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Distributed Generation Distributed Generation Interconnection Interconnection

StandardsStandardsIREC Interconnection WorkshopIREC Interconnection Workshop

Wichita, KSWichita, KSOctober 1, 2003October 1, 2003

Chris LarsenChris LarsenLarsen Consulting Solutions, Inc.Larsen Consulting Solutions, Inc.

Slides courtesy of Chuck Whitaker, Endecon EngineeringSlides courtesy of Chuck Whitaker, Endecon Engineering

       

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Utility Interconnection Utility Interconnection RequirementsRequirements

• Regulatory Agency Interconnection Rules Regulatory Agency Interconnection Rules – State PUCs, FERC, Muni BoardsState PUCs, FERC, Muni Boards

• Equipment and Facility Requirement Equipment and Facility Requirement Standards Standards – IEEE 929, IEEE 1547, IEEE 1547.2IEEE 929, IEEE 1547, IEEE 1547.2

• Product Testing StandardsProduct Testing Standards– UL1741, UL2200, IEEE P1547.1, NEMA, etc.UL1741, UL2200, IEEE P1547.1, NEMA, etc.

       

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Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

• IEEE 929IEEE 929• IEEE 1547 FamilyIEEE 1547 Family

– 15471547– 1547.11547.1– 1547.21547.2– 1547.31547.3

• UL 1741UL 1741

       

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1.1. StandardsStandards: documents with : documents with mandatory requirements mandatory requirements (shall)(shall)

2.2. Recommended PracticesRecommended Practices: documents in : documents in which which

procedures and positions preferred procedures and positions preferred by the IEEE are presented by the IEEE are presented (should)(should)

3.3. GuidesGuides: documents in which alternative : documents in which alternative approachesapproaches

to good practice are suggested but to good practice are suggested but no clear-cut recommendations are made no clear-cut recommendations are made

(may)(may)

IEEE Standards areIEEE Standards are Voluntary. Voluntary.

IEEE Standards ClassificationIEEE Standards Classification

       

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P929Recommended Practice forUtility Interface ofPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems

Prepared by the Utility Working Group ofStandards Coordinating Committee 21, on Photovoltaics

Copyright © 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th StreetNew York, NY 10017, USAAll Rights Reserved

This is an IEEE Standards Project, subject to change. Permission is hereby granted forIEEE Standards committee participants to reproduce this document for purposes ofIEEE standardization activities, including balloting and coordination. If this documentis to be submitted to ISO or IEC, notification shall be given to the IEEE CopyrightsAdministrator. Permission is also granted for member bodies and technical committeesof ISO and IEC to reproduce this document for purposes of developing a nationalposition. Other entities seeking permission to reproduce portions of this document forthese or other uses must contact the IEEE Standards Department for the appropriatelicense. Use of information contained in the unapproved draft is at your own risk.

IEEE Standards DepartmentCopyrights and Permissions445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA

IEEE 929-2000IEEE 929-2000

• Passed by IEEE Passed by IEEE Standards Standards Board in Board in January, 2000.January, 2000.

• Provides an Provides an excellent excellent primer on PV primer on PV inverter inverter interconnection interconnection issues.issues.

       

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The Need for PV The Need for PV Interconnection StandardsInterconnection Standards

Many utilities were using rotating Many utilities were using rotating machinery requirements for PV systemsmachinery requirements for PV systems

Many of the Interconnection Requirements Many of the Interconnection Requirements were established in early “PURPA” dayswere established in early “PURPA” days•too many requirementstoo many requirements

•telemetery and “Utility Grade” relaystelemetery and “Utility Grade” relays

•special (and costly) engineering were needed special (and costly) engineering were needed for each specific utility requirementsfor each specific utility requirements

       

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Purpose of IEEE 929Purpose of IEEE 929

““This recommended practice contains This recommended practice contains guidance regarding equipment and guidance regarding equipment and functions necessary to ensure compatible functions necessary to ensure compatible operation of photovoltaic systems which are operation of photovoltaic systems which are connected in parallel with the electric utility. connected in parallel with the electric utility. This includes factors relating to This includes factors relating to personnel personnel safetysafety, , equipment protectionequipment protection, , power qualitypower quality and and utility system operationutility system operation.”.”

• Addresses only the Interconnection Addresses only the Interconnection Equipment technical requirementsEquipment technical requirements

       

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What Does IEEE 929 Really What Does IEEE 929 Really Impact?Impact?

PV ArrayInverterMUtility

System

       

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IEEE 929 OutlineIEEE 929 Outline

IntroductionIntroduction

1. Overview (scope & purpose)1. Overview (scope & purpose)

2. References2. References

3. Definitions (inverter, islanding, PCC, 3. Definitions (inverter, islanding, PCC, quality factor, etc.)quality factor, etc.)

4. Power quality4. Power quality

5. Safety and protection functions5. Safety and protection functions

AnnexesAnnexes

       

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IEEE 929-2000 Power QualityIEEE 929-2000 Power Quality

• Power quality problems in general are Power quality problems in general are rising because of proliferation of non-linear rising because of proliferation of non-linear loads on utility systems -- all customers loads on utility systems -- all customers suffersuffer

• PV should not add to that problemPV should not add to that problem• Addresses:Addresses:

1. Service Voltage1. Service Voltage2. Voltage Flicker2. Voltage Flicker3. Frequency3. Frequency4. Waveform Distortion (4. Waveform Distortion (IEEE 519)IEEE 519)5. Power Factor5. Power Factor

       

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IEEE 929-2000 IEEE 929-2000 Safety and Protection Safety and Protection

FunctionsFunctions1. Response to Abnormal Utility 1. Response to Abnormal Utility

ConditionsConditions a. a. Voltage DisturbancesVoltage Disturbances b. b. Frequency DisturbancesFrequency Disturbances c. c. Islanding ProtectionIslanding Protection d. d. Reconnect After a Utility DisturbanceReconnect After a Utility Disturbance

2. Direct Current Isolation2. Direct Current Isolation

3. Grounding3. Grounding

4. Manual Disconnect4. Manual Disconnect

       

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IEEE 929-2000 Response to IEEE 929-2000 Response to Abnormal Utility ConditionsAbnormal Utility ConditionsVoltage (at PCC) Maximum Trip Time*

V< 60 (V<50%) 6 cycles 60V<106 (50%V<88%) 120 cycles

106V132 (88%V110%) Normal Operation 132<V<165 (110%<V<137%) 120 cycles

165V (137%V) 2 cycles Frequency (at PCC) Maximum Trip Time*

<59.3 Hz 6 cycles 59.3 - 60.5 Hz (normal) --

>60.5 Hz 6 cycles *”Trip time” refers to the time between the abnormal condition being applied and the inverter ceasing to energize the utility line. The inverter will actually remain connected to the utility to allow sensing of utility electrical conditions for use by the “reconnect” feature.

       

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IEEE 929-2000 IEEE 929-2000 Manual Disconnect SwitchManual Disconnect Switch

PV Array

InverterM

LocalLoads

UtilitySystem

       

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IEEE 929-2000 - AnnexesIEEE 929-2000 - Annexes

• Annex Annex A (Normative)A (Normative) – Minimum Test Procedure for – Minimum Test Procedure for a Non-Islanding PV Invertera Non-Islanding PV Inverter

• Annex Annex B (Informative)B (Informative) - Bibliography - Bibliography

• Annex Annex CC - PV Inverters and the Utility Interface - PV Inverters and the Utility Interface (Terminology) (Terminology)

• Annex Annex DD - Disconnect Switches & Utility Procedures - Disconnect Switches & Utility Procedures

• Annex Annex EE - Islanding as it Applies to PV Systems - Islanding as it Applies to PV Systems

• Annex Annex FF - The PV Inverter Under Utility Fault - The PV Inverter Under Utility Fault ConditionsConditions

• Annex Annex GG - Dedicated Distribution Transformer - Dedicated Distribution Transformer

       

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IEEE 1547-2003IEEE 1547-2003

Standard for Interconnecting Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Distributed Resources with

Electric Power Systems Electric Power Systems

• Approved at June 2003 IEEE Standards Approved at June 2003 IEEE Standards Board MeetingBoard Meeting

       

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1547: Interconnection Is The 1547: Interconnection Is The Focus Focus

Distributed Resource

(DR) unit

Area Electric Power

System (EPS)

Interconnection

System

       

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Local EPS 1

Area Electric Power System (EPS)

Local EPS 3

PCC

Point of DR Connection

DR unit

Local EPS 2

Point of DR Connection

Point of Common Coupling (PCC)

Note: There can be any number of Local EPSs.

PCC

DR unit Load Load

1547 Interconnection Terms 1547 Interconnection Terms

       

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IEEE 1547-2003 IEEE 1547-2003 ContentsContents

1.1 Scope1.1 ScopeThis standard This standard establishes criteria and requirementsestablishes criteria and requirements for interconnection for interconnection of distributed resources (DR) with electric power systems (EPS).of distributed resources (DR) with electric power systems (EPS).

1.2 Purpose1.2 PurposeThis document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with electric power systems. It provides distributed resources with electric power systems. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection.considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection.The requirements shall be The requirements shall be met at the point of common coupling (PCC), met at the point of common coupling (PCC), although the devices used to meet these requirements can be located although the devices used to meet these requirements can be located elsewhereelsewhere. This standard applies to interconnection based on the . This standard applies to interconnection based on the aggregate ratingaggregate rating of all the DR units that are within the Local EPS. The of all the DR units that are within the Local EPS. The functionsfunctions of the interconnection system hardware and software that of the interconnection system hardware and software that affect the Area EPS affect the Area EPS are requiredare required to meet this standard to meet this standard regardless of regardless of their locationtheir location on the EPS. on the EPS.The The stated specifications and requirementsstated specifications and requirements, both technical and testing, , both technical and testing, are are universally neededuniversally needed for interconnection of DR, including synchronous for interconnection of DR, including synchronous machines, induction machines, or power inverters/converters, and will machines, induction machines, or power inverters/converters, and will be be sufficient for most installations.sufficient for most installations.11

11 Additional technical requirements and/or tests may be necessary for some limited situationsAdditional technical requirements and/or tests may be necessary for some limited situations..

       

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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

1.01.0 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 1.1 1.1 Scope Scope 1.2 1.2

Purpose Purpose 1.3 1.3

Limitations Limitations

2.02.0 REFERENCES REFERENCES

3.03.0 DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

IEEE 1547-2003 IEEE 1547-2003 ContentsContents

       

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4.04.0INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTSSPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

4.1 General Requirements 4.1 General Requirements 4.2 Response to Area EPS Abnormal Conditions4.2 Response to Area EPS Abnormal Conditions4.3 Power Quality 4.3 Power Quality 4.4 Islanding 4.4 Islanding

5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECIFICATIONS 5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS

5.15.1Design Test Design Test 5.25.2Production Tests Production Tests 5.35.3Interconnection Installation Evaluation Interconnection Installation Evaluation 5.45.4Commissioning Tests Commissioning Tests

5.55.5Periodic Interconnection Tests Periodic Interconnection Tests

ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY

IEEE 1547-2003 ContentsIEEE 1547-2003 Contents

       

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IEEE P1547.1IEEE P1547.1

• Verifies Conformance to IEEE 1547-2003• Provides Test Procedures and order, but

does not define a comprehensive Certification Process

Draft Standard for Conformance Test Draft Standard for Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems Systems

       

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IEEE P1547.1IEEE P1547.1

Purpose:Interconnection equipment that connects Interconnection equipment that connects distributed resources (DR) to an electric distributed resources (DR) to an electric power system (EPS) must meet the power system (EPS) must meet the requirements specified in IEEE Standard requirements specified in IEEE Standard P1547. Standardized test procedures are P1547. Standardized test procedures are necessary to necessary to establish and verify establish and verify compliancecompliance with those requirements. These with those requirements. These test procedures must provide both test procedures must provide both repeatable resultsrepeatable results, independent of test , independent of test location, and location, and flexibilityflexibility to accommodate a to accommodate a variety of DR technologies.variety of DR technologies.

       

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IEEE P1547.1 OutlineIEEE P1547.1 Outline

1.0 Overview1.0 Overview2.0 References2.0 References3.0 Definitions3.0 Definitions4.0 General Requirements4.0 General Requirements5.0 Type Tests5.0 Type Tests6.0 Production Tests6.0 Production Tests7.0 Commissioning Tests7.0 Commissioning TestsAnnex A (Normative) Test SignalsAnnex A (Normative) Test SignalsAnnex B (Informative) BibliographyAnnex B (Informative) BibliographyAnnex C (Informative) Sample Data Pages for Annex C (Informative) Sample Data Pages for

Temperature Stability TestTemperature Stability Test

       

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IEEE P1547.1 StatusIEEE P1547.1 Status

• Writing Committee is preparing Draft 3 for Writing Committee is preparing Draft 3 for review at Nov 12-14 workgroup meetingreview at Nov 12-14 workgroup meeting

• Section 5 (Type Tests) is fairly well Section 5 (Type Tests) is fairly well developeddeveloped

• Section 6 (Production Tests) has first cuts Section 6 (Production Tests) has first cuts for most elements for most elements

• Section 7 (Commissioning Test) is under Section 7 (Commissioning Test) is under initial developmentinitial development

• Expect to have document approved by Expect to have document approved by June 2005June 2005

       

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IEEE P1547.2IEEE P1547.2

Scope:Scope:This guide provides technical background and application details to support the understanding of IEEE 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

Draft Application Guide For IEEE Std. 1547, Draft Application Guide For IEEE Std. 1547, Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power SystemsResources With Electric Power Systems

       

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What P1547.2 is Intended to What P1547.2 is Intended to DoDo

• Providing technical background• Providing application details• Characterizing various forms of DR technologies• Characterizing associated interconnection issues• Discussing background and rationale of the

technical requirements in terms of the operation of the interconnection

• Presenting good practice approaches

Support understanding and facilitate use of IEEE 1547 by

       

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TitleTitle

IEEE P1547.3 Draft Guide For Monitoring, Information IEEE P1547.3 Draft Guide For Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems Interconnected with Electric Power Systems

ScopeScope

This document provides guidelines for monitoring, This document provides guidelines for monitoring, information exchange, and control for distributed information exchange, and control for distributed resources (DR) interconnected with electric power resources (DR) interconnected with electric power systems (EPS). systems (EPS).

IEEE P1547.3IEEE P1547.3

       

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• Dr. Richard DeBlasio ddeblasi@nrel.gov (303) 275 - 4333

• Mr. Tom S. Basso thomas_basso@nrel.gov (303) 275 - 3753

• IEEE SCC21 -- IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, & Energy Storage http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/

• 1547 web sites • http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547 • http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/

scc21/1547.1/1547.1_index.html• http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/

scc21/1547.2/1547.2_index.html• http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/

scc21/1547.3/1547.3_index.html

28

IEEE SCC 21 Contact IEEE SCC 21 Contact InformationInformation

       

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UL 1741UL 1741Standard for Inverters, Converters and Standard for Inverters, Converters and Controllers for Use In Independent Controllers for Use In Independent Power SystemsPower Systems

Addresses:Addresses:• Electric Shock HazardsElectric Shock Hazards• Fire HazardsFire Hazards• Mechanical HazardsMechanical Hazards• Utility Compatibility and Interconnection Utility Compatibility and Interconnection

for Grid Tied Applicationsfor Grid Tied Applications

       

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Utility Compatibility and Utility Compatibility and Interconnection ConcernsInterconnection Concerns

• The following performance The following performance parameters are safety issuesparameters are safety issues– Utility operating voltage and frequency Utility operating voltage and frequency

parametersparameters– Islanding protectionIslanding protection– Output Power QualityOutput Power Quality

       

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Islanding ProtectionIslanding Protection

• IslandingIslanding is when a distributed source is when a distributed source continues to operate, feeding power into a continues to operate, feeding power into a portion of the grid when the utility source portion of the grid when the utility source is no longer present. This situation is no longer present. This situation presents many hazards including lethal presents many hazards including lethal electric shock to utility service personnel electric shock to utility service personnel that think that the load side of the utility that think that the load side of the utility transmission line is “electrically dead.”transmission line is “electrically dead.”

       

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Power QualityPower Quality

• These utility interconnected DG These utility interconnected DG products must meet minimum output products must meet minimum output power quality requirements power quality requirements – Output power Factor 0.85% or higherOutput power Factor 0.85% or higher– Harmonic Distortion <5% at full output Harmonic Distortion <5% at full output

power power – DC Injection minimized to < 0.5% of rated DC Injection minimized to < 0.5% of rated

output currentoutput current

       

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UL 1741 Expansion to Cover UL 1741 Expansion to Cover the Interconnect of All Types the Interconnect of All Types

of DGof DG• UL1741 New Title - The Standard For UL1741 New Title - The Standard For

Inverters, Converters and Controllers For Use Inverters, Converters and Controllers For Use In Independent Power Production Systems.In Independent Power Production Systems.– Photovoltaic ModulesPhotovoltaic Modules– Fuel CellsFuel Cells– Micro-turbinesMicro-turbines– Wind and Hydro TurbinesWind and Hydro Turbines– Engine Gen-Set Interconnect ControllersEngine Gen-Set Interconnect Controllers

       

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Tim ZgonenaTim Zgonena

Underwriters Laboratories Underwriters Laboratories Inc.Inc.

333 Pfingsten Rd.333 Pfingsten Rd.Northbrook, IL 60062Northbrook, IL 60062

847-272-8800 ext. 43051847-272-8800 ext. 43051timothy.p.zgonena@us.ul.cotimothy.p.zgonena@us.ul.co

mm