onc., Biology, Physics. V99,Issue 1, Paes 334‐343 (Oct 2017).