duncanrig secondary school s2 biology course fighting fit€¦ · 4 blood tests and cell counts can...

Duncanrig Secondary School S2 Biology Course Fighting Fit

Pupils’ Activity Booklet

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Unit 4: Fighting Fit

What you should know by the end of this booklet: The three aspect of good health are physical health, mental health and social

health. Some aspects of positive health include eating a healthy diet, coping with

stress and communicating well. Physiological measurements can indicate the state of a person’s health. These

include pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, body fat content and blood tests.

Pulse rate is measured using a pulsometer. Recovery time is the time taken for the pulse rate to return to normal after

exercise. A high resting pulse rate can lead to heart disease. A low resting pulse rate

and a short recovery time can indicate fitness. Resting pulse rate and recovery time can be reduced by taking regular

exercise. Blood pressure is measured using a digital sphygmomanometer or a mercury

manometer and stethoscope. High blood pressure can lead to a stroke or a heart attack. Low blood pres-

sure can lead to fainting or indicate heart failure. BMI is used to determine if a person’s body mass is ideal for their height. Being overweight can lead to increased risk of heart disease and diabetes. Body fat is measured using skin fold callipers or a body fat sensor. Temperature is measured using a clinical thermometer, a digital thermometer

or liquid crystal thermometer. Body temperatures above 40o C can lead to heatstroke or indicate a fever as

a result of fighting infection. Body temperatures below 35o C can indicate hypothermia.

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Blood tests and cell counts can be used to detect: Anaemia Infection Leukaemia Diabetes

Pathogens are disease causing organisms. Examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Immunity is the term used to describe a person’s ability to defend itself

against infectious disease caused by pathogens. The skin, stomach acid, hairs that line our nose and windpipe and blood

forming a scab are all barriers to infection. White blood cells are important components of our immune system. White blood cells can:- - Engulf and destroy pathogens. - Produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen. - Produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins released by pathogens. Vaccines are used to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies to

fight disease. Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.

Unit 4: Fighting Fit

Skills that you should be able to carry out by the end of this unit are:

Use instruments in a safe and responsible manner to take physiological

measurements. Write up experiments with an aim, method, results and conclusion.

Recognise the importance of repeating experiments to calculate averages

and improve the reliability of the results. Work as part of a group and take responsibility to support the work of the

group.

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TOPIC 2: Health and Technology

What is the meaning of health? Good health means more than just not being ill. There are 3 aspects of good health that are represented as the health triangle. Physical health — refers to a persons body parts e.g. heart, lungs Mental health — refers to a person’s emotional state Social health — means being able to communicate and form

relationships

Activity 1 Copy and complete the table below by writing each of the aspects of positive health listed in the correct column.

Aspects of Positive Health

being happy eating a balanced diet communicating well

coping with stress taking exercise achieving our potential

Social Mental Physical

If something is wrong with one of the three aspects of a person’s health then they are no longer healthy.

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Health Indicators When people are worried about their health they usually make an appointment with their doctor who would run various tests on them depending on what symptoms they had. They may check their; Heart/ pulse rate, temperature, blood pressure, weight/mass, cholesterol

You will now learn about some of the instruments used to take some simple health measurements in the classroom and learn how to use them.

W.H.O. states that: ‘Health technologies are developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives.’

How can technology help? Our ever increasing knowledge and use of technology in monitoring health has meant that early detection of problems is often possible. Doctors use diagnostics tools in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease to keep people healthier for longer. Once a health issue has been detected the person then often has the opportunity to make lifestyle changes such as; regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, reducing their salt and sugar intake. This can improve their future health or prevent further deterioration.

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Physiological measurements e.g. body temperature are taken using special instruments. They can be used to indicate the state of a person’s health. Your teacher will show you some of the equipment used for this purpose. Some of these measurements include: peak flow, temperature, body fat , blood pressure , heart rate Activity 2 1. Collect the instrument resource sheet. 2. Complete the table with the name of the instruments and what it

measures.


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Pulse rate as a health indicator

Each time the heart beats it pushes blood into the arteries making them swell. This movement is called a pulse. Pulse rate is a measure of the number of times that the heart beats in a minute (bpm). Whenever a person visits a doctor they may measure the patients pulse rate. This is a primary indicator of how healthy the person is. We can use a stethoscope and stopwatch to measure your pulse rate but it is easier to use a high tech devise called a pulsometer. We can find out how fit we are by measuring our resting pulse rate and or how quickly our pulse rate returns to normal after exercising. This is called the recovery time. This value gives a measure of the efficiency of the heart and circulation. Normal values depend upon size, age, sex and fitness. A normal pulse rate is about 70 bpm. A high resting pulse rate means that the

heart is having to work hard to circulate blood around the body and can lead to heart disease.

A low resting pulse rate and a short recovery time can indicate fitness. The resting rate can be reduced by taking regular exercise. A heart rate monitor can also be used to measure how healthy the heart is.

Activity 3 Read the following passage and answer the questions which follow.

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1. What is meant by the term pulse rate?

2. Give the name of the high tech instrument used to measure a person’s pulse rate. 3. What does the pulse rate tell us?

4. What is a normal pulse rate reading for a healthy person?

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Key Questions (Answer in sentences)


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Activity 4: Measuring pulse rate using a pulsometer


Your teacher will demonstrate how to use a pulsometer. 1. Practice measuring your pulse rate by taking three readings and record these in a table with headings. 2. Now calculate the average pulse rate in beats per minute. 3. Write down a short summary of how to use a pulsometer in

your jotter.

Group Challenge

Aim: To find out which pupil is the fittest in your group using a pulsometer.

Method?

Equipment?

Hypothesis?

Conclusion?

Results?

Collect the ‘Experiment Planning Card’ and use this to help plan your group experiment. Your teacher will discuss your group plan with you before you begin. Remember - write up each section of your report as you work through your experiment.

Variables?

You are going to find out how exercise affects your pulse rate.

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You have learned that if your resting pulse rate is high this means that your heart is having to work hard just to circulate the blood around your body and that even mild exercise will put an extra strain on your heart. It is likely that you will not feel able to keep up vigorous exercise for very long without getting tired out. Pulse rate and recovery time can be reduced by taking regular exercise.

A group of students measured their pulse rates. They measured their resting pulse rates and then again 2 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise. Their results are shown below.

The results are recorded in the following table.

Pulse Rate (bpm)

Condition Jane Brenda Wilma

Resting pulse rate 82 65 77

2 minutes after exercise 120 130 120




Activity 5 1. Collect a sheet of graph paper. 2. Present Jane, Brenda and Wilma’s results as line graphs labelling the axes as pulse rate (bpm) against time (mins).

The results should be plotted on the same graph. Use different coloured pencils to represent each person.

1. Which student is the fittest? 2. Explain your answer.

? Key Questions (Answer in sentences)

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What is measured?

Blood pressure gives a lot of useful information about the heart and the condition of the blood vessels.

Blood pressure is a measure of the force at which the blood leaves and re-enters the heart. It is measured using a stethoscope and mercury manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer.

The instrument is used to take two readings.

1. the maximum pressure in an artery at the moment when the heart is beating and pumping blood through the body. 2. the lowest pressure in an artery in the moments between beats

when the heart is resting. Blood pressure depends on a combination of two factors:

how forcefully the heart pumps blood around the body how narrowed or relaxed your arteries are. Our blood pressure changes significantly depending on our emotional and physical conditions, where the arm is placed during the measurement and how and where the cuff is fastened. A typical blood pressure of 120 (first reading), 80 (second reading) is written as 120/80. 120 is the pressure produced when the heart pushes the blood into the arteries; 80 is the pressure of the heart when it relaxes. Ideal conditions prior to the measurement are to:

Urinate and rest for 10 to 15 minutes refrain from eating or drinking refrain from exercising relax.

Even with these ideal conditions, our blood pressure will change depending on the time, day and season. In general, our pressure readings are at their lowest when we are asleep and highest when we are at work.


Measuring Blood Pressure As An Indicator Of Health

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Key Questions (Answer in sentences) ?

1. What is blood pressure?

2. What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?

3. What factors can affect your blood pressure ?

4. Copy and complete the following sentences. The ................. pressure in an artery is at the moment when the heart is beating and pumping blood through the body. The .................. pressure in an artery is in the moments between beats when the heart is resting.

5. List the four ideal conditions required prior to measuring blood

pressure.

TOPIC 2: Health and technology

High blood pressure or hypertension can be caused by a number of factors:

being overweight lack of exercise incorrect diet (too much salt in food) drinking excessively stress smoking

High blood pressure usually affects adults over 40 years old and can lead to a heart attack or a stroke. Low blood pressure is uncommon but can lead to fainting or indicate heart failure.

Measuring Blood Pressure

Risk Factors Involved In Developing High Blood Presssure

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Blood pressure is measured using a digital sphygmomanometer. This has an in-built micro computer which has two systems one to measure blood pressure the other to measure pulse rate. This makes it very simple to operate and it ensures accurate readings.

Measuring Blood Pressure

Measuring blood pressure using a digital sphygmomanometer

Activity 6

1. Collect a digital sphygmomanometer. 2. Listen to the instructions carefully as your

teacher shows you how to use it. 3. After practising a few times measure both your own and your partners blood pressure and work out the average.

4. Copy and complete the following table.

Measurements

Blood Pressure (mm Mercury)

Higher reading Lower reading

Pupil A Pupil B Pupil A Pupil B

1

2

3

4

Average

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What is BMI?

There is an ideal body mass for everyone. This varies from person to person

depending on their height, age and sex. BMI is commonly used to find out if

a person’s body mass is in the ideal range for their height. Body Mass Index

(BMI) is a number calculated using the formula ;

BMI = mass (kg) height x height (m)²

It is an easy to perform method of screening that may identify possible

future health problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease,

diabetes or cancer for individuals.


Do you have a healthy mass for your height ? About half the population in Britain are overweight and about one-fifth are

obese. This trend has been seen not only in the adult population but also

in children. Someone who is obese is more likely to suffer life-threatening

diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.

There are many reasons why people are overweight but scientists are

convinced that a person's diet or eating habits and lack of exercise are two

of the main factors which determines a person's mass. The American’s are

so worried about this increasing trend that some schools in the United

States are measuring students BMI and sending home BMI report cards.

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Name of subject Height (m)

Mass(kg)

Category Acceptable mass for height

Allan 1.8 60

Robert 1.8 100

Linda 1.7 55

Chris 1.6 60

Sophie 1.5 50

Michael 1.85 70

1. Use the BMI graph below to determine which category the adults shown are in.


2. Do you think that this is a reliable method of determining whether a person’s body mass is ideal or otherwise for their height. Explain your answer. 3. Why do you think that in particular the BMI figure for a teenager or young person may be an unreliable measure?


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Measuring Body Fat Using a Skinfold Calliper

The human body needs fat for energy, insulation and for its nerve cells. The percentage of body fat you have could give an indication about your health. Ideally the body should have about 15 -20% body fat for an adult male and 20-25% body fat for a female.

A skin fold calliper is a device which measures the thickness of a fold of skin with its underlying layer of fat. By doing this at key locations, shown by research to be representative of the total amount of fat on the body, it is possible to estimate the total percentage body fat of a person.


A measure of body fat can also be obtained using a body fat sensor. This device sends a small electrical current through the body to detect the composition of the body. Because the signal travels easily through water based tissue, but not through fat, it can give you readings of the amount of body fat, muscle, BMI and the fat inside your body around your organs.

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The Relationship Between Body Temperature And Health

The normal temperature of the human body is 37oC. Our body temperature can alter slightly depending on where it is measured, the time of day and in women, the time of the month (menstrual cycle). The brain acts as a thermostat to maintain a constant body temperature of 37oC. A body temperature above 40oC can lead to heat stroke or indicate fever as a result of fighting infection.

A body temperature below 35oC indicates hypothermia. If the temperature of the body falls below 30oC, death can result. Babies and the elderly are particularly at risk.

Activity 9 Body temperature can be measured using three different types of thermometer.

Your teacher will show you how to use each type of thermometer.

a clinical thermometer liquid crystal thermometer


1. Copy and complete the table below.

Body Temperature (oC)

In classroom

Outdoors

After Exercise

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Blood Tests and Cell Counts Often it is possible to analyse our blood to give us an indication of the state of our health. This analysis will also be able to help find out and monitor various illnesses.

Blood laboratories perform different types of blood tests using “high tech” equipment.

Blood tests and cell counts can be used to detect:-

Anaemia – by measuring iron content and red blood cell numbers

Infection – by the presence of microbes and/or the presence of antibodies

Leukaemia – by counting number of white blood cells

Diabetes – by measuring sugar content

Blood groups – due to types of red blood cells (A, B, AB, 0),

types of antibodies.

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TOPIC 3: How the Body Protects.

Our bodies are constantly under attack from disease causing organisms called pathogens. There are four main groups of pathogens; bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. They reproduce quickly in or on your body and make you ill.

Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled organisms. There are thousands of types of bacte-ria, and they live virtually anywhere. Bacteria are much bigger than viruses. Most bacteria are harmless but infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you ill. Virus Viruses cannot survive on their own they need to invade a living cell for their own survival. Viruses have a core of genetic material, but no way to reproduce it on their own. They infect cells and take over their biochemical machinery.

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Fungi

Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. You can inhale the spores or they can land on you. As a result, fungal infections often start in the lungs or on the skin. You are more likely to get a fungal infection if you have a weakened immune system or take antibiotics.

1. Name 4 different types of pathogen that could invade the body.

Parasites

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its nourishment from its host. Parasites can cause disease in humans.

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The human body has various ways in which it prevents pathogens enter-ing the body. These are your natural defences. The parts of the body which help to provide a physical barrier to pathgens are shown in the diagram below;

TOPIC 3: How the body protects.

Stomach acid — hydrochloric acid kills harmful micro organisms in the food we eat.

Mouth - saliva contains enzymes which breakdown microbes.

Eyes — tears act as an anticeptic wash out the dirt or invader.

Cilia and mucus (in the windpipe) - sticky mucus traps the dust and microbes. Cilia are tiny hairs that line the airways. They beat to move the dirty mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed.

Nose — nasal hairs keep out dust and larger microorganisms.

Skin– forms a protective layer if unbroken. Oils also help to kill the microbes.

Blood Clotting – blood forms scabs which prevent microbes entering when the skin is cut.

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Some pathogens do, however, manage to get through the body’s defences,

reproduce themselves rapidly and spread through the body making the per-

son ill.

If pathogens do get into the body your Immune system goes into action.

The immune system is a second line of defence within the body . It is a sys-

tem which identifies and destroys invading organisms.


Construct a table to show the different ways in which the body prevents microbes entering the body and how they work.

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TOPIC 3: How the Body Protects

White blood cells are important components of our immune system. White blood cells can; engulf pathogens and destroy them produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by the pathogens. White blood cells called phagocytes eat and digest pathogens. We call this process phagocytosis.

The Role of the White Blood Cells

1. Describe the three ways in which white blood cells can respond to pathogens

2. Collect a phagocytosis diagram and complete it using the in formation above.

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Producing antibodies

Step 1: The lymphocyte detects the pathogen

Step 2: The lymphocyte produces antibodies to “fit” the pathogen

Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to clump

Step 4: The pathogens are ingested by a phagocyte.

You’re going down

All invading organisms have chemicals on their surface called antigens. Another type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte produces antibodies (proteins) which have a chemical fit for specific antigens. The lymphocytes patrol the body. When the white blood cell with the specific antibody meets the antigen, it reproduces quickly and makes many copies that neutralises the antigen making them harmless.

TOPIC 3: How the Body Protects

Collect resource sheet 3 showing the action of lymphocytes. Correctly Label an antigen, antibody, virus, and a lymphocyte on your diagram and stick this into your jotter.

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Immunity

Immunity is a term which is used to describe a person’s ability to defend themselves against infection and disease.

1. Natural Immunity — when a person is exposed to a disease or infection causing antigen (e.g. chicken pox, virus) suffers the disease, makes antibodies and is able to do so for a long time (if not always) after recovery.

2. Passive Immunity — instead of a person making antibodies to an antigen, ready made antibodies are passed into their body. Such passive immunity occurs naturally when antibodies cross the placenta from the mother to the foetus (and from the mothers blood) giving the child protection for a short time until it’s own immune system develops.

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Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria. A Doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection. Penicillin was the first antibiotic ever used but nowadays we have many different antibiotics that can be used to treat many different bacterial infections. Antibiotics can kill off most bacteria but as we continue to use them the bacteria are becoming resistant to them. New antibiotics are constantly needed to be developed to overcome this problem.

1. What is ; (a) Natural immunity, (b) Passive immunity, (c) Artificial immunity? 2. Explain how vaccines fight infection? 3. What are antibiotics? 4. Why do we need to develop new versions?

Artificial Immunity

People can be immunised against pathogens. This involves the use of vaccines. Vaccines contains dead or harmless versions of the path-ogen that are injected into the body.

These act like antigens and stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies. If the person then contracts the infection later their body knows how to defend them and responds immediately.


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