e medieval secular music info on secular music...medieval secular music was solely composed for...

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Slide 1 Sacred Overview Sacred music was used in the glorification of God, and to praise both Jesus and the Virgin Mary. This music was very dominating in the era, although it had very little or no entertainment purpose. Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral tradition, to be passed on via word of mouth. Slide 2 One More Sacred Term... Many church songs had a separate part from the main melody That part was called a drone. Drone-low pitched, non-moving part underlying a piece of parallel organum. In modern times, drones are still heard in bagpipes. Slide 3 Medieval Secular Music Secular music is: About Nature About Love Sung with voices and instruments, normally playing the same part of the voice Typically monophonic or one single part Reminder (Church music had call and response, chant or parallel organum, rarely just one voice) Slide 4 More about Secular Music Topics about love, political satire, dances, dramatic work, and also moral and religious subjects, however the religious subjects were not for church use, such topics like the love songs to the Virgin Mary were written. We don't know who wrote these songs. Many were written by poets or even just villagers celebrating something in their lives. Slide 5 Why Secular Music? Secular music was written for the town folk, those who were somewhat alliterate and uneducated. Therefore its form was monophonic, and syllabic and had a narrow range. Rhythms are largely unknown, but were probably improvised, at the least for decoration. Sometimes, the instruments would only be played as an introduction and used for emphasis. These catchy simple tunes started as a small idea, but eventually became a country- wide phenomenon. Slide 6 One Latin man was seen to have been a major representative of secular music creation, he was Vanantius Fortunatus (530 -609). Much of the early secular compositions were done by the Goliards, or wandering scholars. These men were clerics who roamed the country-side as they pleased, writing and creating works on subjects of love, and obscene drinking habits. It is suggested that many of the tunes used by the Goliards, were infact sacred pieces. Info on Secular Music

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Page 1: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 1 Sacred Overview

Sacred music was used in the glorification of God, and to praise both Jesus and the Virgin Mary. This music was very dominating in the

era, although it had very little or no entertainment purpose.

Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes.

Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral tradition, to be passed on via

word of mouth.

Slide 2 One More Sacred Term...

Many church songs had a separate part from the main melody

That part was called a drone. Drone-low pitched, non-moving part underlying a piece of

parallel organum.

In modern times, drones are still heard in bagpipes.

Slide 3 Medieval Secular Music

Secular music is:

About Nature

About Love

Sung with voices and instruments, normally

playing the same part of the voice

Typically monophonic or one single part

Reminder (Church music had call and response,

chant or parallel organum, rarely just one voice)

Slide 4 More about Secular Music

Topics about love, political satire, dances, dramatic work, and also moral and religious

subjects, however the religious subjects were not for church use, such topics like the love songs to

the Virgin Mary were written.

We don't know who wrote these songs. Many were written by poets or even just villagers

celebrating something in their lives.

Slide 5 Why Secular Music?

Secular music was written for the town folk, those who were somewhat alliterate and

uneducated. Therefore its form was monophonic, and syllabic and had a narrow

range. Rhythms are largely unknown, but were probably improvised, at the least for decoration.

Sometimes, the instruments would only be played as an introduction and used for

emphasis. These catchy simple tunes started as a small idea, but eventually became a country-

wide phenomenon.

Slide 6

One Latin man was seen to have been a major representative of secular music creation, he was

Vanantius Fortunatus (530 -609).

Much of the early secular compositions were done by the Goliards, or wandering scholars.

These men were clerics who roamed the country-side as they pleased, writing and

creating works on subjects of love, and obscene drinking habits. It is suggested that many of the tunes used by the Goliards, were infact sacred

pieces.

Info on Secular Music

Page 2: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 7 In southern France, from around the middle of

the 11th century, a group of musical poets came together, and formed a group known as

the Troubadours. They wrote their music principally on the subject of love, in all its

variations and aspects. Among there are a few scant pieces on the Crusades, the political satire, and on the death of a protector or

friend.Songs by the Troubadours were performed not only in festive occasions by the town’s people,

but mainly by a special class of musicians know as jongleurs, the first paid secular

musician.

Slide 8 Other types of Troubadours

Another name for the jongleur, is the minstrel. Minstrels where lower status people, or carnival

workers, who were traveling vocalists and instrumentalists playing other peoples music.

Later in the period Germany produced a type of musician similar to the Troubadours known as

the Minnesingers.

Slide 9 The Persecution of Secular Music

Unfortunately, the art of the Troubadour disappeared at the beginning of the thirteenth century, with the destruction of the Provencal civilisation in the Albegensian Crusades that

began in 1209.

Many of the Troubadours fled in the Crusades to Northern Italy. There, they continued to do their

duties, and became known as the Italian Travatori; Sicily was then the major center of

further development of secular music.

Slide 10 Hope in a Dark Time

Although the Troubadours and other composers lived in such dark times, each still managed to find what was left good in their era, and wrote beautiful, yet simple tunes that could brighten

even the darkest spirits inside people.

Slide 11 Medieval Secular Terms

European explosion-population grew during this time period. European culture dominated the

majority of the world, especially the western world.

This began after the collapse or decline of the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire, the First

French colonial empire, the First French Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Chinese Empire, and the

Ottoman Empire. This paved the way for the expansion of the British Empire, with the British

boasting dominance.

Slide 12 The European Explosion and

Secular Music

This Brittish dominance and the decline of power of the Roman Catholic Church paved the way for

the growth of secular music.

People had more freedom than they had since the fall of Greece and Rome. New scientific

advances were being made, people were living longer and more prosporously. All of the arts

began to flourish and literacy began to increase for the general public.

Page 3: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 13 A Medieval Secular Genre

Rondo: A repeating song.Typically there would be multiple musicians or the townspeople would learn the song. It was

normally 5 sections as stated below. In elementary school many students learn this

with Row, Row, Row your Boat.

Form:A-main part

B-E--other partsalways returned to A

normally 5 sections: ABACADAEA

Slide 1 Sacred Overview

Sacred music was used in the glorification of God, and to praise both Jesus and the Virgin Mary. This music was very dominating in the

era, although it had very little or no entertainment purpose.

Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes.

Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral tradition, to be passed on via

word of mouth.

Slide 2 One More Sacred Term...

Many church songs had a separate part from the main melody

That part was called a drone. Drone-low pitched, non-moving part underlying a piece of

parallel organum.

In modern times, drones are still heard in bagpipes.

Slide 3 Medieval Secular Music

Secular music is:

About Nature

About Love

Sung with voices and instruments, normally

playing the same part of the voice

Typically monophonic or one single part

Reminder (Church music had call and response,

chant or parallel organum, rarely just one voice)

Slide 4 More about Secular Music

Topics about love, political satire, dances, dramatic work, and also moral and religious

subjects, however the religious subjects were not for church use, such topics like the love songs to

the Virgin Mary were written.

We don't know who wrote these songs. Many were written by poets or even just villagers

celebrating something in their lives.

Slide 5 Why Secular Music?

Secular music was written for the town folk, those who were somewhat alliterate and

uneducated. Therefore its form was monophonic, and syllabic and had a narrow

range. Rhythms are largely unknown, but were probably improvised, at the least for decoration.

Sometimes, the instruments would only be played as an introduction and used for

emphasis. These catchy simple tunes started as a small idea, but eventually became a country-

wide phenomenon.

Page 4: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 6

One Latin man was seen to have been a major representative of secular music creation, he was

Vanantius Fortunatus (530 -609).

Much of the early secular compositions were done by the Goliards, or wandering scholars.

These men were clerics who roamed the country-side as they pleased, writing and

creating works on subjects of love, and obscene drinking habits. It is suggested that many of the tunes used by the Goliards, were infact sacred

pieces.

Info on Secular Music

Slide 7 In southern France, from around the middle of

the 11th century, a group of musical poets came together, and formed a group known as

the Troubadours. They wrote their music principally on the subject of love, in all its

variations and aspects. Among there are a few scant pieces on the Crusades, the political satire, and on the death of a protector or

friend.Songs by the Troubadours were performed not only in festive occasions by the town’s people,

but mainly by a special class of musicians know as jongleurs, the first paid secular

musician.

Slide 8 Other types of Troubadours

Another name for the jongleur, is the minstrel. Minstrels where lower status people, or carnival

workers, who were traveling vocalists and instrumentalists playing other peoples music.

Later in the period Germany produced a type of musician similar to the Troubadours known as

the Minnesingers.

Slide 9 The Persecution of Secular Music

Unfortunately, the art of the Troubadour disappeared at the beginning of the thirteenth century, with the destruction of the Provencal civilisation in the Albegensian Crusades that

began in 1209.

Many of the Troubadours fled in the Crusades to Northern Italy. There, they continued to do their

duties, and became known as the Italian Travatori; Sicily was then the major center of

further development of secular music.

Slide 10 Hope in a Dark Time

Although the Troubadours and other composers lived in such dark times, each still managed to find what was left good in their era, and wrote beautiful, yet simple tunes that could brighten

even the darkest spirits inside people.

Slide 11 Medieval Secular Terms

European explosion-population grew during this time period. European culture dominated the

majority of the world, especially the western world.

This began after the collapse or decline of the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire, the First

French colonial empire, the First French Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Chinese Empire, and the

Ottoman Empire. This paved the way for the expansion of the British Empire, with the British

boasting dominance.

Page 5: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 12 The European Explosion and

Secular Music

This Brittish dominance and the decline of power of the Roman Catholic Church paved the way for

the growth of secular music.

People had more freedom than they had since the fall of Greece and Rome. New scientific

advances were being made, people were living longer and more prosporously. All of the arts

began to flourish and literacy began to increase for the general public.

Slide 13 A Medieval Secular Genre

Rondo: A repeating song.Typically there would be multiple musicians or the townspeople would learn the song. It was

normally 5 sections as stated below. In elementary school many students learn this

with Row, Row, Row your Boat.

Form:A-main part

B-E--other partsalways returned to A

normally 5 sections: ABACADAEA

Slide 1 THE BAROQUE PERIOD

•Dates: 1600-1750

• In our study of the Baroque period we will

focus on two different times, early and late

Baroque. We will also study important

people along the way.

Slide 2 EARLY BAROQUE

•Baroque-literally translated is Italian for pearl.

•Some Unique Baroque Characteristics

● Flowing

● Free form

● Flowery tonality

● Embellishment

● Intentionally imperfect

Slide 3 TIMES OF CHANGE IN MUSIC

● The composers tried to show emotions in music-

Drama and freedom-experimentation

● They tried to move listener with sustaining and

contrasting emotions. The way they did this was:

● Dynamics

● Tempo

● Small sections

● Motive reoccurring throughout the piece

Slide 4 THE BIRTH OF OPERA

● Opera-a stage production w/singing, instruments,

and dancing—typically ballet.

● From Opera we have two new song forms:

–Recitative-a way of speaking to/in musicals

–Aria-a solo song, singer and accompaniment with

embellishment to show off the singers ability

● Operatic songs were both monophonic and

polyphonic; sometimes with both types in the

same song.

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Slide 5 A NEW STYLE OF ACCOMPANIMENT AND A NEW INSTRUMENT

● Continuo- played on the harpsichord, was a

broken chord that reinforces the bass line. It

was often played either as the bass root note

or in the later termed, Alberti Bass style.

–The harpsichord is similar to a piano. It has a

much different sound and is quite smaller.

Baroque period music can often be easily

identified because of the use and unique sound

of the harpsichord.

Slide 6 THE HARPSICHORD

Slide 7 THE GRAND PIANO

Slide 8 A POPULAR BAROQUE OPERA

● Orfeo-a Greek tragedy poem turned into an operatic

work—a section of Hades by Monteverdi

● Some of the lowest notes of the piece came with deep

abysses and death and some to the highest notes came

with stars and sun

● Orpheus and Eurydice, his wife are the main characters.

Slide 9 ORFEO STORY LINE

● Orpheus is met by the Grim Reaper and told that it is his

day to die. He is scared and begs the Grim Reaper to

spare his life. He is told if he can find someone to take his

place, that he may continue to live. He asks his aged

parents and tells them that they have had a good long

life and that they should save their beloved son. Long

story short, they say no. He goes around the town and

begs everyone that he meets. Everyone says no. Finally

Eurydice says yes. She dies for him and goes to Hades.

Slide 10 STORY LINE CONTD.

● Orpheus is overcome with grief. He misses his wife dearly.

He decides that he can not live without her. Orpheus

embarks on a journey into Hades(Hell) to retrieve his wife.

He is so brave and lucky that he does indeed save

Eurydice after getting some help and impressing the Grim

Reaper. The story ends with them returning home from

Hades.

● There are other versions of this story that don't end so

happily, but what else would you expect from a Greek

tragedy.

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Slide 1 CLASSICAL PART 3 NOTES

•Overview of classical thinking

● Searching for new forms and concrete organization, simple enough for the middle class to understand.

Composers came up with new forms and re-vamped previous forms.

● The classical period is a time of getting back to the basics and simplicity while still being a beautiful work

of musical art.

● Composers of this time are considered to be the best “blanket classical” of all time.

Slide 2 TWO NEW CLASSICAL FORMS

● Sonata Allegro Form

•And

•Rondo

● Sonata Allegro Form is in a ABA format and has three to four main sections.

Slide 3 SECTION 1-EXPOSITION

• Exposition-A section-presentation of the main musical ideas of the piece. Two themes run

throughout the movement. The theme is normally in C and the counter theme is in G so we have the tonic dominant relationship and then it returns to

C again.

Slide 4 SECTION 2-DEVELOPMENT

Development-B section-elaboration of one or

two of the themes in the exposition. There is

always a key change and sometimes a

change of tempo. Other common practices

include lengthening or shortening the note

values or unusual tonalities. The

development is normally in C minor or

sometimes A minor.

Slide 5 SECTION 3-RECAPITULATION

• Recapitulation-A or A' section-restatement or repetition of the main theme.

Sometimes dynamic changes are made to dramatize the piece.

Slide 6 OPTIONAL SECTION 4-CODA

• Sometimes there is a C section:

• The Coda-a short ending, ties together the main themes. It is Italian for tail.

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Slide 1 CLASSICAL PART 3 CONTD.

•Rondo as a complete form● Initially Rondo was just part of the fugue, but in the

Classical Period it is an independent form

● recurring theme alternating with contrasting sections

● A typical Rondo would be in a three to four movement form. Example

● 1. AAA

● 2. ABA

● 3. ABACA

● Sometimes 4. AAA

Slide 2

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

• Born March 31, 1732. Died May 31, 1809.

• Prominent and prolific Austrian composer

• Instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio

• Contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".

Slide 3 MORE INFO ON CLASSICAL COMPOSER FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

•Haydn● His compositional techniques made his

music more accessible to the “middle class”.

● Haydn used the music of the people or folk songs as a basis to compose his

music

Slide 4 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN

● Baptized December 17, 1770 and Died March 26, 1827 at the age of 56.

● He lived in Vienna until his death.

● He died from liver damage and complications due to severe alcoholism.

Slide 5 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN-INTRO INFO

● Beethoven was a late Classical composer who also continued into the Romantic period

● He had great hearing in his early years, but as he progressed he lost his hearing gradually—he still wrote

music even though he was completely deaf

● To continue composing, Beethoven cut off the legs of his grand piano so he could distinguish the different

pitches by feeling the different vibrations they caused.

● The best of his music was written after he was deaf

Slide 1 CLASSICAL NOTES PART 2Mozart

• Born: January 27, 1756

• Died: December 5, 1791

• He composed more than 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music.

• He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music.

Page 9: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 2 WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

● One of the most influential composers of “blanket classical” music ever—Not just the

Classical Period but all Classical music

● Started playing piano at three and composed his first piece, which you would know as

Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, at four

● wrote in all forms

● one of the best classical composers

● most influential concertos written

Slide 3 EVOLUTION OF THE CONCERTO

MOST OF THESE CHANGES WERE BROUGHT ABOUT BY MOZART

● Still fast, slow, fast movements

● Larger orchestra added:

• Woodwinds

• Trumpets

• Horns

• Timpani-a set of at least three large pitched drums

● Blended solo parts with full orchestra or tutti parts

● Tutti-all play together

Slide 4 OTHER WAYS MOZART CHANGED THE CONCERTO

● Constant contrast with changing instrument timbres and dynamics

● Timbre-different sounds the various instruments naturally make

● Dynamics-loud, soft, and in between

Slide 5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYMPHONY

● A symphony is an extended instrumental work that has several contrasting sections

● Mozart was the first great writer of symphonies

● Haydn was credited with creating this form—this is debatable Some people think Mozart

created the form. Mozart wrote several of the more famous symphonies. No one knows for

sure who first wrote in this style.

Slide 6 MORE ABOUT THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY

● Haydn wrote 100 or more symphonies in his lifetime.

● The form was fast, slow, minuet, fast

● Minuet is a slow and stately French dance in triple meter

● Triple meter as apposed to the common 4/4

● Lighthearted and had contrast

Slide 7

SOME POSITIVE THINGS ABOUT THE SYMPHONY AND OTHER CLASSICAL FORMS

● It was easily understood by the masses—remember the newly formed middle class

● Very ordered

● It used the musical ideas efficiently in a way that it was understandable to the

“everyman”

Page 10: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 1 CLASSICAL PERIOD NOTES PART 1

● 1730-1820

● It was considered the Age of Reason

● Great focus on science and arts and huge advances made

Slide 2 RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

● First time ever● Not Peasant but not royalty-some money and regular access to food

● Not Educated● Demand for “Music of the masses or

people”● Public concerts-needed some type of

entertainment

Slide 3 A NEW FORM

● Sonata-multi-movement piece that showcased the techniques of good instrumentalists, 1 or more

instruments.

General Differences between Periods

● Baroque music was generally grand, intricate, and pompous whereas Classical Music was simpler, more

direct and more accessible to the listeners of the time

Slide 4 CLASSICAL PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS

● Order-How it was put together

● Form-Repeats, refrains, etc.

● Music was written for specific occasions-weddings, birthdays,

deaths, dedications, etc.

● Composers depended on patronage to survive-Patronage is someone paying a composer to write music

Slide 5 COMPOSERS

● Lived in aristocrats-kings and queens- homes and wrote most of their music to entertain their family or for their special occasions(weddings,

birthdays, etc.)

● They were employed by the royal courts where they composed under contract and satisfied the

demands of the king/queen

● Most aristocrats took lessons—esp. Women and children—and they played an instrument or sang

and could read music

Slide 6 COMPOSER JOBS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD-MOST STILL DO THIS TODAY!

● Church jobs-playing organ or piano, singing for services, composing & more

● Taught in private schools

● Taught private lessons-mainly to the families they worked for.

● Works were normally dedicated to/named after the composers patron-person paying them

● They published their works as written music and sold it to the masses. They developed the process of printing and

made it cheaper and more readily available.

Page 11: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 1 The String Family

The string family instruments all have strings.

They are all chordophones.

You play them many ways which include:

Plucking, bowing, strumming, picking, slapping,

and others.

Slide 2 Defining String Playing Techniques● Plucking-pluck the strings

● Bowing-glide the bow across the strings

● Strumming-strum across more than one string

● Picking-pick the string

● Slapping-silencing the string by slapping it with

your hand

Slide 3 The Bow

The square end of the bow is called the frog.

You have to put rosin on the bow to help it slide

across the strings.

When you store the bow in the case, you have to

loosen it to put it away.

Bows are made of real hair, usually horse hair.

Slide 4 Parts of the Bow

Slide 5 Popular String Instruments

Guitar

Violin

Fiddle

Viola

Cello

String or Upright Bass

See presentation & poster

Slide 6 Acoustic Guitar

Page 12: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 7 Electric Guitar

Slide 8 Violin

Slide 9 Viola

Slide 10 Cello

Slide 11 Upright, Double or String Bass

Slide 12 Other String Instruments

Harp

Page 13: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 13 Auto Harp

Slide 14 Mandolin

Slide 15 Banjo

●The banjo is played

with finger-picks.

Slide 16 Lute

Slide 17

●If you listen and pay attention during the lecture

and slides, then we will play games for the rest

of the period.

●If not, we will take the 20 question quiz, 10

multiple choice and 10 short answer.

●FYI-there are only like 4 slides left

Slide 18 Ukulele

Page 14: e Medieval Secular Music Info on Secular Music...Medieval secular music was solely composed for entertainment purposes. Remember, much of the music of the time was reliant on oral

Slide 19 Sitar

Slide 20 More info about the sitar● Kaddu is the gourd or the sound-box of the

instrument.

● Tabli is the soundboard which filters out certain

tones produced by the strings. The tabli is made of

wood (usually teak or tun wood).

● Dandi is the neck of the instrument. It is made of

two pieces of wood glued frontally (thus, the inside

of the neck is hollow). It is also known as the

fingerboard, as fretting the notes takes place here.

● Kunti is a tuning peg. There are five kuntis for the

five main strings on the sitar.

Slide 21 Sitar Info Contd...● Upper Tumba is an optional gourd made of either gourd,

wood, or metal. There is a differential sound difference with

the upper tumba. Some sitar players will not have an upper

tumba, while some add it on for aesthetic reasons.

● Pardas are metal frets that can be moved. As Indian music is

based on pure intervals and changing microtones, notes will

have to be altered in order to perform or play certain ragas or

songs.

● Tuning Beads allow one to fine tune the main strings.

● Jawari is the most important piece of the instrument. The flat

bridge of the instrument (made of bone) has a special contour

angle that gives the sitar its distinctive sound. The sympathetic

strings also have their own special bridge.

Slide 1 More about Modes

● The Ionian mode is the only mode whose dominant seventh chord type occurs naturally on the fifth scale degree, as V7. Without further clarification, "major mode" or just "major" refers to the Ionian mode.

● The Dorian mode has a characteristic raised sixth relative to the Aeolian mode--or a 3 and 7 relative to the Ionian--which produces a major IV chord and a minor II chord. The dominant seventh chord in this mode occurs on the fourth scale degree, as IV7.

● The Phrygian mode has a lowered second relative to Aeolian--or a 2, 3, 6, and 7 relative to the Ionian--which creates its characteristic II major and v diminished chords. The dominant seventh chord in this mode occurs on the third scale degree, as III7

Slide 2

● The Lydian mode has a raised fourth ( 4) relative to the Ionian,

and creates a iv diminished, vii minor, and a II major chord. The

dominant seventh chord in this mode occurs on the second scale

degree, as II7.

● The Mixolydian mode has a lowered seventh ( 7) relative to the

Ionian. The dominant seventh chord in this mode therefore

occurs on the tonic, as I7. Other characteristic chords are v

minor, and a VII major chord. There is also a iii dim chord, but it

is not used extensively in modal compositions.

Slide 3

● The Aeolian mode has a 3, 6, and 7 relative to Ionian. The dominant seventh chord in this mode occurs on the seventh scale degree, as VII7. Its other characteristic chords are the minor iv and v chords. There is a subtle distinction between an Aeolian modal composition and a composition in a minor key, because the sixth and seventh degrees in a minor key can be altered to create major IV and V chords. The Aeolian mode is also more commonly known as the Natural (Pure) minor scale. In cases where the Aeolian mode has the same key signature as a particular major key but with a different tonic, it is referred to as the relative minor scale. For example, A Aeolian is the relative minor of the C major scale.

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Slide 4 ● The Locrian mode has lowered second and fifth scale degrees

relative to the Aeolian and has a diminished i chord. It is highly

unstable, and its diminished i chord makes establishing tonality in

the mode nearly impossible. The few pieces written in this mode

usually used an altered i minor chord (B-D-F ) to establish the

tonal center, and then used the minor iii (D-F-A) and major V

chord (F-A-C) to establish the modality. Omitting the fifth degree

when using the i chord is another option. The dominant seventh

chord in this mode occurs on the sixth scale degree, as VI7.

Slide 5 ● C Ionian mode consists of the notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B,

C (Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do)

● D Dorian mode consists of the notes D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D (Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re)

● E Phrygian consists of E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E (Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi)

● F Lydian consists of F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F (Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa)

● G Mixolydian consists of G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G (Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol)

● A Aeolian consists of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A (La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La)

● B Locrian consists of B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B (Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti)

Slide 6 12 Tone Music

● You would begin with a series of 12 random tones or notes. They

can be sharp #, flat b, or natural

● Then the composer would use various techniques to change or

vary the tone row.

● They would sometimes use an existing form and sometimes it

would be free form.

● This is different from atonal music because there is a way to

explain the tonality by referencing the 12 tone row.

Slide 7 Ways to Vary

● Retrograde-In reverse

● Inversion-upside down

● Retrograde-inversion—upside down and in reverse at the same

time

● Show example on the board

Slide 1 Other Ways to Vary Music in the

20th Century and different

tonalities● Whole tone-In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note

is separated from its neighbors by the interval of a whole step. There

are only two complementary whole tone scales, both six-note or

hexatonic scales:

● C D E F# G# A# C and B Db Eb F G A B

Slide 2 More about the Whole tone scale

● The whole tone scale has no leading tone and because all tones are

the same distance apart, "no single tone stands out, [and] the scale

creates a blurred, indistinct effect".[1] This effect is especially

emphasized by the fact that triads built on such scale tones are

augmented. Indeed, one can play all six tones of a whole tone scale

simply with two augmented triads whose roots are a major second

apart. Since they are symmetrical, whole tone scales do not give a

strong impression of the tonic or tonality.

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Slide 3 Chromaticism● a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches

and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale. Chromaticism is

in contrast or addition to tonality or diatonicism (the major and minor

scales). Chromatic elements are considered, "elaborations of or

substitutions for diatonic scale members.

● Chromatic Scale

● C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

● C B Bb A Ab G Gb F E Eb D Db C

Slide 4 Avante garde

● Different and new

● chaos

● Cacophony

● Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working

within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in

some manner, or to describe the work of any musicians who

radically depart from tradition altogether

Slide 1 Aleatory Music

● music where the composer would intentionally leave

out parts for the performers to complete....never the

same thing twice!

● Open form is a term sometimes used for mobile

musical forms, where the order of movements or

sections is indeterminate or left up to the performer

● Another genre was the Musikalisches Würfelspiel or

musical dice game, popular in the late 18th and early

19th century. These games consisted of a sequence of

musical measures, for which each measure had

several possible versions, and a procedure for

selecting the precise sequence based on the throwing

of a number of dice

Slide 2 “Everything old becomes new

again”● Late 20th Century

● New Romanticism-a musical style that combines

tonal melody with exotic textures and timbres

● It utilized-Intense Drama and Splashy effects

● This movement also translated out of the

“Classical” genre and into the pop world. Many of

the composition of the 1980s in pop, punk, and

rock are also part of this form and movement. This

led to what is known as the second “British

Invasion”. The first was the era of the Beatles.

Slide 3 A famous American Composer of

the New Romanticism movement● 1991-John Corigliano—American

composer who used the training

about atonality as well as his

studies of the greats-Bach,

Beethoven, etc to influence his

musical writing and develop his

own unique sound.

Slide 4 Phillip Glass

● minimalism

● style of music that stresses

the element of repetition with

changes dictated by a rule or

system

● Koyaaniqatsi-Hopi Indian

term meaning “life out of

balance”

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Slide 5 More on Philip Glass● American Composer Born January 31, 1937

● Began as minimalistic composer, but later he did not like the label

and referred to himself instead as a composer of "music with

repetitive structures”

● Currently, he describes himself as a "Classicist", pointing out that

he is trained in harmony and counterpoint and studied such

composers as Franz Schubert, Johann Sebastian Bach and

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Slide 6 Minimalistic Music

● consonant harmony, steady pulse (if not immobile drones), stasis

or gradual transformation, and often reiteration of musical

phrases or smaller units such as figures, motifs, and cells. It may

include features such as additive process and phase shifting

which leads to what has been termed phase music. Minimal

compositions that rely heavily on process techniques that follow

strict rules are usually described using the term process music.

Slide 1 The Brass Instrument Family

We are going to begin discussion on the brass family in depth

today.

If the information is new to you, write it down. If it is not, you

just need to listen.

Slide 2 How Brass Instruments Produce

SoundBrass instruments are Aerophones. They require

the swift passage of air to produce a sound.

The air is converted to sound by placing your lips

on the mouthpiece and buzzing. The sound

comes from the bell of the instrument. Brass

players should always face their audience.

Sound is nothing but the human ear picking up

vibrations. It is the same with instruments.

Slide 3 The Brass Mouthpiece Out of the two instrument

families that require air to

produce sound, brass is the

only mouthpiece that is

played by buzzing the lips.

Other mouthpieces have to

be inside the persons

mouth, blown across, or do

not exist all-together.

● Below is an image of the

trombone mouthpiece. It is a

cup mouthpiece.

Slide 4 Mouthpiece continued...

It is referred to as a cup mouthpiece for obvious reasons. It looks

like a cup. It is made of metal. The mouthpieces are different sizes

and slightly different shapes for each instrument. The larger the

mouthpiece, the lower the pitch of the instrument.

You can also get slightly different mouthpieces for the same

instrument. The different sizes change the tone of the note by

slightly adjusting the concavity/convexity of the mouthpiece.

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Slide 5 Concave/Convex

Concave dips inside...like a cave. Convex bows

outward. You can use a spoon to demonstrate both

concave and convex.

Slide 1 20th Century Music-1900 to

present

Changes

● automobile

● airplanes

● Radio

● TV

● computers

Slide 2 Impressionism● Natural effects of sunlight in painting—in music- French style of

atmospheric music late 19th Century

● Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small,

thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on

accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often

accentuating the effects of the passage of time), common,

ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial

element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual

angles

Slide 3 An Example of Impressionistic

Art-by Claude Monet

Slide 4 How Musical Impressionism is

different

● musical impressionism focuses on a suggestion and an atmosphere

● A quote about Debussy-a famous impressionistic composer. “ Debussy created his style by denouncing the tonic[vague] and instead creating unusual chord sequences that do not suggest a clear key”

Slide 1 Aaron Copland

● American Composer

● November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990

● Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition,

in his later years he was often referred to as "the Dean of

American Composers" and is best known to the public for the

works he wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in a deliberately

accessible style often referred to as Populist and which the

composer labeled his "vernacular" style

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Slide 2 Pics of Copland

Slide 3 More about Copland

● The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are

archetypical of what many people consider to be the sound of

American music, evoking the vast American landscape and

pioneer spirit. In addition to his ballets and orchestral works, he

produced music in many other genres including chamber music,

vocal works, opera and film scores.

Slide 1 Keyboard Family Contd.

We talked on Tuesday about the piano.

I said that we would talk about the two main keyboard instruments

before the next quiz. They are the piano and the organ. Today we

will talk about the organ.

Also, after we go over the next family, we will have at least one

day that we play different instruments.

Slide 2 The organ

The organ is the oldest keyboard instrument that we know of.

Instead of a hammer and strings, the organ works with air and

pipes. It was also originally called a pipe organ. Each pipe is a

different length, pitch, and has a reed inside it that vibrates to

produce the sound.

Slide 1 Late Romantic Period

● Nationalism-pride in the nation the composer came from

● Typical nationalism musical styles include: folk songs, dances,

legends

● about composer's homeland

Slide 2 Main type of nationalistic music

● Tone poem-a type of program music-an orchestral composition

written for textual materials including stories, folk tales, literature,

or plays

● short, normally only one movement in length

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Slide 3 Symphonic Poem

● type of tone poem

● longer

● symphony-lengthy

● multiple movements

● Possible forms-sonata or sonata allegro, rondo, theme and

variations, and irregular--not fitting in any specific form—“unique”

Slide 4 Example of nationalistic romantic

music● Russian Composer Mussorgsky-Not a “big name”,

more info about him on the next slide

● Tone poem-“Pictures at an Exhibition”

● for piano

● musically depicts an “art gallery”

● 10 movements

● each depicts a different piece of art from his dead artist friend Victor Hartman

● movements are connected by “Prominade”-music that is the same between each movement and represents walking between the art works in the museum

Slide 5 Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky

● innovator of Russian music in the romantic period

● strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music

● Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other nationalist themes.

● For many years Mussorgsky's works were mainly known in versions revised or completed by other composers. Many of his most important compositions have recently come into their own in their original forms, and some of the original scores are now also available.

Slide 6 Richard Wagner

● wrote operas-he called them “music dramas”, was most well

known for this but did write other types of music

● German Nationalistic composer, theatre director, and conductor.

● Unlike most composers, he wrote the music and the libretto-

spoken words

Slide 7 More about Wagner's musical style

● His compositions, particularly those of his later period, are

notable for their complex textures, rich harmonies and

orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs—musical

phrases associated with individual characters, places, ideas or

plot elements. His advances in musical language, such as

extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres, greatly

influenced the development of classical music

Slide 8 More about Wagner's life and

inspiration● Until his final years, Wagner's life was characterised by political exile,

turbulent love affairs, poverty and repeated flight from his creditors.

The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout

the 20th century; their influence spread beyond composition into

conducting, philosophy, literature, the visual arts and theatre.

Wagner's controversial writings on music, drama and politics have

attracted extensive comment in recent decades, especially where

they express antisemitic (anti-jewish) sentiments.

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Slide 9 Wagner wrote an “opera” called

the “Ring Cycle”● Based on Nordic Legends

● 4 full operas

● explores most human expressions

● Story Line

● gods and goddesses were super human. They had human flaws

but could cast spells

● Wrote the pieces in reverse order-ending first

Slide 1 Percussion Family

The percussion family is made up of instruments

that are struck to produce their sound.

The percussion family is one of the most well

known and versatile families in the music world.

Almost anything that can be hit can be classified

as a percussion instrument if it is used in a song.

The group recycled percussion demonstrates this

very well. They use trash cans, fish tanks, pipes,

and other things from the land field to produce

wonderful music.

Slide 4 The two sound types of percussion

The sound types that percussion instruments fall

under would be either Idiophone or

Membranophone.

Sometimes, the instrument can fall under a

different classification depending on how it is

played.-The tambourine is like this. If you shake it,

it's an Idiophone, if you hit the side, it's a

Membranophone.

Slide 5 Idiophones

Idiophones are instruments that are struck to

produce the sound that are a solid object. They

can be made of many different materials.

Examples include: Cymbals, xylophones,

tambourines, wood blocks, and many more.

Slide 6 Membranophones

Membranophones are any instrument that is

struck on an area where something is tightly

stretched across the instrument.

Examples include: Bass drum, quad toms, snare

drums, some tambourines, timpani, and many

more.

Slide 7 Found Percussion

Anything that you use that is not a percussion

instrument initially.

Example-trash cans, table, oil barrels, pvc pipe,

etc.

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Slide 8 Snare Drum

Slide 9 Bass Drum

Slide 10 Timpano(singular) Timpani (plural)

Slide 11 Traditional vs. Matched Grip

Slide 12 Why Traditional Grip?

●Traditional Grip was

needed during the war

when soldiers played

drums to lead the

marching.

●The drum was slung

over one shoulder and

was always tilted to the

side.

Slide 13 Percussion Instruments

Idiophones Membranophones●Cymbals

●Cabasa

●Wood Block

●Slapstick

●Triangle

●Gong

●Tambourine

●Xylophone

●High Hat

●Drum Sticks

●Snare Drum(Concert

& Marching)

●Bass Drum (Concert

& Marching)

●Timpani

●Tambourine

●Toms (Quads)

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Slide 1 Romantic Period

● 19th and 20th Century

● Extreme emotion

● Expressions

● “invited the heart to reign”

● Revolt against sheer formalism

● Rejected the classical period's attempt to

● impose laws on nature—I.E. Music

Slide 2 19th Century in Romantic Music

● How much freedom?

● How much change?

● Classical had complete intellectual rule

● Romantic began with complete emotional rule

Slide 3 Most popular form of the time

period

● art song

● Solo voice and piano

● More about form in Romantic Music-Free Human Form of Music-Spans many emotions, often to extremes, Delicate

and intimate, World-Shaking emotional out bursts

Slide 4 Franz Peter Schubert

● Died at 32

● prolific composer-he wrote

600 Lieder, nine symphonies,

liturgical music, operas, some

incidental music and a large

body of chamber and solo

piano music

● His father was a

schoolteacher and his mother

was from a aristocratic family

● He began schooling at 5, as

well as musical training

Slide 5 Schubert Contd.

● He played Violin, organ, piano-at the time still pianoforte, and

was a reknown singer.

● By 1813, at age 16 he had already composed several songs and

conducted for the local symphony

● One of Schubert's most prolific years was 1815, age 18. He

composed over 20,000 bars of music, more than half of which

was for orchestra, including nine church works, a symphony, and

about 140 Lieder

Slide 6 Schubert Contd.

● He tried to marry a woman at 17 and was denied due to not

being able to financially support her, as was the law at the time

● Some claim that he was gay, although that has not been

supported

● In 1818 he was the music tutor for an aristocratic family and

composed music for them

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Slide 7 Schubert the Final Years

● 1820-1828 were great years for Schubert, he was composing, teaching and working with musicians almost non stop. He got arrested with a group of friends for being in a group of young people

● After being arrested and seperated from two of his closest friends, the works of his last two years reveal a composer increasingly meditating on the darker side of the human psyche and human relationships, and with a deeper sense of spiritual awareness and conception of the 'beyond'.

● He died of typhoid fever or syphillis. He had an unfinished symphony at the time of death that was printed as such

Slide 8 The Erlking

● narrative ballad by Franz Schubert

● poem by Goethe

● Struggle between father of a dying son and the Erlking

● Erlking-Symbol of death....grim reaper

● through composed

● no chorus and verse

● solid, flowing piece

● each section relates to a stanza in a poem

Slide 9 More Info on the Erlking

● Erlking part-major, inciting—trying to steal the boy away from his

father

● Father and Son-minor, dissonant, frantic, always climbing higher

● Horse-Triplet pattern underlying the work

Slide 10 Franz Liszt

● Lived to be 74, died from complications

due to a fall down stairs

● Had four children out of wedlock-

countess left her family to be with him,

later left him too

● “Dated” a princess later, tried to marry

but Catholics said no—her first

husband was still alive

Slide 11 Liszt Contd.

● Piano virtuoso

● Retired from being a touring pianist in his thirties to be a full time

composer and teacher at the Princess' request

● He anticipated some 20th-century ideas and trends and helped

usher in the transition.

● He was best known for the invention of the symphonic poem,

developing the concept of thematic transformation as part of his

experiments in musical form and making radical departures in

harmony

Slide 12 Liszt's legacy

● Although there was a period in which many considered Liszt's

works "flashy" or superficial, it is now held that many of Liszt's

compositions that contain parallel fifths, the whole-tone scale,

parallel diminished and augmented triads, and unresolved

dissonances, anticipated and influenced twentieth century music

like that of Debussy, Ravel and Béla Bartók.

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Slide 13 Program Music

● Franz Liszt created this form

● Instrumental compositions that attempt to convey a

specific idea without using words.

● Often times an explanation of the story come with it from the composer

Slide 14 Hector Berlioz

● French Romantic Composer

● Wrote about 50 songs

● Pushed the boundaries of Romantic

Music and influenced others to do the

same

● Used huge orchestras-once 1000

players

Slide 15 Berlioz Contd.

● He was very well educated, familiar with the works of

Shakespear, Beethoven, and at 12 had translated the Illiad from

Latin to French

● He was a hopeless romantic, and this influenced his music.

● He had many affairs and fell in love, though it was often

unrequited.

● He was studying to be a doctor, and made his parents angry

when he chose to be a musician

Slide 16 Berlioz Contd.

● He was once engaged and she called off the engagement. He

planned on killing her, her mother, and her new fiance. He bought

guns, poisons, and a disguise but never followed through.

● He wrote many songs based on poems, literary works, etc.

Slide 17 Berlioz's Later Years

● Most of his family and friends had died, he still had one sister. He

was very depressed. He was also a self professed athiest. The

following is a quote from him: “I am in my 61st year; past hopes,

past illusions, past high thoughts and lofty conceptions. My son is

almost always far away from me. I am alone. My contempt for the

folly and baseness of mankind, my hatred of its atrocious cruelty,

have never been so intense. And I say hourly to Death: 'When

you will'. Why does he delay?”

Slide 18 Berlioz's Legacy

● He aided in the development of the symphonic form,changed the

views on instrumentation (adding to what Mozart had

established), and the depiction in music of programmatic and

literary ideas. He was considered extremely progressive for his

day.

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Slide 19 Program Symphony

● Created by Hector Berlioz

● Like program music only with full orchestra

● A pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several movements, following the form of a symphony

● Berlioz requested that his story lines should be typed or written up as program notes and be distributed to the

audience

Slide 20 Symphonie Fantastique

● By Berlioz

● 5 movements

● two ways to listen

● musical story

● musical expression (emotion)

● two ways to listen-musical story and musical expression

(emotion)

Slide 21 Symphonie Fantastique Contd.

Story line

● Sensitive young musician with a wild imagination

● in love with a young woman who does not return his love

● music reflects his dreams

Slide 22 Symphonie Fantastique Contd.

Movements

● Dreams and Passions

● A Ball

● Scene in the Country

● March to the scaffold

● Dream of witches' sabbath

Slide 23 Symphonie Fantastique Contd.

Idee Fixe

● ties piece together

● fixed melody that recurs throughout all movements of a

symphony

● in Symphonie Fantastique the idee fixe represents the

“composer's beloved”

Slide 1 Keyboard Family

This is your brief/in depth discussion on the Keyboard family.

Remember that the keyboard instruments either fall under the

percussion or strings family but are sometimes confusing to

separate as such. It depends on how they are played.

This is why we call them all keyboards.

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Slide 2 The 3 Big Keyboard Instruments

The three main keyboard instruments are Piano, Harpsichord,

and Organ. There are many variations of these two

instruments. I will talk about the traditional and modern versions

of these instruments.

On the quiz, you will need to know what changed between the

traditional and the modern versions as well as the basic

information that is the same about both types.

Slide 3 The Piano

● The piano is the most common keyboard instrument ever. It is not

the oldest.

● The piano is tuned in the key of C but can play in any key. It has

white keys which play the natural notes. It also has black keys

which play the sharp/flat notes.

● Most pianos have three pedals. One each for sustaining the pitch,

softening the pitch, and shortening the pitch.

● Pitch is another word for note.

Slide 4 The beginnings of piano

Originally called Pianoforte for it's ability to play both soft-piano

and loud-forte. It has one to three strings and a hammer that

strikes the string to produce the sound.

It was much smaller than it is today, having only 5 octaves.

Pianos today have 7 ½ octaves or more.

Slide 5 Pianoforte

Slide 6 Harpsichord

Slide 7 Harpsichord

● The harpsichord pre-dates the piano in any form .

● The harpsichord is much like the pianoforte and was surpassed in

popularity by it's invention.

● It plucks the strings instead of hammering them like the piano

does, to create a different sound.

● The harpsichord notes do not ring, they are very short and distinct.

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Slide 8 What has changed...

Along with having more notes available, the modern piano is

larger, louder, and more steadily constructed. The original

pianoforte looked like a harpsichord but now they are grand

pianos—much larger and heavier.

Also, the addition of electricity to some pianos has made the

instrument more portable, louder, and more accessible to all.

Slide 9 The inside of the Piano

Slide 10 Hammers & Pedals

● Each key has a corresponding string and hammer. When the key

is struck, the hammer comes down and hits they strings,

producing the sound.

● The pedals are used to sustain-carry, soften/dampen, or to

shorten/staccato the notes.

Slide 11 Grand Piano

Slide 1 Expressionism

● Very early 20th century, subjectively explored deep, inner feelings and emotions

● Musical expressionism may be regarded in terms of the music Arnold Schoenberg composed between 1908 and 1921, which is his period of "free atonal" composition, before he devised twelve-tone technique. Compositions from the same period with similar traits, particularly works by his pupils Alban Berg and Anton Webern, are often also included under this rubric, and the term has also been used pejoratively by musical journalists to describe any music in which the composer's attempts at personal expression overcome coherence or are merely used in opposition to traditional forms and practices

Slide 2 New Types of Tonality

● Dissonance-discord in music, suggesting a state of tension

● Tonality-quality of a system of pitches, major, minor, etc.

● Atonal-without tonality or a tonal center, Berg-1920, Wozzeck

● Play examples now...

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Slide 3 The Firebird Suite

● By Igor Stravinsky

● Based on the Russian Folk Songs of the magical glowing bird of

the same name that is both a blessing and a curse to its captor

● Ballet

● written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets

Russes company, with choreography by Michel Fokine

● First performed on June 25, 1910 and the critics were

enthusiastic

Slide 4 Why is it important?

● The ballet has historic significance not only as Stravinsky's

breakthrough piece — "Mark him well", said Sergei Diaghilev to

Tamara Karsavina, who was dancing the title role: "He is a man

on the eve of celebrity..." — but also as the beginning of the

collaboration between Diaghilev and Stravinsky that would also

produce Petrushka and The Rite of Spring.

Slide 1 Trumpet

● Trumpet is the most common

brass instrument. It is high

pitched. It has a fairly wide

range and is one of the

easiest instruments to learn. It

is a B flat instrument. It has

three valves and a tuning

slide.

Slide 2 Trombone● Trombone is another very

common brass instrument. It

is larger and lower pitched

than the trumpet. It is a C

instrument. It has a slide that

can be placed in 7 positions.

Some trombones have a key

to lower their pitch.

Slide 3 Tuba● The tuba is one of the lowest

pitched brass instruments. It

is very common in band and

is similar to a bass guitar. The

tuba is a C instrument. It is

important because it plays the

bottom of the chords. It has

three or four valves.

Slide 4 Sousaphone

● Named after it's inventor,

John Phillip Sousa, this is a

marching tuba in the key of C.

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Slide 5 Euphonium

● The euphonium is the middle

pitched brass instrument,

somewhere between the

trumpet and the trombone. It

has three or four valves to

change pitch. The euphonium

is a B flat instrument.--It looks

like the tuba.

Slide 6 French Horn

● This instrument has the

smallest mouthpiece and is in

the Key of F. You have to put

your hand in the bell to keep

the instrument in tune.

Slide 7 Spit-valves, Valves & Slides

● Spit-valves get the extra moisture out of brass instruments. They

are also sometimes called water keys.

● Valves Require Valve oil to work properly.

● Slides require slide grease to work properly.

–These are part of the daily maintenance that

you must perform for a brass instrument, or at

least every time you play it.

Slide 8 Mouthpieces

● You can get different size mouthpieces for each instrument to help

you play higher notes or with different tones.

● In general, mouthpieces get larger as the instruments get lower in

pitch.

● The French Horn has the smallest mouthpiece.

● The Tuba & Sousaphone have the largest mouthpiece.

Slide 9 Mutes● Mutes go inside the bell of the brass instrument to quiet the

instrument or to change the sound quality or tonality.

Slide 1

ANOTHER WOODWIND INSTRUMENT

The Bagpipes

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Slide 2 THE BAGPIPES—DIAGRAM

Slide 3 MORE INFORMATION

Areophone-produces sound by air.

Enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag.

Originated in Europe. Best known in from Scotland but also used in Turkey, the Caucasus, around the Persian Gulf, Northern Africa and North America.

The bagpipes are centuries old. Their origin can be traced back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans. They are thought to have been brought to the British Isles during the period of Roman rule during the 9th Century.

Slide 4 PARTS OF THE BAGPIPES-AIR SUPPLY

The most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe, or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with his tongue while inhaling, but most blowpipes have a non-return valve that eliminates this need.

An innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called "cauld wind pipes", air is not heated or moistened by the player's breathing, so bellows-driven bagpipes can use more refined or delicate reeds.

Slide 5 BAG

The bag is an airtight reservoir that can hold air and can be used to regulate its flow, enabling the player to maintain continuous sound.

The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or pumping air into it with a bellows.

Materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of synthetic materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common.

Slide 6 BAG CONTD…

However, a drawback of the synthetic bag is the potential for fungal spores to colonize the bag because of a reduction in necessary cleaning, with the associated danger of lung infection.

An advantage of a synthetic bag is that they have a zip which allows the user to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag.

Slide 7 BAG CONTD…

Bags cut from larger materials are usually saddle-stitched with an extra strip folded over the seam and stitched (for skin bags) or glued (for synthetic bags) to reduce leaks. Holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks.

In the case of bags made from largely intact animal skins the stocks are typically tied into the points where limbs and the head joined the body of the living animal, a construction technique common in Central Europe.

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Slide 8 CHANTER

The chanter is the melody pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter

Some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the inside walls are parallel (or "cylindrical") for its full length, or it can be bored in a conical shape.

Slide 9 CHANTER CONTD….

The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no easy way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music.

Primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents.

Because of their importance, these embellishments (or "ornaments") are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, and take many years of study to master.

Slide 10 CHANTER REED

The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top. The reed may be a single (a reed with one vibrating tongue) or double reed(of two pieces that vibrate against each other).

Double reeds are used with both conical- and parallel-bored chanters while single reeds are generally (although not exclusively) limited to parallel-bored chanters.

In general, double-reed chanters are found in pipes of Western Europe while single-reed chanters appear in most other regions.

Slide 11 DRONE

Most bagpipes have at least one drone: a pipe which is generally not fingered but rather produces a constant harmonizing note throughout play (Usually the tonic note of the chanter.)

Exceptions are generally those pipes which have a double-chanter instead. A drone is most commonly a cylindrically-bored tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds exist.

The drone is generally designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be adjusted.

Slide 12 DRONE CONTD….

Depending on the type of pipes, the drones may lie over the shoulder, across the arm opposite the bag, or may run parallel to the chanter.

Some drones have a tuning screw, which effectively alters the length of the drone by opening a hole, allowing the drone to be tuned to two or more distinct pitches.

The tuning screw may also shut off the drone altogether. In most types of pipes, where there is one drone it is pitched two octaves below the tonic of the chanter. Additional drones often add the octave below and then a drone consonant with the fifth of the chanter.

Slide 1 Opera Terms

Opera-a staged drama with singing

Aria-song for solo the shows off the singer's voice, time stops in the story line.

Recitative-song with speech-like singing that progresses the story along.

Opera seria-serious opera—IE-Drama movie

Opera buffa-comedy opera—IE-Comedy movie

Versimo-real life like storyline

Libretto-text or words in the opera

Fermata-hold the note until the director stops it.

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Slide 2 More Vocab Review

●Pathos-compassion or sympathy for a character in the story.

Operettas-musical and play intertwined

Broadway Musical-like an opera, some spoken, less formal

Vaudeville-early stage variety show

Dialogue-spoken words in the musical or play

Repertoire-songs the person can play at any time

Monologue-a big speech/song by one person

Motive-a musical sentence.

Slide 3 BROADWAY

Where did Broadway

Begin?

Broadway can refer to two things:

1. A street in New York

2. Musical theatre

Slide 4

Musical Theatre combines both

opera and vaudeville. One of the

first Broadway musicals was “Little

Johnny Jones” written by George

Cohan. A staple song of this musical

was the song "Give my regards to

Broadway" This song is still popular

today!

Beginnings of Musical Theatre

Slide 5 Andrew Loyd Webber

One of the most popular composers for

Broadway musicals is Andrew Loyd

Webber. He composed such musicals

as CATS and Phantom of The Opera.

CATS is still the longest running musical

on Broadway

Slide 6 Rodgers and Hammerstein

Wrote such musicals as The Sound of Music,

OKLAHOMA, The Music Man and the King

and I . These musicals today are still

performed all over the country and are

extremely popular. All were made into movies

but probably the most popular was the Sound

of Music. It was made into a movie in 1965

and starred actress Julie Andrews.

Slide 7 Sondheim

Composed the very popular musical

“West Side Story” It was made in to a

movie in the year 1961, and is again

performed still to this day all over the

country.

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Slide 8 Musical Theatre Today

Todays world of Broadway has brought new

and exciting things that one would never think

possible. For example

+ Greenday the musical

+ Shrek the musical

+Legally Blond the musical

And many others!

Slide 9 Popular Broadway Actors/ActressesKristen Chenoweth- most well known Broadway

appearances are in Wicked and Your a Good Man

Charlie Brown. She has also guest starred in GLEE

and has made appearances in several movies

including, Marian the Librarian in the movie

adaptation of the Music Man.

Idina Menzel- most well known Broadway

appearances are in Wicked and Hair. She has also

guest starred on GLEE and has made several

appearances in movies as well. The most well

known are Rent and in the Disney movie

Enchanted.

Slide 10 Popular Broadway

Actors/Actresses Contd...Alfred Molina - he has made appearances in

several Broadway shows. However, He is the only

actor to have three Lego Mini figures modeled after

him, with them being Doctor Octopus from Spider-

Man 2, Satipo from Raiders of the Lost Ark and

Sheik Amar from Prince of Persia

Ben Vareen- most well known Broadway

appearances are in Hair, Wicked and Joseph Christ

Superstar

Slide 11 Most Popular Musicals on

Broadway Today

WICKED

Phantom of the Opera

Mama Mia!

Slide 12

WICKED

Wicked is probably one of the most popular

musicals on Broadway right now. It is the

untold story of the Wizard of Oz before

Elphaba ( the wicked witch) turns evil. She and

Glinda (the good witch) had actually meet in

college and had become friends!

Slide 13 Musicals that were made into Movies !

● Phantom of the Opera - Broadway to movies

● The Sound of Music- Broadway to movies { Rodgers and

Hammerstein}

● The Music Man Broadway to movies

● Lion King { Elton John wrote some music}

● West Side Story - Broadway to movies { Bernstein and

Sondheim}

● Chicago - Broadway to Movies

● Rent - Broadway to Movies

● Fiddler On the Roof - Broadway to movies

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Slide 1

Renaissance

Artists and

Authors

Slide 2 Renaissance Arts Overview

– The Renaissance was a time of renewal and rebirth.

– Science and culture were beginning to come back and less focus was on the church.

– Often times, people would be renown for their knowledge in science, writing , music and art. They would combine these things together to form their interpretation of the world around them.

– This time period was a time about humanity, knowledge, beauty and the celebration of these ideas.

Slide 3 Discover your inner Renaissance

– You will create an artwork in the Renaissance style based on pictures that you have seen.

– It must include something about humanity, love and science.

– After you are finished with your masterpiece, you need to write one page about how your artwork represents the Renaissance period and the elements that you included to meet the above requirements.

– You will get bonus points if you also write a poem, play or song lyrics.

Slide 1 Ground Rules for Games

If you guys can be quiet/respectful while I'm talking about the notes, you will be guaranteed to play games each Friday.

You will also have free time at the end of class each day(at least 5 minutes).

You have three strikes and you're out...which means no games.

Slide 2 Woodwind Family Notes

• Woodwind instruments are all aerophones-sound is produced by air being blown into the instruments.

• Woodwind instruments are different from brass instruments—they do not have cup mouthpieces or valves/slides. In place of valves some have keys and some do not. Also, instead of cup mouthpieces Woodwinds have single or double reeds or tone holes.

• They are no longer all made of wood, (Woodwind is a misnomer) however they were at one point in time.– Some are still made of wood, where as some are

made of plastic, metal, and a combination of the three materials.

Slide 3 Woodwind Listening Examples

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnhTvK2L-5g&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaTw

T8dayks&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

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Slide 4 Notes Contd…

• The newest Concert Band instrument that has been invented is a woodwind, the Saxophone. It was never made of wood. The sax was invented by and named after Adolph Sax.

• Woodwinds can be separated into three main categories: Single reed, double reed and tone hole or no reed.

Slide 5 Single Reed

• The single reed instruments all have a mouthpiece, a ligature, and one reed. The ligature holds the reed in place on the mouthpiece and leaves it loose enough to still vibrate and make sound.

• Single reed instruments would include-All clarinets and all saxophones.

Slide 6 The Reed

Slide 7 Clarinet & Saxophone pictures

with labels• Clarinet • Saxophone

Slide 8 Types of Instruments

Saxophones

Sopranino-Eb

Soprano-Bb

Alto-Eb Tenor-Bb Baritone-

Eb Bass-Bb

Slide 9 Sax Listening Exampleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOVMD

6fjDCo&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTkUeb6zQFA&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66thttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTkUeb

6zQFA&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltAsqsSlVac&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

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Slide 10 Reminder

If you want to play games this Friday, you must listen to the lecture.

Three strikes and you're out.

Out means you have a three page paper on Friday instead.

Slide 11 Types of Instruments Contd.

Clarinets(From right to left)

Eb-HighBb-StandardA-OrchestralEb-LowBb-BassEb-Contra Bass

Slide 12 Clarinet Listening Examples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myZ_A6ZJ05g&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66thttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0mIhjh

UnjQ&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

Slide 13 Double Reed

• Double reed instruments do not have mouthpieces. They have a hole that the reed goes into.

• The reed itself is made from two small, thin reeds being placed back to back and tied together (loosely-so they can still vibrate to produce the sound) and onto a piece or cork.

• Double reed instruments include: The Oboe-C, the Bassoon-C, and the English Horn-F.

Slide 14

Slide 15 Oboe & English Horn pictures

with labels• Oboe • English Horn

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Slide 16 Oboe & English Horn Listening

Exampleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-pIudhSCSg&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66thttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_uhW

vVd_tE&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXTKtC2eCAM&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-

i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66thttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08Bwzp

P9kwo&list=PLWr8SR8TaSyGnwH-i5yfNjFsSTSt1v66t

Slide 17 Bassoon Picture with labels

The bassoon parts are:The bell (6),the bass joint (5)the boot (4)the wing joint (3)Bocal (or crook)Neck (2)The reed (1)

Slide 19 No Reed

• Some woodwind instruments have no reed at all. These instruments do have mouthpieces.

– Instead of a reed they have a tone hole. Air is blown across the tone hole much like air would be blown across a soda bottle to make sound.

• Instruments without a reed include: The Flute & The Recorder.

Slide 20 Flute & Recorder Pictures with

Labels• Flute

• Recorder

Slide 22 Why is it a woodwind?

• Flute-it was originally made of wood. It produces sound by air so it has to be a brass or woodwind instrument. It has keys--a woodwind characteristic and does not have a cup mouthpiece—a brass characteristic.

• Saxophone- Created to bridge the gap in tuning between brass & woodwinds. It produces sound by air so it has to be a brass or woodwind instrument. It has keys--a woodwind characteristic and does not have a cup mouthpiece—a brass characteristic.

Slide 1 Micheal Praetorius

Wrote hymns, motets, madrigals

German-Created two instruments

Shawns-oboe-like double reed instrument (loud)

Krummhorns-flute/recorder (soft)

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Slide 2 More Info about Praetorius

Composer, organist, and music theorist.

He was one of the most versatile composers of his age, being particularly significant in the development of musical forms based on Protestant hymns, many of which reflect an effort to improve the relationship between Protestants and Catholics.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01i4hrXZcVk&safe=active

Slide 3 Thomas Weelkes

Most famous for his 6 voice madrigal-As Vesta Was Descending-Englishman

Vesta-Roman goddess of hearth-home

Examples of Word Painting

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8kuJ0QSz8I&safe=active

Slide 4 More Info about Weelkes

English composer and organist.

He became organist of Winchester College in 1598, moving to Chichester Cathedral.

His works are chiefly vocal, and include madrigals, anthems and services.

Slide 5 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and known for the Roman School of musical composition.

The development of church music and the culmination of Renaissance polyphony.

Slide 6 More Info About Palestrina

Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition(group of composers from Rome).

He has had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1QjkhENZg8&safe=active

Slide 7 The Catholic Mass

Mass-5 sections-Music used in the catholic church service

1-KyrieKyrie Elison-Lord have mercy upon us

Christe Elison-Christ have mercy upon usKyrie Elison-Lord have mercy upon us2-Gloria-Glory to God in the highest

3-Credo-I believe in one God4-Sanctus-Holy, Holy, Holy. Blessed is He.

5-Agnus Dei-Lamb of God

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Slide 2 Renaissance Period Notes

Renaissance period-Europe

Rebirth of art, music and literature. After the dark ages (medieval period) the arts and sciences (which

are closely related at this time) are reemerging.

Secularism-is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and

religious dignitaries. One manifestation of secularism is asserting the right to be free from religious rule and

teachings, or, in a state declared to be neutral on matters of belief, from the imposition by government

of religion or religious practices upon its people.

Slide 3 Ren. Intro. Contd.

• Humainism-is a collection of intellectual Greek and Roman teachings, undertaken by scholars, writers, and civic leaders taking place initially in Italy, and then spreading across Europe. It was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific studies. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology.

• Italy-capitol of renaissance music

Slide 5 Leonardo DaVinci

Famous Renaissance artist

Painted the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man

Also famous for being a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer

Slide 6 More about DaVinci

His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.

Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".

He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.

Slide 7 From Left to Right,the Mona Lisa and the Last

Supper

Slide 8 The Vitruvian Man-The proportional man

This demonstrates the blend of art and science during the Renaissance. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature (a common theme in this time).

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Slide 9 Michaelangelo

Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer

Painted the Sistine Chapel and the Last Judgement

Considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime. His works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in

existence.

Slide 10 The Sistine Chapel and the Last

Judgment

Slide 11 Rapheal

Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

Painted the School of Athens and the Sistine Madonna

Represented clarity of form and ease of composition and the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.

Slide 12 The School of Athens and the

Sistine Madonna

Slide 14 Dante

• Also known as Dante Alighieri, an Italian Renaissance Poet.

• Wrote the Divine Comedy.

• Exact Birth and Death date unknown. The estimate is based on his work in the Divine Comedy and biblical beliefs of the time.

Slide 15 Dante's Inferno

• Based on Greek Mythology.

• Inferno (Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso.

• It is an allegory telling of the journey of Dante through Hell, guided by the Roman poet Virgil-Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

• In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine circles of suffering located within the Earth. Allegorically, it represents the journey of the soul towards God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.

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Slide 16 William Shakespeare

• Wrote Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, and many others.

• His early plays were histories and comedies.

• Later he wrote only tragedies.

Slide 17 Shakespeare

• William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.

• He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

• His works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems.

• His plays have been translated into every major living

language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Slide 18 More info About Shakespeare

• Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.

• Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men.

• He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later.

Slide 20 The Organization of Music

Horizontally-side to side, melody (each part can be it's own horizontal melody, not just the main melody of the song)

Vertically-up and down, harmony between parts (each note creates a chord between parts)

Meter-Steady beat, duple-2 (march), triple-3 (waltz), quadruple-4 (most other songs)

Repeated (sections, whole piece, first and second endings, etc.)

Slide 21 Organization Continued

measures-small units of musical organization

Before this new organization, the only organization in music was the melody in monophonic music and the 4th or 5th harmony in parallel organum.

Example of Renaissance parallel organum-Pérotin's "Alleluia nativitas" (Halleluiah Nativity)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJxRDhejtwo&safe=active

Slide 22 “New” Music Styles/Techniques

Instrumental music-no voices, more vital role that just an accompaniment, music for

the sake of music. Not typically used in churches.

Word painting-music that illustrates the meaning of the words

–Example-the music gets higher as the words describe climbing a mountain.

The music is lower as the lyrics describe falling off the cliff.