e & e
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E & E. Some evidence for evolution. A. Direct Observation of Microevolution Adaptation and Speciation Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered previously). B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information stratification of fossils dating of fossils, sediments - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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E & EE & E
Some evidence for evolution
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A. Direct Observation of Microevolution
• Adaptation and Speciation • Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered previously)
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B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information• stratification of fossils
• dating of fossils, sediments
– radiometric dating
– fission track dating
– electron spin resonance dating
– thermoluminescence dating
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Sedimentary Layers – The Grand Canyon
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Fossil Crinoid Stems and Brachiopods
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A Trilobite (Odontochile formosa) from Lower Devonian of the Kinglake district(Source: Museum Victoria.)
(Trilobites lived from the Cambrian – Permian; 545 – 251 mya)
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Geologic Time Scale
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Fission Track Dating of Uranium
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• transitional/intermediate forms, vertebrate examples(see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html for in-depth treatment).• pageant of whale (e.g. transitional Ambulocetus), and horse evolution (Illustrated on the following slides.)• many hominid transitions (e.g. Australopithecus is transitional between Pan and Homo – we’ll study later)• Archaeopteryx, Confuciousornis, Protopteryx are transitional between reptiles and birds (Illustrated in a few slides.)• Eusthenopteron (fish) is linked to the early amphibian Icthyostega; Acanthostega• Genera such as Probainognathus, Probelesodon and Massetognathus (cynodonts) are transitional between reptiles and mammals
The fossil record yields…The fossil record yields…
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Biogeographical Biogeographical Evidence coupledEvidence coupledto fossil recordto fossil record
hummingbirdshummingbirdsmarsupialsmarsupials
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Quick note on the phenotypeQuick note on the phenotype
VVpp = V = Vgg + V + Vee + V + Vggxxee
g e pg e pA ∙ M A ∙ M X XB ∙ M B ∙ M Y Y
A ∙ M A ∙ M X XA ∙ N A ∙ N Y Y
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Gradual versus punctuated evolutionGradual versus punctuated evolution
• Gradual change over time
• Branching, punctuated change
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Mesonychid – shared ancestry with whalesMesonychid – shared ancestry with whales
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AmbulocetusAmbulocetus
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Rodhocetus, a predominantly aquatic whale from the Eocene (47 mya)
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Vestigial pelvis and femur in modern whales
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Many dinosaur bones have been found . . .
(Ultrasaurus)
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Archaeopteryx
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Comparative anatomyHomology having common ancestry but not necessarily retaining similarity of structure or function
The AdultExamples:• Mammalian forelimbs (“hands”)
o grasping hands of primateso digging hands of moleso locomotive hands of horseso paddles of porpoiseso wings of bats
• Vertebrate hindlimb structure
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Hind Limb Structure in Vertebrates
Homo Homo sapienssapiens
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The Embryo
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Bio-molecular Evidence
•Protein evidence
•Nucleic acid evidence
•Others…
RELATIVE LEVEL OF RELATIVE LEVEL OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG SPECIESSHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG SPECIES
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DNA Phylogeny
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EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONEVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
1. Fossil Record2. Comparative Anatomy (phenotype)
physiology, anatomy, behavior, etc…3. Biogeographical4. Biochemical