e-05 sakhalin wiki

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Sakhalin

Sakhalin

Sakhalin (Russia)

Geography

Location Russian Far East, Pacific Ocean

Coordinates51N 143E

[1]Coordinates: 51N143E

[1]

Total islands 1Wikipedia:Please clarify

Area72,492 km

2(27,989.3 sq mi)

Area rank 23rd

Highest elevation 1,609 m (5,279 ft)

Highest point Lopatin

Country

Russia

Largest city Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (pop. 174,203)

Demographics

Population 580,000 (as of 2005)

Density8 /km

2(21 /sq mi)

Ethnic groups Russians, Koreans, Nivkhs, Oroks, Evenks and Yakuts.

Sakhalin (Russian: , pronounced [sxlin]) is a large Russian island in the North Pacific, lying between

4550' and 5424' N. It is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin, which is

about one fifth the size of Japan, is just off the east coast of Russia, and just north of Japan.
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The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks and Nivkhs. Sakhalin has been claimed by both Russia and

Japan over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. This has led to bitter disputes between the two countries over

control of the island. Russia seized the island from the Japanese near the end of World War II. Most Ainu moved to

Hokkaid when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.

NameThe island is known in Russian as (Sakhalin). In Chinese it is known as Kuye (simplified Chinese: ;

traditional Chinese: ; pinyin:Ky) Karafuto (Japanese: , also Sahalin (?) ), or Saghalien.

The European names derive from misinterpretation of a Manchu name sahaliyan ula

angga hada ("peak/craggy rock at the mouth of the Amur River"). Sahaliyan, the word that has been borrowed in the

form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu and is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River (

sahaliyan ula, literally "Black River"; see Sikhote-Alin). Its Japanese name, Karafuto (), supposedly comes

from Ainu kamuy kar put ya mosir (, shortened to Karput

), which means "Land/Island/Country at the Shore of the God-Made (River) Mouth/Confluence."[citation needed]

The name was used by the Japanese during their possession of its southern part (19051945).

History

Early history

De Vries (1643) maps Sakhalin's eastern

promontories, but is not aware that he is visiting

an island (map from 1682).

Sakhalin was inhabited in the Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements,

like those found in Siberia, have been found at Dui and Kusunai in

great numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets, like European

examples, primitive pottery with decorations like those of the Olonets,

and stone weights for nets. Afterwards a population to whom bronze

was known left traces in earthen walls and kitchen-middens on the

Aniva Bay.

Among the indigenous people of Sakhalin are the Ainu on the southern

half, the Oroks in the central region and the Nivkhs on the northern

part. Chinese chronicled the Xianbei and Hezhe tribes[citation needed]

,

who had a way of life based on fishing.

The Mongol Empire made some efforts to subjugate the native people

of Sakhalin starting in about 1264 CE. According to Yuanshi, the official history of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols

militarily subdued the Guwei ( , Gwi), and by 1308, all inhabitants of Sakhalin had surrendered to the

Mongols. The Nivkhs and the Oroks were subjugated earlier, whereas the Ainu people submitted to the Mongolslater.

[citation needed]Following their subjugation, Gwi elders made tributary visits to Yuan posts located at Wuleihe,

Nanghar, and Boluohe, until the end of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China (1368). In the early Ming Dynasty

(13681644), the tributary relationship was re-established. Following the introduction of Chinese political and

commercial institutions in the Amur region, by the middle of the 15th century the Sakhalin Ainu were making

frequent tributary visits to Chinese-controlled outposts. The Chinese in the Ming Dynasty knew the island as Kuyi or

Kuwu (Chinese: ; pinyin:Kw), and later (and at present) as Kuye (Chinese: ; pinyin:Ky). There is

some evidence that the Ming eunuch admiral Yishiha reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the

lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain.[2]

Under the Ming Dynasty, commerce in Northeast Asia

and Sakhalin was placed under the "system for subjugated peoples", or ximin tizhi. These suggest that the island was

at least nominally included under the administration of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission which was set up

by Yishiha near today's village of Tyr on the Siberian mainland in 1411, and operated until the mid-1430s. A Ming
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyr%2C_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongning_Temple_Stelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyr%2C_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yishihahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainu_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ming_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hezhehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xianbeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aniva_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olonetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kusunaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACEM-36-NE-corner.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maarten_Gerritsz_Vrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karafuto_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhote-Alinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simplified_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hokkaid%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivkh_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orok_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainu_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples


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boundary stone still exists on the island.

European and Japanese exploration

Display of Sakhalin on maps varied throughout

the 18th century. This map from a 1773 atlas,

based on the earlier work by d'Anville, who in his

turn made use of the information collected by

Jesuits in 1709, asserts the existence of

Sakhalinbut only assigns to it the northern half

of the island and its northeastern coast (with Cape

Patience, discovered by de Vries in 1643). Cape

Aniva, also discovered by de Vries, and Cape

Crillon (Black Cape) are, however, thought to be

part of the mainland

According to Wei Yuan's work Military history of the Qing Dynasty

(Chinese: ; pinyin: Shngw J), the Later Jin sent 400 troops

to Sakhalin in 1616, after a newfound interest because of northernJapanese contacts with the area, but later withdrew as it was considered

there was no threat from the island.

A Japanese settlement in the southern end of Sakhalin of Ootomari was

established in 1679 in a colonization attempt. Cartographers of the

Matsumae clan created a map of the island and called it "Kita-Ezo"

(Northern Ezo, Ezo being the old name for the islands north of

Honshu). The 1689 Nerchinsk Treaty between Russia and China,

which defined the Stanovoy Mountains as the border, made no explicit

mention of the island. Yet, the Qing Dynasty (16441912) did consider

the island as part of its territory. Policies of the Qing Dynasty followed

a similar pattern to the previous Ming Dynasty, which drew Sakhalin

peoples further into the "system for subjugated peoples". Local people

were forced to pay tribute at Qing posts, and Qing officials granted

some titles to local elders and entrusted them with the task of "keeping

the peace". By the mid-18th century, Qing officials had registered 56

surname groups; of these, Qing sources note that six clans and 148

households were those of Ainu and Nivkh who came under the Qing

administrative umbrella on Sakhalin. However, as the Chinese

governments did not have a military presence on the island, people

from Japan attempted to colonise the island.

The first European known to visit Sakhalin was Martin Gerritz de

Vries, who mapped Cape Patience and Cape Aniva on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however,

was not aware of their being on an island, and 17th century maps usually showed these pointsand often Hokkaido,

tooas parts of the mainland.

As part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Rgis, Pierre Jartoux, and

Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli joined a Chinese team visiting the lower Amur (known to them under its Manchu name,

Saghalien Ula, i.e. the "Black River"), in 1709, and learned from the "Ke tcheng" natives of the lower Amur about

the existence of the offshore island nearby. The Jesuits learned that the islanders were said to have been good at

reindeer husbandry. They reported that the mainlanders used a variety of names to refer to the island, but Saghalien

anga bata, i.e. "the Island [at] the mouth of the Black River" was the most common one, meanwhile the name

"Huye" (presumably, "Kuye", ) they had heard in Beijing was completely unknown to the locals.[3]
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Sakhalin 4

La Perouse charted most of the southwestern

coast of Sakhalin (or "Tchoka", as he heard

natives call it) in 1787

The Jesuits, however, did not have a chance to visit the island

personally, and the inadequate information about its geography

provided by the Ke tcheng people and the Manchus who had been to

the island would not allow them to identify it with the land visited by

de Vries in 1643. As a result, many 17th century maps showed a rather

strangely shaped Sakhalin, which included only the northern half of theisland (with Cape Patience), while Cape Aniva discovered by de Vries

and the "Black Cape" (Cape Crillon) were thought to be part of the

mainland.

It was not until the expedition of Jean-Franois de La Prouse (1787),

who charted most of the Strait of Tartary, but was not able to pass

through its northern "bottleneck" due to contrary winds, that the island

on European maps assumed a form similar to what is familiar to

modern readers. A few islanders La Perouse met near what is today

called the Strait of Nevelskoy told him that the island is called

"Tchoka" (or at least that is how he recorded the name in French), and

it was used on some maps thereafter.

The Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern visited Sakhalin in 1805, but regarded it as a peninsula.

Alarmed by the visits of European powers, Japan proclaimed its sovereignty over the whole island in 1807. The

Japanese say that it was Mamiya Rinz who really discovered the Strait of Tartary in 1809.

Russo-Japanese rivalry

Settler's way of life. Near church at holiday. 1903

On the basis of its being an extension of Hokkaid,

geographically and culturally, Japan again

proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island in

1845, as well as the Kuril Islands, as there were

competing claims from Russia. However, the Russian

navigator Gennady Nevelskoy in 1849 recorded the

existence and navigability of this strait and in

defiance of the Qing and Japanese claims Russian

settlers established coal mines, administration

facilities, schools, prisons, and churches on the

island. Japan proclaimed its sovereignty over

Sakhalin (which they called Karafuto) yet again in

1865 and the government built a stele announcing

this at the northern extremity of the island.

In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda, which declared that both nationals could inhabit the island:

Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clear boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle

its military base at Ootomari. Following the Opium War, Russia forced China to sign the Treaty of Aigun (1858) and

Convention of Peking (1860), under which China lost to Russia all claims to all territories north of Heilongjiang

(Amur) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin. A katorgalabor camp (penal colony) was established by Russia on

Sakhalin in 1857, but the southern part of the island was held by the Japanese until the 1875 Treaty of Saint

Petersburg, when they ceded it to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_%281875%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_%281875%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_camphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katorgahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ussurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heilongjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_of_Pekinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Aigunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Shimodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karafutohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gennady_Nevelskoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuril_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AV.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_I._Settlers_Way_of_Life._Near_Cathedral_at_Holiday.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamiya_Rinz%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Johann_von_Krusensternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Nevelskoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Nevelskoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Tartaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup%2C_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALa-Perouse-Chart-of-Discoveries.jpg


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Divided island

Sakhalin Island with Karafuto

Prefecture highlighted

After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth

of 1905, which saw the southern part of the island below 50th parallel north

reverting to Japan; Russia retained the other three-fifths of the area. During the

Siberian Intervention, Japan briefly held the northern part of the island from

1920 to 1925.

South Sakhalin was administrated by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (Karafuto-ch

( )), with the capital Toyohara, today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and had a

large number of migrants from Korea.

The northern, Russian, half of the island formed Sakhalin Oblast, with the capital

in Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.

Second World War

In August 1945, according to Yalta Conference agreements, the Soviet Union

took over the control of Sakhalin. The Soviet attack on South Sakhalin was part

of the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation, and earlier sanctioned by the Allies, started on 11 August 1945,

after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and four days before the Surrender of Japan. The 56th Rifle Corps

consisting of the 79th Rifle Division, the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214th Armored Brigade

attacked the Japanese 88th Division. Although the Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by a factor of three, they

were unable to advance due to strong Japanese resistance.

It was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovetskaya

Gavan landed on 16 August at Tro () a seashore village of western Sakhalin that the Soviets broke the

Japanese defence line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting, mostly skirmishes,

continued until 21 August. From 22 August to 23 August, most of the remaining Japanese units announced a truce.The Soviets completed the conquest of Sakhalin on 25 August 1945 by occupying the capital, Toyohara, when

Soviet troops swept southward and in nine days defeated 20,000 Japanese defenders.[4]

Out of some 448,000 Japanese residents of South Sakhalin who lived there in 1944, a significant number were

evacuated to Japan during the last days of the war, but the remaining 300,000 or so stayed behind for several more

years. While the predominant majority of Sakhalin Japanese were eventually evacuated to Japan in 19461950, tens

of thousands of Sakhalin Koreans (and a number of their Japanese spouses) remained in the Soviet Union.[5]

Central part of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 2009

No final peace treaty has been signed and the status

of four neighboring islands remains disputed. Japan

renounced its claims of sovereignty over southern

Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Treaty of San

Francisco (1951), but claims that four islands

currently administered by Russia were not subject to

this renunciation. Japan has granted mutual exchange

visas for Japanese and Ainu families divided by the

change in status. Recently, economic and political

cooperation has gradually improved between the two

nations despite disagreements.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuril_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADowntown_Yuzhno.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakhalin_Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuation_of_Karafuto_and_Kurileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E8%B7%AFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovetskaya_Gavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovetskaya_Gavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrender_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_Strategic_Offensive_Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yalta_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakhalin_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuzhno-Sakhalinskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyoharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karafuto_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberian_Interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Portsmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKarafuto_map.png


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Sakhalin 6

Recent history

On September 1, 1983, the Korean Air Flight 007, a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot

down by the Soviet Union, just west of Sakhalin Island, near the smaller Moneron Island; the Soviet Union claimed

it was a spy plane. All 269 passengers and crew died, including a U.S. Congressman, Larry McDonald.

On May 28, 1995, an earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,000 people in the town of

Neftegorsk.[citation needed]

Geography

Cape Tihii, Sakhalin

Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow

Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and

from Hokkaid, (Japan) by the Soya Strait or La Prouse Strait.

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, being 948 km (589 mi) long,

and 25 to 170 km (16 to 106 mi) wide, with an area of 72,492 km2

(27,989 sq mi).

Its orography and geological structure are imperfectly known. One

theory is that Sakhalin arose from the Sakhalin island arc. Nearly

two-thirds of Sakhalin is mountainous. Two parallel ranges of

mountains traverse it from north to south, reaching 6001500 m

(20005000 ft). The Western Sakhalin Mountains peak in Mount Ichara, 1,481 m (4,859 ft), while the Eastern

Sakhalin Mountains's highest peak, Mount Lopatin 1,609 m (5,279 ft), is also the island's highest mountain.

Tym-Poronaiskaya Valley separates the two ranges. Susuanaisky and Tonino-Anivsky ranges traverse the island in

the south, while the swampy Northern-Sakhalin plain occupies most of its north.[7]

Sea of Okhotsk coast, Sakhalin

Crystalline rocks crop out at several capes; Cretaceous limestones,

containing an abundant and specific fauna of gigantic ammonites,occur at Dui on the west coast; and Tertiary conglomerates,

sandstones, marls and clays, folded by subsequent upheavals, are found

in many parts of the island. The clays, which contain layers of good

coal and an abundant fossil vegetation, show that during the Miocene

period, Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north

Asia, Alaska and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate.

The Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more Arctic than that

which exists at the present time, indicating that the connection between

the Pacific and Arctic Oceans was probably broader than it is now.

Main rivers: The Tym, 330 km (205 mi) long and navigable by rafts and light boats for 80 km (50 mi), flows north

and north-east with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk.[8]

The Poronai River flows

south-south-east to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the south-east coast. Three other small streams enter the

wide semicircular Gulf of Aniva or Higashifushimi Bay at the southern extremity of the island.

The northernmost point of Sakhalin is Cape of Elisabeth on the Schmidt Peninsula, while Cape Crillon is the

southernmost point of the island.

Sakhalin has two smaller islands associated with it, Moneron Island and Ush Island. Moneron, the only land mass in

the Tatar strait, 7.2 km (4.5 mi) long and 5.6 km (3.5 mi) wide, is about 24 nautical miles (44 km) west from the

nearest coast of Sakhalin and 41 nmi (76 km) from the port city of Nevelsk. Ush Island is an island off of the

northern coast of Sakhalin.
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Sakhalin 7

Demographics

Nivkh children in Sakhalin around 1903

At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32,000 Russians

(of whom over 22,000 were convicts) inhabited Sakhalin

along with several thousand native inhabitants. The island's

population has grown to 546,695 according to the 2002

census, 83% of whom are ethnic Russians, followed by

Koreans at about 30,000 (5.5%), Ukrainians and Tatars,

Yakuts and Evenks. The native inhabitants consist of some

2,000 Nivkhs and 750 Oroks. The Nivkhs in the north

support themselves by fishing and hunting. In 2008 there

were 6,416 births and 7,572 deaths.

The administrative center of the oblast, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,

a city of about 175,000, has a large Korean minority,

typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans, who were forcibly brought by the Japanese during World War II to work

in the coal mines. Most of the population lives in the southern half of the island, centered mainly aroundYuzhno-Sakhalinsk and two ports, Kholmsk and Korsakov (population about 40,000 each).

The 400,000 Japanese inhabitants of Sakhalin (including all indigenous Ainu) were deported following the conquest

of the southern portion of the island by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II.

Climate

The Sea of Okhotsk ensures Sakhalin has a cold and humid climate, ranging from humid continental (Kppen Dfb)

in the south to subarctic (Dfc) in the centre and north. The maritime influence makes summers much cooler than in

similar-latitude inland cities such as Harbin or Irkutsk, but makes the winters much more snowy whilst remaining

severely cold, only a few degrees warmer than in interior East Asian cities at the same latitude. Summers are alsounpleasantly foggy with little sunshine

[9]and the persistently wet conditions are ideal for mosquitoes.

Precipitation is heavy, owing to the strong onshore winds in summer and the high frequency of North Pacific storms

affecting the island in the autumn. It ranges from around 500 millimetres (20 in) on the northwest coast to over 1,200

millimetres (47 in) in southern mountainous regions. In contrast to interior east Asia with its pronounced summer

maximum, onshore winds ensure Sakhalin has year-round precipitation with a peak in the autumn. Snowpacks can

reach five metres in mountainous areas of the island.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Climate chart (explanation)
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Sakhalin 8

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Average max. and min. temperatures in C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Weather Underground

Imperial conversion

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Average max. and min. temperatures in F

Precipitation totals in inches

Flora and fauna

The whole of the island is covered with dense forests, mostly coniferous. The Yezo (or Yeddo) spruce (Picea

jezoensis), the Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis) and the Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii)are the chief trees; on the

upper parts of the mountains are the Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) andthe Kurilebamboo (Sasa kurilensis).

Birches, both Siberian silver birch (Betula platyphylla) and Erman's birch (B. ermanii), poplar, elm, Bird cherry

(Prunus padus), Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and several willows are mixed with the conifers; while farther

south the maple, rowan and oak, as also the Japanese Panax ricinifolium, the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron

amurense), the Spindle (Euonymus macropterus) and the vine (Vitis thunbergii) make their appearance. The

underwoods abound in berry-bearing plants (e.g. cloudberry, cranberry, crowberry, red whortleberry), Red-berriedelder (Sambucus racemosa), wild raspberry and Spiraea.
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Sakhalin 9

Bears, foxes, otters and sables are numerous, as are reindeer in the north, and musk deer, hares, squirrels, rats and

mice everywhere. The bird fauna is mostly the common east Siberian, but there are some endemic or near-endemic

breeding species, notably the endangered Nordmann's Greenshank (Tringa guttifer) and the Sakhalin Leaf Warbler

(Phylloscopus borealoides). The rivers swarm with fish, especially species of salmon (Oncorhynchus). Numerous

whales visit the sea coast, including the critically endangered Western Pacific Gray Whale, for which the coast of

Sakhalin is the only known feeding ground. Other endangered whale species known to occur in this area are the

North Pacific Right Whale, the Bowhead Whale and the Beluga Whale.

Transport

A Japanese D51 steam locomotive outside the

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station

Sea

Transport, especially by sea, is an important segment of the economy.

Nearly all the cargo arriving for Sakhalin (and the Kuril Islands) is

delivered by cargo boats, or by ferries, in railway wagons, through the

SSC train ferry from the mainland port of Vanino to Kholmsk. Theports of Korsakov and Kholmsk are the largest and handle all kinds of

goods, while coal and timber shipments often go through other ports.

In 1999, a ferry service was opened between the ports of Korsakov and

Wakkanai, Japan.

Sakhalin's main shipping company is Sakhalin Shipping Company,

headquartered in Kholmsk on the island's west coast.

Rail

About 30% of all inland transport volume is carried by the island's railways, most of which are organized as the

Sakhalin Railway ( ), which is one of the 17 territorial divisions of the Russian

Railways.

The Sakhalin Railway network extends from Nogliki in the north to Korsakov in the south. Sakhalin's railway has a

connection with the rest of Russia via a ferry operating between Vanino and Kholmsk.

As of 2004, the railways are only now being converted from the Japanese 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge to the Russian

1,520 mm (4 ft 1127

32in) gauge. The original Japanese D51 steam locomotives were used by the Soviet Railways

until 1979.

Besides the main network run by the Russian Railways, until December 2006 the local oil company

(Sakhalinmorneftegaz) operated a corporate narrow-gauge (750 mm) line extending for 228 kilometers (142 mi)

from Nogliki further north to Okha ( ). During the last years of its

service, it gradually deteriorated; the service was terminated in December 2006, and the line was dismantled in

20072008.
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Sakhalin 10

Air

A passenger train in Nogliki

Sakhalin is connected by regular flights to Moscow, Khabarovsk,

Vladivostok and other cities of Russia. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport has

regularly scheduled international flights to Hakodate, Japan, and Seoul

and Busan, South Korea. There are also charter flights to the Japanese

cities of Tokyo, Niigata, and Sapporo and to the Chinese cities of

Shanghai, Dalian and Harbin. The island was formerly served by

Alaska Airlines from Anchorage, Petropavlovsk and Magadan.

Fixed Link Tunnel

The idea of building a fixed link between Sakhalin and the Russian mainland was first mooted in the 1930s. In the

1940s, an abortive attempt was made to link the island via a 10 kilometres (6 miles) long undersea tunnel. The

workers supposedly made it almost to the half-way point[citation needed]

before the project was abandoned under

Nikita Khrushchev. In 2000, the Russian government revived the idea, adding a suggestion that a 40-km-long bridge

could be constructed between Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaid, providing Japan with a directconnection to the Euro-Asian railway network. It was claimed that construction work could begin as early as 2001.

The idea was received skeptically by the Japanese government and appears to have been shelved, probably

permanently, after the cost was estimated at as much as US$50 billion.

In November 2008, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced government support for the construction of the

Sakhalin Tunnel, along with the required re-gauging of the island's railways to Russian standard gauge, at an

estimated cost of 300330 billion roubles.

Economy

At the ceremony marking the opening of a

liquefied natural gas production plant built as part

of the Sakhalin-2 project. (www.kremlin.ru.)

Sakhalin is a classic "primary sector of the economy" relying on oil

and gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. Limited quantities

of rye, wheat, oats, barley and vegetables are grown, although the

growing season averages less than 100 days.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic

liberalization, Sakhalin has experienced an oil boom with extensive

petroleum exploration and mining by most large oil multinational

corporations. The oil and natural gas reserves contain an estimated 14

billion barrels (2.2 km) of oil and 96 trillion cubic feet (2,700 km) of

gas and are being developed under production-sharing agreement

contracts involving international oil companies like ExxonMobil and

Shell.

In 1996, two large consortiums signed contracts to explore for oil and gas off the northeast coast of the island,

Sakhalin-I and Sakhalin-II. The two consortia were estimated to spend a combined US$21 billion on the two projects

which almost doubled to $37 billion as of September 2006, triggering Russian governmental opposition. The cost

will include an estimated US$1 billion to upgrade the island's infrastructure: roads, bridges, waste management sites,

airports, railways, communications systems, and ports. In addition, Sakhalin-III-through-VI are in various early

stages of development.

The Sakhalin I project, managed by Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL), completed a production-sharing agreement

(PSA) between the Sakhalin I consortium, the Russian Federation, and the Sakhalin government. Russia is in the

process of building a 136-mile (219 km) pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri terminal
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Sakhalin 11

on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri, the resource will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian

markets, namely Japan, South Korea and China.

The second consortium, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd (Sakhalin Energy), is managing the Sakhalin II

project. It completed the first ever production-sharing agreement (PSA) with the Russian Federation. Sakhalin

Energy will build two 800-km pipelines running from the northeast of the island to Prigorodnoye (Prigorodnoe) in

Aniva Bay at the southern end. The consortium will also build, at Prigorodnoye, the first ever liquefied natural gas(LNG) plant to be built in Russia. The oil and gas are also bound for East Asian markets.

Sakhalin II has come under fire from environmental groups, namely Sakhalin Environment Watch, for dumping

dredging material in Aniva Bay. The groups were also worried about the offshore pipelines interfering with the

migration of whales off the island. The consortium has (as of January 2006) re-routed the pipeline to avoid the whale

migration. After a doubling in the projected cost, the Russian government threatened to halt the project for

environmental reasons. There have been suggestions that the Russian government is using the environmental issues

as a pretext for obtaining a greater share of revenues from the project and/or forcing involvement by the

state-controlled Gazprom. The cost overruns (at least partly due to Shell's response to environmental concerns), are

reducing the share of profits flowing to the Russian treasury.[10]

In 2000, the oil and gas industry accounted for 57.5% of Sakhalin's industrial output. By 2006, it is expected to

account for 80% of the island's industrial output. Sakhalin's economy is growing rapidly thanks to its oil and gas

industry. By 2005, the island had become the largest recipient of foreign investment in Russia, followed by Moscow.

Unemployment in 2002 was only 2%.[citation needed]

As of April 18, 2007, Gazprom has taken a 50% plus one share interest in Sakhalin II by purchasing 50% of Shell,

Mitsui and Mitsubishi's shares.

International partnerships

Gig Harbor, Washington, United States

Jeju-do, South Korea

References

[1] http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Sakhalin&params=51_N_143_E_region:RU_type:isle_scale:5000000

[2][2] Link is to partial text.

[3] The people whose name the Jesuits recorded asKe tcheng ta tse ("Hezhen Tatars") lived, according to the Jesuits, on the Amur below the

mouth of the Dondon River, and were related to the Yupi ta tse ("Fishskin Tatars") living on the Ussuri and the Amur upstream from the

mouth of the Dondon. The two groups might thus be ancestral of the Ulch and Nanai people known to latter ethnologists; or, the "Ke tcheng"

might in fact be Nivkhs.

[4] Gargan, Edward, " Island a Focus of Russian-Japan Disputes (http://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/02/world/

island-a-focus-of-russian-japan-disputes.html)", The New York Times, September 2, 1983.

[5] Sandford, Daniel, " Sakhalin memories: Japanese stranded by war in the USSR (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

world-asia-pacific-14278362)",BBC, 3 August 2011.

[6] http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/0429/Japan-and-Russia-want-to-finally-end-World-War-II-agree-it-is-abnormal-not-to

[7][7] Ivlev, A. M. Soils of Sakhalin. New Delhi: Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, 1974. Pages 9-28.

[8] Tym (http://slovari.yandex.ru/~//) - an article in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (In Russian, retrieved 2012-08-21.)

[9] Sakhalin Hydrometeorological Service, accessed 19 April 2011 (http://sakhmeteo.ru/en/)

[10][10] Citations for the date:
http://sakhmeteo.ru/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Soviet_Encyclopediahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/%EE%BF%80http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/0429/Japan-and-Russia-want-to-finally-end-World-War-II-agree-it-is-abnormal-not-tohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBChttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14278362http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14278362http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/02/world/island-a-focus-of-russian-japan-disputes.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/02/world/island-a-focus-of-russian-japan-disputes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulch_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dondon_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hezhenhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Sakhalin&params=51_N_143_E_region:RU_type:isle_scale:5000000http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeju-dohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_%28state%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gig_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazprom


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Sakhalin 12

Further reading

C. H. Hawes,In the Uttermost East (London, 1903). (P. A. K.; J. T. BE.)

A Journey to Sakhalin (1895), by Anton Chekhov, including:

Saghalien [or Sakhalin] Island (18911895)

Across Siberia

Sakhalin Unplugged (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2006) by Ajay Kamalakaran

External links

Sakhalin travel guide from Wikivoyage

Map of the Sakhalin Hydrocarbon Region (http://www.blackbourn.co.uk/databases/

hydrocarbon-province-maps/sakhalin.pdf)at Blackbourn Geoconsulting

TransGlobal Highway (http://www.transglobalhighway.com/)Proposed Sakhalin-Hokkaid Friendship

Tunnel

Steam and the Railways of Sakhalin (http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia02.htm)

Maps of Ezo, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (http:/

/

www.wdl.

org/

en/

item/

3) from 1854
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia02.htmhttp://www.transglobalhighway.com/http://www.blackbourn.co.uk/databases/hydrocarbon-province-maps/sakhalin.pdfhttp://www.blackbourn.co.uk/databases/hydrocarbon-province-maps/sakhalin.pdfhttp://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sakhalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Chekhov


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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsSakhalin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583889788 Contributors: -js-, 1dragon, ACSE, AaronRichard, Aeusoes1, Ahoerstemeier, Akradecki, Alertedlevel2, Alexandersam,

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Gsklee, Gw2005, Gymnophoria, Hadlock, Hamiltondaniel, Harveyqs, Haymaker, Hesperion21, HisSpaceResea rch, Hmains, Hunnjazal, Hutcher, Ideyal, Ilyushka88, Imars, Imzogelmo,

Infrogmation, Instantnood, Ipsoko, Iritakamas, Isfisk, JFHJr, JPMcGrath, JackofOz, JamesAM, Jarble, Jaxl, Jayanta Sen, Jaywubba1887, Jdforrester, JeR, Jiang, Jiyuukaminari, Jllm06, Joelr31,

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sakhalin (detail).PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sakhalin_(detail).PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: edited by M.Minderhoud

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File:Karafuto map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karafuto_map.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Nihonjoe

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