DYNAMICS OF LOADS ON POWER SYSTEMS USING FIELD MEASUREMENTS

May 7984 Engineering and Research Center

U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation

Division of Research and Laboratory Services

Power and instrumentation Branch

ds on Power Systems Using easurements

I 7. AUTHOR(S) I 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION

J. R. Schurz and T. R. Whittemore REPORT NO. I GR-82-2

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK U N I T NO.

Bureau of Reclamation Engineering and Research Center 11. C O N T R A C T OR GRANT NO.

Denver, Colorado 80225 13. T Y P E O F REPORT AND PERIOD

12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS COVERED

Same 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

I 5 . S U P P L E M E N T A R Y NOTES

Microfiche and/or hard copy available at the Engineering and Research Center, Denver, Colo. Ed:WFA/BDM

6. ABSTRACT

The correct modeling of power system loads for computerized stability studies is of great importance. Because of the diverse nature of loads and because of multiple feeds to most actual loads, very little modeling has been based on field measure- ments. This report is a description of a project to monitor loads and develop more accurate models.

7. K E Y WORDS A N D DOCUMENT ANALYSIS

1 . DESCRIPTORS-- *power system operations/ power grids/ electric networks/ *system stability/ stability studies (electrical)/ *power loads/ *computer etudies/ computer models/ *field data

1. I D E N T I F I E R S - - Longmont, Colo., substations

:. COSATI Field/Group 09C COWRR: 0903 SRIM:

8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. O F PAGE! (THIS REPORT)

U N C L A S S I F I E D 32 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. P R I C E

( T H I S PAGE)

U N C L A S S I F I E D

DYNAMICS OF LOADS ON POWER SYSTEMS USING FIELD MEASUREMENTS

by J. R. Schurz

T. R. Whitternore

Power and Instrumentation Branch Division of Research and Laboratory Services

Engineering and Research Center Denver, Colorado

May 1984

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of theInterior has responsibilitY for most of our nationally owned publiclands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use ofour land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv-ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks andhistorical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out-door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineralresources and works to assure that their development is in the bestinterests of all our people. The Department also has a major respon-sibility for American Indian reservation communities and for peoplewho live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration.

The information contained in this report regarding commercial prod-ucts or firms may not be used for advertising or promotional purposesand is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firmby the Bureau of Reclamation.

111

CONTENTS

Introduction .

Conclusions. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .."

. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ...'"

.'"

... . ... .'"

... . ... .'"

. ."

. .. . .. . . .. .. . ."

Equation development.......................................................................

Instrumentation. . .."

. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ."

. ... . . .. . .. . . ... . ... . .. . .. .""

.. .'"

. .. . .. . .. .

Transducer unit.............................................................................Signal conditioning and recording unit

"""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Results .

Bibliography. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. ."

. .. .'"

. . . . .. . . .. .'"

... . ... . ... . ... . .. ."

. .. .'"

. ."

. . . . .

FIGURES

Figure

1 Instrumentation system block diagram.. .. ... .. .. .. .."'"

.. ...""'"

... .2 Transducer unit block diagram..................................................3 Record schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4) "...4 Playback schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4) .......5 Analog delay schematic (cards 6 & 7) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

6 Reset/gain schematic (card 5)'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

7 V oltage transducer block diagram..............................................8 V oltage transducer schematic (card 13)

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

9 Frequency transducer signal conditioning schematic (card 12) .........10 Frequency transducer schematic (card 11)

"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

11 Real and reactive power conditioning block diagram....................12 Real power, 6.P/Po, calculation schematic (card 10)

""''''''''''''''''''''

13 Real and reactive power gain dial setting calibration.....................14 Reactive power gain, absolute value, and flag pulse

circuit (Card 9)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'"

15 Reactive power, 6.Q/Qo, calculation schematic (card 8) ...................16 Disturbance sensor and record start/stop circuit (card 14) ..............17 Response curve of frequency disturbance sensor """""""""""

18 DOY and time schematic - 1 of 2 (card A)"'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

19 DOY and time schematic - 2 of 2 (card B) ...................................20 Sample of data for 6.V/v" and M/Po for 6.f = 0

'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''21 Sample of data for 6.V/Vo and M/Po for 6.f# 0

""'"''''''''''''''''''''''22 Distribution of the values obtained for m

"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

iii

Page

1

1

2

556

9

10

11121314151617181920212223

242526272829303132

11'.. 1

INTRODUCTION

The magnitude and time response of load deviations resulting from variations in

system voltage and frequency need to be accurately represented for stability studies.

Such characteristics influence dynamic performance of power systems, yet the only

data heretofore available to be used in system studies have been calculated or

estimated [1, 2, 3, 4]1. System load stability programs currently use an exponential load

model of the form P = KVm, or a quadratic representation of the form

P =K + KJVJ + K2V2.Using this exponential model, loads are represented as constant

power (P =K), constant current (P =KV\ or constant impedance (P =KV2). The intent

of this research was to use the general form of the exponential model (P = Kvm) and

identify the value of the exponent m through actual system measurements. The

exponential model was also expanded to include the effects of frequency on power.

The general form then becomes P =Krvm, and the intent of the research is to identify

the exponents nand m through actual system measurements and to develop

instrumentation to perform the measurement.

CONCLUSIONS

An instrumentation package was developed and installed at vanous locations in

northeastern Colorado. A total of 17 different sites were monitored, 9 of which

produced a number of good data records. The remaining eight sites had very noisy

power records from which it was nearly impossible to obtain reliable data on the

power deviations.

Two system loads for which complete data were available were the Longmont NE and

NW substations. Therefore, models of these two substations were developed. Both

loads were primarily residential, with some light commercial, having 115-k V radial

taps and about 7 MW and +2 MVar loads. These two installations were monitored, at

separate times, using Ai and AV + KAP as the input to the disturbance sensor. These. .1V .1P

records were reduced to provIde V;; and p;for those records where Ai equaled zero,

lNumbers in brackets refer to entries in the bibliography.

and ~~, ~, and X for those records where all three quantities were nonzero. The

values for K, N, and m were determined, and the resulting exponential power

equations are P =0.076 r VI.4for the Longmont NE substation and P =0.076 r VI.5 for

the Longmont NW substation. Neither load had frequency dependency for the small

frequency deviations recorded.

This research showed the feasibility of field measuring the dynamic characteristics of

system loads. More data recording and data reduction for more situations and more

loads should be accomplished in the future. This study also clearly shows the need for

a means of automatic data reduction.

EQUATION DEVELOPMENT

To develop a method by which the exponents nand m can be determined, we start

with the general form of the exponential power equation:

P =KFr (1)

where P = real power,

K = constant,

f = frequency,

n = exponent of system frequency,

V = voltage, and

m = exponent of system voltage.

The derivative of equation (1) is:

dP =Knr-1rdf + Krmr-1dV (2)

Divide (2) by (1)

dP -Knr-1r-1Vdf + Kr-1fmr-1dV

P- Kr-1fr-1v

=nVdf+ fmdV

fV

2

For all nand m:

dP = n .!!L + md V

P f V(3)

Derive equation (3) in finite form:

where P = Po+ ~P

f = fo + ~f

V = v.,+ ~V

where Po= steady state power

fo = steady state frequency

v.,= steady state voltage

M = incremental change in power

~f =incremental change in frequency

~V =incremental change in voltage

Then P = Po+ M =K(fo+ ~fr (v., + ~V)m

or

P=Po(l+-if) = Kfonv.,m(l+-fr(l+*)m

Dividing by Po = Kfonv.,m

P M ( ~' )n

( ~V )m-=1+-= 1+...:::L 1+-Po Po fo v.,

Using the binomial series

1 +M

= (1 + M+n(n-1) (M )

2

+ )(1+~V

+m(m-1) (~V )2

+ )Po

nfo 2! fo

,... mv., 2! Vo

....

and multiplying:

1 +M

= 1 + M+n(n-1) (~f )

2+ +

~V+ M ~V

+n(n-1) (~f )

2 ~V+p n

J. 2' J.m

Vmn

J. Vm

2' J. V ""0 o' 0 0 00 . 00

+m(m-1) (~V\2

+ nm(m-1) M (

~V\2+

2! v.,-J 2! fo V:J....

3

Retaining only the first order terms:

MJ= nM+m~vPo fo v"

The instrumentation package measures the three quantities !f!!-,M, and ~during a0 J;; 0

system disturbance. From a disturbance when ~f is zero, m can be determined from:

(4)

m=MJ(v,,)Po ~V -¥=o

(5)

followed by the determination of n when all three quantities change from the

equation:

n=(~-m~V) ~Po v" ~f

The instrumentation package provides a selection of ~f (frequency deviation) or

~ V +K MJ (voltage and power deviation) as the quantity used to initiate recording of a

disturbance. The use of ~V + KMJ allows records to be stored in which ~f is zero. A

value for m from equation (4) can then be determined.

The output of the disturbance sensor Z will be:

z= ~V+KMJ

The use of the factor K~ as a modifier on ~V provides a means of differentiating

between a disturbance within the load monitored and one external. Within the

monitored load when a device is turned on, the power will increase and the voltage

will decrease; thus ~V and ~ are out of phase. Therefore, K is selected to be equal to

- ~for an internal load change on the load being monitored. Thus, for an internal

load change:

z= ~V+K~P=~V-(~)~= 0

A typical value for K would be about -0.1 due to the reactance of the system. For a

voltage disturbance external to the load being monitored, voltage and power will be in

phase and the output of the disturbance sensor will be:

z= ~V+K~>O (6)

4

The use of Ilf for the disturbance sensor allows records to be stored in which all three

quantities, IlV, Ilf, and IlP, are nonzero. The value of n can then be determined from

equation (6) along with the previously determined value of m (equation 5).

INSTRUMENTATION

The dynamic load instrumentation system (fig. 1) has been designed to monitor and

record power system disturbances with a frequency range of 0.1 to 1.0 Hz. The

quantities monitored are voltage, frequency, real and reactive power. A system

disturbance initiates a magnetic tape recorder to record the monitored quantities for

later analysis. A transducer connected to the station PT's and CT's provides voltage,

real power, reactive power, and a 60-Hz frequency signal to the signal conditioning and

recording package. A signal conditioning and recording unit filters and converts the

four quantities of each power system being monitored. There are four channels of

analog delay of about 1 second each to allow the tape recorder to attain the proper

speed after initiation by an event, prior to recording the disturbance. There are four

channels of FM (frequency modulation) record and playback, which also record the

DOY (day of year), hour and minute of the event.

Transducer Unit

The transducer unit (fig. 2) contains two Hall-effect watt transducers, one connected

to measure watts and the other to measure vars. Each transducer provides a low level

doc signal to the signal conditioning circuits proportional to the watts or vars

measured. There are also three step-down isolation transformers connected wye-delta,

and a three-phase bridge rectifier providing a minus 18-V doc signal for a 115-V a-c

three-phase input. One other transformer winding provides a 24-V rms, 60-Hz signal to

the frequency transducer. The transducer unit is connected to the three-phase power

system with three current plugs, three potential clips, and one neutral clip. It is also

connected to the signal conditioning and recorder unit with two multiwire shielded

cables.

5

Signal Conditioning and Recording Unit

A Telex Model 230 four-channel, two-speed, magnetic tape recorder is included which

has remote control start and stop features allowing it to be controlled by the signal

conditioning section. There are 16 printed-circuit cards in the signal conditioning and

recording unit.

Cards one through four each provide for one channel of FM record and playback (figs.

3 and 4). Recording at 95 mm/s (3.75 in/s) is on a center frequency of 6.75 kHz and is

automatically switched to 13.47 kHz for a speed of 190 mm/s (7.5 in/s). The input

sensitivity to the record channel is :i:0.54 V equals :i:40 percent modulation. The

output of the playback channel is approximately (uncalibrated) :i:5 V equals :i:40

percent modulation.

Cards 6 and 7 are each two channels of analog delay lines. Together they provide a

I-second delay for each of the four channels in order to allow the tape recorder to

attain the proper speed prior to recording the disturbance (fig. 5). The operating

range of the input signal to the delay line is about :i:0.8 V. The output of the delay line

is the input signal superimposed on approximately a 3-V doc level.

Card 5 provides an interface between the delay lines and the record channels; blocks

the doc component of the delay line output; and provides a gain adjustment for each

channel for calibration purposes, such that a :i:0.5 V signal into the delay line results in

:i:40 percent modulation (fig. 6)

Card 13 provides signal conditioning for LlV (figs. 7 and 8). The three-phase rectified

voltage signal are filtered with four poles at approximately 21 Hz. To prevent slow

changes in system voltage from biasing LlV, a high-pass filter at 0.005 Hz is provided.

Gain adjust allows the base of LlV to be varied from 20 to 50 V /unit. Thus, for a ::f:40

percent modulation on the tape recorder, a LlVof :i:l.0 to :i:2.5 percent peak could be

recorded.

Cards 11 and 12, the frequency transducer, measure frequency deviation (figs. 9 and

10). Card 11 is the frequency transducer, providing an output signal proportional to

6

rI!' !

the deviation of frequency from 60 Hz. Card 12 provides some input filtering for the

frequency transducer and an output gain adjust and offset blocking function (0.005

Hz) to prevent slow frequency changes from biasing I1f. The frequency transducer

output base is 2 V1Hz deviation from 60 Hz. The gain adjust provides a range of 0.0 to 2

V 1Hz. With the maximum sensitivity (2 V 1Hz), the largest deviation that can be

recorded is :to.25 Hz, which provides a :t40 percent modulation.

Card 10 contains the real power conditioning circuits to derive I1PIPo(figs. 11 and 12),

where I1P is the deviation in power and Po is the steady-state power at the time of the

deviation. The circuits provide a low pass filter cutoff frequency at 0.005 Hz from

which Po is derived, and low pass filtering with four poles at 23 Hz from which I1P is

obtained. These two quantities are then applied to an analog signal divider, providing

an output of I1PIPo' A gain adjust is provided to vary the output base from 10 to 40

V lunit. With this output base range, the maximum deviation in I1PIPo that can be

recorded (:t40 percent modulation) is between 1.25 and 5 percent. The gain adjust

potentiometers for the real and reactive power conditioning circuits were calibrated

(fig. 13) for these values.

Cards 8 and 9, the reactive power conditioning circuits (figs. 11, 14 and 15) derive

I1QIQo; provide a flag to indicate capacitive vars; and provide an absolute value circuit,

required by the analog divider. Card 9 contains the absolute value cirucit which

provides a negative output to card 8 regardless of the polarity of the reactive power,

and provides a flag circuit which generates a pulse every 5 seconds if the polarity of the

reactive power is capacitive. This pulse is summed with I1Q on card 8, providing a flag

to indicate reactive power polarity. Card 8 derives I1QIQo. The circuits provide a high

pass filter cutoff frequency at 0.005 Hz from which Qois derived, and low pass filtering

with four poles at 23 Hz from which I1Q is obtained. These two quantities are then

applied to an analog signal divider providing an output of I1QIQo. A gain adjust was

provided to vary the output base from 2.5 to 10 V lunit. With this output base range,

the maximum deviation in I1QIQo that can be recorded (:t40 percent modulation) is

between 5 and 20 percent.

Card 14, the event sensor (fig. 16), initiates the recording of an event~d sh~1 ~~/\~<~.',?<--- :

«-"'--1recorder off after a variable time interval. A switch on tbe card

s.\tect~?ra

.

.

IMt42002\

7 . . ~ JBurc2u of Reciamatlon

Rec:am31H:~n :,ervice Centel -~

deviation in frequency or a deviation in voltage (fig. 17) as the event to start the

recording. This gain versus frequency characteristic prevents very slow changes and

very fast changes in the selected signal from initiating a recording. The recording time

is adjustable from 5 to 80 seconds by a potentiometer on the card.

Cards A and B (figs. 18 and 19) provide DOY and time information, which is recorded

in BCD (binary coded decimal) on the frequency channel during the last one-third of

the record.

Information is recorded as follows:

StartBit

A~~~"/3\

/~r '

I 00 I I 0 1 I

DOY HOURS MINUTES

Always'0'

/'\}..

Always'0'

/8\, A--, r

I 0 I

...~(

000 I 01 0 000

n u ILJ ULJ*This digit is not recorded, as it is assumed the operator will know what quarter of the year therecordings were made.

The clock is synchronized to the 60-Hz line frequency as long as the transducer

package is connected to the recorder and the PT connections are made. During loss of

PT voltage or power to the recorder package, the clock will continue to run on battery

backup at approximately 60 Hz. A switch is provided to stop the clock in order to set

the proper DOY and time. Three pushbuttons are used to set the clock, one each for

DOY, hours, and minutes. Pressing the button will advance that quantity at a I-Hz

rate. The DOY and time can be observed on a series of LED's which are enabled by a

switch. Reading the LED's is the same as described above. The LED's must be turned

off for normal clock operation as the battery is not of sufficient capacity to power the

LED's but for a short period of time. Whenever the system is not being used, the

battery clip should be removed.

8

JI!I

RESULTS

Beginning with the set of records from Longmont NE with ~f equal to zero, 53 events

were reduced to ~ and: (fig. 20) and where ~f was nonzero (fig. 21). The value of m was0 0

then determined to range from 0.85 to 2.33, but eliminating the extreme values, m

ranged from 0.98 to 1.96. A scatter plot of these values of m (fig. 22) produced an

average of 1.43, with a standard deviation of 0.25. A slight tendency toward a normal

distribution was evident. The swing on the frequency trace (fig. 21) was about 0.35 Hz,

which was different than that on the power and voltage traces (about 0.66 Hz). On the

power swing there was no evidence of influence from the frequency swing. Evidence of

influence would be in the form of a mix of the two swing frequencies; thus, the value of

n must have been nearly zero for this record. The value of ~for this record was 1.25,

which was reasonably close to the 1.43 average value determined previously. The 16

good records from this set evaluated for ~:averaged 1.37, with a standard deviation of

0.29. These values were very close to those determined from the previous set, further

strengthening the fact that n was nearly zero for this load; that is, this load is nearly

independent of the small frequency swings recorded (less than 0.1 percent of 0.06 Hz

peak ).

Reducing the set of records of 31 events from Longmont NW with ~f equal to zero

revealed a much broader range of m values. The value m was then determined to range

from 0.1 to 5.87; but eliminating the extreme values, m ranged from 0.17 to 3.45, with

an average of 1.50, and a standard deviation of 0.69.

On the set of records where ~f was not equal to zero, there was no discernible evidence

that the frequency swing affected the power swing. Taking ~ for these records

produced an average m value of 1.39 and a standard deviation of 0.44, which was very

close to the first set of records. This load also has negligible frequency dependency for

small swings in frequency.

9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] "Dynamic Modelling of Loads in Stability Studies," PAS-88, No.5, Southern

California Edison, pp. 756-763, May 1969.

[2] Akhtar, M.Y., "Frequency-Dependent Power-System Static-Load Characteristics,"

Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 115, No.9, pp. 1307-1314, September 1968.

[3] Dandeno, P.L., "System Load Dynamics - Simulation Effects and Determination

of Load Constants," A talk prepared for presentation at the symposium "Adequacy

and Philosophy of Modeling: System Dynamic Performance," in connection with

IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, July 9-12,1972, San Francisco,

California, July 12, 1972.

[4] Akhtar, M.Y., "Frequency-Dependent Dynamic Representation of Induction-

Motor Loads," Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 115, No.6, pp. 802-812, June 1968.

10

DISTURBANCE START

~SENSOR START SENSE

CARD 14 STOP

f'::. V + Kf'::.PPlJI.YBACK OUTPUT

f'::.f BANANA JACKPo

YELLOW

9FRONT PANEL

BANl'INl'I JACK

VOLTAGE RED RECORD/

~DElJI. YPLAYBACK

CARD 13 CH. 1

f'::.VLINES

CARD 1

CARD 6

PHASE -------?

CURRENTS

A B C(7)

RECORD/»FREQUENCY ~I - PLAYBACK -i

- Z m

~CARDSCH. 2 r

» m11, 12 f'::.f z CARD2 x

-i -0

:u3:

"UJ>0 »

J>z n (7)

n<J) n

9z

::><0 » OJ m

J>cAJ r -i

G>n - 0 0 -I"TlI"Tl

n n\J"I ;><::

:uI

- -i

- REAL z RECORD/ »~~DElJI.

Y(7)

PLAYBACK"1)

I I I

POWER mLINES "

CH. 3CARD 10 f'::.P

c 0z CARD 3 m

Pon n

CARD 7 -i ;><::

A B C -0

PHASEz

?-------

VOLTAGES

REACTIVE RECORD/

POWER -@-PLAYBACK

CARDS CH. 48, 9 M CARD4

Qo

I-'I-'

Figure 1.-

Instrumentation system block diagram.

1.8KVI'Q

OJit)

CJG">fTI 2K

+

" PT CONNECT IONS

A N B

A

.....~

B

BANANA PLUGS

IA IB

CT CONNECT IONS

IC IA IB

C2 1/2 ELEMENTWESTINGHOUSE

ORESTERLINE ANGUS

POWER XDCR

B' C'TERM I NAL BLOCKVOLTAGE INPUTSC

CONNECT

MNANA PLUGSFOR WYE

5K

2 1/2 ELEMENTWESTINGHOUSE ORESTERLINE ANGUS

POWER XDCRUSED AS 2 ELEMENT

VAR TRANSDUCER

SEMTECHS3BR6

TO FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER

Figure 2. - Transducer unit block diagram.

VA

VD

N

WATTS

VARS

VOLTS

COM

FREQXDCRCOMFREQXDCR

TERMINALBLOCK

+15V 12

COM~~1

.1.+ 10fdI+ 10fLf-~~O T

PI

20K CW 1K 2K2.8:S GAIN:S 5.65

-5. 5V+5.5V

10K .02 V/ANN. 7.5KCCH 2 ONLY) .004 fLf

~1.3M 10K CWlOX .002fLf 28K

3.77-4.25 10K1.12Vp P2 RECORD

19 9.53K +4.14V21 fLf

Hj~~1BIAS 10K 66 +~5 4 22!0.54V LM~~=! 40% 566 CN

VCO

8 334.8K

10K OPTIMUM ~4.25vpi-' 10K~1/4 AD7510

16

-5. 5VPLAYBACK +15V +5. 5V

ZERO

4.02K~

.0 P4

PLAY!3i"ICKVOLTS INPUT

PREAMP 0 P3 +40% = 9.45 0.538OFFSET 26.1

fo = 6.75 KHz 0.0

2N2222 -40% = 4.05 0.530

+5. 5V18.86 0.540+40% =

RECORD fO = 13.47 KHz 0.0HEAD -5.5V

-40% = 8.08 0.530DRIVE 0 P2

ZERO 0 PI 2N3251 AUC. 0.535V

CARRIERADJ.

1/4 LM348

4.02K

Figure 3. - Record schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4).

150pf

453K

49911. 49.9K4.99K

1A 4.99K12

499JlB

.047 fL f

.01fLf Tn1/4 AD7510

453K 150pf 12

fo = 2340 H3

ijj-15 V

8

~P3

10K +5.5V

6.0015,,-uf

2100Jl 6 10K

7 2N22222K

1KlOfLf lOOK

49.9K 49.9K510ft

L-IV.0015fLf

+15

220pf1K

I-'~

.0033fLf

7.5K

fo = 2561 Hz~ = 0.4

+5.5V

P4

CW1K ZERO

ADJUST

4.53K

1K.047

85 104 LM2 565

PHASELOCK

3 LOOP-g

6

7

2K

.0047fLf\:T

1/4 AD7510

~ -5.5V

-15V 1

COM 2

+15 8

1

1°rT 12KAD7510

+15V

r ~::0

Figure 4. - Playback schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4).

+15V

2K

1000 Hz 3 1c a

R 1K 4013

---75 D - 2Q

1YK3K

-lSV

1K5.1K

K 5.1K---7 10

-lSV 10Kfl-A747

10KP-3 BIAS

1K

..... fl- A747VI

W 10K10

---75.1K

5.1K+15V

2K

1000 HZ11 13

T 1K9

401312

---7

1YK3K

-15V

1K

8

3 69.8K 0.01

1K fl-f2 69.8K 69.8K fl-A74 7

5 Y

1K12

~0.1

fl-f

0.022 fl-f4

12

11K 37

10+15V

J.1

69.8K

10

1

15

69.8K

PISAD

10241K

1K12

Z 27SL

--7~+15V

L

J1Ofl-f

--7)

1-lSV

~~2 I:0 fl-f

COMCLOCKf 0 :::::i 1 KHz

Figure 5. - Analog delay schematic (cards 6 & 7).

f 0 = 72 HzS = 0.47G = 1.0

69.8KJ

0.1

fl-f lOOK

C,3+15

(.01 +

U1Ofl-f

~ E,5«

8 9 13

0.4 COM(

8.25K 20K

CWP-I 1 $ G $ 3.4

CH 1

7 1.5,uf 22

>~]

<

SHOWN IN RESET ON POSITION

AC OR DC ICOUPLING I 20M

III

CH 2 I P-2I9 I SAME 20

» I AS «I ABOVE

II

CH 3 I P-3

3I SAME 18

» I AS «I ABOVE

II

CH 4 I P-4

5

HSAME 16

» AS «ABOVE

OFFSWI

CH 1 0 PI

CH 2 0 P2

RECORD GAIN ADJ.CH 3 0 P3

CH 4 0 P4

Figure 6. - Reset/gain schematic (card 5).

16

.....-J

~115 VRMS ~-N/pu

A WIRE-DELTA

B TRANS.AND

C3~ BRIDGE

-V~18V/pu

TRANSFORMERRATIO 115/24

+15V

- 1+ 1

. -0+.0025S)2

-bV

Figure 7. - Voltage transducer block diagram.

+ 037.3)2

52+86. 8S+137. 32

1 SK ~ 3.0

+ K30S

1 + 30S

+bV

20 - 50V/pu

PI I:SG:S3.0+15 BAL.ANCE 10K 20K

O.lfLf 0.33fLfCW

CW 49.gK lOOK P210K

20

69.8K 69.8K1. 5fL f

~75K 75K +

+ +/::"V20 TO

20M 50 V/pu

24.9K ~O.lfLf

fO = 21.2 Hz fo = 21.85 Hz

~=1.0 ~=.32499K

1 137.292

C1 + .00755)2 52 + 86.835 + 137.292

+/::,.P 499K

~PoCQ

--lICW 19 1M

10K~2

+~I

.-17 /::,.pV 200K /::,.V + K

Po

BALANCE 0 PI

0 :S KpOWER:S O. 5

GAIN 0 P2

Figure 8. - Voltage transducer schematic (card 13).

9' lOOK lOOK

----<

8 ~O'1I'f 1M

~~50HZ FROM

ISCoLAT IONO.OlfLfTRJ',NS FORMER

24 VRf'ltS1M

lOOK

++

499K

54.9K

.....\0

20M+L.f

21FROM (FREQUENCYTRANSDUCER2V/Hz CW 1.5fLf

PI10K

20M

GAIN ADJUST

0 ~ G ~ 2V /H z

3051 + 305

.015

C1 + .015)2

TO TIMER INPUT

1(

L. f OUT PUT

Figure 9. - Frequency transducer signal conditioning schematic (card 12).

O.lfLf 17

t <f--

15

(

TO FREQUENCYTRANSDUCERINPUT

GAIN 0 PI

+5V1- 14 ,I,

2Q1

13 R1 '1'1K

3 12 16.2KTP1 '-J60 Hz INPUT 4 ~11

8 5 :::10

~6 9'

68 fL f

7Q1

8POLYCARBONATE

1K

TR22K

1\.:11K0 TP2 1K 10K 10K

PI200il

10K CW15K

10K 10K- -

10K

P3 50K

1KCW

10K

5V REGULATOR

100

10fL f

+15V

10fLf

10K+5V

+

4.99K

+5V

1 - 142

Q213

3 124 ~ 11

.....

5 ::: 106 97

Q28

P2

16.2K-r

R2

. 68 fL f4.02K

lOOK0.1 fLf

L

0.068fLf

~A2

:

II

TP4

3.32K O.O'l'/fLf

J1/4 POLYCARBONATE

7510

TP8

10K

Figure 10. - Frequency transducer schematic (card II).

+15V

+15V

10K 4.02K lOOK 10K

TP6

+5V +15V

10KTP5

TP7

~

21

>--~F

2V/Hz

ZERO

0 P2

0 PII

0 P3

GAIN TRIM 0 P4

-90MV = +1800 WATTS

1 -

*2 +

NOMINAL1.0

III 1L ESTERL INE AI\GUS

52.6 il WESTINGHOUSE

- LEADII\G VARS

90 ~ = 1800 VARS

1 100

3r-:Ii-' *2 +

106 Jl ESTERLINE ANGUS

51.5Jl WESTINGHOUSE

+PO

fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 27.8 Hz~ = .316

4 143.09252 + 90.4S + 143.09

RESET

Z

x 10ZX

- 11 + .0068S

- 11 + .0068S

143.092

52 + 90. 4S + 143. 09

RESET

Z +6Q

Qo

Po GAIN ADJUST

0.9 - 1.1

- 130S

x 10ZX . 2.5 ~10 V/pu

Figure 11. - Real and reactive power conditioning block diagram.

+ Po 9V/pu

- 1

1 + .00b8S

- 1

1 + .0068S

+Qo GAIN ADJUST

-130S

18V/pu

1:5 K:5 4.0

-K

+6P9 -- 36V/pu

+6pPo

10 -40V /pu

0.5:5 K:5 2.0

-K

+6P

4.5 ---+-18V/pu

.068fL f .068fL f

lOOK lOOK .1 fL f

lOOK 20K

221K 221K1500pf

~.al"f

Vi0.1,. fPOLY-

. CARBONL\TE 1.0 ~G~ 4.30-15 +15 RESET

1.5fLf lOOK SW1

4~

~~

90.9K

fa = 23.4 Hz

1K

20KP2

fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 22.8 HzS = 0.32

+

120M

20M

+PO

+ P

-15

P3

Z

10V -HOV/pU

x 10Z

X436A +D.P

Po

Figure 12. - Real power, /1PIPo' calculation schematic (card 10).

20K+15

10M 3.57K

20K CW10KPI

PI

2,P

~ GAIN

190

OFFSET 0 P3

RESET

SW1 <f)

PoGAIN 0 P2

(j)

I--.J POWER AND VAR BASE030> VS.:;) POT. DIAL SETTINGa..

u POWER VARS POT(j)(V/pU) ev/pu)~a..

c:... I0.0a:: 10 2.5

w 15 3.40?:

20 5.0 5.680a.. 25 7.24

30 7.5 8.3235 9.1240 10.0 9.73

20

40

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.010

POTENTIOMETER DIAL SETTING

Figure 13. - Real and reactive power gain dial setting calibration.

lK 20CK 4.99K 20K21

~lK

2N2222

150K

!!

301K

9)

1.74K

+ LEAD I f\X;

VARS lK 1500pf

O.I/LfMTPOL YCARBONA.TE- ~ I

-15 +15

~.....

OPEN- l-I/L+ E VAR XDCRCLOSED - 2-1/2 E VAR XDCR

150K

150K

75K 150K

37.5K

10K

150K4

~

10K 10K

35.7K -IQ+6QI

+15V

PROVIDES A NA.RROW PULSE ABOUT EVERY 5 SECONDSWHEN PIN 9 IS POSITIVE. A POSITIVE ON PIN 9REPRESENTS LEADIf\X;(CAP) VARS.

Figure 14. - Reactive power gain, absolute value, and flag pulse circuit (card 9).

fo = 23.4 Hz fo = 23.4 Hz fo = 22.8 Hz~=0.32 21

.068,I-L f .068,I-L f

~lOOKlOOK .1,I-L f

4 lOOK~lOOK 22lK 22lK

l82K 49.9K49.9K

-1520K

+15

P3

10M

3.57K

20KCW

10K200K

PI

. 40. 7K

50KP2

cw1.5flf lOOK

RESET0.5~ G~ 2.15

SWINI~

20M

20MZ

x 10ZX436A

r19

PI6PffiGAIN~

2.5V -lOV/pU

+QO+6QQo

OFFSET 0 P3

RESET

SWI ~Po

GAIN 0 P2

Figure 15. - Reactive power, t!.Q/Qo. calculation schematic (card 8).

+15V +15pu

81M

DIP PKG

6--<PI

MINENECRAFTWI07 DIP-5

+15 CW 2 155 4 14 3 5

+30 10K1 50.4K

~4518B 10 0 . 58 fl- f 10K

0\

L

150K 4047A 2 .;- 80 14~5 10 1 11

200K13

+15V 7 8 9 12 7 15 8 9 1

FROM FREQ XDCR

PIN 21 2V/Hz

1 .6f

0.058}-lf BLK

2M ::>4117 2K

8.25K

>:( RES I STOR SELECTED TO PROVI CE THE S,llMEPICKUP SENSITIVITY FOR BOTH RECORDERS580 it AND lK it

~> SWI l10 f 10 f 402 K

+IHI+.21

~P

2.6 V+K.6p

!0> o. 2 14r- -- II I

MINENECRAFT I I IWI07 DIP-lL- - - J

5 8

f"OMENTARY CLOSETO START RECORDER

22

<~

FROM VOLTAGE CARD

PIN 2

<tIS 1:t~16J13

+15

2 8,-- -IIIIL

18

~If"OMENTARY CLOSE

:

TO STOP RECORDER

6-14L~19

lK

YEL GR OR BL

CONNECTIONS LABELED WITHLETTERS GO TO CLOCK CARD5 ~ TIME < 85 SEC

Figure 16. - Disturbance sensor and record start/stop circuit (card 14).

EVENTRECORD 0 PITIME .6 V

SWIcp

.6f

25

20

Nj

-.J

15

1

5

0

.001

(5.11) 105(1 + 25)(1 + 0.1365)

GAIN

.01

DISTURBANCE SENSOR

JUNE 1978

POT MINIM...M

.1FREQUENCY (H3)

1.0 10 100

Figure 17. - Response curve of frequency disturbance sensor.

16 16 16 1 21

OSC 13 14 + 6 6 10 + 10 14 14 + 6 6 1 + 104047 4018 1/2 4518 4018 15 7

1/2 4518

5 7 8 9 12 2 3789101215 15 8 9 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 6

~+

~START/STOP

+ ++ + + +

22

-«DISPLAY ON/OFF

~00 +15V

10+8V

1 9VN~: BATTERY

r

/~5

»10K

[>IVV\.

~

12~

OR

+

2M

lOOK

I-UJIf)

I-UJIf)

~I~20t

Figure 18. - DOY and time schematic - 1 of 2 (card A).

gl~ ~

1P-

21

T

15

T

11 COM<f---- +

2MlOOK

2~63

BL GR

lOOK

LI'

YEL

20K

2M

+

13 1

T TO CARDTPIN B PIN

13 1

T

19

~15

10K 210K 2M

11 1/4 3 +

3 4071+

~..J\0 w

>-+

0 0 ..J 0 ..J 0W ::> a::: w ::> a::: a::: w w ::> a::: w w ::> a:::a::: CL l!) a::: CL l!) l!) >- a::: CL l!) >- a::: CL l!)

1 15 14 13 4 5 6 7 1 15 14 13 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7

3 8 BIT SHIFT 11 3 8 BIT SHIFT 11 8 BIT SH I FT4021 4021 4021

9 10 9 10 10 9 16 8 11

COM11

~>-~>-

1091/44071

10

++

22~

169

..:. 101/2 4518

15

14 13 12 1011

8 2.;. 10

7 1/2 45186 5 4 3

8 9 16 15.;. 3

1/2 4518 1012 11

7 2.;. 10

1/2 4518

6 5 4 3U">(V)

NU">Z.....

-V /v

15 16.;. 6

91/2 4518 10lr12 11

/

8 1 2.;. 10

7 1/2 4518

6 5 4 3

1/44081

5

2M

4

2M T13

f 171

+ +

Figure 19. - DOY and time schematic - 2 of 2 (card B).

2M

+

II

+

2M+

II,I"

,

I> I; I..

1'1 IL,I ".

.;:

[1 "1\ lJ!i,T ;i.

III ...,

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Clevelan,d,Ohio Printed In U.S.A.

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h:!."

'I'

Gould Inc., Instrument Systems DiYi~ion

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p,Itm"I'

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,

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;'I!!;itll,i!'l;H;;:

'11 "1;;14t,

11; In'1I1Hi!LHi:

., f'!I: 'iillf;,r:::rt: ."i"I:I; ;;j'jHrIU':t;; ,.. ,," ,r;~

"ti! i;~!ill"

,!im!lIi:I~ :in~iT~t<[,

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1'1 J:tl::: 1t-; ";;"11

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::~ &Jh !i'k H;'llF !"Jli! ,F8ifil'!1 ,.,.

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lliJllij;i j

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.1J:t:

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TT

il;l.1: I: fI'

'~F"'-;"~~,:

";unil'!!

.;';i;,HI\: ,i"!;

:;,'1" ri""lili'j!!1HIj{'fi ,qipi!#ffi

... 11

Ii, I; 1:;li<:+

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,; l

1;lii"ll:I I!\.". 'HI\;W"

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i'lIlI, IJj;:411Ifer

ItIJi!1!j;

..

14 ... ,{ 'hU4; .. h;1I:

Figure 20. - Sample of data for ~VIVo and /1PIPo for ~f = o.

I

III"'

30

~.!: ,..

I

H .. 1..

HI ..t .

.

L ..

-"

- ~.~ tr§:. ..,ie:

" ~i .~,:£:,' ,.

, ,. §~c: 1.::c

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;' ,:fi5fF~"" .

. \11,;: r. 1.'..:" 'M~4~,.. l'I

'11n:1n*~: :,rjfflf1 L'iljl~......

~f$Hii;~~it':rf!lfrit 1~; Co, ..."

.~~ ::lS'BtE 1,.

.. ,.rr: §i:: ,.~.I Hi" ..fib'

Ii 1'l~:L ..,..

,.' ..; ;]1":=1 I

... ,¥l: ~...", ".. .n;"; j> :'.:; :

1m '".m:F. i:j~j;jF '

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11i'I

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1m:' -. ~. ':rrttii', ,.;h:J ,..iJ1';

. -. "..lU;:t'ltkii: ,.:kl'

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I-+-t-

:: ik"ji;Hd-4'.: r;i-j: ,.. ....

i'i:: c::;'",u

tiili ...:: "

"4l.:: 1.:.:':,.., H': ':i '.:e: E'i:"H ,:" ..

i1' '!-8, ,.mtF;; :::,~ : 'T:I,L:,~~; ! ."", :::' !:E~ ;

.If '1': T~ :'::'11.1: i ";.cj2..

j"... :,i' ;:~ "c;..;;; .

1-7:~j:

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in--: 1:::: 1:< .. . ti~.~ ..,,.

!:RhJ'i 1¥:7' li{"i.jji+tc!f,:':.. ,. ,.., ,..Ii:'::'"

}:!t~: ;;

:ldW .., I: i+;TdjlLi r ';:f1::: [I::""

.--.

. f1,

. t~. . t

.. ,

if : 11'118 HIIt:' itl:,,,:,.:

i ::.

':1'

II

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BRUSH AC

llliHillll ,...2:'fW

~}I e:j~fi:: "i]jc'Lifiil!

,'''''It:e,:.'tiIT':'fiF't'~EI\'I" i,jtt; imt:i;; tWo,I;' "..

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1::I~~fi:;Ij!tfj,r: .,. :ill:'!;;

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;:Titn'i.

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i:,:;)

. .", .

.

;:.

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,~

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.-+

,;

L:'11' "

'!j'm'

I..(:It;.; 1=::; 1=:' .

F,:

:;4" 'fhti.::1" ': Ii".

tit;

":.'0'

t!:fi

+~ ; I:: Iii!;:

~":"1"1,21

"I 'rl ,'IT-tqJJilri.Jir.::.:. , ~ ; t',:.. ;:1 i, '.dti

...

Ii ~-'t"~., ..

El F."~tj .. :l' iiti:

. '.-+, qm

..++ ~d l,...

~: un ~Bfl1il;;;.ri~~: !1!; qg~-:il~~:: :1

... .. H' ,r

+

..H.

,+ ,+j ~: : Jli

'",li;.:'dW;J;iif A#i"U;i

+

J h n.-1.- +

,. ,,, +. t:::~~,

"

~ + .. .. 'Ii, '..H ..

Xx x x

xxx x x Xx xx x X

1.2 1.4 1.6

I. S = 0.25~14

S= 0.25 JX = 1. 43

1.0 1.8 2.0

Figure 22. - Distribution of the values obtained for m.

:12

Mission of the Bureau of Reclamation

The Bureau of Reclamation of the U.S. Deparrment of the Interior is rewonsible for the development and conservation of the Nation's water resources in the Western United States.

The Bureau's original purpose "to provide for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the West" today covers a wide range of interre- lated functions. These include providing municipaland industrial water supplies; hydroelectric power generation; higat ion water for agricul- ture; water quality improvement; flood control; river navigation; river regulation and control; fish and wildlife enhancement; outdoor recrea- tion; and research on water-related design, construction, materials, atmospheric management, and wind and solar power.

Bureau programs most frequently are the result of close cooperation with the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, States, local govern- ments, academic institutions, water-user organizations, and other concerned groups.

A free pamphlet is available from the Bureau entitled "Publications for Sale." It describes some of the technical publications currently available, their cost, and how to order them. The pamphlet can be obtained upon request from the Bureau of Reclamation. Attn 0-922, P 0 Box 25007, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225-0007.