due date ------------------------------------ 1/9/2015

1 | I m p e r i a l i s m M i n i - C a s e S t u d y

Key Ideas:

What was the lasting impact of the Industrial Revolution?

How did the Industrial Revolution fuel the desire for greater Imperial expansion into Africa and Asia?

How was Social Darwinism used to justify imperial power around the world?

What was the lasting impact of imperialism?

DUE DATE ------------------------------------ 1/9/2015


How does Social Darwinism explain this?

European Colonies of Africa and their Primary Exports

African Colony Resource Exported Industrial or Economic Use Angola (Portugal)

cotton palm oil and kernel oil coffee and sugar

fabrics soap and candles food goods

Congo Free State (Belgium)

rubber palm oil ivory

tires, clothing, electrical goods soap and candles, other goods pool balls, piano keys, luxury items

French West Africa (France)

gum cotton peanuts, bananas, coffee, and sugar

cosmetics, medicines fabrics and clothing food goods

Rhodesia (UK)

copper zinc lead coal

coins, metal alloys metal alloys ammunition fuel

South Africa (UK)

gold diamonds

banking, currency, jewelry jewelry, industrial tools

Tanganyika (Germany)

coffee rubber cotton

food goods tires, waterproof clothing, electrical goods fabric and clothing

1) Consider the chart above; how did African

imperialism “fuel” Europe’s industrial expansion

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2) Who is notably absent from the Berlin conference?

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“The Berlin Conference” (1885)

Conference” (1885)


The Congolese Genocide Leopold II, King of Belgium, wished to bring his tiny country into the world of Imperial powers. He claimed a large region of the Congo and, ironically, named it the “Congo Free State.” In the pursuit of profit at all costs Leopold’s men treated the natives of the Congo with a brutality that turned the world’s stomach. Penalties for minor infractions resulted in brutal whippings in public. If one did not harvest enough rubber from the plantations a hand would be cut off as a warning to other workers. Women and young children were not immune from this punishment.

It was most interesting, lying in the bush watching the

natives quietly at their day’s work. Some

women…were making banana flour by pounding up

dried bananas. Men could be seen building huts and

engaged in other work, boys and girls running about,

singing. I opened the game by shooting one chap

through the chest. He fell like a stone… Immediately a

volley [of bullets] was poured into the village.

-Captain William Grant Stairs, “Congo Diary,” September

28, 1887

3) How does Social Darwinism lead to this kind of violence?

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“Three Congolese workers” (1887)


“Congolese girl” (1888)


1) In the cartoon to the left, a BEIC official praises “his”

Sepoy. Describe the relationship between the two men.

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[The failures of Imperialism in India] Politically: Repeated breach of pledges to give the natives a fair and reasonable share in the higher administration of their own country, which has much shaken confidence in the good faith of the British word. Political aspirations and the legitimate claim to have a reasonable voice in the legislation and the imposition and disbursement of taxes, met to a very slight degree, thus treating the natives of India not as British subjects, in whom representation is a birthright. Consequent on the above, an utter disregard of the feelings and views of the natives. The great moral evil of the drain of wisdom and practical administration, leaving none to guide the rising generation. Materially: [The] continuous impoverishment and exhaustion of the country, except so far as it has been very partially relieved and replenished by the railway and irrigation loans, and the windfall of the consequences of the American war, since 1850. Even with this relief, the material condition of India is such that the great mass of the poor have hardly tuppence a day and a few rags, or a scanty subsistence

Dadabhai Naoroji: The Benefits of British Rule, 1871

“The Good Sepoy” (1857)


2) In the passage below, what are some of the major

failures of British imperial policy?

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As the trade deficit with China grew the United

Kingdom decided to begin the systematic importing

of one their other cash crops in to China, Opium.

Opium is a drug that produces an effect similar to

that of heroin. Opium dens begin to spring up

throughout China, and while the drug was made

illegal by the Chinese Emperor and after repeated

requests to cease the trade Britain continued to

import the drug as their profits soared.

China retaliated by closing ports and stopping all

trade with Britain. The British responded with force,

starting the “Opium War” in 1839.

Opium imported into China (1 chest = approx. 135 pounds)

Year Number of Chests per Year

1729 200

1776 1,000

1830 10,000

1838 40,000

Were the traffickers in this poison, for such no one in possession of his senses can deny it to be, to state that they deal in it merely as a matter of [monetary] gain… Reverse the picture.

Suppose, by any chance, that Chinese junks were to import into England, as a foreign and fashionable luxury, so harmless a thing as arsenic, or corrosive sublimate—that, after a few years, it became a rage—that hundreds of thousands used it—and that its use was, in consequence of its bad effects, prohibited. Suppose that, in opposition to the prohibition, junks were stationed in the St. George’s channel…Suppose the consumption to increase annually, and to arouse the attention of government, and of those sound thinking men who foresaw misery and destruction from the rapid spread of an insidious, unprofitable, and dangerous habit. . . .

1) Consider the differing accounts of the opium trade and the events that lead to the “Opium War,” How does Social

Darwinism allow the United Kingdom to justify their actions?

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An account of a British merchant regarding the Opium

trade


Take up the White Man's burden--

Send forth the best ye breed--

Go bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild--

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half-devil and half-child.


In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,

An hundred times made plain

To seek another's profit,

And work another's gain.


The savage wars of peace--

Fill full the mouth of Famine

And bid the sickness cease;

And when your goal is nearest

The end for others sought,

Watch sloth and heathen Folly

Bring all your hopes to nought.


No tawdry rule of kings,

But toil of serf and sweeper--

The tale of common things.

The ports ye shall not enter,

The roads ye shall not tread,

Go mark them with your living,

And mark them with your dead.


And reap his old reward:

The blame of those ye better,

The hate of those ye guard--

The cry of hosts ye humour

(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--

"Why brought he us from bondage,

Our loved Egyptian night?"


Ye dare not stoop to less--

Nor call too loud on Freedom

To cloke your weariness;

By all ye cry or whisper,

By all ye leave or do,

The silent, sullen peoples

Shall weigh your gods and you.


Have done with childish days--

The lightly proferred laurel,

The easy, ungrudged praise.

Comes now, to search your manhood

Through all the thankless years

Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,

The judgment of your peers!

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden

Consider and annotate the poem to the left and the cartoon above. Cite specific

examples from each in your response to the question below:

3) What is the “White Man’s Burden?” How do the European powers use

this, Nationalism and Social Darwinism as a justification of imperialism?

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7

1) Consider this cartoon as well as the previous documents in this section: What has been the final result of Imperial policy in China? Explain.

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8

The Impact of Imperial Britain

Your task: Construct a 5-paragraph argumentative essay that specifically refutes a PRO-IMPERIALSIM position and supports the following prompt:

Requirements:

You must directly counter at least two “pro-imperialism” claims from the given essay and refute it using evidence and analysis

Your evidence must be varied. The question is about imperialism in general, not just imperialism in India, or China.

There must be cited evidence in each body paragraph.

You MUST include at least TWO outside SECONDARY SOURCES that you independently research that directly supports your argument.

Your paper will include an ANNOTATED WORKS CITED PAGE done in correct MLA format.

Effective Essays will: a. Sufficiently demonstrate Britain’s motivations as an Imperial power b. Illustrate the role Social Darwinism played in Imperial policy c. Vary evidence among type, and location d. Sufficiently analyze the lasting impact of Britain’s policies

Overall, Britain’s imperial policies has a negative impact

on native peoples and the world.


When to Cite Sources

You’ll discover that different academic disciplines have different rules and protocols concerning when and how to cite sources, a practice known as “citation.” For example, some disciplines use footnotes, whereas others use parenthetical in-text citations; some require complete bibliographic information on all works consulted, whereas others require only a list of “Works Cited.” As you decide on a concentration and begin advanced work in your department, you’ll need to learn the particular protocols for your discipline. Near the end of this booklet, you’ll find a brief sampling of commonly used citation styles.

The four basic principles described below apply to all disciplines and should guide your own citation practice. Even more fundamental, however, is this general rule: when in doubt, cite. You’ll certainly never find yourself in trouble if you acknowledge a source when it’s not absolutely necessary.

1. Quotation. Any verbatim use of a source, no matter how large or small the quotation, must be placed in quotation marks. The quotation must be accompanied by a precise indication of the source. Even if you use only a short phrase, or even one key word, you must use quotation marks in order to set off the borrowed language from your own, and you must cite the source.

2. Paraphrase. Paraphrase is a restatement of another person’s thoughts or ideas in your own words, using your own sentence structure. A paraphrase is normally about the same length as the original. Although you don’t need to use quotation marks when you paraphrase, you absolutely do need to cite the source. If another author’s idea is particularly well put, quote it verbatim and use quotation marks to distinguish his or her words from your own. Paraphrase your source if you can restate the idea more clearly or simply, or if you want to place the idea in the flow of your own thoughts—Paraphrasing does not relieve you of the responsibility to cite your source.

3. Summary. Summary is a concise statement of another person’s thoughts or ideas in your own words. A summary is normally shorter than the original — a distillation of the source’s ideas. When summarizing other people’s ideas, arguments, or conclusions, you must cite your sources — for example, with a footnote at the end of each summary. Taking good notes while doing your research will help you keep straight which ideas belong to which author. Good note-taking habits are especially important when you’re reviewing a series of interpretations or ideas on your subject.

4. Facts, Information, and Data. Often you’ll want to use facts or information to support your own argument. If the information is found exclusively in a particular source, you must clearly acknowledge that source. For example, if you use data from a scientific experiment conducted and reported by a researcher, you must cite your source, probably a scientific journal or a website. But if the fact or information is generally known and accepted — for example, that Woodrow Wilson served as president the United States, — you do not need to cite a source. Note that facts are different from ideas: facts may not need to be cited, whereas ideas must always be cited. Deciding which facts or pieces of information require citation and which are common knowledge, and thus do not require citation, isn’t always easy. But remember: when in doubt, cite.


Building an Annotated Works Cited Page Your works cited page is simply your collection of sources, organized alphabetically by author. Your citations should look something like this:

Works Cited

Del Col, Laura. The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England. Ed.

West Virginia University. 22 July 2002. Webpage. November 2014.

<http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html>.

Gillray, James. Reception...at the Court of Peking. London. illustration.

Halsall, Paul. Tables Illustrating the Spread of industrialization. August 1997. website .

November 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.asp>.

When citing something from the Case Study cite the author/ artist, if it is known, if it is unknown cite the title of the piece, and use the phrase (CASE STUDY) as its “book” for example:

Gillray, James. Reception...at the Court of Peking. Illusration. 1792. (Case Study) Or Naoroji, Dadabhai. The Benefits of British Rule. 1871 (Case Study)

Each citation will be accompanied by a two –three sentence explanation and justification of the source’s use. Why is it a good source? Why is it legitimate? What did it add to your paper? This annotation is vital for your outside secondary source. This is your justification for WHY this source is a valid source, why it is legitimate, why it should be trusted.


In Defense of Empire Robert D. Kaplan The Atlantic March 19, 2014

[The following is an abridged form of the essay that can be found at :

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/]

Throughout history, governance and relative safety have most often been provided by empires,

Western or Eastern. Anarchy reigned in the [in-between]. To wit, the British may have failed in

Baghdad, Palestine, and elsewhere, but the larger history of the British Empire is one of

providing a vast armature of stability, fostered by sea and rail communications, where before

there had been demonstrably less stability. …

But imperialism is now seen by global elites as altogether evil, despite empires’ having offered

the most benign form of order for thousands of years, keeping the anarchy of ethnic, tribal, and

sectarian war bands to a reasonable minimum. Compared with imperialism, democracy is a new

and uncertain phenomenon. Even the two most estimable democracies in modern history, the

United States and Great Britain, were empires for long periods. “As both a dream and a fact the

American Empire was born before the United States,” writes the mid-20th-century historian of

westward expansion Bernard DeVoto. Following their initial settlement, and before their

incorporation as states, the western territories were nothing less than imperial possessions of

Washington, D.C. No surprise there: imperialism confers a loose and accepted form of

sovereignty, occupying a middle ground between anarchy and full state control.

Ancient empires such as Rome, Achaemenid Persia, Mauryan India, and Han China may have

been cruel beyond measure, but they were less cruel and delivered more predictability for the

average person than did anything beyond their borders. Who says imperialism is necessarily

reactionary? Athens, Rome, Venice, and Great Britain were the most enlightened regimes of

their day. … The early modern empires of Hapsburg Austria and Ottoman Turkey were well

known for their relative tolerance and protection of minorities, including the Jews. Precisely

because the Hapsburg imperialists governed a mixture of ethnic and religious groups stretching

from the edge of the Swiss Alps to central Romania, and from the Polish Carpathian mountains

to the Adriatic Sea, they ignored ethnic nationalism and sought a universalism supremely modern

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/


in its design. What followed the Hapsburgs were mono-ethnic states and failed democracies that

oppressed minorities and helped ease the path of Nazism.

All of these empires delivered more peace and stability than the United Nations ever has or

probably ever could. ….

This interpretation of empire is hardly novel; indeed, it is captured in Rudyard Kipling’s famous

1899 poem, “The White Man’s Burden,” which is not, as is commonly assumed, a declaration of

racist aggression, but of the need for America to take up the cause of humanitarianism and good

government in the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century. From Rome’s widespread offer of

citizenship to its subject peoples, to France’s offer of a measure of equality to fluent [French-

speaking] Africans, to Britain’s arrangement of truces among the Yemeni tribes, to the epic array

of agricultural and educational services provided by the Europeans throughout their tropical

domains—Britain’s Indian Civil Service stands out—imperialism and enlightenment (albeit self-

interested) have often been inextricable.

However patronizing this may sound, the European imperialists could be eminently practical

men, becoming proficient at the native languages and enhancing area expertise. …. Thus, the

critique that imperialism constitutes evil and nothing more is, broadly speaking, lazy and

ahistorical, dependent as it often is on the very worst examples, such as the Belgians in the 19th-

century Congo and the Russians throughout modern history in Eurasia.

In the space below identify TWO specific claims that this essay makes in support of imperialism:

Claim 1:

Claim 2:


Imperialism Mini-Case Study Argumentative essay outline Directions: Complete the outline below to help you organize your essay. This assignment is based around crafting a counterclaim to a specific claim made in another work. Be sure you clearly identify at least two distinct claims made in the “pro-imperialism” essay provided. In your third body paragraph, you may refute a third claim, or you may use that space to expand on a previous claim of your own, or make a new claim of your own refuting the overall idea of the pro-imperialism” essay.

Intr

od

uct

ion

Opening “Hook”

Context

Thesis Statement

Bo

dy

Par

agra

ph

#1 Topic Sentence

Pro imperialism claim (with citation)

Counterclaim (with evidence and citation)

Analysis


Bo

dy

Par

agra

ph

#2 Topic Sentence

Pro imperialism claim (with citation)


Analysis

Bo

dy

Par

agra

ph

#3 Topic Sentence

Possible pro imperialism claim (with citation)


Analysis

Co

ncl

usi

on

due date ------------------------------------ 1/9/2015

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