e-502 home vegetable guide
TRANSCRIPT
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*Assistant Professor and Extension Horticulturist, The Texas A&M System.
Joseph Masabni*
Home gardening continues to grow in popularity. One o every three amilies does some type o home gardening, according toconservative estimates, with most gardens located in urban areas.exas gardeners can produce tasty, nutritious vegetables year-round. o be
a success ul gardener you will need to ollow a ew basic rules and makepractical decisions.
Garden SiteAlthough many urban gardeners have little choice, selecting a garden
site is extremely important. Te ideal garden area gets ull or nearly ullsunlight and has deep, well-drained, ertile soil. Te garden should be neara water outlet but not close to competing shrubs or trees. However, i youmodi y certain cultural practices and select the right crops, almost any sitecan become a highly productive garden.
Crop SelectionOne o the rst things you must do is decide what vegetables to grow.
able 1 lists crops suitable or small and large gardens. You will want togrow vegetables that return a good portion o nutritious ood or the timeand space they require. Vine crops such as watermelons, cantaloupes,winter squash and cucumbers need large amounts o space, but i you plantthem near a ence or trellis you may need less space or vine crops. Plantthe vegetables your amily will enjoy most. Resist the urge to plant moreo any particular vegetable than you need unless you plan to preserve thesurplus.
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Table 1. Home garden vegetables.
Small gardens Large gardens
Beets Green bean Cantaloupe PotatoBroccoli Lettuce Cauli ower Pumpkin
Bush squash Onion Collard Southern peaCabbage Parsley Cucumber Sweet cornCarrot Pepper Mustard Sweet potato
Eggplant Radish Okra WatermelonEnglish pea Spinach
Garlic Tomato
It is important to select the right variety o
each vegetable. I you plant the wrong variety or your area you may not get a satis actory yield
no matter how much care you give the plants.
Your county Extension agent can provide a listo varieties that are well adapted to your area o
exas. I you try new varieties and hybrids, limitthe size o the plantings.
I your garden does not receive ull or nearly ull sunlight, try growing lea y crops such as lea
lettuce, mustard and parsley. able 2 lists vege-tables that do well in ull sunlight and those thattolerate partial shade.
Table 2. Light requirements o common vegetables.
Require bright sunlight
Bean Eggplant PotatoBroccoli Okra Pumpkin
Cantaloupe Onion SquashCauli ower Pea TomatoCucumber Pepper Watermelon
Tolerate partial shade
Beet Collard Parsley
Brussels sprouts Kale RadishCabbage Lettuce SpinachCarrot Mustard Turnip
Garden PlanA gardener needs a plan just as an architect
does. Care ul planning lessens gardening work and increases the return on your labor.
able 3 shows the relative maturity rates o various vegetable crops. Long-term crops requirea long growing period. Plant them where they wont inter ere with the care and harvesting o short-term crops. Plant tall-growing crops (okra,staked tomatoes, pole beans, sweet corn) on thenorth side o the garden where they will notshade or inter ere with the growth o low-grow-ing crops such as radishes, lea lettuce, onionsand bush beans. Group crops according to theirrate o maturity so a new crop can be plantedto take the place o another as soon as it isremoved. When you plant a new crop, it shouldbe totally unrelated to the crop it is replacing.Tis is called crop rotation. Crop rotation helpsprevent the buildup o diseases and insects. Forexample, ollow early beans with beets, squashor bell peppers.
Table 3. Maturity rates o common vegetables.
Quick (30 to 60 days)
Beets Mustard Summer squashBush bean Radish Turnip
Lea lettuce Spinach Turnip green
Moderate (60 to 80 days)
Broccoli Green onion ParsleyChinese cabbage Kohlrabi Pepper
Carrot Lima bean TomatoCucumber Okra
Slow (80 days or more)
Brussels sprouts Cauli ower Pumpkin
Bulb onion Eggplant Sweet potatoCabbage Garlic Tomato
Cantaloupe Irish potato Watermelon
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Figure 1. Average date o last spring rost.
Feb 14
Jan 30
No freeze
Apr 15
Mar 31
Mar 16
Mar 1
Amarillo
Lubbock
El Paso
San Antonio
Laredo Kingsville
Corpus Christi
Austin
Waco
Houston
BryanCollege Station
Dallas
McAllenHarlingen
Figure 2. Average date o rst all rost.
McAllenHarlingen
El Paso
San Antonio
Laredo Kingsville
Corpus Christi
Austin
Waco
Houston
BryanCollege Station
Dallas
Nov 1
Nov 16
Dec 1
Dec 16
No freeze
Amarillo
Lubbock
Soil PreparationMany garden sites do not have the deep, well-
drained, ertile soil that is ideal or growing vegeta-bles. I yours is one o them, you will need to alter
the soil to provide good drainage and aeration. I the soil is heavy clay, adding organic matter, sandor gypsum will improve it. Organic matter alsoimproves sandy soils.
o improve clay soils, apply 1 to 2 inches o good sand and 2 to 3 inches o organic matter tothe soil sur ace in late winter or early spring; thenturn it under to mix it thoroughly with the soil. Itmay take several years to improve the soils physi-cal condition and youll want to add more organicmatter (in the orm o composted materials, peanut
hulls, rice hulls, grass clippings, etc.) periodically.urn the soil to a depth o 8 to 10 inchesthedeeper the bettereach time you add organic mat-ter. Add gypsum at the rate o 6 to 8 pounds per100 square eet where the soil is heavy clay.
When you add organic matter or sand to thegarden site, be care ul not to introduce soil pestssuch as nematodes. Contact your county Extensionagent to nd out how you can have your soil tested
or nematodes by the exas AgriLi e Extension Soilesting Laboratory.
Never work wet garden soil. o determine i thesoil is dry enough or working, squeeze together asmall hand ul o soil. I it sticks together in a balland does not readily crumble under slight pressureby your thumb and nger, it is too wet or working.
Seeds germinate better in well-prepared soilthan in coarse, lumpy soil. Torough soil prepa-ration makes planting and caring or your cropsmuch easier. It is possible, however, to overdo thepreparation o some soils. An ideal soil or plantingis granular, not powdery ne.
FertilizationProper ertilization is another important key
to success ul vegetable gardening. Te amounto ertilizer needed depends upon the soil typeand the crops you are growing. exas soils vary
rom deep sands to ertile, well-drained soils toheavy, dark clays underlaid by layers o calicherock or hardpan. Crops grown on sandy soilsusually respond to liberal amounts o potassium,
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Table 4. Ease o transplanting.
Easily transplanted
Beet Cauli ower OnionBroccoli Chard TomatoCabbage Lettuce
Require care
Carrot Eggplant PepperCelery Okra Spinach
Very difcult without using containers
Bean Cucumber TurnipCantaloupe Pea WatermelonSweet corn Squash
whereas crops grown on clay soils do not.Heavy clay soils can be ertilized much more
heavily at planting than can sandy soils. Heavy clay soils and those with lots o organic matter cansa ely absorb and store ertilizer at three to our
times the rate o sandy soils. Tin, sandy soils,which need ertilizer the most, un ortunately cannot be ed as heavily without burning plants.Te solution is to eed poor, thin soils more o enin lighter doses. For accurate recommendationsregarding ertilizer rates, contact your county Extension agent and request a soil test kit.
In general, i your garden is located on deep,sandy soil, apply a complete preplant ertilizersuch as 5-10-10 or 6-12-12 at the rate o 1 to 2pounds per 100 square eet. I your soil has a
high percentage o clay, a ertilizer such as10-20-10 or 12-24-12 applied at 1 to 2 poundsper 100 square eet should be suitable.
Make the preplant ertilizer application aew days be ore planting. Spade the garden plot,
spread the ertilizer by hand or with a ertil-izer distributor, and then work the soil well toproperly mix the ertilizer with the soil. A erthe ertilizer is well mixed with the soil, bed thegarden in preparation or planting.
On alkaline soils, apply 1-20-0 (superphos-phate) directly beneath the intended seed row orplant row be ore planting. Apply the superphos-phate at a rate o 1 to 1 pounds per 100 linear
eet o row. Make sure the nitrogen material willbe 2 to 4 inches below the seed or transplantroots so it wont harm them. Later in the seasonyou can apply additional nitrogen as a urrowor sidedress application. For most soils, 2 to 3pounds o 21-0-0 (ammonium sul ate) per 100linear eet o row, applied in the urrow and wa-
tered in, is adequate. For crops such as tomatoes,peppers and squash, make this application atrst ruit set. Sidedress lea y crops such as cab-
bage and lettuce when they develop several setso character leaves.
PlantingPlant your garden as early as possible in the
spring and all so the vegetables will grow and
mature during ideal conditions. Using transplantsrather than seeds, when possible, allows crops tomature earlier and extends the productive periodo many vegetable crops. Be care ul not to planttransplants too deep or too shallow, especially i plants are in containers such as peat pots. Plantingtoo deep o en causes developed roots to abort.Planting too shallow may cause roots to dry out.
Some crops can be removed rom containersor planting, while others are best transplanted in
containers, as indicated in able 4. When trans-
planting plants such as tomatoes or peppers, usea starter solution. Purchase starter solution at anursery or make your own by mixing 2 to 3 cupso ertilizer (such as 10-20-10) in 5 gallons o wa-ter. Use the lower rate on light, sandy soils. Pour1 to 2 pints o starter solution (depending on plantsize) into each transplant hole be ore planting.
Tis keeps the plants rom drying out and givesthe young, growing plants the nutrients they need.
When planting seeds, a general rule o thumbis to cover the seed two to three times as deep
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Table 5. Days rom planting to emergence under goodgrowing conditions.
Bean 5- 0 Cucumber 6- 0 Pepper 9- 4
Beet 7- 0 Eggplant 6- 0 Radish 3-6
Broccoli 5- 0 Lettuce 6- Spinach 7- 2
Cabbage 5- 0 Okra 7- 0 Squash 4-6
Carrot 2- Onion 7- 0 Tomato 6- 2
Cauli ower 5- 0 Pea 6- 0 Turnip 4-
Corn 5- Parsley 5-2 Watermelon 6-
as its width. Tis is especially true or big seedssuch as green bean, sweet corn, cucumber, can-taloupe and watermelon. Smaller seeds such ascarrot, lettuce or onion can be planted about to inch deep. Plant seeds airly thickly; once they
have sprouted you can thin plants to an optimumstand. A er planting seeds, do not let the soilbecome so dry that it develops a crust, but do notoverwater either. able 5 indicates the averagenumber o days rom planting to emergence.
Wateringhas time to dry be ore night. Tis helps prevent
oliage diseases, since humidity and cool temper-atures encourage disease development on most vegetable crops.
A drip irrigation system is best because it keepswater o plant oliage and uses water most e cient-ly. Drip irrigation is ideal or use with mulches.
Apply enough water to wet the soil to adepth o at least 6 inches. For best production,most gardens require about 1 inch o rain orirrigation per week during the growing season.Light, sandy soils usually need to be wateredmore o en than heavier, dark soils. I you usesprinklers, water in the morning so plant oliage
Weed Controlprohibits the use o such chemicals. Cultivate and
hoe shallowly to avoid injuring vegetable rootsnear the soil sur ace. Control weeds when they are small seedlings to prevent them rom seedingand re-inoculating the garden area. Mulching isalso an e ective means o weed control.
A long-handled hoe is the best tool or con-
trolling undesirable plants in vegetable gardens.Chemical weed control usually is undesirableand unsatis actory because o the selective natureo weed control chemicals. Te wide variety o vegetable crops normally planted in a small area
MulchingMulching increases yields, conserves mois-
ture, prevents weed growth, regulates soil tem-
perature, and lessens crop loss caused by groundrot. Organic mulches include straw, leaves, grass,bark, compost, sawdust and peat moss. Organicmulches incorporated into the soil will improvethe soil tilth, aeration and drainage. Te amounto organic mulch to use depends upon the type,
but 1 to 2 inches applied to the garden sur acearound growing plants is adequate.
When you have nished harvesting and itis time to turn under organic mulch or subse-quent crops, add more ertilizer at the rate o about 1 pound per 100 square eet to help soilorganisms break down the additional organicmatter.
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Pest ControlDisease control is really a preventive rather
than an eradication procedure. Cool, damp con-ditions are conducive to oliage diseases. Care-
ully watch your garden or symptoms o diseases.I necessary, spray with approved ungicides.Publications on disease and insect identi cationand control are available rom your county Ex-tension ofce and at the exas AgriLi e ExtensionBookstore (http://agrilifebookstore.org ).
Diseases and insects can cause problemsor exas gardeners. Long growing seasons with
relatively mild winters encourage large insectpopulations. Avoid spraying when possible, butuse recommended and approved chemicals i thesituation warrants. Be care ul when deciding whichchemicals to apply. Spray only those crops listed onthe chemicals container. When used according tothe manu acturers directions and label, chemicalspose no threat to the home gardener.
HarvestingHarvest time brings the reward o planting and
caring or your vegetable crops. For best favor, har- vest vegetables when they are mature. A vegetables
ull favor develops only at peak maturity, result-
ing in the excellent taste o vine-ripened tomatoes,tender green beans and crisp, favor ul lettuce. Formaximum favor and nutritional content, harvestthe crop the day it is to be canned, rozen or eaten.
Home Gardening Dos and DontsDo 1. Use recommended varieties or your
area o the state.2. Sample soil and have it tested every 2 to
3 years.3. Apply preplant ertilizer to the garden
in the recommended amount.4. Examine your garden o en to keep
ahead o potential problems.5. Keep the garden ree o insects, dis-
eases and weeds.6. Use mulches to conserve moisture,
control weeds and reduce ground rots.7. Water as needed, wetting soil to a depth
o 6 inches.8. Tin when plants are small.9. Avoid excessive walking and working
in the garden when the oliage and soilare wet.
10. Wash your garden tools and sprayerwell a er each use.
11. Keep records on garden activities.
1. Depend on varieties not recommend-ed or your area, but do try limitedamounts o new releases.
2. Plant so closely that you cannot walk orwork in the garden.
3. Cultivate so deeply that plant roots areinjured.
4. Shade small plants with taller growingcrops.
5. Water excessively or in late a ernoon.6. Place ertilizer directly in contact with
plant roots or seeds.7. Allow weeds to grow large be ore culti-
vating.8. Apply chemicals or pesticides in a hap-
hazard manner or without reading thelabel directions.
9. Use chemicals not speci cally recom-mended or garden crops.
10. Store le over diluted spray.
Dont
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Table 7. Common garden problems.
Symptom Possible causes Corrective measure(s)
Plants stunted in growth;sickly, yellow color
Not enough soil nutrients or soil pH is abnormal Use ertilizer and correct pH according toa soil test. Use 2 to 3 pounds o complete
ertilizer per 00 square eet in theabsence o soil test.
Plants growing in compacted, poorly drainedsoil
Modi y soil with organic matter or coarsesand.
Insect or disease damage Use a regular spray or dust program.
Iron de ciency Apply iron to soil or oliage.
Plants stunted in growth; sickly, purplishcolor
Low temperature Plant at the proper time. Dont use light-colored mulch too early in the season.
Low available phosphate Apply sufcient phosphate at planting.
Holes in leaves; leaves yellowish anddropping, or distorted in shape
Insect damage Use recommended insecticides at regularintervals.
Plant leaves with spots; dead, dried areas;or powdery or rusty areas
Plant disease Use resistant varieties; remove diseasedplants and use a regular spray program.
Plants wilt even though they havesufcient water
Soluble salts too high or root system damage Have soil tested. Use soil insecticides,ungicides and resistant varieties.
Poor drainage and aeration Add organic matter or sand to the soil.Insect or nematode damage Use recommended varieties and apply soil
insecticides or nematicides.
Plants tall, spindly and unproductive Excessive shade Relocate to a sunny area. Keep downweeds.
Excessive nitrogen Reduce applications o nitrogen
Blossom drop (tomato) Hot, dry periods Use mulch and water. Plant heat-tolerantvarieties.
Minor element de ciencies Use ertilizer containing zinc, iron andmanganese.
Failure to set ruit (vine crop) Poor pollination Avoid spraying when bees are present.Leathery, dry, brown blemish on theblossom end o tomato, pepper andwatermelon
Blossom end rot Keep the soil moisture uni orm. Avoidoverwatering and excessive nitrogen.
Table 6. Handy conversion table.
3 teaspoons = tablespoon 2 pints = quart
2 tablespoons = uid ounce 4 quarts = gallon
6 tablespoons = cup ounce = approximately 2 tablespoons (dry weight)
2 cups = pint or 6 uid ounces
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Table 8. Vegetable planting.
Vegetables Seed orplants per100 eet
Depth o planting
(in)
Distancebetweenrows (in)
Distancebetween
plants (in)
Height o crop ( t)
Spring plantingrelative to
rost- ree date
Fall plantingrelative to rst
reeze date
Asparagus oz seedor 66 plants
- or 6-
36-4 5 4 to 6 weeks be ore not recommended
Beans, snap bush lb seed - 30-36 3-4 to 4 weeks a ter to 0 weeksbe ore
Beans, snap pole lb seed - 36-4 4-6 6 to 4 weeks a ter 4 to 6 weeksbe ore
Beans, Limabush
lb seed - 30-36 3-4 to 4 weeks a ter to 0 weeksbe ore
Beans, Lima pole lb seed - 36-4 2- 6 to 4 weeks a ter 4 to 6 weeksbe ore
Beets oz seed 4-24 2 4 to 6 weeks be ore to 0 weeksbe ore
Broccoli oz seed 24-36 4-24 3 4 to 6 weeks be ore 0 to 6 weeksbe ore
Brussels Sprouts oz seed 24-36 4-24 2 4 to 6 weeks be ore 0 to 4 weeksbe ore
Cabbage oz seed 24-36 4-24 4 to 6 weeks be ore 0 to 6 weeksbe ore
Cabbage,Chinese
oz seed -30 7- 2 4 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Carrot oz seed 4-24 2 4 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Cauli ower oz seed 24-36 4-24 3 not recommended 0 to 6 weeksbe ore
Chard, Swiss 2 oz seed -30 6 2 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Collard (Kale) oz seed -36 6- 2 2 2 to 6 weeks be ore to 2 weeksbe ore
Corn, sweet 3-4 oz seed 24-36 9- 2 6 to 6 weeks a ter 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Cucumber oz seed 4 -72 - 2 to 6 weeks a ter 0 to 2 weeksbe ore
Eggplant 1/8 oz seed 30-26 -24 3 2 to 6 weeks a ter 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Garlic lb seed 4-24 2-4 not recommended 4 to 6 weeks be ore
Kohlrabi oz seed 4-24 4-6 2 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Lettuce oz seed -24 2-3 6 weeks be oreor 2 weeks a ter
0 to 4 weeksbe ore
Muskmelon(Cantaloupe)
oz seed 60-96 24-36 to 6 weeks a ter 4 to 6 weeksbe ore
(continued on next page)
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Table 8. Vegetable planting continued.
Vegetables Seed orplants per100 eet
Depth o planting
(in)
Distancebetweenrows (in)
Distancebetween
plants (in)
Height o crop ( t)
Spring plantingrelative to
rost- ree date
Fall plantingrelative to rst
reeze date
Mustard oz seed 4-24 6- 2 to 6 weeks a ter 0 to 6 weeksbe ore
Okra 2 oz seed 36-42 2-24 6 2 to 6 weeks a ter 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Onion (plants) No seed400-600plants
4-24 2-3 4 to 0 weeks be ore not recommended
Onion (seed) oz seed 4-24 2-3 6 to weeks be ore to 0 weeksbe ore
Parsley oz seed 1/8 4-24 2-4 to 6 weeks be ore 6 to 6 weeksbe ore
Peas, English lb seed 2-3 -36 2 2 to weeks be ore 2 to 2 weeksbe ore
Peas, Southern lb seed 2-3 24-36 4-6 2 2 to 0 weeks a ter 0- 2 weeks be ore
Pepper 1/8 oz seed 30-36 -24 3 to weeks a ter 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Potato, Irish 6- 0 lb seed 4 30-36 0- 5 2 4 to 6 weeks be ore 4 to 6 weeksbe ore
Potato, sweet No seed75- 00plants
3-5 36-4 2- 6 2 to weeks a ter not recommended
Pumpkin oz seed 60-96 36-4 to 4 weeks a ter 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Radish oz seed 4-24 6 weeks be ore4 weeks a ter
to weeks be ore
Spinach oz seed 4-24 3-4 to weeks be ore 2 to 6 weeksbe ore
Squash, summer oz seed 36-60 -36 3 to 4 weeks a ter 2 to 5 weeksbe ore
Squash, winter oz seed 60-96 24-4 to 4 weeks a ter 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Tomato 1/8 oz seedor 50 plants
or 4-6 36-4 36-4 3 to weeks a ter 2 to 4 weeksbe ore
Turnip, greens oz seed 4-24 2-3 2 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 2 weeksbe ore
Turnip, roots oz seed 4-24 2-3 2 to 6 weeks be ore 2 to 2 weeksbe ore
Watermelon oz seed 72-96 36-72 to 6 weeks a ter 4 to 6 weeksbe ore
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Table 9. Vegetable harvest and yield.
Vegetable Days toharvest
Lengtho harvest
Yield/100 t Approximate planting/personFresh Canned/ rozen
Asparagus 730 60 30 lb 0- 5 plants 0- 5 plants
Beans, snapbush 45-60 4 20 lb 5- 6 t 5-20 t
Beans, snappole 60-70 30 50 lb 5-6 t - 0 t
Beans, Limabush 65- 0 4 25 lb shelled 0- 5 t 5-20 t
Beans, Limapole 75- 5 40 50 lb shelled 5-6 t - 0 t
Beet 50-60 30 50 lb 5- 0 t 0-20 t
Broccoli 60- 0 40 00 lb 3-5 plants 5-6 plants
Brussels Sprouts 90- 00 2 75 lb 2-5 plants 5- plants
Cabbage 60-90 40 50 lb 3-4 plants 5- 0 plants
Cabbage, Chinese 65-70 2 0 heads 3- 0 t N A
Carrot 70- 0 2 00 lb 5- 0 t 0- 5 t
Cauli ower 70-90 4 00 lb 3-5 plants - 2 plants
Chard, Swiss 45-55 40 75 lb 3-5 plants - 2 plants
Collard (Kale) 50- 0 60 00 lb 5- 0 t 5- 0 t
Corn, sweet 70-90 0 0 dozen 0- 5 t 30-50 t
Cucumber 50-70 30 20 lb -2 hills 3-5 hills
Eggplant 0-90 90 00 lb 2-3 plants 2-3 plants
Garlic 40- 50 N A 40 lb N A -5 t
Kohlrabi 55-75 4 75 lb 3-5 t 5- 0 t
Lettuce 40- 0 2 50 lb 5- 5 t N A
MuskmelonCantaloupe
5- 00 30 00 ruits 3-5 hills N A
Mustard 30-40 30 00 lb 5- 0 t 0- 5 t
Okra 55-65 90 00 lb 4-6 t 6- 0 t
Onion (bulb) 0- 20 N A 00 lb 3-5 t 30-50 t
Onion (seed) 90- 20 N A 00 lb 3-5 t 30-50 t
Parsley 70-90 90 30 lb -3 t -3 t
Pea, English 55-90 7 20 lb 5-20 t 40-60 t
Pea, Southern 60-70 30 40 lb 0- 5 t 20-50 t
Pepper 60-90 90 60 lb 3-5 plants 3-5 plants
Potato, Irish 75- 00 N A 00 lb 50- 00 t N A
Potato, sweet 00- 30 N A 00 lb 5- 0 plants 0-20 plants
Pumpkin 75- 00 N A 00 lb -2 hills -2 hills
Radish 25-40 N A 00 bunches 3-5 t N A
Spinach 40-60 40 3 bushels 5- 0 t 0- 5 t
(continued on next page)
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Table 9. Vegetable harvest and yield.
Vegetable Days toharvest
Lengtho harvest
Yield/100 t Approximate planting/personFresh Canned/ rozen
Squash, summer 50-60 40 50 lb 2-3 hills 2-3 hills
Squash, winter 5- 00 N A 00 lb -3 hills -3 hills
Tomato 70-90 40 00 lb 3-5 plants 5- 0 plants
Turnip, greens 30 40 50- 00 lb 5- 0 t N A
Turnip, roots 30-60 30 50- 00 lb 5- 0 t 5- 0 t
Watermelon 0- 00 30 40 ruits 2-4 hills N A
Tis publication was revised rom earlier versionsauthored by Sam Cotner and Frank J. Dainello,
Pro essors Emeritus and ormer Extension Horticulturists.
Produced by AgriLife Communications, The Texas A&M SystemExtension publications can be found on the Web at: http://AgriLifebookstore.org
Visit the Texas AgriLife Extension Service athttp://AgriLifeextension.tamu.edu
Educational programs of the Texas AgriLife Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, sex, disability, religion, age, or national origin.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914, incooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Edward G. Smith, Director, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, The Texas A&M System.Revision