During the months of July and August the adult pine beetles emerge. Females go through bark and into cambial area of treeFemales emit pheromones to attract male and female Pine BeetlesMale and Female mate under the barkFemale makes egg gallery and places eggs in niches

Larvae hatch in 7-10 daysThey form individual feeding tunnelsWhen fully grown the larvae hollow out a pupal cell and pupateThese new adults dig out and the cycle repeats

Endemic: in natural statePine Beetles exist

in…damaged trees lightening storms the presence of the

Armillaria root rot time of a recent

attack by bark beetles.

Incipient: Rising PopulationIn times of draught

Epidemic: Widely PrevalentLarge availability

of PhloemHealthy trees are

attacked

Declining: Population decreases fail to locate a host tree tree may exude enough

resin to inhibit the larval development

Predators woodpeckers Enoclerus lecontei Enoclerus sphegus Temnochila chlorodia Medetera aldrichii Parasites

Lingering cold periods

Cold temperatureElevationFireInsecticides

Forest FiresLightening StormsDraughtLack of FiresSoil QualityLack of NitrogenElevation

Lodgepole Pine

Healthy TreesPredators:

Enoclerus lecontei Enoclerus sphegus Medetera aldrichii Temnochila chlorodia Woodpeckers- break through bark and eat larvae

Parasites Roptrocerus xylophagorum Dinotiscus burkei Coeloides sp. nr. brunneri

Lack of Phloem: Phloem is a living tissue that carries photosynthate to all parts of the plant Pine Beetles feed on this

Mountain Pine BeetlesDeforestationBluestain fungiWeevilSpruce spider miteLodgepole sawflyLodgepole Needle minerSugar Pine TortrixPine Tube MothPandora MothDwarf Mistletoe

While developing, their niche is individual cells filled with frass.Frass: digested plant matter

In adult stages: niche is the cambial layer of the Pine Tree which is filled with egg galleries made for offspring

Lodgepole Pines are usually found at an elevation between 8,500 and 10,000 feet in the mountains. Mountain Pine Beetles are native to this area

All native and introduced pines are susceptibleLikely to be harmed by a specific thing

Become next years infection sourceSigns:

Pitch Tubes or Small HolesBoring Dust

Brown, Pink, Yellow, and White

Popcorn shaped, Pitch TubesOn trunk where tunnel begins

Boring Dust In Bark crevices

Evidence of Wood Pecker Patches of bark are removed

FoliageYellowish to Reddish8 to 10 months after attack

Presence of Live Mountain Pine BeetleBlue Stained Sap wood

Increase in elevation comes a decrease in temperature and an increase in precipitation Rocky Mountains in West and Plains in East, Foothills

between the two Climate Change in 100 Years:

Rising Temperatures Increased precipitation Altered surface water flow Warmed faster than the U.S. average Temperature increases at higher and lower altitudes Further in future likely to see higher temperatures and

more precipitation Water resources to become less secure Summer and Winter Temps. to increase by 5 degrees Fall and Spring Temps to increase by 3 degrees

Colorado State Forest Service (CSFS) Provides forestry recommendations Implementation assistance

Private land ownersCommunities

CSFS Nursery Seedling Tree ProgramTree planting Benefit the environment

Management: Burning, burying, chipping or removing infested logs Solar treatments Peel away bark by hand or mechanically Chemical controls

Climate Extreme cold temperatures reduce population

Temperature of 30 degrees below zero for five days Temperature influences everything in their life

Number of Eggs

Importance of Forests in Colorado: Photosynthesis Remove Co2 from atmosphere and store it in organic compounds (biomass) Help to stabilize earth’s temperature Slow global warming Habitat for Colorado’s wildlife

Impact of Mountain Pine Beetle Eruption: Economy

Trees Destroyed Halts production of timber

Money to kill beetles Ecology

Destroys Habitats

http://csfs.colostate.edu/pages/mountain-pine-beetle.html http://learnmoreaboutclimate.colorado.edu/uploads/model-lessons/

mountain-pine-beetles/mpb.pdf

http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/topics/bark-beetles.shtml http://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/

mountainbeetle.htm http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/fhm/bugcrud/silvmpb.htm http://www.thefreedictionary.com/epidemic http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/we_pine_beetle/

wpb.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem http://www.barkbeetles.org/mountain/mpb.html http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/virtdept/ipvft/

lodgep.html http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/

pinus/contorta.htm