E-bookFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amazon Kindle 3, an e-readerdisplaying part of an e-book on its screen.

An electronic book (variously: e-book, eBook, e-Book, ebook, digital book, or even e-edition) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on computers or other electronic devices. [1] Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book",[2] many e-books exist without any printed equivalent. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually intended to be read on dedicated e-readers, however, almost any sophisticated electronic device that features a controllable viewing screen, including computers, tablets and smartphones can also be used to read e-books.

E-book reading is increasing in the US; by 2014 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing because 50% of Americans by 2014 had a dedicated device, either an e-reader or a tablet, compared to 30% owning such a device by the end of 2013.[3]

Contents

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1 Historyo 1.1 The Readies (1930)o 1.2 Candidates for the first e-book inventor

1.2.1 Roberto Busa (late 1940s) 1.2.2 Ángela Ruiz Robles (1949) 1.2.3 Doug Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960s) 1.2.4 Michael S. Hart (1971)

o 1.3 Early e-book implementationso 1.4 E-book formatso 1.5 Libraries

1.5.1 Challengeso 1.6 Archival storageo 1.7 Dedicated hardware readers and mobile reader software

1.7.1 E-reader applicationso 1.8 Timeline

1.8.1 Until 1979 1.8.2 1980-1999 1.8.3 2000s 1.8.4 2010s

2 Formats 3 Comparison to printed books

o 3.1 Advantages 3.1.1 Space and weight savings 3.1.2 Multimedia benefits 3.1.3 Privacy from the public 3.1.4 Environmental savings 3.1.5 Distributive and access benefits 3.1.6 Automatic back-up 3.1.7 Highlighting and annotation 3.1.8 Dictionary 3.1.9 Search

o 3.2 Downsides 3.2.1 Restrictions in use and lack of privacy 3.2.2 Need of a power source 3.2.3 Autographs and dedications 3.2.4 Symbolic and aesthetic value of the printed book

o 3.3 Digital rights management 4 Production 5 E-book reading data 6 Market share of digital books

o 6.1 United States (2014)o 6.2 Canada (2012)o 6.3 Spain (estimation 2015)

7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History[edit]

The Readies (1930)[edit]

The idea of the e-reader came to Bob Brown after watching his first "talkie" (movie with sound). In 1930, he wrote a book on this idea and titled it The Readies, playing off the idea of the "talkie".[4] In his book, Brown says movies have outmaneuvered the book by creating the "talkies" and, as a result, reading should find a new medium: "A machine that will allow us to keep up with the vast volume of print available today and be optically pleasing".

Though Brown may have come up with the idea intellectually in the 1930s, early commercial e-readers did not follow his model. Nevertheless, Brown in many ways predicted what e-readers would become and what they would mean to the medium of reading. In an article Jennifer Schuessler writes, "The machine, Brown argued, would allow readers to adjust the type size, avoid paper cuts and save trees, all while hastening the day when words could be 'recorded directly on the palpitating ether.'"[5] He felt the e-reader should bring a completely new life to the medium of reading. Schuessler relates it to a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or an entirely new song as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. [5]

Ángela Ruiz Robles with la Enciclopedia Mecánica, or the Mechanical Encyclopedia.

Candidates for the first e-book inventor[edit]

The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon. Some notable candidates include the following:

Roberto Busa (late 1940s)[edit]

The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus, a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas, prepared byRoberto Busa beginning in 1949 and completed in the 1970s.[6] Although originally stored on a single computer, a distributable CD-ROM version appeared in 1989. However, this work is sometimes omitted; perhaps because the digitized text was a means to studying written texts and developing linguistic concordances, rather than as a published edition in its own right.[7] In 2005, the Index was made available online.[8]

Ángela Ruiz Robles (1949)[edit]

In 1949, Ángela Ruiz Robles, a teacher from Galicia, Spain, patented the first electronic book. It was powered by compressed air. Her intention was to decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to the school. [9]

Doug Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960s)[edit]

Alternatively, some historians consider electronic books to have started in the early 1960s, with the NLS project headed by Doug Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS projects headed by Andries van Dam atBrown University.[10][11][12] Augment ran on specialized hardware, while FRESS ran on IBM mainframes. FRESS documents were structure-oriented rather than line-oriented, and were formatted dynamically for different users, display hardware, window sizes, and so on, as well as having automated tables of contents, indexes, and so on. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and other capabilities. Van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term "electronic book",[13][14] and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985.[15]

FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry. Brown faculty made extensive use of FRESS; for example the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object (1979) he writes "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System ..."[16]

Brown University's leadership in electronic book systems continued for many years, including US Navy funded projects for electronic repair-manuals;[17] a large-scale distributed hypermedia system known as InterMedia;[18] a spinoff company Electronic Book Technologies that built DynaText, the first SGML-based book-reader system; and the Scholarly Technology Group's extensive work on the still-prevalent Open eBook standard.

Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006

Michael S. Hart (1971)[edit]

Despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book.[19][20][21] In 1971, the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the University of Illinois gave Hart extensive computer-time. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer.[22]

Early e-book implementations[edit]

After Hart first adapted the Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in 1971, Project Gutenberg was launched to create electronic copies of more texts - especially books.[22]

Another early e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the Dynabook, in the 1970s at PARC: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.[23]

In 1992, Sony launched the Data Discman, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future.[24]

Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.[citation needed]

E-book formats[edit]See also: Comparison of e-book formats

Reading an ebook on public transit

The EPUB logo.

As e-book formats emerged and proliferated,[citation needed] some garnered support from major software companies, such as Adobe with itsPDF format and others supported by independent and open-source programmers.[citation needed] Different e-readers followed different formats, most of them specializing in only one format, thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to the exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books.[citation needed]

However, in the late 1990s, a consortium formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Open eBook as defined required subsets ofXHTML and CSS; a set of multimedia formats (others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats), and anXML schema for a "manifest", to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on.[citation needed] This format led to the open format EPUB. Google Books has converted many public domain works to this open format.[25]

In 2010, e-books continued to gain in their own underground markets.[citation needed] Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the public domain.[citation needed] At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books

became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public.[26] Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the "Big Five". The "Big Five" publishers include: Hachette, HarperCollins, Macmillan, Penguin Random House and Simon & Schuster.[27]

Libraries[edit]

US Libraries began providing free e-books to the public in 1998 through their web sites and associated services, [28] although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an e-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.[29] The number of library e-book distributors and lending models continued to increase over the next few years. From 2005 to 2008 libraries experienced 60% growth in e-book collections.[30] In 2010, a Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study[31]found that 66% of public libraries in the US were offering e-books,[32] and a large movement in the library industry began seriously examining the issues related to lending e-books, acknowledging a tipping point of broad e-book usage.[33] However, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing, citing issues with demand, piracy and proprietary devices.[34] In a survey of interlibrary loan librarians it was found that 92% of libraries held ebooks in their collections and that 27% of those libraries had negotiated interlibrary loan rights for some of their ebooks. This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books.[35] Demand-driven acquisition (DDA) has been around for a few years in public libraries, which allows vendors to streamline the acquisition process by offering to match a library's selection profile to the vendor's e-book titles. [36] The library's catalog is then populated with records for all the e-books that match the profile.[36] The decision to purchase the title is left to the patrons, although the library can set purchasing conditions such as a maximum price and purchasing caps so that the dedicated funds are spent according to the library's budget.[36] The 2012 meeting of the Association of American University Presses included a panel on patron-drive acquisition (PDA) of books produced by university presses based on a preliminary report by Joseph Esposito, a digital publishing consultant who has studied the implications of PDA with a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.[37]

Challenges[edit]

Although the want for e-book services in libraries has grown, and so the number of people with e-readers, some difficulties still keep libraries from being able to provide the popular technology. Just recently have most big publishers agreed to sell e-books to libraries for public use. It has taken many years but publishers of electronic books now realize that libraries providing an e-book to patrons can be a huge opportunity for advertising and usually results in patrons becoming customers.[38] Also, even though publishers will sell e-books to libraries now, they can only have the limited license to the book in most cases. This means the library does not own the electronic text but that they can circulate it for either a certain period of time or a certain amount of check outs, or both... then it’s gone. When the facility does make the decision to purchase the e-book license, the cost is three times what it would could for a personal consumer.[38]

Archival storage[edit]

The Internet Archive and Open Library offers over 6,000,000 fully accessible public domain e-books.

Dedicated hardware readers and mobile reader software[edit]Main article: E-reader

See also: Comparison of e-book readers

A BEBook e-reader.

An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a tablet. In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life.[39]

There have been several generations of dedicated hardware e-readers. The Rocket eBook [40]  and several others were introduced around 1998, but did not gain widespread acceptance. The establishment of the E Ink Corporation in 1997 led to the development of electronic paper, a technology which allows a display screen to reflect light like ordinary paper without the need for a backlight; electronic paper was incorporated first into the Sony Librie (released in 2004) and Sony Reader (2006), followed by the Amazon Kindle, a device which, upon its release in 2007, sold out within five hours.

As of 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and a new generation of reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to e-readers) have yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, as of September 2009, the Amazon Kindle model and Sony's PRS-500 were the dominant e-reading devices.[41] By March 2010, some reported that the Barnes & Noble Nook may be selling more units than the Kindle in the US.[42]

On January 27, 2010 Apple Inc. launched a multi-function device called the iPad [43]  and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers[citation needed] that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.[44] The iPad includes a built-in app for e-books called iBooks and theiBookstore. The iPad, the first commercially profitable tablet computer, was followed in 2011 by the release of the first Android-based tablets as well as LCD versions of the Nook and Kindle; unlike previous dedicated e-readers, tablet computers are multi-function, utilize LCD displays (and usually touchscreens), and (like iOS and Android) be more agnostic to e-book vendor applications, allowing for installation of other e-book vendors. The growth in general-purpose tablet computer use allowed for further growth in popularity of e-books in the 2010s.

In July 2010, online bookseller Amazon.com reported sales of e-books for its proprietary Kindle outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the secondquarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no digital edition.[45] By January 2011, e-book sales at Amazon had surpassed its paperback sales.[46] In the overall US market, paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book; the American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010, up from 3% a year before.[47] At the end of the first quarter of 2012, e-book sales in the United States surpassed hardcover book sales for the first time.[48]

In Canada, The Sentimentalists won the prestigious national Giller Prize. Owing to the small scale of the novel's independent publisher, the book was initially not widely available in printed form, but the e-book edition became the top-selling title for Kobo devices in 2010.[49]

Until late 2013, use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing. [50] In November 2013, the FAA allowed use of e-readers on airplanes at all times if it is in Airplane Mode, which means all radios turned off, and Europe followed this guidance the next month.[51] In 2014, the New York Times predicted that by 2018 e-books will make up over 50% of total consumer publishing revenue in the United States and Great Britain.[52]

E-reader applications[edit]

Some of the major book retailers and multiple third-party developers offer free (and in some third-party cases, premium paid) e-reader applications for the Mac and PC computers as well as for Android, Blackberry, iPad, iPhone, Windows Phone and Palm OS devices to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independently of dedicated e-book devices. Examples are apps for the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kobo eReader, and Sony Reader.

Timeline[edit]

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2015)

Until 1979[edit]~1949

Roberto Busa  begins planning the Index Thomisticus[7]

~1963

Doug Engelbart  starts the NLS (and later Augment) projects~1965

Andries van Dam  starts the HES (and later FRESS) projects, with assistance from Ted Nelson, and other faculty at Brown University[who?] develop and use electronic textbooks for poetry and biology.[citation needed]

1971

Michael S. Hart  types the US Declaration of Independence into a computer and launches Project Gutenberg to create electronic copies of more books.[22]

1978

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series launches (first novel published in 1979), featuring an electronic reference book containing all knowledge in the Galaxy (plus much more). Unlike real electronic books, this vast amount of data could be fit into something the size of a large paperback book, with updates received over the "Sub-Etha" (possibly a play on ethernet,[citation needed] which in turn is a play on the concept of the aether.[citation needed])

1980-1999[edit]1988

Susan Abrahams Ltd  in Oxford was founded as an electronic publishing startup for authors1990

Eastgate Systems  publishes the first hypertext fiction, "Afternoon, a story", by Michael Joyce, available on floppy disk. Electronic Book Technologies releases DynaText, the first SGML-based system for delivering large-scale books such as

aircraft technical manuals. It was later tested on a US aircraft carrier as replacement for paper manuals, allowing the ship to rest 6" higher in the water.

1991

Voyager Company  develops Expanded Books, which are books on CD-ROM.1992

The DD8 Data Discman

Sony  launches the Data Discman e-reader.[53]

Charles Stack's Book Stacks Unlimited begins selling new physical books online.1992–1993

F. Crugnola and I. Rigamonti design and create the first e-reader, called Incipit, as a thesis project at the Politecnico di Milano.[54]

1993

Digital Book, Inc. offers digital books on floppy disk in Digital Book Format(DBF).[citation needed]

Hugo Award for Best Novel  nominee texts published on CD-ROM by Brad Templeton.[citation needed]

Bibliobytes, a project of free digital books online in Internet, launches.[citation needed]

1994

C & M Online is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina and publishes e-books through its imprint, Boson Books. Authors include Fred Chappell,Kelly Cherry, Leon Katz, Richard Popkin, and Robert Rodman.

1995

Amazon  starts to sell physical books on the Internet.[55]

Online poet Alexis Kirke discusses the need for wireless internet electronic paper readers in his article "The Emuse".[56]

1996

Project Gutenberg  reaches 1,000 titles. The target is 1,000,000.[citation needed]

1997

E Ink Corporation  is co-founded in 1997 by Joseph Jacobson, whose technology is later used to develop products like the Sony Reader, Barnes & Noble Nook, and Amazon Kindle.

1998

Cybook Gen1 as sold by Bookeen

The first e-readers - Rocket ebook and SoftBook - were introduced.[57]

Kim Blagg obtained the first ISBN issued to an ebook[dubious – discuss][58] and began marketing multimedia-enhanced ebooks on CDs through retailers including amazon.com, bn.com and borders.com. Shortly thereafter, through her company Books OnScreen, she introduced the ebooks at the Book Expo America in Chicago, IL to an impressed, but unconvinced bookseller audience.[citation needed]

The Cybook was sold and manufactured at first by Cytale (1998–2003) then by Bookeen. Websites began selling ebooks in English, such as eReader.com and eReads.com.[citation needed]

1999

Baen Books  opens up the Baen Free Library.[citation needed]

Webscriptions (since renamed Baen Ebooks) starts selling Baen titles as e-books.

2000s[edit]2000

Microsoft Reader  with ClearType technology.[citation needed]

Stephen King  offers his book Riding the Bullet as a digital file; it can only be read on a computer.[citation needed]

Digital Book Index begins operation. DBI and the Online Books Page both organize electronic books from disparate sites into single, searchable indexes, creating large virtual libraries of ebooks.[citation needed]

2001

Todoebook.com, the first website selling ebooks in Spanish.[citation needed]

2002

Random House  and HarperCollins start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.[citation needed]

2004

Sony Librie, first ebook using e-ink.[citation needed]

Google  announces plans to digitize the holdings of several major libraries,[59] as part of what would later be called the Google Books Library Project.

2005

Amazon buys Mobipocket. Google is sued for copyright infringement by the Authors Guild for scanning books still in copyright.[60]

2006

Sony Reader  with e-ink.[citation needed]

LibreDigital launched BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.[citation needed]

2007

The larger Kindle DX with a Kindle 2 for size comparison

Amazon launches Kindle in US. Bookeen  launches Cybook Gen3 in Europe.2008

Adobe and Sony agree to share their technologies (Adobe Reader and DRM).[citation needed]

Sony sells the Sony Reader PRS-505 in UK and France.2009

Bookeen  releases the Cybook Opus in the US and in Europe. Sony releases the Reader Pocket Edition and Reader Touch Edition. Amazon releases the Kindle 2. Amazon releases the Kindle DX in the US. Barnes & Noble releases the Nook in the US.

2010s[edit]2010

Amazon releases the Kindle DX International Edition worldwide. Bookeen  reveals the Cybook Orizon at CES.[61]

TurboSquid Magazine announces first magazine publication using Apple's iTunes LP format, however, this project was cancelled before it reached the market.[citation needed]

Apple  releases the iPad with an e-book app called iBooks. Between its release in April 2010 to March 2011, Apple had sold 15 million iPads.[62]

Kobo Inc. releases its Kobo eReader to be sold at Indigo/Chapters in Canada and Borders in the United States.

Amazon reports that its ebook sales outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010.[45]

Amazon releases the third generation Kindle, available in 3G+Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi versions.

BeBook  releases the BeBook Neo, first e-reader in Europe with Wi-FI.[citation needed]

Kobo Inc. releases an updated Kobo eReader, which now includes Wi-Fi. Barnes & Noble releases the new NOOK Color. Sony releases its second generation Daily Edition PRS-950.[citation needed]

Google launches Google eBooks offering over 3 million titles, becoming the world's largest ebookstore. PocketBook  expands its line with an Android ereader.[63]

2011

Amazon.com announces in May that its e-book sales in the US now exceed all of its printed book sales. [64]

Barnes & Noble releases the NOOK Simple Touch ereader[65] and NOOK Tablet Bookeen  launches its own e-books store, BookeenStore.com, and starts to sell digital versions of titles in

French.[66]

Nature Publishing  publishes Principles of Biology, a customizable, modular textbook, with no corresponding paper edition.

The e-reader market grows in Spain, and companies like Telefónica, Fnac, and Casa del Libro (the most important Spanish bookshop[citation needed]) launches their e-readers with the Spanish brand bq readers.

Amazon launches the Kindle Fire and Kindle Touch.2012

PocketBook starts selling PocketBook Touch, an e-ink Pearl eReader, winning awards from German magazines Tablet PC and Computer Bild.[non-primary source needed][67][68]

Kbuuk released the cloud-based eBook self-publishing SaaS platform[69] on the Pubsoft digital publishing engine.

Apple releases iBooks Author, software for creating iPad e-books to be directly published in its iBooks bookstore or to be shared as PDF files.[70]

Apple opens a textbook section in its iBooks bookstore.[71]

The publishing companies Random House, Holtzbrinck, and arvato get an e-book library called Skoobe on the market.[72]

US Department of Justice  prepares anti-trust lawsuit against Apple, Simon & Schuster, Hachette Book Group, Penguin Group, Macmillan, and HarperCollins, alleging collusionto increase the price of books sold on Amazon.[73][74]

Amazon.com  releases the Kindle Paperwhite, its first e-reader with a built-in light. Library.nu  - previously called ebooksclub.org and gigapedia.com, a popular linking website for downloading

ebooks - was accused of copyright infringement and shut down by court order on February 15, 2012.[75]

Ebooks sold in the US market collects over 3 billion in revenue.[76]

2013

On April 27, 2013, Barnes & Noble posts losses of $475 million on its NOOK business for the prior fiscal year and in June 2013 announces its intention to discontinue manufacturing NOOK tablets, although it plans to continue making and designing black-and-white e-readers like the Nook Simple Touch, which "are more geared to serious readers, who are its customers, than to tablets".[77]

The Association of American Publishers announces that ebooks now account for about 20% of book sales. Barnes & Noble estimates it has a 27% share of the U.S. e-books market.[77]

Apple executive Keith Moerer testifies in the ongoing e-book price fixing trial that the iBookstore held approximately 20% of the ebook market share in the United States within the months after launch - a figure that Publishers Weekly reports is roughly double many of the previous estimates made by third parties. Moerer further testified that iBookstore acquired about an additional 20% by adding Random House in 2011.[78]

Five major US e-book publishers, as part of their settlement of a price-fixing suit, will have to refund about $3 for every electronic copy of a New York Times best-seller that they sold from April 2010 to May 2012.[76] This could equal $160 million in settlement charges.

US District Court Judge Denise Cote finds Apple guilty of conspiring to raise the retail price of e-books and schedules a trial in 2014 to determine damages.[79]

Scribd launched the first public unlimited access subscription service for e-books.[80]

Oyster  launched its unlimited access e-book subscription service.[81]

2014

US District Court Judge Cote grants class action certification to plaintiffs in a lawsuit over Apple's alleged e-book price conspiracy; the plaintiffs are seeking $840 million in damages.[82] Apple appeals the decision.

Apple settles ebook antitrust case that alleged Apple conspired to ebook price-fixing out of court; however if Judge Cote's ruling is overturned in appeal then the settlement will be reversed.[83]

Amazon.com  launched Kindle Unlimited as an unlimited-access e-book and audiobook subscription service.[84]

Formats[edit]

Main article: Comparison of e-book formats

Writers and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing ebooks. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-readers[85][86] and their natively supported formats are shown below.

Reader Native E-Book Formats

Amazon Kindles and Kindle Firetablets[87] AZW, AZW3, PDF, TXT, non-DRM MOBI, PRC

Barnes & Noble Nook Simple Touch andNook Tablet [88]

EPUB, PDF

Apple iPad [89] EPUB, IBA (Multitouch books made via iBooks Author), PDF

Sony Reader PRS-350, PRS-650, and PRS-950[87] EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, BBeB

Kobo eReader, Kobo Touch, and Kobo Arc [90] [91] EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, HTML, CBR (comic), CBZ (comic)

PocketBook Reader and PocketBook Touch[92]

[93]

EPUB DRM, EPUB, PDF DRM, PDF, FB2, FB2.ZIP, TXT, DJVU, HTM, HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, CHM, TCR, PRC (MOBI)