Dwight K. JessemanDwight K. Jesseman

St. Johns CountySt. Johns County

Agricultural AgentAgricultural Agent

NematologyNematology

Basic Principles Basic Principles for Master for Master GardenersGardeners

Types of NematodesTypes of Nematodes

Plant ParasiticPlant Parasitic PredatoryPredatory EntomophagousEntomophagous Free LivingFree Living MarineMarine

Plant ParasiticPlant Parasitic

PredatoryPredatory

EntomophagousEntomophagous

Free LivingFree Living

MarineMarine

Morphology and AnatomyMorphology and Anatomy

AnimalsAnimals Round WormsRound Worms Size 0.25mm to 3.0mmSize 0.25mm to 3.0mm Layered CuticleLayered Cuticle Vermiform, Globose, Kidney Vermiform, Globose, Kidney

ShapedShaped

Layered CuticleLayered Cuticle

VermiformVermiform

GloboseGlobose

Kidney ShapedKidney Shaped

Life Cycle and Life Cycle and ReproductionReproduction Egg - 50 to 500Egg - 50 to 500 Four Juvenile StagesFour Juvenile Stages AdultAdult Male and Female in Most SpeciesMale and Female in Most Species Life Cycle Dependant on Soil Life Cycle Dependant on Soil

TemperaturesTemperatures Move SlowlyMove Slowly

Egg and JuvenileEgg and Juvenile

FeedingFeeding

Oral Stylet or SpearOral Stylet or Spear Inject EnzymesInject Enzymes Digest Cell ContentsDigest Cell Contents

Oral Stylet Oral Stylet

Host- Parasite RelationshipHost- Parasite Relationship

Migratory EctoparasiticMigratory Ectoparasitic– Ring, SpiralRing, Spiral

Migratory EndoparasiticMigratory Endoparasitic– Lesion, BurrowingLesion, Burrowing

Sedentary EndoparasiticSedentary Endoparasitic– Root-Knot, Cyst, Reniform, CitrusRoot-Knot, Cyst, Reniform, Citrus

Migratory EctoparasiticMigratory Ectoparasitic

Migratory EndoparasiticMigratory Endoparasitic

Sedentary EndoparasiticSedentary Endoparasitic

DiagnosesDiagnoses

Very Difficult at TimesVery Difficult at Times Poor GrowthPoor Growth Combination of ProblemsCombination of Problems Assay of Soil and/or Plant TissueAssay of Soil and/or Plant Tissue SymptomsSymptoms

Above-GroundAbove-Ground

Rarely SufficientRarely Sufficient ChlorosisChlorosis DiebackDieback Melting outMelting out Reduced GrowthReduced Growth Water StressedWater Stressed

Reduced GrowthReduced Growth

Below-GroundBelow-Ground

Root GallsRoot Galls Root SwellingsRoot Swellings Abbreviated Root SystemAbbreviated Root System Root RotRoot Rot Cyst NematodesCyst Nematodes

Root GallsRoot Galls

Abbreviated Root SystemAbbreviated Root System

Cyst NematodesCyst Nematodes

Field HistoryField History

Gradual DeclineGradual Decline Area - Small to LargeArea - Small to Large Rotation of CropsRotation of Crops

Laboratory AssayLaboratory Assay

Soil and Plant TissueSoil and Plant Tissue Relative Population DensitiesRelative Population Densities Economic ThresholdsEconomic Thresholds

Nematode ManagementNematode Management

Prevention Prevention Crop RotationCrop Rotation Crop Root DestructionCrop Root Destruction Flooding and FallowingFlooding and Fallowing ResistanceResistance Biological ControlBiological Control NematicidesNematicides

Home GardenHome Garden

Container GrowingContainer Growing Site SelectionSite Selection Crop RotationCrop Rotation Soil Tillage and Root DestructionSoil Tillage and Root Destruction AmendmentsAmendments

– Organic MatterOrganic Matter– Green ManuresGreen Manures

Home GardenHome Garden

Planting TimePlanting Time Nematode - Free TransplantsNematode - Free Transplants Resistant VarietiesResistant Varieties Soil SolarizationSoil Solarization Chemical ControlChemical Control

Soil SolarizationSoil Solarization

Cover for at least 4 weeksCover for at least 4 weeks Well TilledWell Tilled High MoistureHigh Moisture Slightly Raised Beds Slightly Raised Beds Crown the BedCrown the Bed

Soil SolarizationSoil Solarization

Clear PolyethyleneClear Polyethylene Thin Plastic 1 to 2 milThin Plastic 1 to 2 mil Leave in Place Until PlantingLeave in Place Until Planting Avoid Contaminated Plants or SoilAvoid Contaminated Plants or Soil

Soil TemperaturesSoil Temperatures

Tarped Soils 111 to 122Tarped Soils 111 to 122 115 - Water Molds115 - Water Molds 120 - Nematodes120 - Nematodes 140 - Most Fungi140 - Most Fungi 150 - Most Soil Insects150 - Most Soil Insects 160 - Most Viruses and Bacteria160 - Most Viruses and Bacteria 170 - Most Weed Seeds170 - Most Weed Seeds

OrnamentalsOrnamentals

Site PreparationSite Preparation Treat SoilTreat Soil

– FumigationFumigation– Soil SolarazitionSoil Solarazition

Replace Infested SoilReplace Infested Soil Root BarriersRoot Barriers

OrnamentalsOrnamentals

Nematode-Free StockNematode-Free Stock Well Adapted PlantsWell Adapted Plants Resistant PlantsResistant Plants MaintenanceMaintenance MulchesMulches Other PestsOther Pests Chemical ControlChemical Control

TurfTurf

Biological ControlsBiological Controls Resistant PlantsResistant Plants Chemical ControlChemical Control

– Fumigation Before PlantingFumigation Before Planting

ResistanceResistance

Bahiagrasses - Tolerant of MostBahiagrasses - Tolerant of Most Centipedegrasses - Ring, Sting, Centipedegrasses - Ring, Sting,

SheathSheath St. Augustinegrasses -Sting, LanceSt. Augustinegrasses -Sting, Lance Bermudagrasses - Sting, Lance, Bermudagrasses - Sting, Lance,

StubbyStubby Zoysiagrasses - Most nematodesZoysiagrasses - Most nematodes

Basimid Granular UseBasimid Granular Use

Compost PilesCompost Piles Potting SoilsPotting Soils Seed and Propagation BedsSeed and Propagation Beds Soil MediaSoil Media Establishing Turf and Ornamental Establishing Turf and Ornamental

SitesSites Not for Use in Vegetable GardensNot for Use in Vegetable Gardens READ THE LABEL, IT IS THE LAWREAD THE LABEL, IT IS THE LAW

QuestionsQuestions