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8/05/2018
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Duncan Brack
Sustainable consumption
and production of forest products
UNFF, 8 May 2018
Forests and the Sustainable Development Goals
• SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
• Also UN Strategic Plan for Forests goal of increasing forest area by 3% worldwide by 2030
• SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
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Production of wood and wood products
• ~60% of the world’s forests (~2.4 billion hectares) used for
production of wood and non-wood forest products
• ~60% of world roundwood production originates from eight
sources: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Indonesia, Russia, US
• Half wood fuel, half industrial roundwood
Production of wood products (excl paper etc.), 2000–16
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6V
olu
me
(bili
on c
ub
ic m
etr
es)
Brazil Canada China EU Indonesia Russia USA Rest of world
SawnwoodLogs Veneer & plywood
Other panels
Production of logs and sawnwood increased 2000–06, then fell sharply during 2007–09 recession, particularly for use in construction
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Production of paper and paper raw materials, 2000–16
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Weig
ht
(mill
ion
to
nn
es)
Vo
lum
e(m
ilio
n c
ub
ic m
etr
es)
Brazil Canada China EU-28 Indonesia
Russia USA Rest of world
PaperPulpChips Residues
Production of paper and paper products less affected
Trade in wood and wood products
• Wood products ~1.8% of international trade (2016)
• Half paper sector, half all other wood products (volume)
• Also affected by recession: fell >20% in 2008–09
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Trade in timber sector products by volume, 2000–16
Trade in timber products most negatively affected by recession, and
has yet to substantially exceed pre-crisis levels (by volume)
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Esti
mate
d R
WE
vo
lum
e(m
illio
n c
ubic
metr
es)
Rest of world USA Russia SouthKorea Japan
Indonesia EU28 China Canada Tropical timber
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
SawnwoodLogs Plywood Furniture Other panels Other products
Trade in timber sector products by value, 2000–16
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Tra
de
va
lue
(US
$ b
illio
n, n
om
ina
l)
Tropical timber Canada China EU-28 Japan
Korea Russia USA USA Rest of world
Logs Plywood& veneer
Wooden furniture
Import
sE
xport
s
Sawnwood
Other panels
Other products
Value of trade in timber sector products has increased since 2000;
wooden furniture seen strongest growth
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Trade in paper sector products by volume, 2000–16
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Esti
mate
d R
WE
vo
lum
e(m
illio
n c
ubic
metr
es)
Rest of world USA Russia SouthKorea Japan
Indonesia EU28 China Canada Brazil
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
Wood-based pulpChips & residues Paper
Trade in paper sector products recovered quickly after recession and
has remained roughly stable since (by volume)
Trade in paper sector products by value, 2000–16
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-40
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Tra
de v
alu
e(U
S$
bill
ion
, no
min
al)
Brazil Canada China EU-28 Indonesia
Japan Korea Russia USA Rest of world
Chips & residues Wood-based pulp Paper
Import
sE
xport
s
Value has increased, particularly in paper
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Expansion of demand in China
• Growth in Chinese industries transforming raw material into
finished and semi-finished wood products for export and
domestic consumption
• Estimated consumption by those industries tripled 2000–15
• Exceeded domestic production; by 2015 imports accounted
for ~55% of consumption by those industries
• China now world’s largest:
• Producer and consumer of wood-based panels and paper
• Importer of industrial roundwood, sawnwood, pulp, recovered paper
• Exporter of wood-based panels and wooden furniture
Key to quantitiesarrow width proportional to weight
minimum shown: two million m3
2 million m3
10 million m3
30 million m3
Timber sector
2000
NB all quantities are estimates of roundwood equivalent volume
Total: 300 million m3
(of which 80% shown)
Not to scale,
c110 million m3
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Key to quantitiesarrow width proportional to weight
minimum shown: two million m3
2 million m3
10 million m3
30 million m3
Timber sector
2016
NB all quantities are estimates of roundwood equivalent volume
Total: 400 million m3
(of which 80% shown)
Not to scale,
c90 million m3
Key to quantitiesarrow width proportional to weight
minimum shown: two million m3
2 million m3
10 million m3
30 million m3
Paper sector
2000
NB all quantities are estimates of roundwood equivalent volume
Total: 300 million m3
(of which 70% shown)
To EU
Not to scale,
c73 million
m3
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Key to quantitiesarrow width proportional to weight
minimum shown: two million m3
2 million m3
10 million m3
30 million m3
Paper sector
2016
NB all quantities are estimates of roundwood equivalent volume
Total: 500 million m3
(of which 70% shown)
To EU
Drivers of demand for wood products
• Population: size, rate of growth, age structure, degree of
urbanisation
• Income: e.g. housing, paper
• Technological change: wood processing, reuse and recycling,
new materials (e.g. CLT), new biomaterials
• Public policy, e.g. procurement policy for legal and
sustainable products, building regulations, subsidies for
bioenergy, restrictions on plastics
• Availability and price of alternatives; habits and cultural
factors
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Projected global consumption, 2010–60
Projections of future demand difficult, but can expect to see fall in wood fuel, increase in other categories
Forest loss and gain 1990–2015 (1)
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Forest loss and gain 1990–2015 (2)
Global tree cover loss 2011–2016
• Tree cover loss increased 51% in 2016
• Increase in forest fires: Brazil, Canada, Rep Congo, Indonesia, Portugal …
• El Niño, climate change
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Non-wood forest products
• Medicinal plants and raw materials for pharmaceutical
products
• Other plant-based: foods, spices, herbs, fodder, fibres,
fragrances, seeds, resins, oils
• Animal-based: bushmeat, hides, honey, beeswax, insects
• Data largely lacking, but significant contribution to welfare:
• US$88 billion in income world-wide (2011) (under-estimate?)
• ~80% of population of the developing world uses NWFPs for health and nutritional needs
• Contributed to shelter for ~1.3 billion people (2011)
• Tend not to feature on the policy agenda
Promoting sustainable production and consumption
Key policies and measures:
• Improvements in the utilisation of wood products, including
adoption and implementation of ‘cascading principle’;
support for technological developments underpinning this
approach
• Policies to support legally and sustainably produced wood
products in consumer markets
• Support for private-sector initiatives to source legal and
sustainable products (including agricultural commodities)
• Encouragement for national policies designed to support the
sustainable production and consumption of non-wood
forest products
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Promoting sustainable forest management
Key policies and measures:
• Reform of forest and land-use legislation, including
clarification of land tenure and access rights
• Improvements in forest governance and law enforcement,
levels of transparency and participation
• Support for community forest management
• Greater protection of critical areas of forest
• Systems of payments for ecosystem services, e.g. climate
mitigation (through REDD+ initiatives)
• Elimination of perverse incentives, e.g. unsustainable
agricultural expansion or unsustainable use of bioenergy
• Support for natural forest landscape restoration
Thank you
[email protected] www.dbrack.org.uk