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E-Governance

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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : History

Chapter 2 : E-Government by country

Chapter 3 : E-Government- an alternate approach

Chapter 4 : National partnership for Rein venting government

Chapter 5 : Government to business

Chapter 6 : Automobile navigation

Chapter 7 : Short Message service

Chapter : 8 Technical details

Chapter : 9 Multimedia messaging service

Chapter : 10 Bluetooth

Chapter : 11 List of application

Chapter : 12 References

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Chapter-1

History

E-Governance

Several dimension and factors influence the definition of e-Governance. The word ―electronic‖

in the term e-Governance implies technology driven governance. E-Governance is the

application ofinformation and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government

services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration of various stand-

alone systems and services between Government-to-Citizens (G2C), Government-to-

Business(G2B),Government-to-Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and

interactions within the entire government frame work. Through the e-Governance, the

government services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and

transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance

concepts are Government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In eGovernance there are no

distinct boundaries.

Generally four basic models are available-Government to Customer (Citizen), Government to

Employees, Government to Government and Government to Business.

Difference between e-governance and e-government

Both the terms are treated to be the same, however, there is some difference between the two.

"E-government" is the use of the ICTs in public administrations- combined with organisational

change and new skills- to improve public services and democratic processes and to strengthen

support to public". The problem in this definition to be congruence definition of e-governance is

that there is no provision for governance of ICTs. As a matter of fact, the governance of ICTs

requires most probably a substantial increase in regulation and policy- making capabilities,with

all the expertise and opinion-shaping processes among the various social stakeholders of these

concerns. So, the perspective of the e-governance is "the use of the technologies that both help

governing and have to be governed".

E-Governance is the future, many countries are looking forward to for a corruption free

government. E-government is one-waycommunication protocol whereas E-governance is two-

way communication protocol. The essence of E-governance is to reach the beneficiary and

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ensure that the services intended to reach the desired individual has been met with. There should

be an auto-response system to support the essence of E-governance, whereby the Government

realizes the efficacy of its governance. E-governance is by the governed, for the governed and of

the governed.

Establishing the identity of the end beneficiary is a true challenge in all citizen-centric services.

Statistical information published by governments and world bodies do not always reveal the

facts. Best form of E-governance cuts down on unwanted interference of too many layers while

delivering governmental services. It depends on good infrastructural setup with the support of

local processes and parameters for governments to reach their citizens or end

beneficiaries. Budget for planning, development and growth can be derived from well laid out E-

governance systems

Defining e-Government

‗E-Gov Strategies' (or Digital Government) is defined as ‗The employment of the Internet and

the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens.‘ (United

Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005).

'Electronic Government' (or in short 'e-Government') essentially refers to ‗The utilization of

Information Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and other

web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and

effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector.‘ (Jeong, 2007).

E-government describes the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of government and the

dispersement of government information and services. E-government, short for electronic

government, deals heavily with Internet and non-internet applications to aid in governments. E-

government includes the use of electronics in government as large-scale as the use of telephones

and fax machines, as well as surveillance systems, tracking systems such as RFID tags, and even

the use of television and radios to provide government-related information and services to the

citizens.

Examples of e-Government and e-Governance

E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with

city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM),

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audio/video presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the

address provided at the site and ―the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of

government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees. The focus should be

on:

The use of Information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a

tool to achieve better government.

The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a

government organization.

The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance

by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new

media.[8]

Whilst e-Government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations

of government, e-Governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement

and participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-

Government, e-Governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better

governance.

Delivery models and activities of e-Government

The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into:

Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Consumer (G2C)

In this model, the G2C model apply the strategy of Customer Relationship Management

(CRM) with business concept.

By managing their customer (citizen) relationship, the business (government) can

provide the needed products and services fulfill the needs from customer (citizen).

In United States, the NPR (National Partnership for Reinventing Government) has been

implemented from 1993.

Government-to-Business (G2B)

Government-to-Government (G2G)

Government-to-Employees (G2E)

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Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:

pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general holidays, public

hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.

two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another

government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post

problems, comments, or requests to the agency.

conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.

governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active

citizen participation by:

1. Informing the citizen

2. Representing the citizen

3. Encouraging the citizen to vote

4. Consulting the citizen

5. Involving the citizen

Non-internet e-Government

While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government,"

many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-

Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging,MMS, wireless networks and

services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road traffic

management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other Near Field

Communication applications; polling station technology (where non-online e-voting is being

considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government services (e.g., CSMW), email, online

community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant

messaging technologies.

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Controversies of e-Government

Disadvantages

The main disadvantages concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public access to the

internet, reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of government groups that

could influence and bias public opinions.

There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-

government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on

economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks, and disturbances to

the status quo in these areas. See also Electronic leviathan.

Hyper-surveillance

Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government

begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact

electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of

privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them. In a worst

case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and

civilians, a totalitarian-like system could develop. When the government has easy access to

countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost.

Cost

Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent" on the development and

implementation of e-government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The

outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based governments are often difficult to gauge or

unsatisfactory. According to Gartner, Worldwide IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in

2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4 trillion).

Inaccessibility

An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the "potential to

reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy

levels, exist on poverty line incomes.

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False sense of transparency and accountability

Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is

maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the

public eye. To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these

modifications. Those that do so, like the United States‘ OMBWatch and Government

Accountability Project, are often nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not

always keep track of the information they insert and delete.

Advantages

The ultimate goal of the E-Government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public

services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-government allows for

government transparency. Government transparency is important because it allows the public to

be informed about what the government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to

implement. Simple tasks may be easier to perform through electronic government access. Many

changes, such as marital status or address changes can be a long process and take a lot of paper

work for citizens. E-government allows these tasks to be performed efficiently with more

convenience to individuals. E-government is an easy way for the public to be more involved in

political campaigns. It could increase voter awareness, which could lead to an increase in citizen

participation in elections. It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public

benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend

time, energy and money to get it.

E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily

accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example, the Indiana Bureau of Motor

Vehicles simplified the process of certifying driver records to be admitted in county court

proceedings. Indiana became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed,

legally certified and delivered electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In

addition to its simplicity, e-democracy services can reduce costs. Alabama Department of

Conservation & Natural Resources, Wal-Mart and NIC developed an online hunting and fishing

license service utilizing an existing computer to automate the licensing process. More than

140,000 licenses were purchased atWal-Mart stores during the first hunting season and the

agency estimates it will save $200,000 annually from service.

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The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better

accessibility of public services, and more transparency and accountability.

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Chapter-2

Democratization

One goal of e-government will be greater citizen participation. Through the internet, people from

all over the country can interact with politicians or public servants and make their voices

heard. Blogging and interactive surveys will allow politicians or public servants to see the views

of the people they represent on any given issue. Chat rooms can place citizens in real-time

contact with elected officials, their offices or provide them with the means to replace them by

interacting directly with public servants, allowing voters to have a direct impact and influence in

their government. These technologies can create a more transparent government, allowing voters

to immediately see how and why their representation in the capital is voting the way they are.

This helps voters better decide who to vote for in the future or how to help the public servants

become more productive. A government could theoretically move more towards a

truedemocracy with the proper application of e-government. Government transparency will give

insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold elected officials or public servants

accountable for their actions. The public could become a direct and prominent influence in

government legislature to some degree.

Environmental bonuses

Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen the need for

hard copy forms. Due to recent pressures from environmentalist groups, the media, and the

public, some governments and organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce this paper use.

The United States government utilizes the website http://www.forms.gov to provide ―internal

government forms for federal employees‖ and thus ―produce significant savings in paper.

Speed, efficiency, and convenience

E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and

any location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind

desks and windows. Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through

computerization, and information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing

time. On the administrative side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can

now be stored in databases versus hardcopies stored in various locations. Individuals with

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disabilities or conditions no longer have to be mobile to be active in government and can be in

the comfort of their own homes.

Public approval

Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the

public. Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency,

and young people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn

to e-voting procedures.

Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy

policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal

confidentiality. Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of

criminals, and 57% are willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the

prosecution of criminals or terrorists.

Technology-specific e-Government

There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as m-

government (mobile government), u-government (ubiquitous government), and g-government

(GIS/GPS applications for e-government.

E-government portals and platforms The primary delivery models of e-Government are classified

depending on who benefits. In the development of public sector or private sector portals and

platforms, a system is created that benefits all constituents. Citizens needing to renew their

vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it while already engaged in meeting the

regulatory inspection requirement. On behalf of a government partner, business provides what

has traditionally, and solely, managed by government and can use this service to generate profit

or attract new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and complexity of having

to process the transactions.

To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally

develop and manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates

portals that pay for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions,

known as self-funding portals.

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Social networking services are an emerging area for e-democracy. The social networking entry

point is within the citizens‘ environment and the engagement is on the citizens‘ terms.

Proponents of e-government perceive government use of social networking as a medium to help

government act more like the public it serves. Examples can be found at almost every state

government portal throughFacebook, Twitter, and YouTube widgets.

Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction

with services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging

services and blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share

common interests and concerns. Government is also beginning to Twitter. In the state of Rhode

Island, TreasurerFrank T. Caprio is offering daily tweets of the state‘s cash flow. Interested

people can sign up at here. For a full list of state agencies with Twitter feeds, visit NIC. For more

information, visit transparent-gov.com.

N e-Government Readiness Index

There are several international rankings of e-government maturity. The Eurostat rankings,

Economist, Brown University, and the UN e-Government Readiness Index are among the most

frequently cited. The United Nations Public Administration Network conducts a bi-annual e-

Government survey which includes a section titled e-Government Readiness. It is a comparative

ranking of the countries of the world according to two primary indicators: i) the state of e-

government readiness; and ii) the extent of e-participation. Constructing a model for the

measurement of digitized services, the Survey assesses the 191 member states of the UN

according to a quantitative composite index of e-government readiness based on website

assessment; telecommunication infrastructure and human resource endowment.

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The following is the list of the top 50 countries according to the UN's 2012 e-Government

Readiness Index.

Rank Country Index

1 South Korea 0.9283

2 Netherlands 0.9125

3 United Kingdom 0.8960

4 Denmark 0.8889

5 United States 0.8687

6 France 0.8635

7 Sweden 0.8599

8 Norway 0.8593

9 Finland 0.8505

10 Singapore 0.8474

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Rank Country Index

11 Canada 0.8430

12 Australia 0.8390

13 New Zealand 0.8381

14 Liechtenstein 0.8264

15 Switzerland 0.8134

16 Israel 0.8100

17 Germany 0.8079

18 Japan 0.8019

19 Luxembourg 0.8014

20 Estonia 0.7987

21 Austria 0.7840

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Rank Country Index

22 Iceland 0.7835

23 Spain 0.7770

24 Belgium 0.7718

25 Slovenia 0.7492

26 Monaco 0.7468

27 United Arab Emirates 0.7344

28 Lithuania 0.7333

29 Croatia 0.7328

30 Hungary 0.7208

31 Italy 0.7190

32 Portugal 0.7165

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Rank Country Index

33 Ireland 0.7194

34 Malta 0.7131

35 Bahrain 0.6946

36 Greece 0.6872

37 Kazakhstan 0.6844

38 Chile 0.6769

39 Malaysia 0.6703

40 Saudi Arabia 0.6658

41 Latvia 0.6604

42 Colombia 0.6572

43 Barbados 0.6566

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Rank Country Index

44 Cyprus 0.6508

45 Czech Republic 0.6491

46 Poland 0.6441

47 Qatar 0.6405

48 Antigua and Barbuda 0.6345

49 Russian Federation 0.6315

50 Uruguay 0.6315

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Chapter-3

E-Government By Country

In Africa

As the rest of the world keeps embracing the benefits of e-government, Africa has of late shown

significant milestones in developing similar electronic government platforms. There are various

countries that has shown progress in the recent years:

In Kenya

The transition period from the KANU government to the NARC government(December 2002),

marked the full realization of the e-government aspect, as the nation was set to tap the great

potential of ICT-in service delivery to its subjects .Nonetheless,it was in January 2004 when,

after the executive (cabinet) session, that a Directorate of e-government was established.The

newly created department had the duty to draw the plan of action; for future ICT

implementations.

Like many other African nations, Kenya has embraced the high mobile penetration rate within its

population.This is attributed to the ubiquity aspect, that is provided by mobile phones-such that

even people living in remote areas that could not be having the traditional telecommunications'

networks, they can now communicate with ease.It is noted that this has a great impact on the

governments' strategies in reaching out to its citizens. Given that about 70% of the population

owns mobile phones, leading mobile network operators like Safaricom have taken a great step in

offering services that meets citizens' demands. Such services include Kipokezi service(that

allows subscribers to do online chatting and also exchange electronic mails via standard mobile

phones)-and then M-Pesa; the mobile bank(that allows the subscribers to send and receive

electronic cash). This has even appealed to the majority of Kenyans, as it supports the branchless

members of the society too, in doing normal and secure businesses via M-Pesa. The

recent IMF report reveals that MPESA transactions in Kenya exceeded those carried out by

Western Union worldwide.

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In Asia

In Bangladesh

eGovernment web portal has been developed to provide more convenient access to various

government service and information through one window

In India

In India, the e-Governance initiatives are broadly managed under the umbrella of

the NeGP initiative.

In Malaysia

In Malaysia, the e-Government efforts are undertaken by the Malaysian government, under the

umbrella of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and e-Government flagships, which was

launched in mid-1996, by Dr Mahathir Mohamad (1981-2003), by the then Prime Minister of

Malaysia (Jeong & Nor Fadzlina, 2007).

Electronic government is an initiative aimed at reinventing how the government works. It seeks

to improve both how the government operates, as well as how it deliver services to the people

(Ibrahim Ariff & Goh Chen Chuan, 2000).

In Pakistan

In Pakistan, the Government of Pakistan's e-government directorate is committed to building a

robust e-network framework that essentially allows the government to be more responsive in

delivering public services to citizens and businesses.

In Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka have taken some initiative actions to provide the benefits of e-Government to the

citizens.

In Europe

eGovernment shows significant advancement in Europe. For more information see eGovernment

in Europe.

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In Russia

On the Federal Law «On providing state and municipal services» (2010), the strategy on

development of Information Society in the Russian Federation, approved by the President

(2008), the Federal target programme «Electronic Russia» (2002 – 2010 years), approved by the

Government (2002), the State Programme «Information Society» (2010), the Procedure on

development and approval of administrative regulations execution of public functions (public

services), approved by the Government (2005), the concept of administrative reform in the

Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010 respectively, approved by the Government (2005),on other

orders, resolutions and acts in the Russian Federation was created electronic government (or e-

government).

The main target on creating of e-government lies in the field of providing the equal opportunities

for all the Russians in spite of their living place and their incomes and make more effective

system of public administration. So e-government are created for reaching the useful system of

public management accommodating the individual interests of every citizen by participation

through ICTs in public policy-making.

Nowadays Russian e-government includes such systems as

1. The united interagency Interacting system using for providing of state and municipal services,

exchange of information and data between participants of interagency interacting, quick approval

of state and municipal decisions, etc.

2. The united system for authentication and authorization providing evidence of the rights of all

participants of e-government.

3. United portal of state and municipal services and functions which is the «single window» for

all information and services assured by government and municipals.

The portal of public services is one of the key elements of the project to create «electronic

government» in the country. The portal provides a single point of access to all references on state

and municipal services through the Internet and provides citizens and organizations the

opportunity to receive these services electronically. Monthly visits by users of the public services

portal range between 200,000 and 700,000. For example, citizens are now able to get or

exchange a driver license through this portal.

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4. Head system providing utilization of electronic signature.

Other systems located on cloud services.

Today Russian e-government elements are demanded in the spheres of e-governance, e-services

(e-health, e-education, e-library, etc.), e-commerce, e-democracy (web-election, Russian public

initiative). By the United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People

Russia became one of the 7 emerging leaders in e-government development, took 9th place in

rating of e-government development in largest population countries, took 8th rank in Top e-

participation leaders, after Norway, Sweden and Chile, Advancing 32 positions in the world

rankings, the Russian Federation became the leader of e-government in Eastern Europe.

Evolution of ICT in the Russian Federation provided the raising of Russia in E-government

development index to the 27 place.

In the Middle East

In the United Arab Emirates, the Emirates eGovernment is designed for e-government

operations. The e-Government was also established in Saudi Arabia, and it offers online

government services and transactions.

In North America

In Canada

The current Clerk of the Privy Council – the head of the federal public service, has made

workplace renewal a pillar of overall public service renewal. Key to workplace renewal is the

adoption of collaborative networked tools. An example of such as tool is GCPEDIA – a wiki

platform for federal public servants. Other tools include GCconnex, a social networking tool, and

GCforums, a discussion board system.

In the United States

The election of Barack Obama as President of the United States has become associated with the

effective use of Internet technologies during his campaign, and in the implementation of his new

government in 2009.

On January 21, 2009, newly elected President Obama signed one of his first memorandums –

the Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Transparency and

Open GovernmentIn the memo, President Obama called for an unprecedented level of openness

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in Government, asking agencies to "ensure the public trust and establish a system of

transparency, public participation, and collaboration. The memo further "directs the Chief

Technology Officer, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget

(OMB) and the Administrator of General Services (GSA), to coordinate the development by

appropriate executive departments and agencies [and] to take specific actions implementing the

principles set forth in the memorandum.

President Obama‘s memorandum centered around the idea of increasing transparency throughout

various different federal departments and agencies. By enabling public websites like

recovery.gov and data.gov to distribute more information to the American population, the

administration believes that it will gain greater citizen participation.

Recently[ this initiative has crossed several key milestones and continues to make a significant

amount of progress. Certain government information is still[ and will continue to be, considered

privileged, and this issue remains at the center of the debate.

Additionally, technology is still not accessible by all Americans. The National Broadband

Plan hopes to counter this limit, but many Americans are still without access to internet, which

would be required to use these services. Some Americans live in rural areas without access,

while others are not financially able to support a connection.

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Chapter-4

E-Government – An Alternative Approach

Recent government policy updates have seen a shift away from e-Government towards a much

more radical focus on transforming the whole relationship between the public sector and users of

public services. This new approach is referred to as Transformational Government

Transformation programs differ from traditional e-Government programs in four major ways:

They take a whole-of-government view of the relationship between the public sector and the

citizen or business user.

They include initiatives to e-enable the frontline public services: that is, staff involved in

direct personal delivery of services such as education and healthcare – rather than just

looking at transactional services which can be e-enabled on an end-to-end basis.

They take a whole-of-government view of the most efficient way managing the cost base of

government.

They focus on the "citizen" not the "customer". That is, they seek to engage with the citizens

as owners of and participants in the creation of public services, not as passive recipients of

services.

Information and communications technology

Information and communications technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym

for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified

communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless

signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-

visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

The phrase ICT had been used by academic researchers since the 1980s, but it became popular

after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997and in the

revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. As of September

2013, the term "ICT" in the UK National Curriculum has been replaced by the broader term

"computing"

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The term ICT is now also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and telephone

networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large

economic incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination of the telephone network) to merge

the audio-visual, building management and telephone network with the computer network

system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management.

The term Infocommunications is sometimes used interchangeably with ICT. In fact

Infocommunications is the expansion oftelecommunications with information processing and

content handling functions on a common digital technology base. For a comparison of these and

other terms, see. The ICT Development Index compares the level of ICT use and access across

the world.

Global Costs of IT

The total money spent on IT worldwide has been most recently estimated as US $3.5 trillion, and

is currently growing at 5% p.a. – doubling every 15 years. IT costs, as a percentage of corporate

revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. Today, when looking at

companies‘ IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to ―keep the lights on‖ in the IT

department, and 25% are cost of new initiatives for technology development.

The average IT budget has the following breakdown 31% – personnel costs (internal) 29% –

software costs (external/purchasing category) 26% – hardware costs (external/purchasing

category) 14% – costs of external service providers (external/services)

The WSIS Process and the stocktaking process

On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly by approving Resolution 56/183

endorsed the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss on

information society opportunities and challenges. According to this resolution, the General

Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration to implement ICT

to facilitate achieving Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasize on the multistakeholder

approach to use all stakeholders including civil society and private sector beside the

governments. The resolution gave ITU the leading managerial role to organize the event in

cooperation with other UN bodies as well as the other international organizations and the host

countries and recommended that preparations for the Summit take place through an open-ended

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intergovernmental Preparatory Committee – or PrepCom – that would define the agenda of the

Summit, decide on the modalities of the participation of other stakeholders, and finalize both the

draft Declaration of Principles and the draft Plan of Action.

In 2003 at Geneva, delegates from 175 countries took part in the first phase of WSIS where they

adopted a Declaration of Principles. This is a road map for achieving an information society

accessible to all and based on shared knowledge. A Plan of Action sets out a goal of bringing 50

percent of the world's population online by 2015.

The second phase took place from November 16 through 18, 2005, in Tunis, Tunisia. It resulted

in agreement on the Tunis Commitmentand the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, and

the creation of the Internet Governance Forum.

The WSIS Stocktaking Process

The WSIS Stocktaking Process is a follow-up to WSIS. Its purpose is to provide a register of

activities carried out by governments, international organizations, the business sector, civil

society and other entities, in order to highlight the progress made since that landmark event.

Following § 120 of TAIS, ITU has been maintaining the WSIS Stocktaking database as a

publicly accessible system providing information on ICT-related initiatives and projects with

reference to the 11 WSIS Action Lines.

Furthermore, regular reporting on WSIS Stocktaking is the outcome of the Tunis phase of the

Summit, which was launched in order to serve as a tool for assisting with the WSIS follow-up.

The purpose of the regular reports is to update stakeholders on the various activities related to the

11 Action Lines identified in the Geneva Plan of Action, that was approved during First Phase of

the WSIS.

The WSIS+10 High-Level Event will be held from 13 to 17 April 2014 in Sharm el-Sheikh. This

event will be an extended version of the WSIS Forum. It is designed to review the progress made

in the implementation of the WSIS outcomes under the mandates of participating agencies, and

to take stock of achievements in the last 10 years based on reports of WSIS Stakeholders,

including those submitted by countries, Action Line Facilitators and other stakeholders. The

event will review the WSIS Outcomes (2003 and 2005) related to the WSIS Action Lines with

the view of developing proposals on a new vision beyond 2015, potentially including new

25

targets. This process will take into account the decisions of the 68th Session of the UN General

Assembly.

Open Consultation Process The Open Consultation Process is an open and inclusive consultation

among WSIS Stakeholders (governments, private sector, civil society, international organizations

and relevant regional organizations) focused on developing multistakeholder consensus on two

draft Outcome Documents, the thematic aspects, and innovations on the format of the Event.

WSIS + 10

The WSIS+10 High-Level Event will be held from 13 to 17 April 2014 in Sharm el-Sheikh. This

event will be an extended version of the WSIS Forum. It is designed to review the progress made

in the implementation of the WSIS outcomes under the mandates of participating agencies, and

to take stock of achievements in the last 10 years based on reports of WSIS Stakeholders,

including those submitted by countries, Action Line Facilitators and other stakeholders. The

event will review the WSIS Outcomes (2003 and 2005) related to the WSIS Action Lines with

the view of developing proposals on a new vision beyond 2015, potentially including new

targets. This process will take into account the decisions of the 68th Session of the UN General

Assembly.

Open Consultation Process

The Open Consultation Process is an open and inclusive consultation among WSIS Stakeholders

(governments, private sector, civil society, international organizations and relevant regional

organizations) focused on developing multistakeholder consensus on two draft Outcome

Documents, the thematic aspects, and innovations on the format of the Event.

WSIS PROJECT PRIZES 2014

The WSIS Project Prizes 2014 contest provides a platform to identify and showcase success

stories and models that could be easily replicated; empower communities at the local level; give

a chance to all stakeholders working on WSIS to participate in the contest, and particularly

recognize the efforts of stakeholders for their added value to the society and commitment

towards achieving WSIS goals.

Apllications can be submitted for the contest of WSIS Project Prizes 2014 until 1 November

2013.

26

The contest of WSIS Project Prizes 2014 is organized into four phases to be held from 5

September 2013 until 13 April 2014. On the latter date 18 winners of WSIS Project Prizes will

be honored, recognized and presented with an award during WSIS Project Prizes 2014 Ceremony

at the WSIS+10 High-Level Event.

27

Chapter-5

National Partnership For Reinventing Government

The National Partnership for Reinventing Government (NPR), originally the National

Performance Review, was an interagency task force to reform the way the United States federal

government works in the Clinton Administration.

The NPR was created on March 3, 1993. It was the eleventh federal reform effort in the 20th

century.

In early 1998, the National Performance Review was renamed to the National Partnership for

Reinventing Government

Morley Winograd was appointed as the Senior Policy Advisor to Vice President Al Gore and

Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government in December 1997

History

The NPR was the Clinton-Gore Administration's interagency task force to reform and streamline

the way the United States federal government functions. It was the eleventh federal reform effort

in the twentieth century

The creation of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government was announced during

U.S. President Bill Clinton's address on March 3, 1993 to a special joint session of the United

States CongressThis initiative was a reinvention of an effort formerly known as the National

Performance Review, and consisted of a proposed six-month efficiency review of the federal

government spearheaded by U.S. Vice President Al Gore. The aim for the initiative was to create

a government that ―works better, costs less, and gets results Americans care about. However,

Vice President Gore went beyond preparing a report to lead an effort that evolved into the

longest-running and , arguably, most successful reform effort in U.S. history to date.

In the address to a joint session of Congress on March 3, 1993, President Clinton provided

rationale for implementing the NPR: ―The conditions which brought us as a nation to this point

are well known. Two decades of low productivity growth and stagnant wages, persistent

unemployment and underemployment, years of huge government and declining investment in

our future, exploding health care costs, and lack of coverage for millions of Americans, legions

28

of poor children, education and job training opportunities inadequate to the demands of this

tough global economy.

The stated intention of the NPR was to ―invent government that puts people first, by: serving its

customers, empowering its employees, and fostering excellence.‖ In order to achieve this, the

objectives of the NPR were to ―create a clear sense of mission; delegate authority and

responsibility; replace regulations with incentives; develop budget-based outcomes; and measure

[our] success by customer satisfaction.‖

Clinton‘s address on March 3 was a call to arms aimed at both branches of government and the

political parties. His proposition to establish and implement the NPR consisted of four

components, detailing the shift from 1) consumption to investment in both the public and private

sectors, 2) changing the rhetoric of public decision making so that it honors work and families, 3)

substantially reducing federal debt, and 4) administering government spending and cuts.

Gore presented the report of his National Performance Review to President Clinton and the

public on September 7, 1993. Gore cited the long term goal was to ―change the very culture of

the federal government,‖ and designated ―optimism‖ and ―effective communication‖ as the keys

to success of the NPR.

In September 1993, the National Performance Review issued its initial report, noting that

successful organizations—businesses, city and state governments, and organizations of the

federal government—do four things well. These four things became the recipe for reinventing

government: 1) Put customers first; 2) Cut red tape; 3) Empower employees to get results; 4) Cut

back to basics.

Background

In March 1993 Clinton stated that he planned to ―reinvent government‖ when he declared that

―Our goal is to make the entire federal government less expensive and more efficient, and to

change the culture of our national bureaucracy away from complacency and entitlement toward

initiative and empowerment. After this, Clinton put the project into Vice President Al Gore‘s

hands with a six month deadline for a proposal for the plan. The National Performance Review

(NPR), which was later renamed the National Partnership for Reinventing Government released

its first report in September of 1993, which contained 384 recommendations for improving

29

bureaucracy‘s performance across the entire federal governmentThe report was the product of

months‘ worth of consultation of various government departments and meetings within Clinton‘s

bureaucracy, which narrowed down 2,000 pages of proposals to the final report

NPR promised to save the federal government about $108 billion: $40.4 billion from a ‗smaller

bureaucracy,‘ $36.4 billion from program changes and $22.5 billion from streamlining

contracting processesEach of the recommendations would fall into three categories: whether it

required legislative action, presidential action, or internal bureaucratic reform. Major branches of

bureaucracy that were targeted were the US Department of Agriculture, the Department of the

Interior, the Agency for International Development (AID), Health and Human Services (HHS),

the Department of Labor, and Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The first-year status

report of the NPR claimed that, pending Congressional action, likely savings would amount to

about $12.2 billion in 1994

In 1993, Congress rejected many key provisions of the NPR downsizing when it came to

individual departmental cuts, proving that NPR could not sustain its reforms without modest

congressional support. As Donald Kettl points out, the NPR‘s biggest hurdle was that ―although

it had a strategy leading to the release of its report on September 7, 1993, it had no strategy for

September 8 and afterward.‖ [9]

Still, key legislation successfully passed throughout the reform

effort was the NPR‘s procurement reforms — the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994,

the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1995, and the Clinger-Cohen Act in 1996.

In a September 1996 pamphlet, Gore wrote that the federal government had reduced its

workforce by nearly 24,000 as of January 1996, and that thirteen of the fourteen departments had

reduced the size of their workforce In addition, thousands of field offices that were considered

‗obsolete‘ closed. September 1997, Gore reported that 2.8 million people left the welfare rolls

between 1993 and 1997.

Toward the end of Clinton‘s first term, the task of the NPR became less to ―review and

recommend‖ and more to ―support agencies in their reinventing goals,‖ reflected in the change of

the senior advisor from Elaine Kamarck to Morley Winograd. It was also around this time that

the name change occurred to reflect more engagement with relevant public institutions such as

student loans, the IRS, and emergency preparedness.

30

NPR and the Department of Housing and Urban Development

The original 168-page report of the National Performance Review made a total of 255 agency-

specific recommendations, 10 of which were directed at the Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD). The report recommended that HUD eliminate their annual budget reviews

and work with congress to change rent rules that would create strong incentives for people to

move from public housing as soon as they find jobs.

NPR and defense spending

According to military strategist Isaiah Wilson III, there were two phases to the National

Performance Review, the second of which was commenced on January 3, 1995 by Vice

President Al Gore,The aim of Phase 2 was to ―examine the basic mission of government…to find

and eliminate things that don‘t need to be done by the government.‖

While another focus of the NPR was to cut down on red tape bureaucracy, in regards to the

adjustments made to the Defense Department, Wilson argues that a fundamental step towards

actual reinvention was skipped. The Arms Export Control Act, which is viewed as the essential

piece of legislation regarding the trading of arms and related technologies, has remained

essentially untouched since 1976 even after phase 2 of the NPR.

The NPR also aimed to improve general customer satisfaction with all dealings involving the

federal government. In terms of foreign military sales, however, there is a dilemma of whether or

not the federal government‘s main ―customer‖ should be the foreign nations purchasing arms and

technologies or the American taxpayer who in part pays for the service provided by the defense

department.

NPR and the Government Printing Office

Apart from Defense spending, the NPR also narrowed its sights on government printing, namely

the operation of the Government Printing Office (GPO). According to recommendations made

by the NPR, the GPO was seen as a monopoly on government printing and was responsible for

great spending waste. The three specific recommendations read as follow:

1. Authorize the executive branch to establish a printing policy that will eliminate the current

printing monopoly.

2. Ensure public access to federal information.

31

3. Develop integrated electronic access to government information and services.[

NPR and the Executive Branch

One way Vice President Al Gore intended to put his plan into action was by reducing the number

of workers in the executive branch. Many agencies saw the downsizing as detrimental to their

efficiency because it left them "shorthanded in the delivery of programs and services." However,

Gore recognized that a smaller workforce would allow agencies to focus on customer service

instead of managing an unnecessary amount of workers. This emphasis on customer service

coincides with Gore's determination to focus on what the citizens want from the

government.[ Aside from diminishing the size of executive agencies, the report also suggests

―redefin[ing] the role of the institutional presidency‖ by reducing the management role. This

would involve ―devolving management authority to the lowest level possible and shift[ing]

accountability from the President to agency ‗customers. In this case, lowest level refers to the

interagency committees; however, management duties would be assigned to ―the politically

appointed leadership in the departments and agencies

NPR and National Service

In addition to its association with executive branch reform, the NPR‘s reinvention movement is

tightly bound to the idea of national service. In the words of President Bill Clinton, ―National

Service is nothing less than the American way to change America. It is rooted in the concept of

community: the simple idea that every one of us, no matter how many privileges with which we

are born, can still be enriched by the contributions of the least of us. Because National Service is

so closely tied to the American citizens, Clinton and Gore recognized its role in government

reinvention since a main purpose of the NPR is to respond to the needs of the people. In 1993,

the Corporation for National Service (CNS) was created to further ―develop and expand the

President‘s reinvention themes Like the ideals of the National Performance Review, the main

goal of the CNS was to yield fast results. Likewise, the CNS was dedicated to producing ―well-

informed decisions without delay, keep[ing] staffing lean and flexible, multiply[ing] resources,

and delegat[ing] authority and responsibility in-house and in the field.

NPR and streamlining

Many attempts at reducing red tape involved streamlining grant processes and listening to the

recommendations of the NPR. The U.S. Department of Commerce "streamlin[ed] the internal

32

grants process" in order to reduce the amount of paperwork involved in applications for financial

assistance. The Department of Transportation has transitioned to electronic submission of grant

forms. The Alamo Federal Executive Board Reinvention Lab in Texas works to "remove

unnecessary regulations… so that intergovernmental employees may work together as partners"

and eliminate problems together.

Hammer award

The Hammer Award was created by Vice President Gore to recognize government efficiency as

a part of the program. Made simply of a $6 hammer, a striped ribbon and an aluminum-framed

note from Gore, the award parodies the Pentagon's infamous bloated hardware costs, including a

famous perception of a $436 hammer.

33

Chapter-6

Government-To-Business

Government-to-Business (abbreviated G2B) is the online non-commercial interaction between

local and central government and the commercial business sector, rather than private individuals

(G2C), with the purpose of providing businesses information and advice on e-business 'best

practices'.

Government-to-government

Government-to-Government (abbreviated G2G) is the online non-commercial interaction

between Government organisations, departments, and authorities and other Government

organisations, departments, and authorities. Its use is common in the UK, along with G2C, the

online non-commercial interaction of local and central Government and private individuals,

and G2B the online non-commercial interaction of local and central Government and the

commercial business sector.

G2G systems generally come in one of two types:

Internal facing - joining up a single Governments departments, agencies, organisations and

authorities - examples include the integration aspect of the Government Gateway, and the

UK NHS Connecting for Health Data SPINE.

External facing - joining up multiple Governments IS systems - an example would include the

integration aspect of the Schengen Information System (SIS), developed to meet the

requirements of the Schengen Agreement.

Government-to-employees (abbreviated G2E) is the online interactions through instantaneous

communication tools betweengovernment units and their employees. G2E is one out of the four

primary delivery models of e-Government.

G2E is an effective way to provide E-learning to the employees, bring them together and to

promote knowledge sharing among them. It also gives employees the possibility of accessing

information in regard to compensation and benefit policies, training and learning opportunities

and civil rights laws. G2E services also includes software for maintaining personnel information

and records of employees.

34

G2E is adopted in many countries including the United States, Hong Kong and New Zealand.

A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, or personal data assistant,

is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. PDAs are largely

considered obsolete with the widespread adoption of smartphones

Nearly all current PDAs have the ability to connect to the Internet. A PDA has an electronic

visual display, enabling it to include a web browser, all current models also have audio

capabilities enabling use as a portable media player, and also enabling most of them to be used

as mobile phones. Most PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-

Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks. Most PDAs employ touchscreen technology.

The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer II. Followed by Psion's Series 3, in

1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA style. It also had a full keyboard.

The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at

the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton.

In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the IBM Simon,

which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with

full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which became the world's best-selling

PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the "PDA phone", now called

"smartphone". Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which

began in March 1996.

35

Typical features

A typical PDA has a touchscreen for entering data, a memory card slot for data storage,

and IrDA, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi. However, some PDAs may not have a touch screen,

using softkeys, a directional pad, and a numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for input; this is

typically seen on telephones that are incidentally PDAs.

In order to have the functions expected of a PDA, a device's software typically includes

an appointment calendar, a to-do list, anaddress book for contacts, a calculator, and some sort

of memo (or "note") program. PDAs with wireless data connections also typically include

an email client and a Web browser.

Touch screen

Many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured a touchscreen for

user interaction, having only a few buttons—usually reserved for shortcuts to often-used

programs. Some touchscreen PDAs, including Windows Mobile devices, had a

detachable stylus to facilitate making selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping

the screen to select buttons or issue commands, or by dragging a finger (or the stylus) on the

screen to make selections or scroll.

Typical methods of entering text on touchscreen PDAs include:

A virtual keyboard, where a keyboard is shown on the touchscreen. Text is entered by

tapping the on-screen keyboard with a finger or stylus.

An external keyboard connected via USB, Infrared port, or Bluetooth. Some users may

choose a chorded keyboard for one-handed use.

Handwriting recognition, where letters or words are written on the touchscreen, and the PDA

converts the input to text. Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and

vertical formulas, such as "1 + 2 =", may also be a feature.

Stroke recognition allows the user to make a predefined set of strokes on the touchscreen,

sometimes in a special input area, representing the various characters to be input. The strokes

are often simplified character shapes, making them easier for the device to recognize. One

widely known stroke recognition system is Palm's Graffiti.

36

Despite rigorous research and development projects, end-users experience mixed results with

handwriting recognition systems. Some find it frustrating and inaccurate, while others are

satisfied with the quality of the recognition.

Touchscreen PDAs intended for business use, such as the BlackBerry and Palm Treo, usually

also offer full keyboards and scroll wheels or thumbwheels to facilitate data entry and

navigation.

Many touchscreen PDAs support some form of external keyboard as well. Specialized folding

keyboards, which offer a full-sized keyboard but collapse into a compact size for transport, are

available for many models. External keyboards may attach to the PDA directly, using a cable, or

may use wireless technology such as infrared or Bluetooth to connect to the PDA.

Newer PDAs, such as the HTC HD2, Apple iPhone, Apple iPod Touch, and Palm Pre, Palm Pre

Plus, Palm Pixi, Palm Pixi Plus, Google Android (operating system) include more advanced

forms of touchscreen that can register multiple touches simultaneously. These "multi-touch"

displays allow for more sophisticated interfaces using various gestures entered with one or more

fingers.

Memory cards

Although many early PDAs did not have memory card slots, now most have either some form

of Secure Digital (SD) slot or aCompactFlash slot. Although designed for memory, Secure

Digital Input/Output (SDIO) and CompactFlash cards are available that provide accessories like

Wi-Fi or digital cameras, if the device can support them. Some PDAs also have a USB port,

mainly for USB flash drivesSome PDAs use microSD cards, which are electronically compatible

with SD cards, but have a much smaller physical size.

Wired connectivity

While early PDAs connected to a user's personal computer via serial ports or another proprietary

connection many today connect via a USB cable. Older PDAs were unable to connect to each

other via USB, as their implementations of USB didn't support acting as the "host".

Some early PDAs were able to connect to the Internet indirectly by means of an external modem

connected via the PDA's serial port or "sync" connector or directly by using an expansion card

that provided an Ethernet port.

37

Wireless connectivity

Most modern PDAs have Bluetooth, a popular wireless protocol for mobile devices. Bluetooth

can be used to connect keyboards, headsets, GPS receivers, and other nearby accessories. It's also

possible to transfer files between PDAs that have Bluetooth.

Many modern PDAs have Wi-Fi wireless network connectivity and can connect to Wi-Fi

hotspots. All smartphones, and some other modern PDAs, can connect to Wireless Wide Area

Networks, such as those provided by cellular telecommunications companies.

Older PDAs from the 90s to 2006 typically had an IrDA (infrared) port allowing short-range,

line-of-sight wireless communication. Few current models use this technology, as it has been

supplanted by Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. IrDA allows communication between two PDAs, or between

a PDA and any device with an IrDA port or adapter. Some printers have IrDA

receivers,[11]

allowing IrDA-equipped PDAs to print to them, if the PDA's operating

system supports it. Universal PDA keyboards designed for these older PDAs use infrared

technology.Infrared technology is low-cost and has the advantage of being allowed aboard.

Synchronization

Most PDAs can synchronize their data with applications on a user's computer. This allows the

user to update contact, schedule, or other information on their computer, using software such

as Microsoft Outlook or ACT!, and have that same data transferred to PDA—or transfer updated

information from the PDA back to the computer. This eliminates the need for the user to update

their data in two places.

Synchronization also prevents the loss of information stored on the device if it is lost, stolen, or

destroyed. When the PDA is repaired or replaced, it can be "re-synced" with the computer,

restoring the user's data.

Some users find that data input is quicker on their computer than on their PDA, since text input

via a touchscreen or small-scale keyboard is slower than a full-size keyboard. Transferring data

to a PDA via the computer is therefore a lot quicker than having to manually input all data on the

handheld device.

38

Most PDAs come with the ability to synchronize to a computer. This is done

through synchronization software provided with the handheld, or sometime with the computer's

operating system. Examples of synchronization software include:

HotSync Manager, for Palm OS PDAs

'Microsoft ActiveSync, used by Windows XP and older Windows operating systems to

synchronize with Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and Windows CE PDAs, as well as PDAs

running iOS, Palm OS, and Symbian

Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center for Windows Vista, which supports Microsoft

Windows Mobile and Pocket PC devices.

Apple iTunes, used on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows to sync iOS devices (such as the

iPhone and iPod touch)

iSync, included with Mac OS X, can synchronize many SyncML-enabled PDAs

BlackBerry Desktop Software, used to sync BlackBerry devices.

These programs allow the PDA to be synchronized with a personal information manager, which

may be part of the computer's operating system, provided with the PDA, or sold separately by a

third party. For example, the RIM BlackBerry comes with RIM'sDesktop Manager program,

which can synchronize to both Microsoft Outlook and ACT!.

Other PDAs come only with their own proprietary software. For example, some early Palm OS

PDAs came only with Palm Desktop, while later Palm PDAs—such as the Treo 650—have the

ability to sync to Palm Desktop or Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft's ActiveSync and Windows

Mobile Device Center only synchronize with Microsoft Outlook or a Microsoft Exchange server

Third-party synchronization software is also available for some PDAs from companies like

CommonTime[12]

and CompanionLink. Third-party software can be used to synchronize PDAs to

other personal information managers that are not supported by the PDA manufacturers (for

example, GoldMine and IBM Lotus Notes).

Wireless synchronization

Some PDAs can synchronize some or all of their data using their wireless networking

capabilities, rather than having to be directly connected to a personal computer via a cable.

39

Apple iOS devices, like the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, can use Apple's iCloud service

(formerly MobileMe) to synchronize calendar, address book, mail account, Internet bookmark,

and other data with one or more Macintosh or Windows computers using Wi-Fi or cellular data

connections.

Devices running Palm's webOS or Google's Android operating system primarily sync with

the cloud. For example, if Gmail is used, information in contacts, email, and calendar can be

synchronized between the phone and Google's servers.

RIM sells BlackBerry Enterprise Server to corporations so that corporate BlackBerry users can

wirelessly synchronize their PDAs with the company's Microsoft Exchange Server, IBM Lotus

Domino, or Novell GroupWise servers. Email, calendar entries, contacts, tasks, and memos kept

on the company's server are automatically synchronized with the BlackBerry.

40

Chapter-7

Automobile Navigation

Some PDAs include Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers; this is particularly true of

smartphones. Other PDAs are compatible with external GPS-receiver add-ons that use the PDA's

processor and screen to display location information.

PDAs with GPS functionality can be used for automotive navigation. PDAs are increasingly

being fitted as standard on new cars.

PDA-based GPS can also display traffic conditions, perform dynamic routing, and show known

locations of roadside mobile radar guns. TomTom, Garmin, and iGO offer GPS navigation

software for PDAs.

Ruggedized PDAs

Some businesses and government organizations rely upon rugged PDAs, sometimes known

as enterprise digital assistants (EDAs), for mobile data applications. EDAs often have extra

features for data capture, such as barcode readers, radio-frequency identification(RFID)

readers, magnetic stripe card readers, or smart card readers.

Typical applications include:

military: notably U.S. Army

supply chain management in warehouses

package delivery

route accounting

medical treatment and recordkeeping in hospitals

facilities maintenance and management

parking enforcement

access control and security

capital asset maintenance

meter reading by utilities

"wireless waitress" applications in restaurants and hospitality venues

41

infection control audit and surveillance within healthcare environments

taxicab allocation and routing.

Medical and scientific uses

Many companies have developed PDA products aimed at the medical profession's unique needs,

such as drug databases, treatment information, and medical news. Services such

as AvantGo translate medical journals into PDA-readable formats. WardWatch organizes

medical records, providing reminders of information such as the treatment regimens of patients

to doctors making wardrounds. Pendragon and Syware provide tools for conducting research

with, allowing the user to enter data into a centralized database using their PDA. Microsoft

Visual Studio and Sun Java also provide programming tools for developing survey instruments

on the handheld. These development tools allow for integration with SQL databases that are

stored on the handheld and can be synchronized with a desktop- or server-based database.

PDAs have been shown to aid diagnosis and drug selection and some studies have concluded that

when patients use PDAs to record their symptoms, they communicate more effectively with

hospitals during follow-up visits.

The development of Sensor Web technology may lead to wearable bodily sensors to monitor

ongoing conditions, like diabetes orepilepsy, which would alert patients and doctors when

treatment is required using wireless communication and PDAs.

Educational uses

As mobile technology becomes more common, it is increasingly being used as a learning tool.

Some educational institutions have embraced M-Learning, integrating PDAs into their teaching

practices.

PDAs and handheld devices are allowed in many classrooms for digital note-taking. Students can

spell-check, modify, and amend their class notes on the PDA. Some educators distribute course

material through the Internet or infrared file-sharing functions of the PDA. Textbook publishers

have begun to release e-books, or electronic textbooks, which can be uploaded directly to a PDA,

reducing the number of textbooks students must carry Software companies have developed PDA

42

programs to meet the instructional needs of educational institutions, such as

dictionaries,thesauri, word processing software, encyclopedias, and digital lesson planners.

Recreational uses

PDAs may be used by music enthusiasts to play a variety of music file formats. Many PDAs

include the functionality of an MP3 player.

Road rally enthusiasts can use PDAs to calculate distance, speed, and time. This information

may be used for navigation, or the PDA's GPS functions can be used for navigation.

Underwater divers can use PDAs to plan breathing gas mixtures and decompression

schedules using software such as "V-Planner."

As of today, any smartphone can do this as well.

Lists of PDAs

Popular consumer PDAs

Acer N Series

AlphaSmart

Amida Simputer

BlackBerry

Fujitsu Siemens Computers Pocket LOOX

HP iPAQ

Huawei series

HTC (Dopod, Qtek)'s series of Windows Mobile PDA/phones

I-mate

iPod touch, which also plays music, video, and games

Palm, Inc. smartphones under Palm OS and under the successor WebOS (Pre, and Pixi).

PocketMail (email PDA with built-in acoustic coupler)

Royal

Discontinued PDAs

Atari Portfolio

43

Casio Pocket Viewer

Dell Axim

E-TEN

GMate Yopy

Handspring (company)

iPAQ

HP Jornada Pocket PC

LifeDrive

NEC MobilePro

Osaris running EPOC OS distributed by Oregon Scientific

Palm (PDA) (Tungsten E2, TX, Treo, Zire Handheld)

Philips Nino

Psion

Roland PMA-5 (Personal Music Assistant)

Sharp Wizard and Sharp Zaurus

Sony CLIÉ

Sony Magic Link with the Magic Cap operating system

Tapwave Zodiac

Toshiba e310

Rugged PDAs

Pidion (Bluebird Soft Inc.)

M3 Mobileecom instruments

Getac

Motorola (Symbol Technologies)

Intermec

Psion Teklogix

Datalogic Mobile

CatchwellHoneywell (Hand Held Products)

Skeye (Hoeft & Wessel AG)

44

Trimble Navigation

Handheld Group

American Industrial Systems (Mil-Spec, IP67)

Unitech

Two Technologies, Inc (Ultra Rugged Handheld Computers)

Android

Automotive navigation system

Construction field computing

Desknote

Graffiti (Palm OS)

Hipster PDA

Information appliance

iOS

Laptop

Medical calculator

Mobile software

MLearning

Mobile Web

Netbook

Palm OS

Pen computer

Personal area network

Personal communicator

Personal Information Display

Personal information management

Personal navigation assistant (PNA)

Screen protector

Sena Cases

Smartphone

45

Subnotebook

Tablet computer

Timex Datalink

Ultra-mobile PC

Virtual assistance

Wearable computer

46

Chapter-8

Short Message Service

Short Message Service

Short Message Service (SMS) is a text messaging service component of phone, web, or mobile

communication systems. It uses standardized communications protocols to allow fixed

line ormobile phone devices to exchange short text messages.

SMS is the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about

80% of all mobile phone subscribers at the end of 2010. The term "SMS" is used for all types of

short text messaging and the user activity itself in many parts of the world. SMS is also

employed in direct marketing, known as SMS marketing.

SMS as used on modern handsets originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers using

standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for

Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards as a means of sending messages of up to 160

charactersto and from GSM mobile handsets. Though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile

text messages, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such

as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landlinenetworks

47

Initial concept

SMS messages sent monthly in USA (billion)

Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action

plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting "The services and

facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks... should be

available in the mobile system This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly

between mobile stations, or transmitted via Message Handling Systems widely in use at that

time.

The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm

Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert. The GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was

identified as its main application. The key idea for SMS was to use this telephone-optimized

system, and to transport messages on the signaling paths needed to control the telephone traffic

during time periods when no signaling traffic existed. In this way, unused resources in the

system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost. However, it was necessary to limit

the length of the messages to 128 bytes (later improved to 160 seven-bit characters) so that the

messages could fit into the existing signaling formats. Based on his personal observations and on

analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages, Hillebrand argued that 160

characters was sufficient to express most messages succinctly.

48

SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software. Hence, a large base

of SMS capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. A new network

element required was a specialized short message service center, and enhancements were

required to the radio capacity and network transport infrastructure to accommodate growing

SMS traffic.

Early development

The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework

of standards bodies. Through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the

whole world

The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of

Germany and France into the GSM group meeting in February 1985 in Oslo .This proposal was

further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services (Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France

Telecom) based on a contribution from Germany. There were also initial discussions in the

subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad (Telenor). The result was approved by

the main GSM group in a June '85 document which was distributed to industry. The input

documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand (Deutsche Telekom) with

contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert (France Télécom). The definition that Friedhelm

Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert brought into GSM called for the provision of a message

transmission service of alphanumeric messages to mobile users "with acknowledgement

capabilities". The last three words transformed SMS into something much more useful than the

prevailing messaging paging that some in GSM might have had in mind.

SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a possible service for the new digital cellular

system. In GSM document ―Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System both

mobile-originated and mobile-terminated short messages appear on the table of GSM

teleservices.

The discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM 02.03

―TeleServices supported by a GSMPLMN Here a rudimentary description of the three services

was given:

49

1. Short message Mobile Terminated (SMS-MT)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to

transmit a Short Message to a mobile phone. The message can be sent by phone or by a

software application.

2. Short message Mobile Originated (SMS-MO)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to

transmit a Short Message sent by a mobile phone. The message can be sent to a phone or

to a software application.

3. Short message Cell Broadcast.

The material elaborated in GSM and its WP1 subgroup was handed over in Spring 1987 to a new

GSM body called IDEG (the Implementation of Data and Telematic Services Experts Group),

which had its kickoff in May 1987 under the chairmanship of Friedhelm Hillebrand (German

Telecom). The technical standard known today was largely created by IDEG (later WP4) as the

two recommendations GSM 03.40 (the two point-to-point services merged) and GSM 03.41 (cell

broadcast).

WP4 created a Drafting Group Message Handling (DGMH), which was responsible for the

specification of SMS. Finn Trosby of Telenor chaired the draft group through its first 3 years, in

which the design of SMS was established. DGMH had five to eight participants, and Finn Trosby

mentions as major contributors Kevin Holley, Eija Altonen, Didier Luizard and Alan Cox. The

first action plan mentions for the first time the Technical Specification 03.40 ―Technical

Realisation of the Short Message Service‖. Responsible editor was Finn Trosby. The first and

very rudimentary draft of the technical specification was completed in November 1987 However,

drafts useful for the manufacturers followed at a later stage in the period. A comprehensive

description of the work in this period is given in.

The work on the draft specification continued in the following few years, where Kevin Holley of

Cellnet (now Telefónica O2 UK) played a leading role. Besides the completion of the main

specification GSM 03.40, the detailed protocol specifications on the system interfaces also

needed to be completed.

Support in other architectures

The Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol included support for the transport of

Short Messages through the Core Network from its inception MAP Phase 2 expanded support for

SMS by introducing a separate operation code for Mobile Terminated Short Message

50

transport. Since Phase 2, there have been no changes to the Short Message operation packages in

MAP, although other operation packages have been enhanced to support CAMEL SMS control.

From 3GPP Releases 99 and 4 onwards, CAMEL Phase 3 introduced the ability for

the Intelligent Network (IN) to control aspects of the Mobile Originated Short Message

Service, while CAMEL Phase 4, as part of 3GPP Release 5 and onwards, provides the IN with

the ability to control the Mobile Terminated service.[23]

CAMEL allows the gsmSCP to block the

submission (MO) or delivery (MT) of Short Messages, route messages to destinations other than

that specified by the user, and perform real-time billing for the use of the service. Prior to

standardized CAMEL control of the Short Message Service, IN control relied on switch vendor

specific extensions to the Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) of SS7.

Early implementations

The first SMS message was sent over the Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom on 3

December 1992, from Neil Papworthof Sema Group (now Mavenir Systems) using a personal

computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using an Orbitel 901 handset. The text of the message

was ―Merry Christmas The first commercial deployment of a short message service

center (SMSC) was by Aldiscon part of Logica (now part of Acision) with Telia

(now TeliaSonera) in Sweden in 1993 followed by Fleet Call (now Nextel) in the US, Telenor in

Norway and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK) later in 1993. All first installations of SMS gateways were

for network notifications sent to mobile phones, usually to inform of voice mail messages. The

first commercially sold SMS service was offered to consumers, as a person-to-person text

messaging service by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa) in Finland in 1993. Most early GSM mobile

phone handsets did not support the ability to send SMS text messages, and Nokia was the only

handset manufacturer whose total GSM phone line in 1993 supported user-sending of SMS text

messages.

Initial growth was slow, with customers in 1995 sending on average only 0.4 messages per GSM

customer per month. One factor in the slow takeup of SMS was that operators were slow to set

up charging systems, especially for prepaid subscribers, and eliminate billing fraud which was

possible by changing SMSC settings on individual handsets to use the SMSCs of other

operators Initially, networks in the UK only allowed customers to send messages to other users

on the same network, limiting the usefulness of the service. This restriction was lifted in 1999.

51

Over time, this issue was eliminated by switch billing instead of billing at the SMSC and by new

features within SMSCs to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it.

By the end of 2000, the average number of messages reached 35 per user per month, and by

Christmas Day 2006, over 205 million messages were sent in the UK alone.

It is also alleged that the fact that roaming customers, in the early days, rarely received bills for

their SMSs after holidays abroad which gave a boost to text messaging as an alternative to voice

calls

Text messaging outside GSM

SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks,

including 3G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some notable

alternative implementations of the concept include J-Phone's SkyMail andNTT Docomo's Short

Mail, both in Japan. Email messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's i-

mode and the RIMBlackBerry, also typically uses standard mail protocols such

as SMTP over TCP/IP.

SMS today

In 2010, 6.1 trillion SMS text messages were sent. This translates into an average of 193000

SMS per second.[31]

SMS has become a massive commercial industry, earning $114.6 billion

globally in 2010. The global average price for an SMS message is $0.11, while mobile networks

charge each other interconnect fees of at least $0.04 when connecting between different phone

networks

While SMS is still a growing market, traditional SMS are becoming increasingly challenged by

alternative messaging services available on smartphones with data connections, especially in

Western countries where these services are growing in popularity.

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Chapter-9

Technical Details

GSM

The Short Message Service—Point to Point (SMS-PP)—was originally defined in GSM

recommendation 03.40, which is now maintained in 3GPP as TS 23.040 GSM 03.41 (now 3GPP

TS 23.041) defines the Short Message Service—Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB), which allows

messages (advertising, public information, etc.) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified

geographical area

Messages are sent to a short message service center (SMSC), which provides a ―store and

forward‖ mechanism. It attempts to send messages to the SMSC's recipients. If a recipient is not

reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a ―forward

and forget‖ option where transmission is tried only once. Both mobile terminated (MT, for

messages sent to a mobile handset) and mobile originating (MO, for those sent from the mobile

handset) operations are supported. Message delivery is ―best effort,‖ so there are no guarantees

that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient, but delay or complete loss of a message

is uncommon, typically affecting less than 5 percent of messages Some providers allow users to

request delivery reports, either via the SMS settings of most modern phones, or by prefixing each

message with *0# or *N#. However, the exact meaning of confirmations varies from reaching

the network, to being queued for sending, to being sent, to receiving a confirmation of receipt

from the target device, and users are often not informed of the specific type of success being

reported.

SMS is a stateless communication protocol in which every SMS message is considered entirely

independent of other messages. Enterprise applications using SMS as a data bearer require

that session management be maintained external to the protocol.

Message size

Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done whenever using

the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of theSS7 protocol. Messages are sent with the MAP MO-

and MT-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the

signaling protocol to precisely 140 octets (140 octets = 140 * 8 bits = 1120 bits). Short messages

53

can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default GSM 7-bit alphabet, the 8-bit data

alphabet, and the 16-bit UCS-2 alphabet.

Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the

maximum individual short message sizes of 160 7-bitcharacters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-

bit characters. GSM 7-bit alphabet support is mandatory for GSM handsets and network

elements but characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, or Cyrillic

alphabet languages (e.g., Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.) must be encoded using the 16-

bit UCS-2 character encoding (see Unicode). Routing data and other metadatais additional to the

payload size.

Larger content (concatenated SMS, multipart or segmented SMS, or "long SMS") can be sent

using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a User Data Header (UDH)

containing segmentation information. Since UDH is part of the payload, the number of available

characters per segment is lower: 153 for 7-bit encoding, 134 for 8-bit encoding and 67 for 16-bit

encoding. The receiving handset is then responsible for reassembling the message and presenting

it to the user as one long message. While the standard theoretically permits up to 255 segments, 6

to 8 segment messages are the practical maximum, and long messages are often billed as

equivalent to multiple SMS messages. Some providers have offered length-oriented pricing

schemes for messages, however, the phenomenon is disappearing.

Gateway providers

SMS gateway providers facilitate SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers,

including mission-critical messages, SMS for enterprises, content delivery, and entertainment

services involving SMS, e.g. TV voting. Considering SMS messaging performance and cost, as

well as the level of messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified as aggregators

or SS7 providers.

The aggregator model is based on multiple agreements with mobile carriers to exchange two-

way SMS traffic into and out of the operator's SMSC, also known as local termination model.

Aggregators lack direct access into the SS7 protocol, which is the protocol where the SMS

messages are exchanged. SMS messages are delivered to the operator's SMSC, but not the

subscriber's handset; the SMSC takes care of further handling of the message through the SS7

network.

54

Another type of SMS gateway provider is based on SS7 connectivity to route SMS messages,

also known as international termination model. The advantage of this model is the ability to route

data directly through SS7, which gives the provider total control and visibility of the complete

path during SMS routing. This means SMS messages can be sent directly to and from recipients

without having to go through the SMSCs of other mobile operators. Therefore, it is possible to

avoid delays and message losses, offering full delivery guarantees of messages and optimized

routing. This model is particularly efficient when used in mission-critical messaging and SMS

used in corporate communications.

Interconnectivity with other networks

Message Service Centers communicate with the Public Land Mobile Network

(PLMN) or PSTN via Interworking and Gateway MSCs.

Subscriber-originated messages are transported from a handset to a service center, and may be

destined for mobile users, subscribers on a fixed network, or Value-Added Service Providers

(VASPs), also known as application-terminated. Subscriber-terminated messages are transported

from the service center to the destination handset, and may originate from mobile users, from

fixed network subscribers, or from other sources such as VASPs.

On some carriers nonsubscribers can send messages to a subscriber's phone using an Email-to-

SMS gateway. Additionally, many carriers, including AT&T Mobility, T-Mobile

USA,[42]

Sprint and Verizon Wireless, offer the ability to do this through their respective

websites.

For example, an AT&T subscriber whose phone number was 555-555-5555 would receive e-

mails addressed to 5555555555@txt.att.net as text messages. Subscribers can easily reply to

these SMS messages, and the SMS reply is sent back to the original email address. Sending

email to SMS is free for the sender, but the recipient is subject to the standard delivery charges.

Only the first 160 characters of an email message can be delivered to a phone, and only 160

characters can be sent from a phone.

Text-enabled fixed-line handsets are required to receive messages in text format. However,

messages can be delivered to nonenabled phones using text-to-speech conversion.

55

Short messages can send binary content such as ringtones or logos, as well as Over-the-air

programming (OTA) or configuration data. Such uses are a vendor-specific extension of the

GSM specification and there are multiple competing standards, although Nokia'sSmart

Messaging is common. An alternative way for sending such binary content is EMS messaging,

which is standardized and not dependent on vendors.

SMS is used for M2M (Machine to Machine) communication. For instance, there is an LED

display machine controlled by SMS, and some vehicle tracking companies use SMS for their

data transport or telemetry needs. SMS usage for these purposes is slowly being superseded

by GPRS services owing to their lower overall cost. GPRS is offered by smaller telco players as

a route of sending SMS text to reduce the cost of SMS texting internationally.

AT commands

Many mobile and satellite transceiver units support the sending and receiving of SMS using an

extended version of the Hayes command set, a specific command language originally developed

for the Hayes Smartmodem 300-baud modem in 1977

The connection between the terminal equipment and the transceiver can be realized with a serial

cable (e.g., USB), a Bluetooth link, aninfrared link, etc. Common AT commands include

AT+CMGS (send message), AT+CMSS (send message from storage), AT+CMGL (list

messages) and AT+CMGR (read message).

However, not all modern devices support receiving of messages if the message storage (for

instance the device's internal memory) is not accessible using AT commands.

Premium-rated short messages

Short messages may be used normally to provide premium rate services to subscribers of a

telephone network.

Mobile-terminated short messages can be used to deliver digital content such as news alerts,

financial information, logos, and ring tones. The first premium-rate media content delivered via

the SMS system was the world's first paid downloadable ringing tones, as commercially

launched by Saunalahti (later Jippii Group, now part of Elisa Grous, in 1998. Initially only Nokia

branded phones could handle them. By 2002 the ringtone business globally had exceeded $1

billion of service revenues, and nearly $5 billion by 2008 Today, they are also used to pay

56

smaller payments online—for example, for file-sharing services, in mobile application stores, or

VIP section entrance. Outside the online world, one can buy a bus ticket or beverages from

ATM, pay a parking ticket, order a store catalog or some goods (e.g., discount movie DVDs),

and much more.

Premium-rated messages are also used in Donors Message Service to collect money for charities

and foundations. DMS was first launched at April 1, 2004, and is very popular in the Czech

Republic. For example, the Czech people sent over 1.5 million messages to help South Asia

recover from the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake.

The Value-added service provider (VASP) providing the content submits the message to the

mobile operator's SMSC(s) using anTCP/IP protocol such as the short message peer-to-peer

protocol (SMPP) or the External Machine Interface (EMI). The SMSC delivers the text using the

normal Mobile Terminated delivery procedure. The subscribers are charged extra for receiving

this premium content; the revenue is typically divided between the mobile network operator and

the VASP either through revenue share or a fixed transport fee. Submission to the SMSC is

usually handled by a third party.

Mobile-originated short messages may also be used in a premium-rated manner for services such

as televoting. In this case, the VASP providing the service obtains a short code from the

telephone network operator, and subscribers send texts to that number. The payouts to the

carriers vary by carrier; percentages paid are greatest on the lowest-priced premium SMS

services. Most information providers should expect to pay about 45 percent of the cost of the

premium SMS up front to the carrier. The submission of the text to the SMSC is identical to a

standard MO Short Message submission, but once the text is at the SMSC, the Service Center

(SC) identifies the Short Code as a premium service. The SC will then direct the content of the

text message to the VASP, typically using an IP protocol such as SMPP or EMI. Subscribers are

charged a premium for the sending of such messages, with the revenue typically shared between

the network operator and the VASP. Short codes only work within one country, they are not

international.

An alternative to inbound SMS is based on long numbers (international number format, e.g. +44

762 480 5000), which can be used in place of short codes for SMS reception in several

applications, such as TV voting, product promotions and campaigns. Long numbers work

57

internationally, allow businesses to use their own numbers, rather than short codes, which are

usually shared across many brands. Additionally, long numbers are nonpremium inbound

numbers.

Threaded SMS

Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that arranges messages to

and from a contact in chronological order on a single screen. Visually, this style of representation

provides a back-and-forth chat-like history for each individual contact. Hierarchical-threading at

the conversation-level (as typical in blogs and on-line messaging boards)is not widely supported

by SMS messaging clients. This limitation is due to the fact that there is no session identifier or

subject-line passed back and forth between sent and received messages in the header data (as

specified by SMS protocol) from which the client device can properly thread an incoming

message to a specific dialogue, or even to a specific message within a dialogue. Most smart

phone text-messaging-clients are able to create some contextual threading of "group messages"

which narrows the context of the thread around the common interests shared by group members.

On the other hand, advanced enterprise messaging applications which push messages from a

remote server often display a dynamically changing reply number (multiple numbers used by the

same sender), which is used along with the sender's phone number to create session-

tracking capabilities analogous to the functionality that cookies provide for web-browsing. As

one pervasive example, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant

Messenger (IM) applications such that they are able to communicate over two-way dialogues

with the much larger SMS user-base. In cases where multiple reply numbers are used by the

enterprise server to maintain the dialogue, the visual conversation threading on the client may be

separated into multiple threads.

Application-to-Person (A2P) SMS

While SMS reached its popularity as a person-to-person messaging, another type of SMS is

growing fast: application-to-person (A2P) messaging. A2P is a type of SMS sent from a

subscriber to an application or sent from an application to a subscriber. It is commonly used by

financial institutions, airlines, hotel booking sites, social networks, and other organizations

sending SMS from their systems to their customers. According to research in 2011, A2P traffic is

growing faster than P2P messaging traffic.

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Satellite phone networks

All commercial satellite phone networks except ACeS and OptusSat support SMS While

early Iridium handsets only support incoming SMS, later models can also send messages. The

price per message varies for different networks. Unlike some mobile phone networks, there is no

extra charge for sending international SMS or to send one to a different satellite phone network.

SMS can sometimes be sent from areas where the signal is too poor to make a voice call.

Satellite phone networks usually have web-based or email-based SMS portals where one can

send free SMS to phones on that particular network.

Unreliability

Unlike dedicated texting systems like the Simple Network Paging Protocol and Motorola's

ReFLEX protocol. SMS message delivery is not guaranteed, and many implementations provide

no mechanism through which a sender can determine whether an SMS message has been

delivered in a timely manner. SMS messages are generally treated as lower-priority traffic than

voice, and various studies have shown that around 1% to 5% of messages are lost entirely, even

during normal operation conditions, and others may not be delivered until long after their

relevance has passed. The use of SMS as an emergency notification service in particular has

been starkly criticized

Vulnerabilities

The Global Service for Mobile communications (GSM), with the greatest worldwide number of

users, succumbs to several security vulnerabilities. In the GSM, only the airway traffic between

the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is optionally encrypted with a

weak and broken stream cipher (A5/1 or A5/2). The authentication is unilateral and also

vulnerable. There are also many other security vulnerabilities and shortcomings. Such

vulnerabilities are inherent to SMS as one of the superior and well-tried services with a global

availability in the GSM networks. SMS messaging has some extra security vulnerabilities due to

its store-and-forward feature, and the problem of fake SMS that can be conducted via the

Internet. When a user is roaming, SMS content passes through different networks, perhaps

including the Internet, and is exposed to various vulnerabilities and attacks. Another concern

arises when an adversary gets access to a phone and reads the previous unprotected messages. In

October 2005, researchers from Pennsylvania State University published an analysis of

59

vulnerabilities in SMS-capable cellular networks. The researchers speculated that attackers might

exploit the open functionality of these networks to disrupt them or cause them to fail, possibly on

a nationwide scale.

SMS spoofing

The GSM industry has identified a number of potential fraud attacks on mobile operators that

can be delivered via abuse of SMS messaging services. The most serious of threats is SMS

Spoofing. SMS Spoofing occurs when a fraudster manipulates address information in order to

impersonate a user that has roamed onto a foreign network and is submitting messages to the

home network. Frequently, these messages are addressed to destinations outside the home

network—with the home SMSC essentially being ―hijacked‖ to send messages into other

networks.

The only sure way of detecting and blocking spoofed messages is to screen incoming mobile-

originated messages to verify that the sender is a valid subscriber and that the message is coming

from a valid and correct location. This can be implemented by adding an intelligent routing

function to the network that can query originating subscriber details from the HLR before the

message is submitted for delivery. This kind of intelligent routing function is beyond the

capabilities of legacy messaging infrastructure.

Limitation

In an effort to limit telemarketers who had taken to bombarding users with hordes of unsolicited

messages India introduced new regulations in September 2011, including a cap of 3,000 SMS

messages per subscriber per month, or an average of 100 per subscriber per day. Due to

representations received from some of the service providers and consumers, TRAI (Telecom

Regulatory Authority of India) has raised this limit to 200 SMS messages per sim per day in case

of prepaid services, and up to 6,000 SMS messages per sim per month in case

of postpaid services with effect from 1 November 2011. However it was ruled unconstitutional

by the Delhi high court but there are some limitations.

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Flash SMS

A Flash SMS is a type of SMS that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction

and is not automatically stored in the inbox. It can be useful in emergencies such as a fire

alarm or cases of confidentiality, as in delivering one-time passwords.

Silent SMS

Silent messages, also known as ―silent tms‖, ―stealth sms‖ or ―stealth ping‖, are employed

nowadays to locate a person and thus to create a complete movement profile. They do not show

up on a display, nor trigger any acoustical signal when received. Their primary purpose was to

deliver special services of the network operator to any cell phone. The mobile provider, often at

the behest of the police, will capture data such as subscriber identification IMSI. In Germany in

2010 almost half a million ―silent SMSs‖ were sent by the federal police, customs and the secret

service "Verfassungsschutz" (offices for protection of the constitution).

Comparison of mobile phone standards

SMS language

Telegram

Text messaging

Thumbing

GSM 03.40

Short Message Service Center (SMSC)

Short message service technical realisation (GSM)

SMS gateway (sending text to or from devices other than phones)

SMS hubbing

SMS home routing

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

Extended Messaging Service

Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)

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Chapter-10

Multimedia Messaging Service

Multimedia Messaging Service

A multimedia message on a mobile phone.

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a standard way to send messages that

include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS (Short Message

Service) capability that allowed exchange of text messages only up to 160 characters in length.

The most popular use is to send photographs from camera-equipped handsets, although it is also

popular as a method of delivering news and entertainment content including videos, pictures, text

pages and ringtones.

The standard is developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), although during development it

was part of the 3GPP and WAP groups.

Multimedia messaging services were first developed as a captive technology that would enable

service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo

Early MMS deployments were plagued by technical issues and frequent consumer

disappointments, such as having sent an MMS message, receiving a confirmation it had been

62

sent, being billed for the MMS message, to find that it had not been delivered to the intended

recipient. Pictures would often arrive in the wrong formats, and other media elements might be

removed such as a video clip arriving without its sound.

At the MMS World Congress in 2004 in Vienna, all European mobile operator representatives

who had launched MMS, admitted their MMS services were not making money for their

networks. Also on all networks at the time, the most common uses were various adult oriented

services that had been deployed using MMS.

China was one of the early markets to make MMS a major commercial success partly as the

penetration rate of personal computers was modest but MMS-capable cameraphones spread

rapidly. The chairman and CEO of China Mobile said at the GSM Association Mobile Asia

Congress in 2009 that MMS in China is now a mature service on par with SMS text messaging.

Europe's most advanced MMS market has been Norway and in 2008 the Norwegian MMS usage

level had passed 84% of all mobile phone subscribers. Norwegian mobile subscribers average

one MMS sent per week.

By 2008 worldwide MMS usage level had passed 1.3 billion active users who generated 50

billion MMS messages and produced annual revenues of 26 billion dollars.

Technical description

MMS messages are delivered in a completely different way from SMS. The first step is for the

sending device to encode the multimedia content in a fashion similar to sending a MIME e-mail

(MIME content formats are defined in the MMS Message Encapsulation specification). The

message is then forwarded to the carrier's MMS store and forward server, known as

the MMSC (Multimedia Messaging Service Centre). If the receiver is on another carrier, the

relay forwards the message to the recipient's carrier using the Internet.[5]

Once the MMSC has received a message, it first determines whether the receiver's handset is

"MMS capable", that it supports the standards for receiving MMS. If so, the content is extracted

and sent to a temporary storage server with an HTTP front-end. An SMS "control message"

containing the URL of the content is then sent to the recipient's handset to trigger the

receiver's WAP browser to open and receive the content from the embedded URL. Several other

messages are exchanged to indicate status of the delivery attempt. Before delivering content,

63

some MMSCs also include a conversion service that will attempt to modify the multimedia

content into a format suitable for the receiver. This is known as "content adaptation".

If the receiver's handset is not MMS capable, the message is usually delivered to a web based

service from where the content can be viewed from a normal internet browser. The URL for the

content is usually sent to the receiver's phone in a normal text message. This behaviour is usually

known as the "legacy experience" since content can still be received by a phone number, even if

the phone itself does not support MMS.

The method for determining whether a handset is MMS capable is not specified by the standards.

A database is usually maintained by the operator, and in it each mobile phone number is marked

as being associated with a legacy handset or not. It can be a touch 'hit or miss', since customers

can change their handset at will and this database is not usually updated dynamically.

MMS does not utilize one's own operator maintained data plan to distribute multimedia content.

Operator maintained data plans are only used when message included links (if any) are explicitly

clicked.

E-mail and web-based gateways to the MMS (and SMS) system are common. On the reception

side, the content servers can typically receive service requests both from WAP and

normal HTTP browsers, so delivery via the web is simple. For sending from external sources to

handsets, most carriers allow MIME encoded message to be sent to the receiver's phone number

with a special domain. An example of this would be PTN@messaging.carrier.com, where PTN is

the public telephone number. Typically the special domain name is carrier specific.

64

Challenges

There are some interesting challenges with MMS that do not exist with SMS:

Handset configuration can cause problems sending and receiving MMS messages.

Content adaptation: Multimedia content created by one brand of MMS phone may not be

entirely compatible with the capabilities of the recipient's MMS phone. In the MMS

architecture, the recipient MMSC is responsible for providing for content adaptation (e.g.,

image resizing, audio codec transcoding, etc.), if this feature is enabled by the mobile

network operator. When content adaptation is supported by a network operator, its MMS

subscribers enjoy compatibility with a larger network of MMS users than would otherwise

be available.

Distribution lists: Current MMS specifications do not include distribution lists nor methods

by which large numbers of recipients can be conveniently addressed, particularly by content

providers, called Value-added service providers (VASPs) in 3GPP. Since most SMSC

vendors have adopted FTP as an ad-hoc method by which large distribution lists are

transferred to the SMSC prior to being used in a bulk-messaging SMS submission, it is

expected that MMSC vendors will also adopt FTP.

Bulk messaging: The flow of peer-to-peer MMS messaging involves several over-the-air

transactions that become inefficient when MMS is used to send messages to large numbers

of subscribers, as is typically the case for VASPs. For example, when one MMS message is

65

submitted to a very large number of recipients, it is possible to receive a delivery

report and read-reply report for each and every recipient. Future MMS specification work is

likely to optimize and reduce the transactional overhead for the bulk-messaging case.

Handset Configuration: Unlike SMS, MMS requires a number of handset parameters to be

set. Poor handset configuration is often blamed as the first point of failure for many users.

Service settings are sometimes preconfigured on the handset, but mobile operators are now

looking at new device management technologies as a means of delivering the necessary

settings for data services (MMS, WAP, etc.) via over-the-air programming (OTA).

WAP Push: Few mobile network operators offer direct connectivity to their MMSCs for

content providers. This has resulted in many content providers using WAP push as the only

method available to deliver 'rich content' to mobile handsets. WAP push enables 'rich

content' to be delivered to a handset by specifying the URL (via binary SMS) of a pre-

compiled MMS, hosted on a content provider's web server. A consequence is that the

receiver who pays WAP per kb or minute (as opposed to a flat monthly fee) pays for

receiving the MMS, as opposed to only paying for sending one, and also paying a different

rate.

Although the standard does not specify a maximum size for a message, 300 kB is the current

recommended size used by networks due to some limitations on the WAP gateway side

Interfaces

66

Chapter-11

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Developed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group

Industry Mobile personal area networks

Compatible

hardware

Mobile phones, Personal

computers, Laptop computers

Physical

range

Up to 50 metres

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using

short-wavelength microwave transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed

and mobile devices, building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom

vendor Ericsson in 1994 it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data

cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 19,000

member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer

electronics.

Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The

SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and

protects the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards

67

defined by the SIG. ]

A network of patents is required to implement the technology, which is

licensed only for that qualifying device.

Name and logo

Bluetooth logo

The word "Bluetooth" is an anglicized version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann,

the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant Danish tribes into a

single kingdom, according to legend, introducing Christianity as well. The idea of this name was

proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to

communicate with computers (at the time he was reading Frans Gunnar Bengtsson's historical

novelThe Long Ships about Vikings and king Harald Bluetooth).[7][8]

The implication is that

Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal

standard.

Implementation

Bluetooth operates in the range of 2400–2483.5 MHz (including guard bands). This is in the

globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz

short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping

spread spectrum. The transmitted data is divided into packets and each packet is transmitted on

one of the 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The first

68

channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in 1 MHz steps. It usually performs

1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled

Originally Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme

available; subsequently, since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK

modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are

said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is

possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK

schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR)

modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a "BR/EDR radio".

Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. One master may

communicate with up to 7 slaves in a piconet; all devices share the master's clock. Packet

exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5 µs intervals.

Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625 µs; two slots make up a slot pair of 1250 µs. In the simple

case of single-slot packets the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots; the slave,

conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5 slots long

but in all cases the master transmit will begin in even slots and the slave transmit in odd slots.

Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an

ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this

maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for

example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone will necessarily begin as master, as initiator

of the connection; but may subsequently prefer to be slave).

The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form

a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the

slave role in another.

At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for

the little-used broadcast mode. The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it

switches rapidly from one device to another in around-robin fashion. Since it is the master that

chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive

69

slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is

possible; being a slave of more than one master is difficult. The specification is vague as to

required behavior in scatternets.

Many USB Bluetooth adapters or "dongles" are available, some of which also include

an IrDA adapter.

Uses

Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low

power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent, but effective ranges vary in

practice; see table below) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Because the

devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of

sight of each other, however a quasi optical wireless path must be viable.

Class

Maximum permitted power

Typ. Range

(m)

(mW) (dBm)

Class 1 100 20 ~100[14]

Class 2 2.5 4 ~10[14]

Class 3 1 0 ~1[14]

The effective range varies due to propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample

variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are in

indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections will

cause the range to be far lower than the specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products.

Most Bluetooth applications are battery powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range

whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower powered device tends

to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a

70

Class 2 devices is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and

transmission power than a typical Class 2 device. Mostly however the Class 1 devices have a

similar sensitivity to Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity

and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100m, depending on the throughput

required by the application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond

between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits.

Version Data rate Maximum application throughput

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s >80 kbit/s

Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s >80 kbit/s

Version 3.0 + HS 24 Mbit/s See Version 3.0+HS.

Version 4.0 24 Mbit/s See Version 4.0LE.

While the Bluetooth Core Specification does mandate minima for range, the range of the

technology is application specific and is not limited. Manufacturers may tune their

implementations to the range needed for individual use cases.

Bluetooth profiles

To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device has to be able to interpret certain Bluetooth

profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that

Bluetooth enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles

include settings to parametrize and to control the communication from start. Adherence to

profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link

becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different

types of applications or use cases for devices.

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Chapter-12

List of Applications

Phone Headset

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset.

Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a handsfreeheadset.

This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.

Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible

car stereo system.

Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a

Bluetooth".

Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.

Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being

the mouse, keyboard and printer.

Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices

with OBEX.

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Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test equipment, GPS

receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.

For controls where infrared was often used.

For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required and cable-free

connection desired.

Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other,

discoverable, Bluetooth devices.

Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET) networks.

Three seventh and eighth generation game consoles, Nintendo's Wii. and Sony's PlayStation

3, use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.

Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone

as a wireless modem.

Short range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, set-top

box or dedicated telehealthdevices.

Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.

Real-time location systems (RTLS), are used to track and identify the location of objects in

real-time using ―Nodes‖ or ―tags‖ attached to, or embedded in the objects tracked, and

―Readers‖ that receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their

locations.

Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The

protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g. a tag) that is in constant communication with the

phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is

raised. This can also be used as a man overboard alarm. A product using this technology has

been available since 2009.

Calgary, Alberta, Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers'

Bluetooth devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.

Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (the brand name for products using IEEE 802.11 standards) have some

similar applications: setting up networks, printing, or transferring files. Wi-Fi is intended as a

replacement for high speed cabling for general local area network access in work areas. This

73

category of applications is sometimes called wireless local area networks (WLAN). Bluetooth

was intended for portable equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined

as the wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a

variety of personally carried applications in any setting and also works for fixed location

applications such as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.).

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is

usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic

routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth

devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with

minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits

better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are

required, especially for network access through an access node. However, Bluetooth access

points do exist and ad-hoc connections are possible with Wi-Fi though not as simply as with

Bluetooth. Wi-Fi Directwas recently developed to add a more Bluetooth-like ad-hoc

functionality to Wi-Fi.

Devices

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100 m range.

Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, tablets, media players, Lego Mindstorms

NXT, PlayStation 3, PS Vita, the Nintendo Wii, and some high definitionheadsets, modems, and

watches.[27]

The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices

that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer

74

sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held

computers (transferring files).

Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth

devices can advertise all of the services they provide.

This makes using services easier because more of the security, network address and permission

configuration can be automated than with many other network types.

Computer requirements

A typical Bluetooth USB dongle.

An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm).

A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can be used with a Bluetooth

adapter that will enable the PC to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. While

75

some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others

will require an external one in the form of a dongle.

Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth allows

multiple devices to communicate with a computer over a single adapter.

Operating system implementation

Apple products have worked with Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002.

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and SP3 releases work natively with

Bluetooth 1.1, 2.0 and 2.0+EDR.[31]

Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth

adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft

Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no

external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1

with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth

2.1+EDR Windows 7 works with Bluetooth 2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR).

The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following

Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP, DUN, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be

replaced by a third party stack which may support more profiles or newer versions of Bluetooth.

The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles

without requiring the Microsoft stack to be replaced.

Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Affix. The BlueZ stack is included with most

Linux kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm. The Affix stack was developed

by Nokia. FreeBSD features Bluetooth since its 5.0 release. NetBSDfeatures Bluetooth since its

4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack has been ported to OpenBSD as well.

Specifications and features

The Bluetooth specification was developed as a cable replacement in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen and

Sven Mattisson, who were working for Ericsson in Lund, Sweden.[34]

The specification is based

on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.

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The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was

formally announced on 20 May 1998. Today it has a membership of over 19,000 companies

worldwide. It was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later joined by

many other companies.

All versions of the Bluetooth standards are designed for downward compatibility. That lets the

latest standard cover all older versions.

Bluetooth v1.0 and v1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their

products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware

device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity

impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use

in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth v1.1

Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.

Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.

Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth v1.2

Major enhancements include the following:

Faster Connection and Discovery

Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio

frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.

Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in v1.1.

Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by

allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to

provide better concurrent data transfer.

Host Controller Interface (HCI) operation with three-wire UART.

Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005

Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

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Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is

the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The nominal rate of

EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a

combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-

DQPSK and 8DPSK.[38]

EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced duty

cycle.

The specification is published as "Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR" which implies that EDR is an optional

feature. Aside from EDR, there are other minor improvements to the 2.0 specification, and

products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At

least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet

Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July

2007.

The headline feature of 2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience

for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section

on Pairing below for more details

2.1 allows various other improvements, including "Extended inquiry response" (EIR), which

provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices

before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power

mode.

Bluetooth v3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21

April 2009. Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24

Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for

negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a

collocated 802.11 link.

The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11 as a high speed

transport. The High-Speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices

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sporting the "+HS" will actually support the Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A

Bluetooth 3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix will not support High Speed, and needs to only

support a feature introduced in Core Specification Version 3.0 or earlier Core Specification

Addendum 1.

L2CAP Enhanced modes

Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM) implements reliable L2CAP channel, while

Streaming Mode (SM) implements unreliable channel with no retransmission or flow

control. Introduced in Core Specification Addendum 1.

Alternative MAC/PHY

Enables the use of alternative MAC and PHYs for transporting Bluetooth profile data.

The Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile

configuration, however when large quantities of data need to be sent, the high speed

alternative MAC PHY 802.11 (typically associated with Wi-Fi) will be used to transport

the data. This means that the proven low power connection models of Bluetooth are used

when the system is idle, and the faster radio is used when large quantities of data need to

be sent. AMP links require enhanced L2CAP modes.

Unicast Connectionless Data

Permits service data to be sent without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is

intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and

reconnection/transmission of data. This is only appropriate for small amounts of data.

Enhanced Power Control

Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to

clarify ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added

for EDR. Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behaviour

that is expected. The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering

can start as the response is received. Additionally, a "go straight to maximum power"

request has been introduced. This is expected to deal with the headset link loss issue

typically observed when a user puts their phone into a pocket on the opposite side to the

headset.

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Ultra-wideband

The high speed (AMP) feature of Bluetooth v3.0 was originally intended

for UWB, but the WiMedia Alliance, the body responsible for the flavor of

UWB intended for Bluetooth, announced in March 2009 that it was disbanding,

and ultimately UWB was omitted from the Core v3.0 specification.[43]

On 16 March 2009, the WiMedia Alliance announced it was entering into

technology transfer agreements for the WiMedia Ultra-wideband (UWB)

specifications. WiMedia has transferred all current and future specifications,

including work on future high speed and power optimized implementations, to

the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless USB Promoter Group and

the USB Implementers Forum. After the successful completion of the technology

transfer, marketing and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance will

cease operations.

In October 2009 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group suspended development of

UWB as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth v3.0 + HS solution. A

small, but significant, number of former WiMedia members had not and would

not sign up to the necessary agreements for the IP transfer. The Bluetooth SIG is

now in the process of evaluating other options for its longer term roadmap.

Bluetooth Smart (v4.0)

The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0

(called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It

includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth low

energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth

consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols.

Bluetooth low energy (BLE), previously known as WiBree is a subset of

Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple

links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced

in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications running off

a coin cell. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode,

single-mode and enhanced past versions. The provisional

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names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the

BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos ―Bluetooth Smart

Ready‖ for hosts and ―Bluetooth Smart‖ for sensors were introduced as the

general-public face of BLE.

In a single mode implementation the low energy protocol stack is implemented

solely. CSR,

Nordic Semiconductor andTexas Instruments[56]

have released single mode

Bluetooth low energy solutions.

In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth low energy functionality is

integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. Currently (2011-03)

the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of

chips meeting the standard:Qualcomm-Atheros, CSR, Broadcom and Texas

Instruments. The compliant architecture shares all of Classic Bluetooth‘s

existing radio and functionality resulting in a negligible cost increase

compared to Classic Bluetooth.

Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact

devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode

operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer

with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest

possible cost.

General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate

BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager

(SM) services with AES Encryption.

Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains

improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed

(802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer.

Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of July 24, 2012.

Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of February 12, 2013.

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Bluetooth specification Version 4.1 was officially announced in December 4,

2013.

Technical information

Bluetooth protocol stack

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols,

cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted

protocols.[60]

Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are: LMP, L2CAP and

SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost universally

can use these protocols:HCI and RFCOMM.

LMP

The Link Management Protocol (LMP) is used for set-up and control of the radio

link between two devices. Implemented on the controller.

AVRCP

Audio/Video Remote Control Profile. AVRCP is designed to provide a standard

interface to control TVs, hi-fi equipment, or others to allow a single remote

control (or other device) to control all the A/V equipment to which a user has

access. It may be used in concert with A2DP or VDP Commonly used in car

navigation systems to control streaming Bluetooth audio. Adopted versions 1.0,

1.3, 1.4 & 1.5

L2CAP

The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Used to multiplex

multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level

protocols. Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.

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In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to

64 kB, with 672 bytes as the default MTU, and 48 bytes as the minimum

mandatory supported MTU.

In Retransmission and Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured either for

isochronous data or reliable data per channel by performing retransmissions and

CRC checks.

Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to

the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original

Retransmission and Flow Control modes:

Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version

of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP

channel.

Streaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission

or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.

Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by

the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of

retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets).

In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.

Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP

logical links.

SDP

The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services

offered by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when

you use a mobile phone with a Bluetooth headset, the phone uses SDP to

determine which Bluetooth profiles the headset can use (Headset Profile, Hands

Free Profile, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) etc.) and the protocol

multiplexer settings needed for the phone to connect to the headset using each of

them. Each service is identified by a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), with

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official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather

than the full 128).

RFCOMM

Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol

used to generate a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data

transport and emulates EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the

Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e. it is a serial port emulation.

RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It

is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT

commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.

Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support

and publicly available API on most operating systems. Additionally, applications

that used a serial port to communicate can be quickly ported to use RFCOMM.

BNEP

The Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol (BNEP) is used for transferring

another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main purpose is the

transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP

performs a similar function to SNAP in Wireless LAN.

AVCTP

The Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol (AVCTP) is used by the remote

control profile to transfer AV/C commands over an L2CAP channel. The music

control buttons on a stereo headset use this protocol to control the music player.

AVDTP

The Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVDTP) is used by the

advanced audio distribution profile to stream music to stereo headsets over an

L2CAP channel. Intended to be used by video distribution profile in the

bluetooth transmission.

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TCS

The Telephony Control Protocol – Binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol

that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data

calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility

management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."

TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract

implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.

Adopted protocols

Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and

incorporated into Bluetooth‘s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to code

protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.

TCP/IP/UDP

Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite

Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX)

Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and

operation representation

Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol

(WAE/WAP)

WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open

standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.

Baseband error correction

Depending on packet type, individual packets may be protected

by error correction, either 1/3 rate forward error

correction (FEC) or 2/3 rate. In addition, packets with CRC will

be retransmitted until acknowledged by automatic repeat

request (ARQ).

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Setting up connections

Any Bluetooth device in discoverable mode will transmit the

following information on demand:

Device name

Device class

List of services

Technical information (for example: device features,

manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset)

Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to

connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such

inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the

address of the device, it always responds to direct connection

requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if

requested. Use of a device's services may require pairing or

acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated

by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices

can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to

them prevents them from connecting to other devices and

appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other

device.

Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However, these

addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly

Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This

name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of

paired devices.

Most phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer

and model of the phone by default. Most phones and laptops

show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are

required to get additional information about remote devices. This

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can be confusing as, for example, there could be several phones

in range named T610 (see Bluejacking).

Pairing and bonding

Motivation

Many of the services offered over Bluetooth can expose private

data or allow the connecting party to control the Bluetooth

device. For security reasons it is necessary to be able to

recognize specific devices and thus enable control over which

devices are allowed to connect to a given Bluetooth device. At

the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to be able to

establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as

soon as they are in range).

To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called bonding,

and a bond is generated through a process called pairing. The

pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a

user to generate a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests

to "Add a Bluetooth device"), or it is triggered automatically

when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the

identity of a device is required for security purposes. These two

cases are referred to as dedicated bonding and general bonding

respectively.

Pairing often involves some level of user interaction; this user

interaction is the basis for confirming the identity of the devices.

Once pairing successfully completes, a bond will have been

formed between the two devices, enabling those two devices to

connect to each other in the future without requiring the pairing

process in order to confirm the identity of the devices. When

desired, the bonding relationship can later be removed by the

user.

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Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World" (PDF).

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13. Lyman, Jay (2006-02-01). "AT&T Sued for Role in Aiding US Government

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