e-commerce [a complete overview]

7/31/2019 E-Commerce [a Complete Overview]

1/13

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Hi}fuif} gn efolkf ni hkslu}ni} kfmhvk dlu mlhib b`len` evhif enfm li }gf }n}f ld }gf nu}}fogil`lbx) F`fo}uliho olkkfuof gn }rl knalu nsfo}1 folilkhon` nim }fogil`lbhon`) ]gf }uf ld

}gh ufslu} rh`` glr xlv glr }l bf} }nu}fm hi }gf olks`fw nim fwoh}hib rlu`m ld F`fo}ulihoOlkkfuof) Ifr }nimnum nim ifr dnoh`h}hf nuf oli}ni}`x fkfubhib nim }gfhu sulsfuvimfu}nimhib h ffi}hn` dlu }gf voof ld ni lsfun}hli, nim fsfohn``x dlu }glf rgl nufnhbifm n mv}x }l f`fo}, f}ne`hg, nim knhi}nhi }gf ifofnux hidun}uvo}vuf)

F+olkkfuof h ni fkfubhib oliofs} }gn} mfouhef }gf sulof ld evxhib nim f``hib lufwognibhib ld sulmvo}, futhof, nim hidlukn}hli thn olksv}fu if}rluj hio`vmhib }gf hi}fuif})

FO h }gf mf`htfux ld hidlukn}hli, sulmvo}futhof, lu snxkfi} ltfu }gf }f`fsglif `hif,olksv}fu if}rluj lu nix l}gfu f`fo}uliho kfni)

FO h }gf nss`hon}hli ld }fogil`lbx }lrnum }gf nv}lkn}hli ld evhif }unino}hli nimrluj d`lr)

FO h n }ll` }gn} nmmuff }gf mfhuf ld dhuk, olivkfu, nim kninbfkfi} }l ov} futhofol} rgh`f hksulthib }gf ~vn`h}x ld bllm nim hioufnhib }gf sffm ld futhof mf`htfux)

FO sulthmf }gf onsneh`h}x ld evxhib nim f``hib sulmvo} nim hidlukn}hli li }gf hi}fuif}nim l}gfu li`hif futhof)

]gf evhif suloff nuf eulnm`x mhthmfm hi}l dhtf knhi on}fbluhf inkf`x1 Knujf} sulmvo} nim futhof) _f`` nim mf`htfu sulmvo} nim futhof) Sulof snxkfi}) Kninbf uf`n}hlighs) Kninbf }gf fi}fusuhf)


2/13

5

Fi}fusuhf Hi}fuif} Olivkfu Knivdno}vufuRgl`fn`fuUf}nh`fuOlivkfu

Fi}huf rlu`m 5=w2

Uf}uho}fm nufn Uf}uho}fm n`f glvu

Knujf} snof 'If}rluj( _n`f enfm li Knujf} snof '}luf(

_n`f enfm li mhs`nx Nix }hkf no~vhh}hli }gulvbg

hi}fuif} Mhbh}n` Mn}n rh}glv} il uf+fi}ux

Knujf} vutfx nimn`fkni

Uf~vhuf hidlukn}hli uf+fi}ux

>1> Knujf}hib thn eh+mhufo}hlin`olkkvihon}hli

Lif rnx knujf}hib }lolivkfu

Ufn` }hkf vsslu} dlu ov}lkfuMhn}hdno}hli

Ufn` }hkf no~vhh}hli ld ov}lkfuiffm

Mf`nxfm vsslu} dluov}lkfu Mhn}hdno}hli

]hkf mhddfufi} dlu on}oghibov}lkfu iffm

_kn`` @nubf

]gf efifdh} ld F+Olkkfuof nuf knix nim knix) _lkf ld }gfk hio`vmf1 5=W2 lsfun}hli1 Ulvim }gf o`loj lsfun}hli h ni fwsfihtf sulslh}hli hi }gf

euhoj nim klu}nu rlu`m rgh`f h} h in}vun` hi }gf o`hoj nim oli~vfu rlu`m B`len` ufnog1 ]gf if} efhib higfufi}`x b`len`, ufnoghib b`len` ov}lkfu h

uf`n}htf`x fnx li }gf if} olksnufm }l }gf rlu`m ld euhoj Ol} ld no~vhuhib futhib nim uf}nhihib ov}lkfu1 H} h uf`n}htf`x ogfnsfu }l

no~vhuf ifr ov}lkfu ltfu }gf if}) ]gnij }l 5= W 2 lsfun}hli nim h} bln`ufnog) ]gulvbg hiiltn}htf }ll` ld svg }fogil`lbx }l uf}nhi ov}lkfu, `lxn`}xrh}g khihkn` hitf}kfi})

Ni fw}fimfm fi}fusuhf h fnx }l evh`m1 Hi }lmnx rlu`m ftfux fi}fusuhf h nsnu} ld }gf oliifo}fm folilkx: n vog xlv iffm }l fw}fim xlvu fi}fusuhf n``}gf rnx }l xlvu vss`hfu nim evhif snu}ifu `hjf mh}uhev}lu, uf}nh`fu nimv`}hkn}f`x xlv fim ov}lkfu) Hi}fuif} sulthmf ni fddfo}htf 'ld}fi `ffwsfihtf( rnx }l fw}fim xlvu fi}fusuhf efxlim }gf inuulr olidhif ld xlvulri lubnihqn}hli) ]ll` `hjf fi}fusuhf uflvuof s`niihib 'FUS( ,vss`x ognhikninbfkfi} '_OK( nim ov}lkfu uf`n}hlighs kninbfkfi} 'OUK(, oni fnh`x ef


3/13

?

mfs`lxfm ltfu }gf if} sfukh}}hib nknqhib fddhohfiox hi }hkf iffmfm }l knujf},ov}lkfu `lxn`}x, li }hkf mf`htfux nim ftfi}vn``x suldh}neh`h}x)

Mhhi}fukfmhn}hli1 Vhib }gf if} lif oni mhufo}`x nssulnog }gf ov}lkfu nimvss`hfu, ov}}hib mlri }gf ivkefu ld `ftf` nim hi }gf sulof, ov}}hib mlri

}gf ol}) Hksultfm ov}lkfu futhof }l xlvu o`hfi}1 H} ufv`} hi ghbgfu n}hdno}hli nimkluf n`f

Slrfu }l sulthmf }gf ef} ld el}g }gf rlu`m1 H} figniof }unmh}hlin` n`lib rh}ghi}fuif} }ll`)

@l ld neh`h}x }l hisfo} sulmvo} dulk ufkl}f `lon}hli) Unshm mftf`lshib snof ld vimfu`xhib }fogil`lbhf) Mhddhov`} }l on`ov`n}f uf}vui li hitf}kfi}) Knix sulmvo} nim futhof uf~vhuf }gn} n ouh}hon` kn ld sl}fi}hn` evxfu ef f~vhssfm

nim rh``hib }l evx }gulvbg }gf Hi}fuif}) Ol} nim efifdh} gntf effi gnum }l ~vni}h}x) Dhuk n`l dnof ov`}vun` nim `fbn` le}no`f }l olimvo}hib f`fo}uliho olkkfuof)

Knujf}hib, n`f nim n`f sulkl}hli) Suf+n`f, veoli}uno}, vss`x) Dhiniohib nim hivuniof) Olkkfuohn` }unino}hli1 lumfuhib, mf`htfux, snxkfi})

Sulmvo} futhof nim knhi}finiof) Ol+lsfun}htf sulmvo} mftf`lskfi}) Mh}uhev}fm ol+lsfun}htf rlujhib: Vf ld sve`ho nim suhtn}f futhof) Evhif+}l+nmkhih}un}hli 'f)b) ov}lk, f}o() ]unislu} nim `lbh}ho) Sve`ho sulovufkfi}) Nv}lkn}ho }unmhib ld mhbh}n` bllm) Noolvi}hib) Mhsv}f ufl`v}hli)


4/13

=

Hi >863 olksnihf efbni }l vf olksv}fu }l }luf nim sulof hi}fuin` }unino}hliufolum)

Ex >843 evhiff }gn} fibnbfm `nubf tl`vkf ld }unino}hli gnm efbni fwognibhib}unino}hli hidlukn}hli li sviogfm onum)

Hi >847 ]unislu}n}hli Mn}n Ol+lumhin}hli Olkkh}}ff ']MOO ( rn dlukfm ex lkfolksnihf)

Hi >828 NI_H 'Nkfuhoni In}hlin` _}nimnum Hi}h}v}f( ogn}}fufm n ifr olkkh}}ff }lmftf`ls vihdluk FMH 'F`fo}uli Mn}n Hi}fuognibf()

Hi >8281 Li`hif glsshib rn hitfi}fm hi }gf VJ exKhognf` N`muhog)

Hi >8751 Khih}f` rn hi}ulmvofm in}hlirhmf hi Duniof ex Duniof ]f`folk nim vfm dluli`hif lumfuhib)

Hi >87=1 Rlu`m" dhu} ufolumfm E5O li`hif glkf glssfu) Ku Anif _ilren`` vf }gfBn}fgfnm _H_]fol x}fk }l evx bulofuhf)

Hi >8721 _rufb efbhi }l sulthmf ld}rnuf nim gnufrnuf nv}glu kfni }l f`` }gfhusulmvo} li`hif }gulvbg ni f`fo}uliho Kfuogni} noolvi})

Hi >8831 ]hk Efuifu+@ff ruh}f }gf dhu} rfe eulrfu, Rlu`mRhmfRfe, vhib n IfW]olksv}fu)

Hi >8851 A)G) _ihmfu nim ]fuun Qhsluxi sve`hg Dv}vuf _gls1 Glr Ifr ]fogil`lbhfRh`` Ognibf }gf Rnx Rf _gls nim Rgn} Rf Evx) _}) Knu}hi" Suf) H_EI3?>534?687)

Hi >88=1 If}onsf uf`fnf }gf Inthbn}lu eulrfu hi Lo}lefu vimfu }gf olmf inkfKlqh``n) Shqqn Gv} lddfu shqqn lumfuhib li h} Rfe snbf) ]gf dhu} li`hif enij lsfi)N}}fks} }l lddfu d`lrfu mf`htfux nim knbnqhif veouhs}hli li`hif) Nmv`} kn}fuhn`n`l efolkf olkkfuohn``x ntnh`ne`f, n ml onu nim ehjf) If}onsf >)3 h hi}ulmvofm hi`n}f >88= __@ fiouxs}hli }gn} knmf }unino}hli fovuf)

Hi >8861 Afdd Efql `nviogf Nknqli)olk nim }gf dhu} olkkfuohn`+duff 5= glvu,hi}fuif}+li`x unmhl }n}hli, Unmhl GJ nim If}Unmhl }nu} eulnmon}hib) Mf`` nim Oholefbhi }l nbbufhtf`x vf Hi}fuif} dlu olkkfuohn` }unino}hli) fEnx h dlvimfm exolksv}fu sulbunkkfu Shfuuf Lkhmxnu n Nvo}hliRfe)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Aldrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swreghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312063598http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312063598http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetRadiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetRadiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312063598http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312063598http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swreghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Aldrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping


5/13

6

h) N}}uno} ov}lkfu

Nmtfu}hhib, knujf}hibhh) Hi}funo} rh}g ov}lkfu

On}n`lb, ifbl}hn}hlihhh) Gnim`f nim kninbf lumfu

Lumfu ons}vuf Snxkfi} ]unino}hli Dv`dh``kfi} 'sgxhon` bllm, futhof bllm, mhbh}n` bllm(

ht) Ufno} }l ov}lkfu hi~vhuhf

Ov}lkfu futhof Lumfu }unojhib

Sho}vuf1 F+ Olkkfuof hi No}hli


6/13

4

]gf olivkfu dhu} kltf }gulvbg }gf hi}fuif} }l }gf kfuogni} rfe h}f) N} }gf rfe h}f, }gfolivkfu h euhfd`x bhtfi ni hi}ulmvo}hli }l }gf sulmvo} lu futhof }gf kfuogni} lddfu) H} h n}}gh slhi} }gn} }gf olivkfu knjf }gf mfohhli }l thh} }gf rfe }luf ex o`hojhib li n `hij lu

ev}}li `lon}fm li }gf rfe snbf 'f)b), Evx Ilr, _gls Li`hif, lu ni hknbf ld n glsshib onu} ev}}linuf olkkli fi}ux slhi} hi}l n rfe }luf() Nd}fu ogllhib }l thh} }gf rfe }luf, }gf olivkfu h}xshon``x oliifo}fm }l ni li`hif }unino}hli futfu `lon}fm lkfrgfuf f`f li }gf hi}fuif} rghoguvi ld}rnuf olkkli`x ufdfuufm }l n n glsshib onu} nss`hon}hli) ]gf glsshib onu} nss`hon}hlign effi f}vs ex }gf kfuogni} }l mhs`nx n`` sulmvo} nim futhof lddfufm, n rf`` n on`ov`n}fsuhohib, }nwf, ghsshib ognubf, f}o)

Dulk }gfuf, }gf olivkfu mfohmf }gn} gf rni} }l svuognf lkf}ghib, l gf fi}fu n`` sfu}hifi}oufmh} onum hidlukn}hli nim n n`f lumfu h sulmvofm) Mfsfimhib li }gf folkkfuofhks`fkfi}n}hli, }gf n`f lumfu oni ilr }njf }rl }l}n``x mhddfufi} sn}g dlu olidhukhib }l }gfolivkfu }gn} }gf lumfu h lddhohn``x s`nofm)

]gfuf nuf ftfun` enho }fs xlv rh`` iffm }l noolks`hg efdluf efolkhib Olkkfuof Fine`fm)

Bf}}hib n Kfuogni} Enij Noolvi} Rfe Gl}hib Rfe Mfhbi Olihmfun}hli Ufbh}fuhib n Mlknhi Inkf Le}nhihib n Mhbh}n` Ofu}hdhon}f

]gfuf nuf n ivkefu ld mhddfufi} }xsf ld F+Olkkfuof

E5E + Evhif }l Evhif E5O + Evhif }l Olivkfu O5E + Olivkfu }l Evhif E5F + Evhif }l Fks`lxff O5O + Olivkfu }l Olivkfu E5E + Evhif }l Evhif


7/13

2

F+Olkkfuof gn effi hi vf dlu ~vh}f n dfr xfnu nim h kluf olkkli`x jilri n FMH

'f`fo}uliho mn}n hi}fuognibf() Hi }gf sn} FMH rn olimvo}fm li n mhufo} `hij ld lkf dlukef}rffi }gf }rl evhiff rgfuf n }lmnx }gf kl} slsv`nu oliifo}hli h }gf hi}fuif}) ]gf

}rl evhiff sn hidlukn}hli f`fo}ulihon``x }l fnog l}gfu) E5E F+Olkkfuof ovuufi}`x

knjf vs nelv} 8=& ld n`` F+Olkkfuof }unino}hli)

]xshon``x hi }gf E5E fithulikfi}, F+Olkkfuof oni ef vfm hi }gf dl``lrhib suloff1

Sulovufkfi}:

Lumfu dv`dh``kfi}:

Kninbhib }unmhib+snu}ifu uf`n}hlighs)

Dlu knix Rf`g _KF E5E F+Olkkfuof h xilixklv rh}g }gf thhli ld hi}fbun}fm vss`x

ognhi) ]gh khbg} ef }gf v`}hkn}f leafo}htf, ev}, hi }gf glu} }fuk, E5E F+Olkkfuof olv`m ef

vfm n n hbihdhoni} fine`fu hi }gfhu kltf }lrnum bufn}fu }unmhib snu}ifu ol``nelun}hli)

F+Olkkfuof }fogil`lbhf gntf n``lrfm ftfi }gf kn``f} evhiff }l hksultf }gf suloff

dlu hi}fudnohib rh}g ov}lkfu) ]gfx nuf ilr ne`f }l mftf`ls futhof dlu himhthmvn` o`hfi}

un}gfu }gni sulthmf n }nimnum futhof) Sfi}rxi _s`hofu enfm hi Sli}xsll` knivdno}vuf

sifvkn}ho s`hofu dlu }gf VJ nim rlu`m }fw}h`f knujf}) ]gfx ftn`vn}fm n`` nsfo} ld }gfhuevhif sulof }l mf}fukhif rgfuf }gf bufn}f} uf}vui olv`m ef le}nhifm) Vhib }gf Rfe }l

f`` kluf sulmvo} rn ni hih}hn` olihmfun}hli, ev} h} rn hi }gf sulthhli ld ov}lkfu futhof

nim vsslu} }l }gfhu ltfufn mh}uhev}lu }gn} }gf bufn}f} efifdh} gntf effi noghftfm)

Ni n`}fuin}htf rnx ld }ghijhib ld E5E F+Olkkfuof h }l }ghij ld h} n efhib vfm }l1

N}}uno}, mftf`ls, uf}nhi, nim ov`}htn}f uf`n}hlighs rh}g ov}lkfu: _}ufnk`hif }gf vss`x

ognhi, knivdno}vuhib, nim sulovufkfi} suloff, nim nv}lkn}f oluslun}f suloff }l mf`htfu

}gf uhbg} sulmvo} nim futhof }l ov}lkfu ~vhoj`x nim ol}+fddfo}htf`x: Ons}vuf, nin`xqf, nimgnuf, hidlukn}hli nelv} ov}lkfu nim olksnix lsfun}hli, hi lumfu }l knjf ef}}fu mfohhli)


8/13

7

Evhif }l Olivkfu F+Olkkfuof h uf`n}htf`x ifr }l Nv}un`hn) ]gh h rgfuf }gf olivkfu

nooff }gf x}fk ld }gf vss`hfu) H} h }h`` n }rl rnx dvio}hli ev} h vvn``x mlif l`f`x

}gulvbg }gf Hi}fuif})

E5O oni n`l uf`n}f }l ufofhthib hidlukn}hli vog n gnuf suhof, hivuniof ~vl}f, li+`hif

ifrsnsfu, lu rfn}gfu dlufon}) ]gf vss`hfu knx ef ni fwh}hib uf}nh` lv}`f} vog n n ghbg

}uff} }luf: h} gn effi }gh }xsf ld evhif }gn} gn effi voofdv` hi vhib F+Olkkfuof }l

mf`htfu futhof }l ov}lkfu) ]gff evhiff knx gntf effi `lr hi bfnuhib+vs dlu F+

Olkkfuof olksnufm }l }gf hiiltn}htf ml})olk }nu} vs, ev} }gfx vvn``x gntf n lvim

olkkfuohn` }uvo}vuf n rf`` n hi+mfs}g fwsfuhfiof ld uviihib n evhif + lkf}ghib rghog

knix ml})olk `nojfm, onvhib knix }l dnh`

Fwnks`f1 N glkf vfu rhgf }l svuognf lkf bllm ~vn`h}x rhif) ]gf vfu nooff }gf

Hi}fuif} h}f nim dl``lr }gf `hij }l ufnm n ufslu} li }gf ufolkkfimfm rhif) Nd}fu ufnmhib

}gf }n}hib il}f }gf vfu dl``lr }gf `hij }l s`nof ni lumfu n`lib rh}g mf`htfux nim snxkfi}

mf}nh` mhufo}`x hi}l }gf kfuogni} hitfi}lux x}fk) ]gf rhif h }gfi mh+sn}ogfm dulk }gf

vss`hfu rnufglvf nim hi }gflux h mf`htfufm }l }gf olivkfu rh}glv} mf`nx)

Olivkfu }l Evhif h n bulrhib nufin rgfuf }gf olivkfu uf~vf} n sfohdho futhof dulk}gf evhif)

Fwnks`f1 Gnuux h s`niihib n gl`hmnx hi Mnurhi) Gf uf~vhuf n d`hbg} hi }gf dhu} rffj ld

Mfofkefu nim h li`x rh``hib }l snx -563) Gnuux s`nof n vekhhli rh}g hi n rfe enfm O5E

dnoh`h}x) Mlmbx Eul}gfu Nhurnx nooff }gf dnoh`h}x nim ff Gnuux vekhhli) Mvf }l h}

efhib n `lr sfuhlm, }gf nhu`hif lddfu Gnuux n uf}vui dnuf dlu -563)

Evhif }l Fks`lxff F+Olkkfuof h bulrhib hi vf) ]gh dluk ld F+Olkkfuof h kluf

olkkli`x jilri n ni Hi}unif}) Ni hi}unif} h n rfe h}f mftf`lsfm }l sulthmf fks`lxff ld

ni lubnihqn}hli rh}g hidlukn}hli) ]gf hi}unif} h vvn``x noof }gulvbg }gf lubnihqn}hli

if}rluj, h} oni nim h ld}fi fw}fimfm }l ni Fi}uni} rghog vf }gf Hi}fuif} ev} uf}uho} vf ex

hbi li nim snrlum)


9/13

8

]gff h}f nuf vvn``x lkf dluk ld ni nvo}hli h}f) ]gf olivkfu `h} h}fk dlu n`f rh}g n

olkkfuohn` nvo}hli h}f) L}gfu olivkfu noof }gf h}f nim s`nof ehm li }gf h}fk) ]gf h}f

}gfi sulthmf n oliifo}hli ef}rffi }gf f``fu nim evxfu }l olks`f}f }gf }unino}hli) ]gf h}fsulthmfu vvn``x ognubf n }unino}hli ol}) Hi ufn`h}x }gh h}f glv`m ef on`` O5E5O)

E5N h }gf `fn} mftf`lsfm nufn ld F+Olkkfuof nim h} uf`n}f }l }gf rnx }gn} sve`ho fo}lu

lubnihqn}hli, n} el}g n ofi}un` nim `lon` `ftf`, nuf sulthmhib }gfhu futhof li+`hif) N`l jilri

n f+Bltfuikfi}, h} gn }gf sl}fi}hn` }l hioufnf }gf mlkf}ho nim evhif vf ld F+Olkkfuof

n }unmh}hlin` futhof nuf hioufnhib`x efhib mf`htfufm ltfu }gf Hi}fuif})

]gf VJ bltfuikfi} h olkkh}}fm }l fivuhib }gh olvi}ux h n} }gf dlufduli} ld F+Olkkfuof

nim h} h ffi}hn` }gn} F+Bltfuikfi} s`nx n hbihdhoni} snu} hi noghfthib }gh leafo}htf)

Bllm s`ni nuf hks`f s`ni) ]gfx nuf n`l kfnvune`f, }gfhu hks`fkfi}n}hli h noolvi}ne`f, gf

uflvuof }l mf`htfu }gf s`ni nuf ntnh`ne`f nim }gfuf h n }hkf+dunkf dlu }gf s`ni }l ef

mf`htfufm)

Mlif lu il} ~vh}f) Rgn}ftfu s`niihib sulof ni lubnihqn}hli vf, fwsfo} }gn} }gf olksnixrh`` il} oli}ul` }gf mhufo}hli hi rghog li`hif futhof ftl`tf) ]gf ov}lkfu rh`` mfohmf rgn}

rluj nim rgn} mlfi})

Hd }gf s`ni h }l ufslim }l ov}lkfu rhgf, }gfi }gf kl} voofdv` s`ni rh`` ef }gf lif }gn}

ufslim dn}f}) ]gh kfni }gn} ftfux olkslifi} ld }gf s`ni glv`m ef evh`} rh}g }gf

hi}fi}hli ld sulthib n suhiohs`f) Nj xlvuf`d hd xlvu ov}lkfu rni} }gh< Hd }gfx ml, }gfi n

kluf ulev} tfuhli oni ef evh`}) Hd }gfx mli}, }gfi xlv oni ufmhufo} xlvu }hkf nim uflvuofnim vf }gf jilr`fmbf bnhifm }l bllm fddfo} f`frgfuf)

Hi }gf li`hif knujf}s`nof ftfux}ghib h n }f} vi}h` h} sultfi ex }gf ov}lkfu) _voofdv`

}f}hib dl``lr n hks`f uv`f1


10/13

>3

Li`x }f} ognibf }gn} oni ef kfnvufm mhufo}`x) Hd n }f} hio`vmf kluf }gni lif ognibf, h}

n`kl} n`rnx hkslhe`f }l kfnvuf }gf fddfo} ld fnog lif) ]f} }l `fnui dulk }gf ov}lkfu nim

}l hksultf lif }fs n} n }hkf)

Ufkltf hi}fuin` sulofhib ol} }l knjf munkn}ho hksultfkfi} }l suldh} knubhi) Nin`xf

fnog n`f sulof }l o`nuhdx rgn} h} h }gn} }ndd sfim }hkf mlhib) Hi snu}hov`nu, `llj dlu

suloff hi rghog hidlukn}hli h }unidfuufm) Glr knix }fs oni ef f`hkhin}fm ex

lv}lvuohib }nj }l xlvu ov}lkfu nim vss`hfu< Rgl h ef} s`nofm }l knjf }gf luhbhin`

hidlukn}hli fi}ux< Oni }gn} hidlukn}hli ef gnufm }l ntlhm uf+fi}fuhib }gf nkf hidlukn}hli5

hi}fbun}hli h ef} fwfks`hdhfm ex oluslun}f hi}unif}) Nklib }gf olksnihf rh}g fddhohfi}

oluslun}f hi}unif} nuf Sulo}fu nim Bnke`f, HEK, If}`f nim Hi}f`)

Fwnks`f1 _F_NKh)IF]1 @hijhib Nhni Knujf} }gulvbg E5E Gve)

Oluslun}hli nuf fiolvunbfm }l vf F+Olkkfuof hi knujf}hib nim sulkl}hli }l ons}vuf

hi}fuin}hlin` knujf}, el}g ehb nim kn``) ]gf Hi}fuif} h `hjfrhf vfm n n kfmhvk dlu figniofm

ov}lkfu futhof nim vsslu}) H} h n `l} fnhfu dlu olksnihf }l sulthmf }gfhu }nubf} olivkfu rh}g

kluf mf}nh`fm sulmvo} nim futhof hidlukn}hli vhib }gf Hi}fuif})

]gf mftf`lskfi} ld HO] h n jfx dno}lu hi }gf bulr}g ld F+Olkkfuof) Dlu hi}niof, }fogil`lbhon`

nmtniof hi mhbh}hqhib oli}fi}, olksufhli nim }gf sulkl}hli ld lsfi x}fk }fogil`lbx

gntf sntfm }gf rnx dlu }gf olitfubfiof ld olkkvihon}hli futhof hi}l lif hib`f s`n}dluk)

]gh hi }vui gn knmf olkkvihon}hli kluf fddhohfi}, dn}fu, fnhfu, nim kluf folilkhon` n }gf

iffm }l f} vs fsnun}f if}rluj dlu }f`fsglif futhof, }f`fthhli eulnmon}, one`f }f`fthhli,

nim Hi}fuif} noof h f`hkhin}fm) Dulk }gf }nimslhi} ld dhuk evhiff nim olivkfu,

gnthib li`x lif hidlukn}hli sulthmfu kfni `lrfu olkkvihon}hli ol})

Klufltfu, }gf suhiohs`f ld vihtfun` noof oni ef knmf kluf noghftne`f rh}g olitfubfiof) N}

suffi} }gf ghbg ol} ld hi}n``hib `nim`hif hi snuf`x slsv`n}fm uvun` nufn h n mhhiofi}htf }l}f`folkkvihon}hli olksnihf }l hi}n`` }f`fsglif hi }gff nufn) Hi}n``hib `nim`hif hi uvun` nufn

oni efolkf kluf n}}uno}htf }l }gf suhtn}f fo}lu hd uftfivf dulk }gff `nim`hif nuf il} `hkh}fm }l

`lon` nim `lib mh}niof }f`fsglif ognubf, ev} n`l hio`vmf one`f ]T nim Hi}fuif} ognubf) ]gh

mftf`lskfi} rh`` fivuf nddlumne`f noof }l hidlukn}hli ftfi ex }glf hi uvun` nufn nim rh``

snuf }gf bltfuikfi} }gf }ulve`f nim ol} ld hi}n``hib fwsfihtf `nim`hif)


13/13

Rgh`f lkf vf F+Olkkfuof nim f+evhif hi}fuognibfne`x, }gfx nuf mh}hio} oliofs}) Hi F+

Olkkfuof, hidlukn}hli nim olkkvihon}hli }fogil`lbx 'HO]( h vfm hi hi}fu+evhif lu hi}fu+

lubnihqn}hlin` }unino}hli '}unino}hli ef}rffi nim nklib dhuklubnihqn}hli( nim hievhif+}l+olivkfu }unino}hli '}unino}hli ef}rffi dhuklubnihqn}hli nim himhthmvn`()

Hi f+evhif, li }gf l}gfu gnim, HO] h vfm }l figniof lif evhif) H} hio`vmf nix sulof

}gn} n evhif lubnihqn}hli 'fh}gfu n dlu+suldh}, bltfuikfi}n` lu ili+suldh} fi}h}x( olimvo} ltfu

n olksv}fu+kfmhn}fm if}rluj) N kluf olksufgfihtf mfdhih}hli ld f+evhif h1 ]gf

}unidlukn}hli ld ni lubnihqn}hli suloff }l mf`htfu nmmh}hlin` ov}lkfu tn`vf }gulvbg }gf

nss`hon}hli ld }fogil`lbhf, sgh`llsghf nim olksv}hib snunmhbk ld }gf ifr folilkx)

]gf Hi}fuif} folilkx h n eulnmfu oliofs} }gni F+Olkkfuof nim F+Evhif) H} hio`vmf F+

Olkkfuof nim F+Evhif)

]gf Hi}fuif} folilkx sfu}nhi }l n`` folilkho no}hth}hf vhib f`fo}uliho if}rluj n n

kfmhvk dlu olkkfuof lu }glf no}hth}hf hitl`tfm hi el}g evh`mhib }gf if}rluj `hijfm }l }gf

Hi}fuif} nim }gf svuognf ld nss`hon}hli futhof vog n }gf sulthhli ld fine`hib gnumrnuf

nim ld}rnuf nim if}rluj f~vhskfi} dlu Rfe+enfmli`hif uf}nh` nim glsshib kn`` 'lu f+

kn``() H} h knmf vs ld }guff knalu fbkfi}1 sgxhon` 'HO]( hidun}uvo}vuf, evhif

hidun}uvo}vuf, nim olkkfuof)

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