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Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudi University of Oxford Dr Mike Bithell University of Cambridg

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Page 1: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Dust: Data and Sources

Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford

Dr Martin ToddUniversity College London

Prof Andrew GoudieUniversity of Oxford

Dr Mike BithellUniversity of Cambridge

Page 2: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Outline• Dust Data

– Surface based synops (from GCOS, 117 stations, 3hrly 1980-2000)– Surface based synops (from local Met Agencies)– TOMS AI data– IDDI– Shuttle Photographs, NOAA images etc

• Climate Data and Trajectory modelling– Reanalysis Data (NCEP and ERA-15) 3D winds– 25 point forward trajectory clusters– every 6 hours for 10days, 1979-1998– Determine regional transport corridors– Re-circulation – Interannual variability

Page 3: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Zouerat

Atar

N ouakchott

D akar

K iff a

O uarzazate

BecharE l O ued

SirteE l G olea

I n SalahAdrar SebhaO bari

Tam anrasset

D j ibouti

KhargaD akhla

Kufrah Asw an

Agadez

N ’djam ena

Abeche

Faya-LargeauB ilm a

El FasherEl O beid

Khartoum

Potiskum M aiduguri

Sokoto

Tom buktuG ao

N guigm i

M aine-SoroaZinder

N iam eyO uagadougou

Bobo-D iou lasso

R iyadh

Kuw ait

D eir Zzor

Abu Kam al

Palm yra

AqabaElat

G hor El Safi

M a’anSafaw i

H am adan

Nr Missing Months 1980-2000

Page 4: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Kuw ait

D ohaD ahran Bahrain

H am adan

Kandahar

Kunduz

J ask

Q uetta

J iw an iB ikaner

D al BandinG anganagar

J odhpur

Ashabad

N ukusLeninskC im baj

Karakalpakia

J aslykKzyl-O rda

I rgiz TaupAralsk

Zam iin U de

Choibalsan

M inq in

U rum qiTurpan

Lanzhou

D ongsheng

Nr Missing Months 1980-2000

Page 5: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

M ex ico C ity

Torreon Airport (M X)

D odge C ity (KS)

Lubbock (TX)

M idland (TX)

Nr Missing Months 1980-2000

Page 6: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

OodnadattaMarla

OnslowLearmonth

Alice Springs

Birdsville

Mildura

Nr Missing Months 1980-2000

Page 7: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Nouakchott duststorm activity 1980-86.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Day

s/m

on

th

GCOS Data Compared with locally Obtained Data

Page 8: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Annual cycle of visibility 1980-2000 for station 606300 (In Salah, Algeria)

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Vis

ibil

ity

(m)

Page 9: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Annual cycle of visibility 1980-2000 for station 610240 (Agadez South, Niger)

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Vis

ibil

ity

(m)

Page 10: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Annual cycle of visibility 1980-2000 for station 612020 ((Tessalit, Mali)

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Vis

ibil

ity

(m)

Page 11: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Annual cycle of visibility 1980-2000 for station 655010 (Dori, Burkina Faso)

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Vis

ibil

ity

(m)

Page 12: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

In Salah visibility 80-00

Monthly mean visibility for station 606300 (In Salah, Algeria)

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

17000

19000

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Vis

ibilit

y (

m)

12 per.Mov. Avg.

Page 13: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Outline• Dust Data

– Surface based synops (from GCOS, 117 stations)– Surface based synops (from local Met Agencies)

Niger, Chad, Algeria, Mali, Mari– TOMS AI data– IDDI– Shuttle Photographs, NOAA images etc

• Climate Data and Trajectory modelling– Reanalysis Data (NCEP and ERA-15) 3D winds– 25 point forward trajectory clusters– every 6 hours for 10days, 1979-1998– Determine regional transport corridors– Re-circulation

Page 14: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Niger visibility 70-00

Days of bad visibility/year for four stations in Niger 1970-2000.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Year

Day

s of

bad

vis

ibili

ty/y

r.

Zinder

Agadez

Bilma

Tahoua

Linear (Zinder)

Linear (Agadez)

Page 15: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

N’Djamena, Chad: Haze Vs Obs RainfallBy season

Page 16: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Bilma, Niger: sandstorms Vs TOMSby season

Page 17: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

North AfricanSurfaceDust stormsCorrelationTOMS1980-2000

Page 18: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Bilma surface visibility Vs TOMS (march 1980-2000)

Page 19: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 20: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Outline• Dust Data

– Surface based synops (from GCOS, 117 stations)– Surface based synops (from local Met Agencies)

Niger, Chad, Algeria, Mali, Mari– TOMS AI data– IDDI– Shuttle Photographs, NOAA images etc

• Climate Data and Trajectory modelling– Reanalysis Data (NCEP and ERA-15) 3D winds– 25 point forward trajectory clusters– every 6 hours for 10days, 1979-1998– Determine regional transport corridors– Re-circulation

Page 21: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 22: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 23: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF2 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Page 24: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF3 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

Page 25: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF5 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

Page 26: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF6 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

Page 27: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF7 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

Page 28: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

REOF8 of TOMS AI monthly anomalies for the period 1980-05/93 and 1997-2000

Page 29: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Apr Potential Sand Flux overlay TOMS q = 2.61 U3

* pg –1 (1-U*/U*)(1+U*/U*)2

Page 30: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Sahel TOMS (white contours), potential sand flux (black contours), with DEM (colour). LTM for JFM 80-00.

Page 31: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Central Asia TOMS (white contours), potential sand flux (black contours), with DEM (colour). Long term mean for 80-00.

Page 32: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Correlation of monthly visibility anomalies at Nouakchott (Mauritania) with global NCEP derived potential sand flux for 1980-2000

Page 33: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Correlation of monthly visibility anomalies at Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) with global NCEP derived potential sand flux for 1980-2000

Page 34: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Outline• Dust Data

– Surface based synops (from GCOS, 117 stations)– Surface based synops (from local Met Agencies)

Niger, Chad, Algeria, Mali, Mari– TOMS AI data– IDDI– Shuttle Photographs, NOAA images etc

• Climate Data and Trajectory modelling– Reanalysis Data (NCEP and ERA-15) 3D winds– 25 point forward trajectory clusters– every 6 hours for 10days, 1979-1998– Determine regional transport corridors– Re-circulation

Page 35: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Bodele

Djouf region

Page 36: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

May (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

54% of trajectories cross the 15W meridian

27% of trajectories remain over N. Africa

21% of trajectories remain over Sahara (> 15N)

Page 37: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 38: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 39: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

June (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

79% of trajectories cross the 15W meridian

13% of trajectories remain over N Africa

9% of trajectories remain over Sahara (> 15N)

Page 40: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

Dec (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

66% of trajectories cross the 15W meridian

23% of trajectories remain over N. Africa

6% of trajectories remain over Sahara (> 15N)

Page 41: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

18

36

54

72

90

10

8

12

6

14

4

16

2

18

0

19

8

21

6

23

4

Time (hours)

% t

raje

cto

ries

Dust Recycling potential

May

JuneJuly

Dec

Page 42: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

May (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

Mean 0-15N

Page 43: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

Dec (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

Mean 0-15N

Page 44: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

TOMS AI over Bodele region (15-17N, 16-18E)

mean

May 1991

May 1989

Page 45: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Bilma: Dust Storms and Haze

02468

101214161820

Page 46: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 47: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

May 1991

Long.

Lat.

Height (hPa)

Page 48: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

May 1989

Height (hPa)

Lat.

Long.

Page 49: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Djouf region

Page 50: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

TOMS AI over Djouf region (17.5-22.5N, 2.5-7.5W)

Page 51: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory density climatology

July (1979-98)

Djouf region (17.5-22.5N, 2.5-7.5W)

% trajectories remain over Sahara (> 15N < 30N) 69 33 6

% trajectories crossing the 15W meridian 33 66 83

After days 3 5 10

Page 52: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 53: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Annual CMAP precipitation over Djouf region

Annual TOMS AI over Djouf region

Page 54: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Conclusions

• Surface Synops GCOS data: expensive and patchy

• Surface Synops from Met Agencies• Synops-TOMS AI: sensible but weak• Major mineral dust source regions identified

from TOMS AI data: Bodele and Djouf• Trajectory modelling allows definition of dust

transport corridors– Pronounced seasonal cycle and interannual

variability

Page 55: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

500hPa

80W

40E

10S

40N

Parcel trajectory climatology May (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

Page 56: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory density climatology

July (1979-98)

Djouf region (17.5-22.5N, 2.5-7.5W)

Page 57: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

West of 15W

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

18

36

54

72

90

10

8

12

6

14

4

16

2

18

0

19

8

21

6

23

4

Time (hours)

% t

raje

cto

ries

Over Sahara >15N <30N

Over Atlantic

Page 58: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

May (1979-93)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

Page 59: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

TOMS mean AI May 1980-93

Page 60: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory climatology

July (1979-98)

Bodele depression (17.5N, 17E)

Page 61: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

Parcel trajectory density climatology

July (1979-98)

Djouf region (17.5-22.5N, 2.5-7.5W)

Mean 10-25N

Page 62: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike
Page 63: Dust: Data and Sources Dr Richard Washington University of Oxford Dr Martin Todd University College London Prof Andrew Goudie University of Oxford Dr Mike

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