n r e T n I - r E Dv^ oI I I.. I C V

1I781 Ir rnnu[ILL LUrI AW15

Vol. 4

This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its affiliated organizations.They do not accept reponsiiitv for its nrrurorv or rnmnh!teness The report maynot be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views.

INTE'RN.ATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DVFTLOPMENT

TITPPNATTONATL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCTATTON

THE CURREN1- ECONOMIC SITUATION

AND PROSPECTS

OF

SENEGAL

(in seven volumes)

VOLUME TV

UT L- ID T LI C

December 9, 1970

Western Africa Department

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TTpp 4. n-mC EQ 3A T, ri'^ A ,

C- Anc- Unit CF Frn (CFAF

Def'ore A-ugusU 1±, 1969:US$ 1.00 CFAF 246.85CFALF 1,000= Us$ 4.05

After August ii, 1969:US$ 1.00 = CFAF 277.71CFAF 1,000 = US$ 3.60

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

1 Metric Ton (t) = 2,205 lbs.1 Kilogram (kg) = 2.2 lbs.1 Kilometer (kIn) = 0.62 mile1 Meter (m) = 3.28 feet

COMPOSITION OF THE MISSION

This report is based on the findings of a mission whichvisited Senegal in October and November of 1969. The mission wascomposed of the following members:

Cornelis J. Jansen Chief of MissionHeinz B. Bachmann Chief EconomistCarlos Merayo General EconomistJacoues Baldet (IMF) Fiscal EconomistMichel Palein Agricultural EconomistPetro Rava (Consultant) AgronomistRobert A. Moal (Consultant) Fisheries Expert

W..ybold va .amao(osrlat Industries ExpertAlain Thys Water Supply ExpertAbdallah El Maaroufi Tourism Expert

ThIi.s volu..-r wnas -- -ared by Robert+ A . MoTal.

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES IN SENEGAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Page No.

Ie RESOURCES ............................... * 1

A. Basic Resources ........... ........... 1B. Traditional Methods of Fishing ....... 1C. Industrial Fishing................... 4D. Tuna Fishing .......... 7E. ....... . 8

II. UTILIZATION OF FISHERIES PRODUCTS .......... 9

A. Procsigi.. .

B. Foreign Trade... 11C. Domestic Consumptions....... 11

III. ORGANIZATION OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR ...... l4

A. Public Organizations .................- lB. Semipublic Organizations..iz .ations0* 15C . FiRwhi na nonoprat+;ves-... . ---- ID. Infrastructure.................... 17

IV. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES UNDER THETHTRD FOThm-YEAR PAl N (1969=1T73).4197 . 21

A. Tradii+ion.l F is he r e s 21B. Industrial Fisheries (including tuna

fish'k4 ng ) l...... C. General Infrastructure Development... 26D. R-ve F ih i. ORE. C o m me n +g 29

J.- i. u.uLuJ.~y L.L LLIVWO 111,4L UOL I* , 1.JIL LAII1jJJ.-Lc LJCU. o 7

TI TIMInF. V^n Sm.,a-, oMTftT7'T iT y vest.,rentTMa . 29V. "Zol:) Fr v'R E1:-It" VS rrxl I VX' I , UL................. 0 .......00 . 310

SUMKARY AND CONCLUSIONS

i. Senegal has abundant fish resources which have traditionallyattracted its coastal population to the sea, and made fish a staple ofits diet. The favorable conditions have contributed to the developmentof traditional patterns of fishing on a substantial scale. and haveassured the success of a modern fishing industry that is largely foreignowned.

ii. Maritime nroduction in Senegal increased from 100,000 tonsvalued at CFAF 3.2 billion in 1964 to more than 150,000 tons valued atCFAF 5 6 billion in 1968. To this amonunt must be added production offresh-water fishing which increased from 20,000 tons in 1964 to 35,000tons in 1968, vnlued nt nFaF 0.7 billion and OFAP 192 billion respectively

iii The percentage of fresh fish consnllmed in Senegal amounted to74 percent of total fish production in 1968. Senegalese statistics showthe relative importance of the two constiutuents of total consmAption:auto-consumption accounted for 12 percent of the total amount of fishconsumed inside Senegl in 1968; + r - a w a

the markets of the larger communities.

iv. The Department of Oceanography and Maritime Fisheries isresponsible 'Lor I.o<L,IilaU.Ld±ng policy on fL-.hII>J. Je-Jes Uevelopm,±ent. TneDepartment of Merchant Marine is responsible for navigational safety,supe-vvsiion of wAle signLing oir of ±fishexLrnienl aruu l.e er,ILV.VoemIUII LVi. ofthelaw on maritime fisheries. Many very comprehensive pieces of legis-lation are eltrher already in force orv U CuULe U. prepar-aiuorvI butenforcement of these laws is hampered by a lack of resources and personnelthat may have serious repercussions on tne implementation oI the fisheriesdevelopment plan.

v. Apart from tllese public services there are a number of semi-pUblic entities such as the Soci6et Senegalaise d'Armement ' la Plche,the Comptoir dtExportation du Poisson and the Institut de TechnologieAlimentaire. Some fishermen belong to fishing cooperatives, whose purposeis to organize and modernize the fishing fleet as well as to can and marketthe products of traditional fishing. The infrastructure for the fishingindustry, or at least for industrial fishing, is adequate.

vi. The Third Four-Year Plan (1969-73) provides for a concentration ofinvestments in the Cap Vert region. However, the number of investments andcertain of thie projects proposed in the Plan are questionable.

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES IN SENEGAL

I. RESOURCES

A. Basic Resources

1. Seneeal has abundant fish resources.

(a) The consta of SenevnI nre iubfect tto qesnanin1 mirinr' ofstrongly in8Olated surface waters, with intensive photosynthesis, withdeeper waters rich in diaqqolYvt nutyritive salt+s +hat favor dM'rp1roInnMnt.

and concentration of pelagic=l as well as benthonic species 2

(b) In addition, there is a continental shelf that extendsseveral m nie '"+h1 rof -to s r. 2 t miles o nn is, 1

south of Dakar to 50 miles off Casamance. Beyond the shelf, the bottomdrops off abruptly fro. 250=300 m to 2,000 ,. or more, nd does no+ ascendagain until reaching the Cape Verde islands.

(c) The edges of the continental shelf form a coral, rockyfrig _ OwQ miles *1= long' - a Vat re'sCOG; VU shelt fU_rom UJIw Aly UVI-fi ching

because it can be worked only by handlines on account of its depth_.P on' nnr%' -' __. .2 ~.L. .f- I -- _-_ -U.s. O Ur8-200 *m) aludU ±ts L.EvtU.Lar cU maUaion.

(d) The ex stence, on Ule soutLhern coast, of a vast network ofmarigots (tidal channels), river outlets and lagoons makes it a favoritearea for craustacean fishing because oI the wide range of salinity wnicnis essential to the growth of pawns.

2. All of these factors explain why the Senegalese have traditionallybeen drawn to the sea and why fish is a staple of their diet. They havecontributed to the development of traditional patterns of fishing on asubstantial scale and to the success of a modern, largely foreign, fishingindustry.

D. Traditional Methods of Fishing

3. Fishing craft are of time-honored design and fishing methods alegacy of the past. Their primary purpose is to provide food for the

Surface fish which habitually migrate: the most typical are tunaand sardinella (ContrOle Financier du Senegal, Les P^ches Maritimesau Sen'ngal (Ocean Fisheries off Senegal), Dakar, 1967, Vol. I:Structures, p. 13).

2/ Bottom fish, i.e., fish of constant habitat, associated with theseabed and with restricted territories (dorades, sole, shrimp andother trawled fish). (Ibid.)

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family and. with the surplus catch, to obtain a return that is oftengreater than that obtainable from farming. Distribution of the yieldis no longer limited to the areas immediately adjacent to the landingplacesY/, despite the scanty equipment available for preservation andtransportation. Seventy percent of such fishing is for bottom speciesand 30 percent for surface species.

4. Craft and crew. In Senegal, the traditional fishing fleet ismade iun of ni romipes with sails or motnrq and of motori 7d lon-g-lin-ers(cordiers). The distribution of the craft has been as follows:

Tnhlp 1 : ATPnITTTrNAT. FVT.TSHT1 rPAPT

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

Pirogues- 5,518 5,395 ,618 4,393 5,140

sail 3,694 3,530 3,187 2,927 2,494

outboardmotuor LI,U824 .L,8U0 1,L943) -1,46 ,UL4U

Long-lLherE(motorized) 11 14 24 21 20

The pirogues listed are still in existencea , but a large number of thevessels is inactive except during peak seasons (about 25 percent so 1968).The long-liners should be utilized full time, but on the average, theywere not in service for more than 5.3 months a year in 1968, as a resultof the indifference of their owners and crews, deficiencies in repairand maintenance services, and difficulties of settling the amounts dueon loans financing their construction.

5. Although motorization of pirogues has increased fairly rapidlyin recent years, as yet only 52 percent are motorized. Motorizationbegan in 1955 with a Government subsidy of 25 percent. During the Second

1/ Pirogue fishing which provides more than 95 percent of the totalproduction of traditional fishing, is prohibited at the port ofDakar and its entire catch is landed on the beaches.

2/ The figures shown for 1968 in this report do not correspond tothose of the Third Four-Year Plan, which shows 5,077 pirogues,3,218 with motors. (Third Four-Year Plan, p. 95)

Plan (June 1966), the Government suspended the subsidy for purchasesbut granted a customs exemption on imports of motlors ulat is tantamotto a subsidy of 35 percent. The slackening in 1966 and 1967 is attri-butable to 3 factors: (a) the temporary tightening of domestic aiuforeign markets; (b) withdrawal of aid in the form of loans for purchasingoutboard motors because of repayment difficulties encountered by Creui 'du Senegalz and (c) problems in the cooperative movement.

6. Long-line fishing is a fairly recent development, having begunin 1962. Under the First Plan, 13 long-linersl/ were put into service,two of which were the first built by the two Senegalese cooperative ship-yards set up for the purpose. The Second Plan provided for about 50before the end of the 1969 budget year, 37 of which were to be builtby the same two shipyards. These shipyards have closed down, financingof this operation having been suspended by the Banque Nationale de De-veloppement du Senegal (BNDS), which became alarmed at inadequaterepayments. The long-liners have an important part to play in improvingsmall-scale fishing, but technical and commercial operating methods willhave to be improved.

7. The total number of traditional fishermen is believed to haveincreased from 24,000 in 1964 to 26,000 in 1968, but only about 80 percentof them operate full time. Some fishermen are grouped in cooperatives --there are 22 of these in Senegal.J In L years the average number offishermen per piropue increased from h.h to 5.1. desnite motorization,which ought to reduce the crew numbers. A long-liner has from 6 to 8seam.en.

J8. Development of Production- Production from traditionalfishing increased nearly 5 times from 1948 to 1968, but the increase ispartiv0arly mrarked from. 195,5 onwr-7ard; whfen the pirogn)e motorizationpolicy was introduced. Output of traditional fishing consists chieflyof the piroue catchS which hare increa sed - absolute terms an-rd onaverage. Since long-line fishing only began in 1962, it has neveraccounted for ,-,.re th1an t 1,500 tons a e. The unit vi l(d per

1] Thirteen-meter cutters with 18 tons gross tonnage, costingabout CFAF 4 . 5 million . (Contr e Financler du Sen6e'gal, 2p.cit., p. 25)

2/ This figure differs from the one given in Les Ptches MaritimesAu Sen6gal. According to that source, there were Insma'1-scale fishing cooperatives with 4,362 members as of July 1,1966. (Ibid., p. 110) The missloi believes that th e differencemay be due to the fact that the references are to differentyears.

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year has rarely passed the break-even point for this type of vessel(estimated by the Fisheries Department at 120 tons per unit per year) -in fact the unit yield fell from 75 tons a year in 1963 to 36 tons a yearin 1968.

Table 2: OUTPUT OF TRADITIONAL FISHING

(tonsTtandex Average priceYenr Am,nlln+S~~~~~~~n on lnrw;ina v_q1"P at' lnnriinlib/(tons)__ Tndex (CFAF/kg) (million Index

(194A8=1 n) OF)AA) (1948=10o)

1948 25,700 1nn 10.00 257 1001955 38,900 160 15.50 603 237i C) n 70 '47 'lop lo An i C< U: Ann

1964 83,284 324 26.20 2,189 810

1966 99,790 388 30.63 3,058 1,189-1967 10V7 ,711 408 if 3,181 1 '3

1968 119,873 467 30.70 3,688 1,435

±i± r'e U.LL.LwJ..Lu L.UI AlJJI 1±aUJ.U±iIt;tU LY3 UL41t ±ii±

Department. They are based on the number of pirogues and long-liners actually in operation and on Uteir prod-uci -vity.

0/ The value at landing is calculated by mUltiplying tne pruoductionin kilos by the average price on landing.

Source: Mission estimates.

C. Industrial FiEhing

9. Industrial fishing embraces not only bottom and surface fishalong the coast, but also ocean surface species, which have a vast range.These are represented by certain tunas (including albacore and listao).This kind of fishing entails long distance voyages following the seasonalmigrations of the fish and its live prey (sardinella). It thereforerequires heavy ships, large investments, an infrastructure equipped withgood harbors and berthing facilities, maintenance and cold storagefacilities and a commercial export and distribution organization.

10= Vessels nnd Grew. T h e for inrhi.-trin1 fiqhingj othprthan tuna-fishing-V, are trawlers and sardine boats. They were distributedas follows from. 1964I to 1968.

Table 3: INDUSTRIAL FISHING FLEET (EXCEPT TUNA FLEETA/

-J7'4 .L 7 V ±7LJ~ 7UV fu ±L7VUA

_b/~ _n 19 16 16 196_

1'awlersb/ 33 36 39 34 49

Sardine boats 1 2 2 3 3

a/ Most of these are French vessels provisionally assigned toDakar. In i968, of 49 trawlers, 12 were of Senegalese registry;the others were French.

Many of the trawlers existing in 1968 will have to be replacedsoon, for only 14 are less than 5 years old; the others are 10to 20 years old.

11. Trawling began at Dakar in 1954 with one French trawler, whichwas the only one in operation through 1957. Since then, the number oftrawlers has increased considerably, but, of the 49 existing in 1965, only38 are still in operation.

12. Sardine fishing did not start until long-liners were introducedin 1962. hll of the boats are in operation.

13. There were about 500 fishermen in 1968, with 10 to 12 men pertrawler and 12 per sardine boat.

14. Output Trends. The following table shows amounts and value oftrawler and sardine catches in recent years, compared with those of 1954.

15. The considerable reduction in trawler output between 1961 and19614 was due to the obsolescence of the fleet. Up to 1965. the trawlercatch consisted chiefly of bottom fish (sole, dorade, cod). Shrimp fish-ing started in 1966. The result was a declining interest in bottom fish.

1/ Because of its importance, tuna-fishing will be discussedsepnrnt&Iv_ even thcomh_ in th-eory, it forms pnrt of industrialfishing.

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Table 4: WUTPUT TRIDS f IN JDUSTRIAL FISHING

(other than tuna fishing)

TotalTrawlina dSardine boats_/ Industrial Fishing

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity ValueFton- (mi on (tons) (tiTTon (tons) (million

CFAF) CFAF) CFAF)

19q), 1)0 145 - - 1)Vo )1 1963 2,317 82.1 2,737 32.6 5,054 114.7196A, 629 21 7035 2 - 71 231 5,193

1965 3,298 131.38 2,975 30.3 6,273 161.7104f 9 9 R'l 19A AR I OC0 A. 7 970 I J

1967 3,120 397.57 12,760 191.4 15,880 589.01968 5, 568 781. 90 8I .0 199 7 0I or)R

a/ The increase in the trawler catch in 1968 is due chiefly toumprovem,ents Jn the sh -pctch and - readjusument ofP th

statistics for bottom fish. In fact, actual landings of bottomfLi-sh- have rel-1195Uined unchi-arge-d s^n-ce 1963.

A second sardine boat was put into operation toward the end of1965: the effect of this was not apparent until 1966.

especially as the Senegalese authorities, quite correctly and to protecttraditional fishing and safeguard the ecological balance of marine life,prohibited trawling in the territorial waters of Senegal. Tle share ofshrimps in trawler production (2,142 tons out of a total of 5,568 tonsin 1968) also explains the increase in the average prices from 196( on.In 1968, this amounted to CFAF 141 per kg, but, if shrimp are excluded,it drops to CFAF 51 per kg, far less than the 1964 price (CFAF 65 perkg). The annual yield per trawler tended to decline until 1966 (possi-bly because of the overfishing resulting from intensified trawling inprevious years) and to rise thereafter (because of the extension of thefishing areas).

16. Sardinella fishing has made exceptional headway. The declinein the total value of production in 1964 and in 1968 is due to thedecrease in the price on landing for consumption fresh, frozen or canned.

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D. Tana Fishing

17. Vessels and Crew. Tuna is fished by a semi-government company(Societe Senegalaise dlArmement a la Peeche, SOSAP) and several privateFrench enterprises.

18. SOSAP is a semi-public company established in 1963 with acapital of CFAF 100 million (raised to CFAF 300 million in 1968), inwhich the Senegalese Government is the majority stockholder, complementedby French public and Senegalese and foreign private interests. SOSAP wasoperating 5 refrigerated tuna boats in 1968, four of which were put intoservice in 1965 and the fifth in 1966. SOSAP's vessels employ 95 seamen,20 of whom are European.

19. The French nrivate sector (from 60 to 100 vessels. accordingto the season) is largely made up of tuna boats bringing in fresh fish.The refrigerated Freneh boats fish for tuna off the Senegalese coast:their catch is not canned at Dakar but merely put into transit storagefacilities there.Hnweverj in 1968 about 30 French fresh +1nai boat- w=ere basedpermanently at Dakar and were delivering their entire catch to Dakarcannenrie.q uindr _ rin+_n q+. f'n- nr-h year (NTnvrnmber ton NjnnmbehPr), vnryingfrom 10,000 tons to 20,000 tons, which was only rarely met. The catch isdelivered to the canneries at a fied price determined at the start nf'the season at an intergovernmental conference between France and the

higher than the world price and is guaranteed by France.

20. Production Trends, of those products that have been of value4-UJAUU 11 ±y4 t, Ud1 4.4 4 4 IarAA~UU .± 4- and... d amLi u -I1 -L~ ~ -de' - veredto Senegalese ir.dustryL (:uAar. itiU-es _l .ded Ain Seneg 1t'6 .dl ,XlW1.ts delivered

to Senegalese plants) have been as follows:

Table r5- rnThrA PnnR DnUCrnrT±Lau±-e L: NIia rnulj U.-UI±

'-ua OLU'± -, ±d.LIUUU iLLI JtL;ZI ,d4.

(tons) Quantities deliveredDuo Senegi-Lese plan ts

French French to be cannedYear Fresh catch SuSAr Frozen catrcn'2 (tons)

1960/61 8,920 - - 8,9201963/64 10,619 - - 10,619

16/7 5:,970 1,82 o,n06,0100/0{ ,( ,,d 2O,U0 U

1967/68 8,780 3,9h6 6,673 10,6001965/69 6,937 4,057 2,947 10,914

a/ These quantities are landed in Dakar and re-exported frozento France.

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21. The other major factors in the development of tuna fishing inthe last 5 years have been:

1) Increasine imnortance of listao tuna in the total catch, asa result of stagnating unit yields for albacore. (In 1964-65,zero! in 1967-68j 30 perce-.t nnl in 1968-69Q )10 perctt ofalbacore.)

2) Steady rise in the price of tuna (from CFAF 67.5 in 1961-62to CFtR. Q7.5 in. IO6-6A).

3) M Dffi cul +tyr i n P; f t1 qu Aot 1 I4- A 14 , 'k in s pit____^__ J _L A _w uc 6W^sMLV vcz~L |vwJ s XJ9 vl ass A_ v uw%

of its very advantageous terms (price 15 to 20 percent highert.har,+. t.,,.e Aol pr~ice).

I| n-cre-sing ;Importance ofP CnCAr

..// .LS II'v1A y X.sLV.L- WItt Z L.Let-_Z1J £L _ 1 Slg UJI.LS UL t 1-t::ldL 4I dau liJdKd. dJL4.

year round since autumn of 1967.

6) Obsolescence of these units, which are not to be replaced, asprofit margins althougn satisfactory for fully amortized boazs,is not high enough to justify new units.

22. The value of tuna production in 1968 was about CFAF 1 billion.

E. Summary

23. Maritime production in Senegal (national fleet plus the foreignfleet based at Dakar, excluding the French refrigerated boats) rose fromapproximately 98,700 tons (10,200 tons of which was the French tuna catch)valued at CFAF 3.2 billion in 1964 to 152,500 tons (7,460 tons of which wasthe French tuna catch) valued at CFAF 5.6 billion in 1968. To that must beadded the fresh-water catch of 21,700 tons in 1964 and 35,000 tons in 1968,valued at CFAF 0.7 billion and CFAF 1.2 billion, respectively. Totalproduction has thus developed as follows:

Quantities Index Values (million CFAF) Index(tons) (1964=100) (1964O=100)

1964 120,400 100 3,900 1001965 128,000 106 3,850 991966 142,900 119 4,86o 1251967 165,000 137 5,620 1441968 187,500 156 6,800 174

II. UTILIZATION OF FISHMIPS PRODUCTS

A. Processing

24. There are two types of processing: traditional and industrial.

25. Traditional processing. Three different products are producedby traditional methods of processing ocean fish:

a. Salt-dried fish (dry salting, pickling in brine or-saltingfollowed by drying) is produced chiefly at Saint-Louis and Cayar. Sincethe Senegalese consummer does not like salt-dried fish and the foreigndemand is dwfindling, this process is on the decline.

b. Ketiakh is a specialty of the area south of Dakar on thePetite Cote: it is produced from sardinella and ethmaloses (cobo) whichare grilled, smoked and then sun-dried for a few hours. 1I'Bour is themain production center.

c. Pletorah is smoked, dried and grilled fish. It is preparedpreferably from catfish (silures), shark, rays and ethmaloses. This pro-cess of curing is used principally in the southern part of Senegal: SineSaloum, M'Bour and Casamance.

d. Guedj is unsalted, dried, fermented fish. M'Bour is thecenter of this process, which is a form of recovering unsold fish thathave somewhat deteriorated in the markets.

26. Production of these cured products between 1964 and 1968 wasas follows:

Table 6: TRADITIONAL PROCESSING

1. 4 eA L! _L7-7 L7n 196 96 1

1JL.) s a--z Uu _o) 'Vv f 4-); -.7 7 v9 uuuKetialdh 2,287 1,100 1,966 6 ,103 5 v555 bJM_4.etora 298 463 385 to 556ernQ eE1'11_ U I-CLI C7U L4U)? - U~ _'Uv U ~Guedj 3,010 2,441 5057 3,994 3,954

_1~/ TJ L.ulIJLg 62)5 ULI, 0. LLLtonsU od dU±1Ijj.

b/ Including 360 tons produced from sardinella landed by sardine boats.

27. Guedj, Ketiakh, metorah and dry salted fish are the main end-products of traditional processing, though othens :ast.

na ------ A ~ ~~~--J l- - N ~ -

8ndustr1al rrocessing. Nearly al l ol urie IreSh tbuia is fLcUvrLy-

processed as is the industrial catch of sardinella, the latter having aprior claim on canning and freezing installatio-ns; arny s-uplus on the freshfish market of the traditional catch of sardinella from the Cape Verdeueaches is also canned and frozen.

29. Continued concentration reduced the number OI tuna-processingplants from 7 in 1960 to 4 in 1964 and only 2 in 1968.1/ Quantities andvalues of canned tuna produced by these plants between 1963/64 and 1968/69are shown below.

Table 7: CANNED TUNA, 1963/64 and 1968/69

Quantity a/ Value(tons) (million CFAF)

1963/64 6,396 1,2761965/66 8,730 1,6701966/67 9,392 1,9801967/68 9,240 2,0401968/69 7,850 1,500

J The conversion of "quantity delivered" into "quantity processed"must take account of stocks. This explain why simple multiplicationof the "quantity processed" by the conversion rate (1.4) does notproduce the "quantity delivered" as shown in Table 5.

30. Of the two sardinella plants in operation in 1964 (one at M'Bour,the other at Dakar) only one remains, SAIB, at Dakar. Production of cannedsardinella has been as follows:

Table 8: CANNED SARDINELLA, 1964 and 1968

Quantity Value(tons) (million CFAF)

196L 276 281965 nil nil1966 ni 1 ni 11967 457 441968 380 )45

/ In 1964 the 4 plants were Conserveries du Senegal (Senegal Canneries)folnded in 1959, SociStA Africaine de Produits Alm.entares -SAPAL(African Food Products Company) founded in 1962, Compagnie IndustrielleAn Co-ae_xveo Al-;m(n+njc _ TCA (T,Ai,aIo+_n1 r_ 1V.A r . v

=v v. wI v _ a .... . _.Lv-vwv\|*Av wA. wI v.--L. ¼J* v vv Jvv.JiIJ Ja/vv..Lv

in Senegal in 1955 as an affiliate of a French group in Nantes, and theSociQt- de Conserves Africai,es - SCAF (African Cn.ed G-oods Corpa,y)founded in 1957. In 1968, only Conserveries du Senegal and SAPAL remained.

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31. There are two by-product factories that theoretically shouldprocess only waste from filleting and from the canneries, as Senegaleselaw has prohibited catching of sardinella and other surface coastal fishfor the manactur of fish meal. Thie tsa o factories are AFRICA7OTE nd

Conserveries du S6n6gal. Two hundred twenty-one tons of meal were producedI 01.6 and I1 5970 tons in 1°68 .

32t~~t Narl1y a' lJ- of, -A-e prouct of -4- inutra prcesi. ----- e por

LA LfJL O5.U .,e 7 U. V.JLO .54.5 .LZtt. V"A * ~ ~ A U .L ~ ~- - - v

while only about 15 percent (1968) of the fish processed by traditionalmetlod ui -LO VAPFU UsU, LAR:e I be. U UL ein UU c onsume in UAal.

JD Foreign T _rra_ 'e

33. Senegal generally imports very small quantbites of fish - lessthan 600 tons of fresh weight. (In 1968 532 tons, valued at CFAF 70 millionwere imported0 ) Senegal's exports of fiSh, however, are fairly large, butthe exact figure is not clear because of discrepancies between the figuressupplied by different sources. The following estimates can therefore onlygive an indication of the order of magnitude.

Table 9: ESTIMATE OF SENEGAL'S EXPCRTS IN 1964 AND 1968

EquivalentQuantity fresh weight Value(tons) (tons) (million CFAF)

1964 8,691 11,600 1,5021968 15,497 20,039 2,803

France is the chief customer for most of the products exported by Senegal.However, a large proportion of the fish processed by traditional methods isexported to countries of Western Africa.

C. Domestic Consumption

34. Total consumption of fish in Senegal was 106,000 tons in 1964 and168,000 tons2/ in 1968. Yearly per capita consumption was therefore 31.2 kgin 1964 and 45.3 kg in 1968, an increase of 40 percent in 4 yearsi/.

35. The following table shows the various forms in which fish was consumed.

1 Consumption - total production (including imported) minus exports.In 1964, consumption = 121,000 (400) - 15,300 - 105,700 tons i.e. 106,000 tTn 1968, consumption = 188,000 (500) - 20,039 167,961 tons i,e, 168,000 tIn 1964, although only 6,000 tons were in fact exported, the mission assumedin evaluating consumption, that all of the 10,200 tons of processed tuna wasexported.

2/ Based on the DoDulation figures given in the main reDort: 3,400.000 in1964 and 3,708,000 in 1968. -,

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Table 10: FOR' OF F SH CONSUI-MM IN 1964 ANDi 196

(in tons of fresh weight equivalent)

1966 1964Quantity Quantity %

Fresh 124,700 74.3 70,300 66.5Guedj , 23,200 13.8 26,000 24.6Ketiakha' 16,700 9.9 7,900 7e5Dried salted 1,100 0.7 800 0.7I4etorah 1,700 1.0 400 004Canned 500 0.3 300 0M3

Total 168,000 100.0 105,700 100.0

a/ including tambadiaang (whole dried fish, sometimes smokedin CasamaneTthe output of which is not very large.

It is interesting to note the quantity of fresh fish consumed in thistropical country with a traditional marketing system. One significantfact is that guedj is eaten together with fresh fish, the proportion ofguedj varying with the availability of fresh fish. In some regionsketiakh is a partial substitute for guedj. Its supply is subject tomarked fluctuations, as it is made only when the catch is large, but,because of this substitution, it is tending to gain ground. Mletorah anddried salted fish are not popular in the domestic market. They dependon foreign demand and thus remain almost constant in their percentageof the wThole.

36. The geographic distribution of total fish consumption was asfollows:

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Table 11: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FISH CONSUMPTION IN-SENXEGAL, 1968

avv,T IAJLOAR

Cape Verde /56,Central Maritime Areag' 74,711el_ _1 D 3 _E / ^^ .SenegaL DeiD.' ,9YY)Maritime Casamancea/ 7,520Madle Re5ch oI the Senegai / i5,825Interior/ 9,°547

Total 167,957

a!.Includes th,e Thi region, whe Diourbel regio., ex^eptfor the Department of LinguAre, and the Sine-Saloumregion, except fo-_ theDe--,sn ofP _3r:n 4 A. VL,A.A , 1-A.%aUjJU .LV±L W UL J UkJa1±LA1=1AVs 04 AXC.L.L.L_.L41t; CMIU

Gossa.u? v, D.epit , en 04. ±Jd,gan

c/ Includes the Departments of Bignona, Oussouye,LA11IUrUA4jor and Sean-iou.

d/ Includes the entire river region except the Depart-rent of Dagana. Only fresh-water fish is consumedin this area.

e/ Includes eastern Senegal and the rest of the Casamance,Diourbel and Sin6-Saloum regions.

37. Senegalese statistics show the relative importance of auto-consumption and marketed consumption. Auto-consumption accoimted forabout 15 percent (16,000 tons out of 106,000 tons) of the weight offish consumed inside Senegal in 1964, and only 12 percent in 1968.The rest was distributed over a wide area and sold in the markets ofthe larger communities.

III. ORGANIZATION OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR

.A D 1 'Pbi OrganZ__at lo.

38. The Department of Oceanography and Maritime Fisheries comes underthe Ministry of Rural Development. It consists of a Central Office, fiveregional offices and two special establishments. The Central Office atDakar has managerial sections responsible for the budget, accounting.personnel and secretariat, and four technical divisions. Senegal is dividedinto five coastal regions (Cape Verde, River, Thies, Casamance and Saloum)in which the regional offices are located. The two special establishmentsare the Thiarom Laboratory for Oceanography and Fishing Technologyv and theSchool for Technical officials and supervisors for lMaritime Fisheries,which trains subordinate administrative staff. Th -Departmert of Oceano-graphy and Maritime Fisheries is responsible for formulating policy onfisheries developrment.

39. The Department of Merchant Marine co irs ,-dr the .> istry ofPublic Works and Transportation. As regards the fisheries sector, it isresponsible for navigational safety, S-p rn of the slgr:ng on offishermen and the enforcement of the law on maritime fisheries. TheMinistry of Public Works and Transportaron. s responsible for pl.rz,i.ginstallations at fishing ports, although the Port of Dakar is autonomous,and management of th.e ports of Ziguinclhor an.d Kaolack h-as been placed nthe hands of the local chambers of commerce.

40. The Department of '>raters, Forests and Game Service is responsiblefor rivers and a1 es, but has no special administrative organization forfishing, which forms only part of its work.

41. Many conprehensive pieces of legislation are either already inforce or in co-rse of preparauion. They relate to the limits of terri-torial waters, prohibition on trawling within three miles of the coast,restrictions on processbng sardinela into fish meal, health regulations,etc. Enforcement of these laws is hampered, however, by lack of resourcesand persornnel that m,ay have serious repercussions on implementation ofthe fisheries development plan. That plan cannot be carried out withouteffective protection of the waters and fishing areas in Senegaleseterritorial waters and without international agreements on adjacent waters.

42. The Permanent Fisheries Board must be consulted on formulationand adaptation of government policy on maritime fisheries. It seems 1however, that "in its desire to regroup all interests, the (permanent)Fisneries Board has adopted too heavy a structure, which makes it difficultto manage and detracts from its effectiveness.fil/

1/ Contr6le Financier du S6n6gal, op. cit., Vol I: Structure, p.43.

43. Vocational training is given in the School for TechnicalOfficlaTi and t S iprviors for Maritime Fisheriess established in 1963to train administrative personnel for the Fisheries Department, and inthe Vocationa1 ranining renter for Maritime and industriAl Fishing; whichhas been operating since 1962 under the aegis of the Ministry of TechnicalEduciation, and which trais sk-illed fishermen. The course take threeyears and includes theory and practical sessions on the school's trawlersar.d lonrg-l4nTers It .h a t.hxoughpt of nhevn+ 90 sa nts a year.

B. Semipublic Organizations

44. The three most important semipublic organizations are SOSAP,the Comptoir d:Exportation du Poisson (CEP) (Fish Export Agency), andthe Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA) (Food Technology Insti-tute).

45. SOSAP is a mixed economy company established in 1963. Accordingto its statutes, its object is to study and undertakqequipment of a tunafishing fleet and to catch, can and market tunafish." Its initial capitalof CFAF 100 million was increased to 300 million in 1968 by contributionsfrom public and private interests (local banks). The Senegalese Govern-ment is still the majority stockholder. SOSAP had five: refrigerated tunaboats in 1968 and nine in 1969. Orders have been placed to increase thisnumber to 14 by the end of 1970, 19 by the end of 1971 and 24 by the endof 1972. SOSAP has already invested CFAF 565 million and has committedCFAF 2,768 million, a total of CFAF 3,343 million. These investmentsare financed from the following sources: SOSAP capital (300 million);French subsidy (75 million); German subsidy (137 million); short-termloans (168 million); medium-term suppliers' credit (296 million); long-term laans (2,368 million). SOSAP at present employs 53 Europeans and140 Senegalese clerks and seamen. Its turnover in 1967/68 was CFAF 340million, and should reach CFAF 700 million by the end of 1969/70.

46. CEP was set up in 1964 and placed under the Ministry of Conmerceand Industry. Its purpose is to purchase fresh or processed fish forexport, CEP's operations have lacked flexibility and conmercial skill.It is competing with private enterprises that wiere the only ones in thefield until CEP was established and are better prepared than CEP (betterknowledge of the market, seniority in the business, highly developedtechniques. good market organization. large material and financialresources). It would therefore be desirable to provide CEP with the re-sources it needs by converting it into a semigovernment agenev in whichprivate producers and processors have an interest.

47. ITA was established early in 1963 to take over and coordinatestudies and activities related to food DroceSsing (Including fish), qility

./ .bd. P

- 16 -

control, and seeking and making available new local food sources that willprovide a better diet for the people. ITA is a public commercial andindustrial agency under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The ContrOleFinancier du Senegal states: "it would appear that ... fisheries cannotexpect tangible and really effective results from ITA for many years tocome."2!/ It should confine itself to the roles of applied research andtraining.

CG. Fishing Coo22rati.ve2!

48. Tne purpose of the cooperatives is to organize and modernize thefishing fleet and to can and market the products of traditional fishing.The cooperatives have been indisputably successful in their primary task,but have paid little regard to marketing and improvement of products. Thecooperatives "have principally served to facilitate and mobilize loansfrom BNDS for small individual equipment (outboard motors and fishing gear)and for light beach equipment (such as dryers) that could not be granted toindividual fishermen without financial guarantee..." and "to facilitatedesign and construction of new types of modern craft through concentrationof financial and technical resources... "3/

49. There are at present three types of cooperatives; traditionalcooperatives of fishermen using sail and motor pirogues; improved boatcooperatives (Soumbedioune long-liners); and two cpcperatives for buildinglong-liners and sardine boats for the local fleet.4Y

50. Aside from the individualism of the fishermen, there are anumber of obstacles in the way of the development of the cooperative systemin the fisheries sector:

(a) the inauspicious association in the same cooperativesof sea and river fishermen, with their differentpatterns of behaviour;

1/ Ibid., p. 78.

2/ For a more detailed description of fishing cooperatives see pp. 97-119of the above-mentioned work.

1 Ibid., p. 110.

I! We- have already mew-ntioned that +these tWo cooneratives have nor shutdown as a result of the BNI5'ssuspension of financing for theiroperatinn

(b) the attachment of these cooperatives to the farmore numerous agricultural cooperatives "whichhave totally different interests, and whoseobjectives require the deTolovment of means havingnothing in common with those of the fisheries;'17

(c) the lack of coordination between the CooperationTDpartmnt nnd th.e Fisheries Dennrtmnt even thonwhboth come under the same Ministry;

(d) the scarcity of staff qualified for supervisoryp-osts; ar.d

(e) the~ fishw.ns d44.istrust o-f too close a sipr....

vision of their activities by the Government.

el D -4. nlD. tfAst4ucuuwe

51. ~ I.0 usets. T,he c atlkchies ofL ur-adiir^ L, - - r,s (-iew the 41J. JJ.JOg .L j.~~ A..1t~ kJJ. J.d i .. L J.L iL.. .`LJOLLv.L 1Fi" I .J. WAI U1LAV

exception of the long-liners) are all landed on the beachese IndustrialfL is g is based e uxus ively on DaKa-r Wiere threu Whlar'Vue Ji Uth

commercial port are at its disposition on which to land their catches,which vary from 35,000 to 40,000 tons from year to year. There is nospecific place for trading activities after landing the catch andthese usually take place right on the wharf; no area for equipment,maintenance and victualling of the ships which are berthed at random;no slipway that can accommodate a modern refrigerated tuna boat.

>2. Storage and Cold Processing. The situation is considerablybetter in the case of the cold storage of products (ice, refrigerationand freezing) at least for industrial fishing, whereas facilities ofthis kind available to traditional fishermen are scarce and sketchy(St- Louis, PPBour). The main cold storage facilities in Senegal areas follows!

1/ Ibid.. p. 109.

Table 12: COLD STORAGE FACILITIES IN SENEGAL, 1968

Freezing Storage Ice Plant

DakarSpecial for fish 177 tons/day 6,020t 120 t/dFor the fish trade

(temoorarily) _ _4+,/d

Ziguinchor 31 t/d 230t

Mi se1ljnieous 20t-

Tot.nl I20fl t.,/d 6- P7n+t 1(5 +/d

53. Thae principa cold s+^rage plan+ss nae: (a) the coldstorageplant at Dakar (1954) which is in a bad state of disrepair, has a verylow output .w-d operate~s wti-h a deficit sic 1963: neesa. "rpar

would cost as much as construction of a new and modern plant much betteradlapted to -resn r.eeds --- As- Societ 4des Frgo-iqe A-Sr.

(SOFRIGAL), the Senegal Cold Storage Plant Company, a sound commercialop erato, (cL 0 Lame XWiLuPuil.G IjJCL.a,y CL U ZguiAnLcLV.L, WI. Ld1.±.LJ. U'tiLs Ufor

preparing and storing frozen shrimp.

54. Canning. In 1968 there were two: SAPAL and Conserveries duSeLntegad_ . ±LIIe.LAL U1dI.ac LeA:V±-scUJ are U s-ILUVE±hZtU Ubelow.

Table 13: CANNERIES, 1968

SAPAL Conserveries du Sen6gal

Initial investment CFAF 130 million C'As 280 mill-ion

Employees (workmenand supervisors) 452 350

Production capacityNatural tuna 50 tons/day 40-60 tons/dayTuna in oil 20 tons/day 12-18 tons/day

The two canneries can process from 25,500 to 37,000 tons of tuna in a 250-day working year. During the 1968/69 season, they processed only 10,914tons, or 42 percent of their minimum capacity. This excess capacity has

existed for several years and is the reason for the concert;ations thathave occurred. Fixed costs, however, are sti1l very high 3rLd make itdifficult for Eenegalese canned tuna to be competitive.

55- SAW}3 in Dakar, is the only p'lant that processes sardinella.It has a worl, force of Q8 workers and supervisors. Its snmwl production(380 tons of fish processed in 1968) makes it difficult for it to survivein the relatively narow Senegralese and French African mark:;=

56= T!h-e are 2 by=product plants: AFRIC=AZOTE- which can procesS30 tons of law material a day, and Conserveries du S6n6gal, which has anutrarodern it for recovering its waste and is able to process 45 tonsof raw material a day. The capacity of these two plants is adequate sinceSeregalese law prohibits the processing of whole s-rdinella to produceby-products. Theoretically, therefore, they process only waste from thecanneries and spoiled fish obtained in the market.

,.II. Distr-ibution. Fresh fLish from tra.diiLonca"l catLchiLes ls mai4lytransported on trucks, pick-up trucks, buses or taxis by the retailersthemselves who accom,,pany their products from th,ie beach to the final market.Cnly the fish wholesalers use specialized pick-up trucks. It is impossi-ble to estziate the rumber of vehicles used to carry fish, because onlyat Dakar are any specialized vehicles in use (15 units of the Dakar-MareeCom-iparn-y arnd about 20 pick--up trucks owned oy the largest fish wholesalers).Since many vehicles have already been subject to heavy use, breakdowns onthe road causing tme loss of the cargo occur relatively frequently. Thispartly explains the reluctance of the fish-trade carriers to work farfrom the fish-landing centers, especially if tlhe road is not paved. Fishis also carried by railroad, especially on the Dakar-Kaolack-Tambacounda-Kidira line, and the St-Louis-Louga-Linguere line. Air transport is usedvery little within Senegal, but the airolane is becoming the normal meansof transport of fresh fish from the Senegalese industrialized fisheriesto Mauritania, Upper Volta and France, although as yet it carries onlyvery small quantities to the first two countries.

58. The Dakar markets absorb 53.2 percent of the fresh fish consumedwithin Senegal, Thi6s 18.5 percent, Kaolack 16.4 percent, Diourbel 4.5percent, St-Louis 2 percent and Louga 0.4 percent. The other 5 percentgoes to other cities on the Louga-Touba-Thies circuit and to communitiesalong the Kaolack-Tambacounda-Kidira and Louga-Linguere railroads. Fromthese centers, where most sales are made, the fish is distributed radiallyto neighboring villages, generally by direct purchase by the consumer.Processed fish is sold in the same part of the markets as fresh fish.The markets are generally small and usually have no equipment. The rulesof elementary hygiene are not observed and this gives rise to considerablelosses (lack of running water, disinfection perhaps no more than once a

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week, infrequent fly control measures, poor utilization and maintenanceof cold storage rooms that soon render them unserviceable).

59. Up to 1965. nearlv all of the industrial catch of fish wassold in Dakar. The only transportation involved was from the fishingport to the selling nlaces in the cnpital- T-n 165- t.he Deenr-NarCompany began organized transportation of the industrial catch to theinterior. This is rndprtnknn hv l5 pick-up and large truclks, some withrefrigeration, and amounts to about 4,000 tons a year.

60. Industrial fish for direct consumption is still subject totoo much disorgnnized hnndling, chiefly for lack of a special place fortrading at the port. In the case of fish to be frozen (sardinella,svhxim-p and de-licn,a+ bottomny fish7), the obs-letev cndi+vion ofP tlie portcold storage plant and its utter inadequacy are to be deplored. Thissibitl n +;n inn ; n a. +Inn _ c e+h nffi + A,- - -A -;_ q _z_} A-- -- _ FA 14+- h-- …~ v .- _ v k v J'-v . vo d.JAU .L.Ul LI. U l4

area of their distribution. The result is that the quality of servicedesirable in intenain al~+ -~' 1+-- -akt -is - -fe not -rov-'e and A -A y

therefore refuse the product. The position is different in the casetheIC -ndV%rJ-+ 'J fish -1, in /nus L. (---aan --- diel) for--whch~~l ,UAA-LV, LA" U .-. LU11c. dlU tJa.LA-1U±n -LaJ , jULE WIL±(ULSOFRIGAL and the recently installed cold storage equipment at the

-L UQ OOu Li& C; yP.-I1o uU prvvide auequate geIviceS.

IV. FUTMJ2E DEVELOPHiElIT OF FISHEIESMflfElMR T-THE ThTHUR FOTf-0¾.TM AP PTAN ( 1Q6-197 3)

A. Traditional Fisheries

61. The nhi+Mtrc of +the plan in +lhj4 ssector-. ea-qn hA s1mnArizedas follows: to achieve a production of 200,000 tons by the end of the

peio; o n>s rvvriaio o pog- frL.,. bIhe~ preen 52 - -

to 100 percent; to completely reorganize the marketing channels; and toim.prnr q .-;jv '-a.r .d~a V.1.uiy oti the U processed a jrd.A. s ncreas.g +-h

latter frcm 10,600 to 15,000 tons.

62. The investments specifically planned for this subsector amountto A -ir. ) 047 ,m5lo dt-i'uut4ed as follIows:

Table 14: INVESTMENTS FOR TRADITIONAL FISH=.IE, 1969-1973jIU.LL I IIon Cra I-I:

Warehouses for - -

tui-LjU...LjM(LI 6 L O - O 10 e 0

I; drlaril t CIV U..Lt 3 4. - - 3 °:4

Distrib ution

Ice depots - 2.6 - - 2.6

Equipment of markets 2.4 3.4 2.$ 1.4 9.7

Roads to fishing posts a/ - - - p.m.

ProcessingProcessing plants i2. .0 12.0 iL.0 40.0 790

Total 23.o 32.0 i7.5 !41.i.4 Ul7

aJ W!ithout commenting on the cost of constructing these (CFAF 500million), the mission believes that they will have to be financed from thenational budget.

Source: Republic of Senegal, Third Four-Year Economic and Social DevelopmentPlan, 1969-1973, p. 101.

Comments

63. Production. In view of the foreseeable level of domestic~~~. -- - I - _1 - . - I I - - - - - I P I __ _^ -consuumpTiun3 TraditionaL fIshnuLg could nardly exceed 14U0UU0 Tton1

(pirogue and long-liner).

64. Boats and their equipment. The Plan has not provided anyinvestment ror fittlng out boats engaged in traditional methods offishing. Nevertheless, it is necessary to contemplate an investnent ofaround CFAF 840 mivlion to achieve objectives less ambitlaus than thoseadvocated by the authors of the Plan (140,000 tons output and 78 percentliof the pirogues motorized by the end of the plan period). These invest-ments break down as follows:

Table 15: ESTDIATES OF INVEST2'ENTS NEEDED FOR EQUIEDTOF TRADITIONAL SECTOR, 1969-1973

(million CFAF)

Replacement of existing pirogues a/ 80

Replacement of existing motors bJand further motorization Ci 447

Private sector 290

Public sector (exemptfrom customs duty) 157

60 long-liners dJ 312.5

a/ This figure was based on the assumption that-the existingpirogues would be replaced at the rate of 10 percent p.a., or 2,000 inall between 1969 and 1973.

b| 2,646 motors will have to be imported.

cJ At the rate of 45 percent of the present nonmotorized fleet,or 1,080 new motors.

d -Including repair of 20 old long-liners and acquisition of50 new ones.

Source: 'Iission estimates.

iJ manyypirogues that are service craft or used for seining neednot be motorized.

- 23 -

65. The Plan provides for two separate operations under the headingof equipment of traditional fisheries. First of all, it makes provisionfor the installation of maintenance shops and warehouses for the sale ofmotors and spare parts. In the first phase, the latter will be set upin the 5 regional fishing capitals -- St- Louis, Gayar, M'Bour-Joal,Kaolack and Ziguinchor -- by the firms that import motors. The totalinvestment provided for in the Plan seems to have been underestimated andit will probablv be necessary to contemplate an amount of CFAF 25 million,rather than CFAF 10 million. During a second phase as and when theprimary supply cooperatives being formed have been equipped and consoli-dated, they will take over the warehiouses and shops, becoming the ownersof the stocks held bv these, reselline them to their members and providingfor maintenance of motors through mechanics paid by them. The Plan hasmade no provision for these cooperatives: the Fisheries Service has notsufficient skilled staff to supervice their activities as planned; andGovernment control does not apnear to be necessary in this sector of theeconomy, which has shown excellent results under free enterprise.

66. The second operation under the heading of equipment of traditionalfisheries is the formation of a maritime credit agency. Under the termsof the Plan, "the role of this credit agency is to enable fishermen topurchase motors. pirogues3 fishing gear, long-liners; etc. The agencywill also participate in providing marketing cooperatives with ice depots,transportation facilities, sales rooms, ete..."Ij Although no detailshave been given in the Plan on how it is to operate or even be formed theallotment of 31 4Million to this agencry seims cuite inadeauate for theachievement of its objectives. The mission believes that priority shouldbe given to the long-liner prnogrm it has 3Oltlined

67. Distribution-. The ince depots provded for in the Plan will beset up at the main landing places for fish and will facilitate tradingin fish nrodLints, until such time as refrigerating plants are avnilable.It is regrettable however that there have been no preliminary discussionsbetween the .i-vestock arnd Fisheries Thpartment on the establishment ofa cold-storage chain.

68. The equipment of the markets with stands with adequate facilitieswill eonsidernbly inmprove co.nditions for the sale of fish and produce t+n-rand other comparable charges that will cover the cost.

69. Processing. Continued efforts should be made to create in thepironue ports the in -+-rust-iet req-ired to process either certain kindsof fish or the surplus catch into products likely to find a substantialoutlet in Senegal's domestic or foreign Ynark tso These processing ilantscould perform a useful role in CEP's export program. The investment ofCFAF 79 million seems verv high in the light of targets that are unlikely

/ Third Foui-r-Year Plan p. 97.

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to be achieved save in the case of metorah ij. A sum of CFAF 30 million,similar to that in the Speonnd Plan; see-ms AnlIate-

B. Industrial Fisheries (including tua fishinr)

for tTaling,2 J 40,000 tons for sardine fishing, and 25,000 tons for+.tna fishing * Invsauents rmr;AnA jnfir.+.T-'n1 fi.heriesamount to CFAF 3,6h0 million, broken doiZm as follows during the periodof4 the P-- -:.,.

Table ,1 A J TVA'11nThTj ri1th' r!1r rrmf'TN1M pDT AITKTVn LPA1 ThmTTCrpnTAT.

FISHING, 1969-1973 (million CFAF)

I969=0 19 In70-71 19n7'1-72 19Q72=73 - Total- -

Sh.-.rin.p boats I 100.0 58. ,8.-o )I16.0JJ .Pi~. LidU~ - ±'\..JV v *k/ )k *J L..LJ'

v rde comi,iplex 1.0 20.0 4.0 .L 0 24.0

rM-.... -Pi-..i ~ 71 '3 A\ CAQ7 A% IZA A AAA A ') PenA AI Lna 41Jeetu I1. 97.0f,W VV 600. 600. 2_,850.0

Cold storagecargo - - 350.0 350.0

Total 723.0 1,057.0 1,062.0 798.0 3,640.0

Source: Third Four-Year Plan, p. 101

1| Production of processed fish is expected to amount to 15,000tons in 1972,- consibstUngjJ ofL 550 L1 Vons o U died satedU fish,> 10,000~ tons ofL

Ketiakh, 1,200 tons of metorah and 3,250 tons of miscellaneous preparations.UUeUj hads Ubull Lcomlelt)lUt:y uverLouUXU kdUoUt ,0ts y beK antlUicipated)UJO

The targets for other types of processing appear to be overestimated,except 'Cor mtoralr-a. I m.-16 IILSSiOln feels tollldI,4 jJrVU b(UA.U11 Uarduo g 5 JLf.Lr

Yetiakh and for miscellaneous preparations should be limited to 6,000 tonsanld 1,000 tons respecti-vely, in vie-w of thIe prospective catch.

El This includes only shrimnp and -0sole fishiing, t-e Ouitput ofwhich amounted to some 3.000 tons in 1968. Subsequent references will beto shrimp fishing rather than traiwling.

Comments

71. Shrimp fishing.!/ The Plan provides for the purchase of 4 modernsh;rim,p -oats +ih sorting, processing ar.d f"oe r. e inn.cm ' boardthat wrill increase production-by 1,500 to 2,000 tons. The new fleet isto be in.corpvrated into SnQAP. Thi,s - - is to be fthe following reasons: (a) shrimp is being overfished; (b) privateref_rigerae shA 1bwoats 1ave a d -o 'A 1 Y- fo^-r lackof adequate return; (c) SOSAP, specializing in tuna, is not equippedto oparate sh . boats and, in addi,i^--4 an- monopoly of inustria1

fisheries by SOSAP is to be avoided; (d) it is senseless to saddle theGoxverrm'Lernt WJIAul u debt ULU,U.. Lfor an opLer-alion t.at i.Lt

handled by professionals, who, to date, have not fallen down on the job;and (e) the target, of 4,000- t-L a y c acb- ed .

1-~ k~/UL= U<LL-rUU V L 4s J'Jv LUCi ), LiLiLl LiLiuiS yearthe present fleet, if it is improved. Consequently, all that is necessaryis aJ p.Lrvaute .Lu1vW,iUuIL.ab ofi d.J.UUL armziu CF"L 1L20V ±,Il... to rIL dJ

the present fleet. If new refrigerated shrimp boats are purchased, anadequaten*<iib :- (1 -.0s of .o,u._) ofole- boatsJ. _--' have 4to be0. u.0 14.U1ILI.JV ~.uu reuas~ Li. LiLLUjLLLJ VI U Li.U-± ULi0.L,S W.J..LJ. iL0.'- IJU &.

withirawn.

72. Sardine complex. This complex would consist of a fishing fleetand associated cold-storage -plant Lor processing, halcUiirng, pacLing andcommercial exploitation. There are at present 4 sardine boats, and 4 more-will be purchased uuring hne Plan. * xecution of the whole pLoject w-ll

be preceded by a study of the world market for sardinella.

73. In view of the proximity-of the fishing areas, refittingi-lvestmerts need not be increased. -It will sulfice if the boats atreeffectively maintained and equipped. Favorable opportunities for thepurc1ase oL boats exist on tne world market. The bulk of tne ivuStmeilntlushould be directed toward maintenance of hulls,-fishing apparatus (fishdetectors, radio, power block' and fishing gear. Tne total financiul -

estimate would probably be of the order of CFAF 126 million for 4 boats.

74. The results of the study will determine the direction of Senegalesepoi^cy on sardine fishing.

75. T-una fleet. The SOSAP-fleet must be enlarged during the Planby the purchase of 10 new units. The contemplated investments seem fairlyreasonable, but, considering the sums already committed by SOSAP at theend of the Second Plan, the total investment during the Third Plan neednot exceed CFAr- 1,122 million.

76. Cold storage cargo ship. The Plan provides for the purchase of atransport ship to operate between Senegal and the west coast of Africaand between Senegal and Europe. Putting this cargo ship into service willmake it possible to halve the cost of transporting tuna, will confer

LI See footnote 2J on previous page.

- 26 -

some independence on SOSAP, will facilitate regular deliveries to thetuna plant and the export nf ot+h'er enegalese products It 'I ll, T0tTe

only be a profitable undertaking if it is entrusted to a specializedcomnanv.

C. General Infrastructure Development

Ob lecti vp_

77. +1vSt4-t Vn,.-44p--e ar-4r +his heaAVJ ,.o4n toA-T 6.broken down as follows:

Table 17: PROJECTS FOR FISHERIES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT1oAo I n'71

1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 Total

Dakar

Fishing wharf a p.m.Gldc~ stor-b'r2ge p t 10 1 - - 320.0Port sale-room - 45. - 45entra+., - raret 0.0 A9.0 - -r59.°

Fishing port a/ p.m.

ZiguinchorGold storage c ,.plex' 17 A 17a0

Fishery prot_ction vessel 200.0 - - - 200.0

Processing and canninof fish 10.0 6.0 6.0 22.0

Total 417.0 234.0 6.0 6,o 663.0

a/ These two projects are listed in the Plan under Ports andNavigable Waterways. Thv first is an extension of the new fishing wharf inthe port of Dakar and the dredging to 6 m of the access to the wharf at a-^ 4- _9 r,WA )Pr _ -1 4 U -- iI1.J .VI. Li .fU 5 a. -cost L w'Aw ofV-) CtLJI._"V 4I second is the installation or a deep-waterport on the site of the St - Louis seaplane base at a total cost of CFAFSou _ a .. lclr m ou ?9ea P ,p _01.-c_,.. w ILL ' .z. uus '\ .uW Lu±ru £i.ln pp . l 40o- (O Jg.

Source: Thnird Four-Year Pian, p. 101.

-= 27

Comments

78. Dakar. Before going ahead with the fishing wharf, a detailed studym7asb - imadU of the f"h in po-L->i ordTer todt.4-. >ui.et nthe extent of the investments needed.

79. The increase in ice consiumption and in the use of freezing and_ _ ] 11 _ _ _ _ _ _> _1 __ ______~ .- --- _ _5 |1, 44-

coldu s-,orage ant'nLe ild.La 111' V4 prt:eSunfl x.s L"4_LLLo Lii.) tUj9fu V_Lt _L Jv,

neither quantitatively nor qualitatively, have led to the proposal tobuild a new coid storage. In Tne light of foreseable n.eeds, the FisheriesDepartment project should be scaled down as follows: freezing plant,from 60 tons/day to 4u tons/day (minimum need 25 Tons/uday; cmd storagof fresh produce other than fish, from 1,400 tons/day to 700 tons/day(kiirmuri need 250 tons/day). On the other nand, requiremenb for ice(estimated at 300 tons per day) is only partly covered (105 tons/day)withnut a new cold-storage plant. As regards the instaullation of th-latter, it is inconceivable that port improvements can be undertaken ata rate that would make it possible to complete building of such a planiton its final site by 1970. It is, nevertheless, imperative for the newfacility to be i-i operation by then. Therefore, it wi-l probably benecessary to erect a prefabricated temporary plant pending a decision onthe final site. Until the Senegalese authorities have clearly indicatedthe plan they intend to followf it is impossible to give any opinion onthe estimate for the investment (kCOF 350 million) or on the source Offinancing.

80. Dakar has an obvious need for a sales-room, located within theport area, where fish can be displayed and sold at auction to oraanizedprofessional dealers meeting standards set by regulation. At presentthere is considerable confusion on the wharf. This favors small traderswho do not reinvest profits in modernizing their sales organization. Toremedy this situation, the Fisheries Department has planned to convertthe entrance hall of the present cold-storage plant into a sales-roomand to develop the surrounding area as cold-rooms divided into sectionsto be rented to fish traders. This arrangement, however, can only betemporary for the following reasons: (a) any improvement of the oldmarket will be costly and of dubious value; (b) the sales-roam shouldhave a much more central position in relation to the retail marketsthat it is supposed to supply; and kc) the access and outlet roads toand from the present building are extremely congested and any increasein traffic is likely to complicate an already confused situation. Forall of these reasons, the site of the sales-room should be adjacent tothat-of the future cold-storage plant, of which it should form an integralpart.

81. As regards the central market, it does not appear necessary toprovide a large wholesale market in Dakar inasmuch as such markets mustalready exist in the fishing ports. It would be preferable to set up alarge central market in Mledina, with a retail and a wholesale sections. Thecost shown in the Plan appears to be an underestimate.

82. Cv4- T 14-. . 44- fis4J.4n av °t- Louis is traditional In* J WAJJLAO . ~'U.F_L J.LJdI LLiL16 c U U L_j _L U _-[_ l _1

character but is limited in practice to the period between April and-- J .~ &~W L%_1L40 J G 1"LZ 'aLfjJ.V.L± VJ± L.LUJ'LU'fLII1W.E tUV UJI±W bVUbI1 W±Ul UUdLU

season for the processing facilities 1/. It would seem that suchQf&sLArG reached .Lu apJ.JUtU Iv.Liui Uvhe, pi±rog-u aud.Iiu u ai-I Wy r.UUrgdJLULL n

could only be justified in terms of its markets. These, however, arelocated either in the so-utvh of th- cUuwitry or abroad, and- are thereforemore readily supplied by the Thias and Cape Verde regions. -It isthere ore preMature to consider a fishing port at St- Louis.

831 ZiLuincho.re It is planned to devote CFA-F 17 milIion to installa cold-storage complex that would permit development of a local fleetthat couLd eLther stimulate local traditional processing industries(ketiakh and metorah) or local industrial fisheries (frozen shrimp).TXis project snould be retained.

u4 Fisheries protection vessel. Tihe purpose of tnis ship is toprotect-Senegalese fisheries, which are constantly pillaged by foreignvessels. There is, however, a discrepancy between the figures givenby the Ninistry of Planning (CF1F 200 million) and by the Departmentof Fisheries (CFAF 370 million) for the total investment needed. TheDepartment of Fisheries figures should be used.

85. Processing and canning of fish. We have already mentioned thatthere is excess capacity here. This investment should therefore beabandoned.

D. River Fishing

Objectives

86. The production target for this type of fishing is uncertain.It seems fairly reasonable, however, to count on a production of hO,000tons in 1973 (as compared wfith 35,000-tons in 1968). The proposedinvestments amount to OFAF 22 million.

Table 15: PROPOSAL rxVESTImEiTS I\ RIVER FISHINGI, 1969-1973

1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 Total

River fishing 7.0 6.o 6.o 3.0 22.0

The main actions to be undertaken in this subsector are: (a) organizationof the fishermen into cooperatives; (b) development of facilities forbetter preservation and marketing of fish products; and (c) development

3/ iote that the traditional processed products from thisregion are fonaing a progressively decreasing percentage of Senegal'sinternal consumption and exports.

of improved methods of conservation, processing, and packing of fish-rd-c-ts by ar expe -t in- fis 4teC1,nolos, -U-. -. 11 -'so Uprsonil.P U N J .L U JL .L .LSJ.LL IJ .iLWL'JsjAJ py VVLJ LW L U.4 " IJ IJQV .,

for training a Senegalese counterpart.

87. In view of the anticipated results it might be possible tostre'lin-e "the Jvesumaent program by eli-linating certain superfluousitems of equipment and by trying to obtain the expert and associatedequipment froum FAV. 10 ttVal cost of thlLe prOgrm to the nationlbudget and the private sector would then be only CFAF 15.4 millionand FAQ's coLtribution would amOUnt to abuut CFAF 20. mili o n.

F. Summary of Investments Contemplated

88. Thne foUowing table shows the investments contemplated inthe Plan and the revisions suggested by the mission.

TabDie i9: S'UPIW- OF- PRtOPOSEfD IiNUESTiX^'NTS 'UNDERL TIM, Tn=x PAIlType of

Financing financingunder suggested

Plan Plan Miqssion by Iiission

Traditional FishingEquipment

Warehouse for equipment 10 Private 25.0 Private

M4aritime Credit 3.4 National To be decided -

Budget (N.B. after study

Rseplacement of pirogues 80.0 Private

Replacement of motorsand further motorization - 447.0 Private (290)

and N.B.(157)

Acquisition of 6Ulong-liners 312.5 N.B.

Distribution

Ice depots 2.6 N.B. 2.6 N.B.

Equipment of markets 9.7 Regional and 9.7 RCBlocal budgets

(RCB)

- 30 - Type ofFinancing financing

under suggestedPlan Plan Hissicn by i4s-o

KOadh5 to fishing ports p.m.

Processing

Processing plants 79.0 NB. 30.0 N.B.

Industrial Fisheries

Shrimp boats 216..0 Foreign aid'F.A'J% i2u.u rl,vate

Sardine complex 224.0 F.A. 12O.U .rirvate

Tmna fleet 2,o50.0 H.B. (310) 1,122.0 N.B. (12)F.A. (2,440) F.A. (1,100)

and private (100) and private(1.ujCold storagecarvo ship 350.0 F.A. 350.0 F.A.

General Equi,pment for Fishing

Dakar

Fishing wharf p.m. To be decided To beafter study decided

Cold-storage plant 320.0 F.A.) To be determined-j after authorities

Port sales-room 45.0 F.A.) decide which planj they want to adopt

Central markets 59.0 F.A.) Cost in the plan iN.B.) underestimated

Saint-Louis

Fishing port P.m. (?) premature -

Ziguinchor

Cold-storage complex 17.0 RCB 17.0 RCB

Fishery protection vessel 200.0 F.A. 370.0 F.A.

Processing and canning 22.0 IJ.B.(4) and abandonof fish F,A. (ld)

N.B..(il.4) &River Fishing 22.0 N.B. 15.4 private (4)

Pre-investment studiesti - 27.0 M.B.

Oceanographic Research 329.0 N.B.(131) and 329.0 N.B.(131) &(ORST U) F.A. (198) F.A. (198)

Total 4,758.7 3,385.2

a/ See Chapter V.MSo-ule T- 1 F __ Tr--e1r 7,A. - s, esDource IL; I uu.u £LtLr±t1 r±.LUl; Vsion. UL#L _ILL z

- 31 -

V. NEED FOR PRE-INVEST-ENT STUDIES

89= Ap2rt+ f-nrn +.ip th irnella market st+div. which French TechnicalAssistance has already been asked to finance, (CFAF 10 million), twoother studies shold be uandertaken, one stuldyi ng the introduction ofmaritime credit and the long-liner program and the other formulating,i;-n, c .onj- +th the. Senegalese -ut--ri 2 i 1 nng -term npolcvy on

development of the Dakar fishing port. The cost of these two studieswold amont to -FAF 12 illion and CFAF 15 million, resmer-tively.