dystocia: all in a day’s work shelby hayden jen sullivan meredyth jones sarah burkindine
TRANSCRIPT
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Dystocia: All in a Day’s WorkDystocia: All in a Day’s Work
Shelby Hayden
Jen Sullivan
Meredyth Jones
Sarah Burkindine
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Stage 1Stage 1: initiation of : initiation of myometrial contractionsmyometrial contractions
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Stage 1Stage 1: Visible signs: Visible signs
Seeks out isolationThick clear mucoid vaginal dischargeSigns of abdominal colicRestlessnessCan last 2-6 hours
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Stage 2Stage 2: expulsion of the fetus: expulsion of the fetus
Entrance of the fetus into the birth canal
Stimulation of oxytocin release
Rupture of amniotic and allantoic sacs
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Stage 2Stage 2: expulsion of the fetus : expulsion of the fetus
Increasing uterine and abdominal contractions
Stage 2 should last no longer than 1 hour
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Stage 2Stage 2: Visible signs: Visible signs
Rupture of the “water sacs”Amniotic sac and feet are visible at the
vulvaIncreasing frequency of abdominal
contractionsExpulsion of the fetus
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Stage 3Stage 3: expulsion of the : expulsion of the placentaplacentaDetachment of chorionic villi from the
crypts on the maternal side of the placenta
Due to vasoconstriction
Usually occurs within 3-8 hours of parturition
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Fetal positioningFetal positioning
Presentation
Position
Posture
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Fetal PresentationFetal Presentation
Anterior, longitudinalPosterior, longitudinal
Transverse ventralTransverse dorsal
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Fetal PositionFetal Position
Dorso-sacral
Dorso-pubic
Right and left dorso-ilial
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Fetal PostureFetal Posture
Relation of the calf’s head, neck and limbs to the body of the cow
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Normal fetal positioningNormal fetal positioning
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Transverse PositionTransverse Position
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Causes of dystociaCauses of dystocia
Basic
Immediate
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Causes of DystociaCauses of Dystocia
Hereditary
Nutritional (fat heifers, excessive fat in pelvis)
Management (breeding large bulls to small cows, breeding too soon after partrition)
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Causes of DystociaCauses of Dystocia
Infectious (Brucella, Campylobacter, BVD, Bluetongue, leptospirosis, corynebacterium, Trichomonas, Listeria, IBR)
Traumatic (rupture of prepubic tendon, uterine torsion)
Miscellaneous (hydrops, uterine inertia)
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Immediate causes of dystociaImmediate causes of dystocia
Fetal causes
Maternal causes
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Fetal CausesFetal Causes
Size: breed, age of the dam, sire, sex
Abnormal: presentation, position, posture
Fetal Monsters: schistosomas reflexus, perosomus elumbis
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Schistosomus reflexusSchistosomus reflexus
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Maternal CausesMaternal Causes
Pelvic fractures
Breeding heifers too young
Hereditary or congenital hypoplasia of the birth canal
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Parturition Intervention GuidelinesParturition Intervention Guidelines
Stage I of labor > 6 hours and cow/heifer has not begun to abdominally press.
Stage 2 of labor > 2-3 hours and progress is very slow or absent
Amniotic sac has been visible for 2 hours and the calf has not hit the ground
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Dystocia Watch IntervalsDystocia Watch Intervals
< 3 hours intervals is required to determine length of duration of the stages of parturition.
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Equipment required for Equipment required for obstetrical examobstetrical exam
Twine or robeNovasan or
betadine scrub
Bucket or bottle of warm water
Sterile lubePalpation sleeves
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ObstetricalObstetrical Equipment for Pulling a Equipment for Pulling a CalfCalf
Same equipment required for obstetrical exam plus:
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Calf Jack (Puller)Calf Jack (Puller)
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Cont. of obstetrical equipment for Cont. of obstetrical equipment for calf pullingcalf pulling
Head snareEpidural Equipment
– 2 % lidocaine– 6 cc syringe– 18 gauge 1.5 inch needle
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ObstetricalObstetrical ExamExam
1. Fill clean bucket with betadine or novasan solution diluted with warm water to either a “weak tea” solution or a light blue solution respectively.
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2. Place obstetrical chains and handles, tube of sterile lube and head snare into the bucket.
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3. Clean the perineal region with a betadine or novasan scrub followed by a clean warm water rinse.
• Minimum of 2- 3 separate scrub/rinse cycles
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4. Put on 2 clean plastic OB sleeves.
5. Lubricate both arms with sterile OB lube
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6) Examine the birth canal for dilation and size of the pelvic opening.
• Manually dilate the birth canal if needed
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7. Examine cervical dilation and structures in the birth canal
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8.Examine uterus and birth canal for prior damage.
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9.Evaluate position, presentation and posture of the calf and/or calves.
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10. Evaluate calf or calves viability• Withdrawal reflex• Corneal/palpebral reflex• Suckle and tongue withdrawal
reflexes• Anal sphincter reflex• Heartbeat felt through chest wall or
umbilical artery pulse
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Methods of Correcting Methods of Correcting DystociaDystocia
Live Fetus Options:– Mutation– Forced Extraction– Cesarean Section
Dead Fetus Options:– Mutation– Forced Extraction– Fetotomy– Cesarean Section
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MutationMutationRepulsion:Rotation:
– Moving from dorso-pubic or dorso-ilial to dorso-sacral position
Version:– Turning the fetus end-for end (i.e. on a
transverse axis)
Reposition of Extremities
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Minimum Goal of MutationMinimum Goal of Mutation
Reposition the calf into a dorso-sacral position
Calf’s front legs extended cranially and hind legs extended caudally in perspective to the calf’s body.
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Guidelines for MutationGuidelines for Mutation
1. Abnormalities in presentation, position, posture should be diagnosed and corrected prior to attempting traction.
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2. When the fetus is dead and repositioning is difficult or dangerous, other options should be considered
• Partial or complete fetotomy• Cesarean Section
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3. Maximum of 30 minutes of mutation without progress warrants
c-section or fetotomy.
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Types of Mutation DystociasTypes of Mutation Dystocias
Retention of Front LimbRetention of Rear LimbRetention of the HeadIrregular Presentation or Position
– “Dog-sitter”– Uterine Torsion– Transverse Presentations
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Types of Limb Mutation Types of Limb Mutation DystociasDystocias
Front limb – Flexed shoulder
posture– Flexed carpal
posture– Elbow lock posture– Foot-nape posture
Hind Limb– Hock flexion
posture– Hip flexion posture
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Flexed Carpus manipulationFlexed Carpus manipulation
1. Convert flexed leg to flexed carpus posture by traction on the upper foreleg if the shoulder is flexed.
2. Apply simultaneous repulsion to the carpus in an anterior-dorsolateral direction and traction on the hoof in a medial and posterior direction
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Elbow Lock PostureElbow Lock Posture
Occur when forelimbs are not fully extended as they come into the pelvic inlet
Presentation:– Tips of toes are even with the end of the calf’s
nose
Correction:– Repulsion on the fetal trunk and simultaneous
alternating traction on the limbs
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Flexed Hock ManipulationFlexed Hock Manipulation
1. Convert the flexed hip to a flexed hock posture
Apply hand traction high on the leg working your way distally until the hock is reached
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2. Place 1 hand on the hock while simultaneously placing a second hand over the hoof.
3. Move the hoof posteriorly and medially into the birth canal as repulsion is applied in an anterior-lateral direction on the hock.
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Caudal view
Lateral view
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Dystocia due to Retention of Dystocia due to Retention of the Headthe Head
Lateral deviation– Most common
Ventral deviationDorsal deviationVertex posture
– bride of nose is impacted against the brim of the pelvis causing the poll to be presented
– Fetus is often dead
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Head-Breast PostureHead-Breast Posture
Correction of ventral deviation of the head Procedure
1. Repel 1 forelimb to the flexed shoulder posture
2. Bring the head up from beneath the body of the fetus
3. Flexed shoulder is converted to normal posture using the flexed carpal manipulation
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Lateral Deviation of the HeadLateral Deviation of the Head
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Correction of Lateral Deviation Correction of Lateral Deviation of the Headof the Head
Repulsion of the shoulder, thorax, or brisket with concurrent traction on the head
Sources for Traction on the Head:– 2nd hand– Jaw snare: beware of jaw fractures– -head, jaw or orbital hooks
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Irregular Presentation or Irregular Presentation or PositionPosition
“Dog-Sitter”Uterine TorsionTransverse Presentations
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““Dog-Sitter”Dog-Sitter”
Rear legs are extended along the abdomen of the otherwise normally presented fetus
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Correction of the “Dog-Sitter”Correction of the “Dog-Sitter”
Only attempt mutation if the fetus is small enough to allow palpation both hind limbs during extraction.– Allows for the hind legs to be repelled and
allows the uterus to be protected from the hooves as the rear legs straighten out during delivery.
– Otherwise, rear hooves may tear the uterus as they extend behind the fetus.
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Cont. Correction of “Dog-Sitter”Cont. Correction of “Dog-Sitter”
180 degree version to posterior presentation and rotation to dorso-sacral position
Cesarean section– Especially with oversized fetus
Fetotomy– Impacted fetus in the birth canal
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Uterine TorsionUterine Torsion
Always examine uterus for torsion if fetus appears to be presented in a dorso-ilial OR dorso-pubic position.
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Uterine Torsion FindingsUterine Torsion Findings
Spiral folding of the birth canal– Simulates incomplete dilatation of the cervix
Broad ligaments of the uterus are rotated and stretches across the birth canal– 1 on the upper and 1 on the lower surface– Felt via Rectal Palpation.
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Methods to Correct Uterine Methods to Correct Uterine TorsionTorsion
Shaffer method (plank in the flank)Rotate fetus in uteroCesarean Section
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Transverse PresentationsTransverse Presentations
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Correction of Transverse Correction of Transverse PresentationsPresentations
Mutation is usually not attempted especially if presenting transverse dorsal.– Rear legs sometimes perforate the uterus as
they straighten if delivery is attempted by anterior presentation
Convert to posterior presentation, dorso-sacral position
Cesarean Section
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Monster FetusMonster Fetus
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MUTATE OR PULL
CESAREAN SECTION IS REQUIRED
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Forced Extraction of a FetusForced Extraction of a Fetus
Which one has already prepared for prior to the initial obstetrical examination– i.e. obstetrical chains and hooks should
already be in the bucket of dilute betadine or novasan solution.
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Do not give an epidural anesthetic unless it is absolutely necessary.– Prevents dam from assisting delivery of the
calf
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Forced Extraction in Anterior Forced Extraction in Anterior PresentationPresentation
1) Placement of obstetrical chains
• Eyelets on the dorsal surface of the forefeet
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2)2) Traction on FetusTraction on Fetus
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Traction Procedure especially Traction Procedure especially if fetus is oversizedif fetus is oversized
Unilateral traction is applied to the bottom (most anteriorly located) forelimb until its shoulder and elbow are past the pelvic inlet– It can usually be felt when the shoulder passes
the ilium.– Otherwise, assume that when the fetlock is ~10
cm (15 cm in larger breeds) outside of the vulva, the shoulder has passed through the pelvic inlet.
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Cont. Traction of oversized Cont. Traction of oversized fetus (anterior presentation)fetus (anterior presentation)
Full-force unilateral traction is than applied to the top forelimb (hopefully by a 2nd person)– Extraction is usually is possible if the 2nd
shoulder also passes the ilium into the birth canal
– If not, C-SECTION IS PROBABLY REQUIRED.
Traction can be attempted with a calf jack but do not exceed force of 2-3 strong men.
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3)3) Rotation of the FetusRotation of the Fetus
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How to rotate the calf to avoid hiplockHow to rotate the calf to avoid hiplock
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Completion of RotationCompletion of Rotation
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•Rotation of the fetus takes advantage of Rotation of the fetus takes advantage of the widest diameter of the pelvic inletthe widest diameter of the pelvic inlet
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If Hiplock If Hiplock occurs . . . . . .
1. Discontinue traction
2. Clean the mucus and membranes from the calf’s nostrils
3. Stimulate breathing– Tickle the nostrils– Pour cold water over the head of the calf
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4.4. With hiplock apply traction With hiplock apply traction only when the cow pressesonly when the cow pressesContinuous
traction is generally unproductive
Pelvic inlet becomes functionally larger
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5. Apply traction caudally and somewhat dorsally
This direction of pull is more perpendicular to the pelvic inlet
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6.6. Maintain rotation of the Maintain rotation of the calf’s pelvis in a dorso-ilial calf’s pelvis in a dorso-ilial position.position.
•Palpation along the back of the calf is required to ensure that the calf’s pelvis is rotated 60 to 90 degrees.
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Forced Extraction in Posterior Forced Extraction in Posterior PresentationPresentation
Rotate the calf into the dorso-ilial position
Apply OB chains to the hind legs in a similar manner as the front legs
Apply traction in a caudal, slightly dorsal direction to bring the calf’s hips through the pelvic inlet.
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Cont. Forced Extraction in Posterior Cont. Forced Extraction in Posterior PresentationPresentation
Rotate the calf back into a dorso-sacral position once the rear quarters have passed the pelvic inlet
Apply slightly caudal, ventral traction
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Calf Jack Calf Jack
Can be used with either posterior or anterior presentation
NEVER APPLY MORE FORCE THAN WHAT 2-3 STRONG MEN CAN APPLY
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Cesarean SectionCesarean Section
Approaches:– High left flank– Low left flank– Left paramedian– High right flank– Low right flank– Right paramedian– Ventral Midline
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FetotomyFetotomy
Should only be performed in the dead fetus
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Fetotomy EquipmentFetotomy Equipment
FetotomeWire ThreaderWire saw handlesWire introducer
Krey Hook OB chainLubicantEpidural equipment
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Injury to the CalfInjury to the Calf
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Asphyxiation and AnoxiaAsphyxiation and Anoxia
Rupture or impaction of the umbilicus during manipulation necessitates rapid extraction to prevent anoxia and potential brain damage
Complications more frequently associated with posterior presentation
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Femoral Nerve ParalysisFemoral Nerve Paralysis
Often associated with prolonged hiplock during extraction
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Nerve DamageNerve Damage
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FracturesFractures
Fracture of the mandible due to inappropriate use of obstetrical chains
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FracturesFractures Placement of obstetrical
chains with one loop over the fetlock and a half-hitch around the pastern will better distribute traction and prevent injury to fetal limbs
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FracturesFractures
Excessive traction may also result in fractures of the pelvis or ribs, as well as injury to the joints and spine
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Complications Associated with Complications Associated with Posterior PresentationPosterior Presentation
Pulmonary hemorrhage, diaphragmatic hernia, and liver rupture may be caused by excessive traction on the fetus in posterior presentation
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Injury to the DamInjury to the Dam
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Calving ParalysisCalving Paralysis
Paresis or paralysis of the cow
Damage to peroneal and obturator nerves
May be caused by prolonged hiplock or excessive force used in its resolve
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Retained PlacentaRetained Placenta
Direct association with abortion, twinning, dystocia, cesarean-section, and fetotomy.
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Uterine ProlapseUterine Prolapse
Associated with dystocia and irritation of the external birth canal
Complicated by environmental insult—freezing, drying, severe laceration
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Trauma to the Birth CanalTrauma to the Birth Canal
Tears and lacerations: – Vulvar, vaginal and cervical tears, recto-vaginal
fistula or perineal laceration– Forelimbs may be forced through the dorsum of
the birth canal
HematomaVaginal necrosis
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Uterine Ruptures or TearsUterine Ruptures or Tears
Associated with prolonged dystocia, uterine torsion, and excessive repulsion or rough manipulation
Tears most commonly occur in the ventral uterine wall
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@#$*%&!!
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Saturday, April 6: calf presents breech, calving difficulty 5 and 8, calf does not survive extraction
Monday, April 8: dam found dead, presented for necropsy
Dam number 1025Dam number 1025
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PeritonitisPeritonitis
Examination of the abdominal cavity reveals a considerable volume of bloody fluid and fibrin
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Petechiation of the HeartPetechiation of the Heart
Indicative of an acute/agonal incident or a septic insult
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Dorsal Uterine TearDorsal Uterine Tear
Full thickness, approximately six inches long
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Ventral Uterine TearVentral Uterine Tear
Partial thickness, approximately three inches long with associate mucosal/ sub-mucosal hemorrhage
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Fetal LungsFetal Lungs
Appearance of the lungs indicated the calf had taken a breath
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@#$*%&!!
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Economic Implications of Dystocia
Things to consider:
-Dam Value
-Live Calf Value
-Cost of Veterinary Intervention
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Dam ValueDam Value
Dairy cows (Holstein)- Replacement of Mature Milking
Cow: $1200-1500- Replacement of Springing
Heifer: $1800-2500
- Lactation and Genetic Potential
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Dam ValueDam Value
Beef CowsPurchase of Replacement Heifer: $850-900Rearing of Replacement Heifer: $750-800
Seedstock Genetics
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Live Calf ValueLive Calf Value•Dairy Calves
- 1 day old heifer calf: $500-700
- 1 day old bull calf: $100-150
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Live Calf Live Calf ValueValue
•Beef Calves
- Feeder Futures for January, 2003
- $79/cwt x 700# = $553
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Even if you can’t save Even if you can’t save baby…baby…
•Dairy Cow value post-calving
- Lactation: 18,000# x $0.87/# = $15,666
- This does not include cost of lactation
- Salvage: $54.00/cwt x 1000# = $540
- Rebreed
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Even if you can’t save Even if you can’t save baby…baby…
•Beef cow value post-calving:
- Raise orphaned or twin calf; Rebreed
- Salvage: $60/cwt x 900# = $540
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Producer Cost for Producer Cost for Caesarean SectionCaesarean Section
•Survey of veterinarians
- Average charge for on-farm dystocia ending in Caesarean section
- $258.92
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What is the bottom What is the bottom line?line?•Dairy Producer:
-Heifer + Calf Alive = $2300
Plus Lactation ($15,000) and Genetics
-Heifer Alive = $1800
Plus Lactation ($15,000) and Genetics
-Cost of Caesarean: $260
11% of value of both at that time
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What is the bottom What is the bottom line?line?
•Commercial Beef Producer:
- Heifer and Calf Alive: $1403
- Heifer Alive: $850
- Cost of Caesarean: $260
-18% value of both
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ConclusionConclusion
•Producers should make dystocia management decisions before breeding occurs
•When a dystocia presents itself , make your decisions based on what is best for the herd’s production goals
•If you need to intervene, do so with caution and think ahead about the effects of your actions on the pair’s future production
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Thank you to all the faculty and staff of GPVEC for contributing to our education.
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The EndThe End
Any questions?