e p best of 2008 - institute of...

A Letters JournAL expLoring the Frontiers oF physics

BEST OF 2008

ISSN 0295-5075 www.epl journal.org

Website: epljournal.org Email: [email protected] image: Electronic band structures of double-walled carbon nanotubes (adapted from X. Yang and G. Wu EPL 81 (2008) 47003. Artistic impression by Frédérique Swist).

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The tripod configuration of the triangular lattice of spin chains, adapted from Y B Kudasov 2007 EPL 78 57005.

Cover images

Artistic impression of a design of a phase space model for reversible molecular motors, adapted from T Harada and N Nakagawa 2007 EPL 78 50002.

Stable stationary roll patterns in supercritical convection structures due to concentration steps, adapted from D Jung and M Lücke 2007 EPL 80 14002.

Unstable periodic spatial-temporal state of active medium described by complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, adapted from A E Hramov and A A Koronovskii 2007 EPL 80 10001.

EPL: BEST OF 2008

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General physics 24%

Elementary particles and fields 3%

Nuclear physics 1%

Atomic and molecular physics 2%

Electromagnetism, optics, acoustics, heat transfer, classical mechanics and fluid dynamics 11%Physics of gases, plasmas and electric discharges 4%Condensed matter: structural, mechanical and thermal properties 12%Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic and optical properties 25%

Interdisciplinary physics 16%Geophysics, astronomy and astrophysics 2%

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Welcome to the EPL Featured Articles Collection (Editor’s Choice) for 2008.

As Editor-in-Chief of EPL, I am pleased to present this compilation of journal highlights selected by members of the Editorial Board to represent the most insightful, innovative and progressive work published in the journal last year. This collection is intended to give readers a sampling of the journal’s recent content, including letters covering important new research in topical areas, and is not intended to be a definitive list of ‘best articles’. Abstracts are ordered by PACS code, and have been chosen from each subject area to give a full overview of the scope covered in the journal.

Established for over 20 years, EPL has become an important physics publication due to its high editorial standards, and the journal is respected across the community for its scientific leadership in exploring developments at the frontiers of physics. The Co-Editors are active researchers from top institutions across the world, and although papers are subject to rigorous peer review, the final acceptance/rejection decision is the responsibility of the Co-Editor in that field, who understands the needs of both the authors and readers that EPL serves. The emphasis on Board leadership has produced one of the journal’s strongest attributes: a publication run by scientists for the scientific community.

Managed under the guidance of the European Physical Society by Società Italiana di Fisica, EDP Sciences and IOP Publishing, the journal is a truly international publication which puts it at the forefront of well-respected science publications across the world. It is also supported by a partnership of 17 European physical societies, making it visible to a wide audience in over 90 countries. The combination of expertise in production and international status makes the journal a great publication for authors, as well as essential reading to the scientific community working in all physics disciplines across the world.

I would like to extend my thanks to all of EPL’s authors and referees, as well as the Editorial team whose hard work has been much appreciated throughout 2008. I would also like to thank our readers – your continuous readership and loyalty to EPL makes our publishing worthwhile and possible.

I hope you enjoy the collection, and find the articles of great interest as well as beneficial to your own work.

Professor Volker DoseEditor-in-ChiefEPL

00. GENERAL P A G E

Pseudopotential method and dilute hard “sphere” Bose gas in dimensions 2, 4 and 5 7C. N. Yang

A quasi-monomode guided atom laser from an all-optical Bose-Einstein condensate 7A. Couvert, M. Jeppesen, T. Kawalec, G. Reinaudi, R. Mathevet and D. Guéry-Odelin

Supermassive black holes as giant Bose-Einstein condensates 7Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

10. ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND FIELDS P A G E

The complex relation between production and scattering amplitudes 7E. van Beveren and G. Rupp

Bound-free pair production cross-section in heavy-ion colliders from the equivalent photon approach 7A. Aste

20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS P A G E

Synchrotron-radiation–based perturbed angular correlations from 119Sn 8C. Strohm, I. Sergueev and U. van Bürck

Observation of the acceleration by an electromagnetic field of nuclear beta decay 8H. R. Reiss

30. ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS P A G E

Frequency spectrum of the Casimir force: Interpretation and a paradox 8S. A. Ellingsen

Quantum beats and fine structure in attosecond chronoscopy of strong-field photoionization of atoms 8A. K. Kazansky, N. M. Kabachnik and I. P. Sazhina

40. ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS & FLUID DYNAMICS

P A G E

EPL: BEST OF 2008

4 w w w . e p l j o u r n a l . o r g

Contents

Spontaneous tribocharging of similar materials 9T. Shinbrot, T. S. Komatsu and Q. Zhao

Direct observation of betatron oscillations in a laser-plasma electron accelerator 9Y. Glinec, J. Faure, A. Lifschitz, J. M. Vieira, R A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva and V. Malka

Radiation-pressure self-cooling of a micromirror in a cryogenic environment 9S. Gröblacher, S. Gigan, H. R. Böhm, A. Zeilinger and M. Aspelmeyer

Quantum limits in image processing 9V. Delaubert, N. Treps, C. Fabre, H. A. Bachor and P. Réfrégier

EPL: BEST OF 2008

Continues...


Contents

50. PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES P A G E

First experimental observation of a two-step process in the development of the edge velocity shear layer in a fusion plasma 10T. Happel, T. Estrada and C. Hidalgo

Linear and nonlinear regimes of bump-on-tail instability through Vlasov and toy model simulations 10F. Valentini, R. De Marco, V. Carbone and P. Veltri

Radial structures and nonlinear excitation of geodesic acoustic modes 10F. Zonca and L. Chen

Data adaptive control parameter estimation for scaling laws for magnetic fusion devices 10R. Preuss, H. Dreier, A. Dinklage and V. Dose

Effect of velocity diffusion on the propagation of nonlinear plasma waves 11F. Valentini and P. Veltri

60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL & THERMAL PROPERTIES P A G E

Evidence for a disorder-driven phase transition in the condensation of 4He in aerogels 11F. Bonnet, T. Lambert, B. Cross, L. Guyon, F. Despetis, L. Puech and P. E. Wolf

Bose-Einstein condensation on a superconducting atom chip 11C. Roux, A. Emmert, A. Lupascu, T. Nirrengarten, G. Nogues, M. Brune, J.-M. Raimond and S. Haroche

High multipole transitions in NIXS: Valence and hybridization in 4f systems 11R. A. Gordon, G. T. Seidler, T. T. Fister, M. W. Haverkort, G. A. Sawatzky, A. Tanaka and T. K. Sham

70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC & OPTICAL PROPERTIES

P A G E

Relevance of solid solution randomness for long-range phase separation in highly correlated oxides 12C. Frontera and J. L. García-Muñoz

Observation of Fermi-surface–dependent nodeless superconducting gaps in Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 12H. Ding, P. Richard, K. Nakayama, K. Sugawara, T. Arakane, Y. Sekiba, A. Takayama, S. Souma, T. Sato, T. Takahashi, Z. Wang, X. Dai, Z. Fang, G. F. Chen, J. L. Luo and N. L. Wang

Dimerization transition of alkali-TCNQ salts: Charge degrees of freedom near the CDW boundary 12Manoranjan Kumar, S. Ramasesha, R. A. Pascal jr. and Z. G. Soos

Role of vacancies and impurities in the ferromagnetism of semiconducting CaB6 12Kalobaran Maiti

A generic two-band model for unconventional superconductivity and spin-density-wave order in electron- and hole-doped 13 iron-based superconductorsQ. Han, Y. Chen and Z. D. Wang

Large optical gain from four-wave mixing instabilities in semiconductor quantum wells 13S. Schumacher, N. H. Kwong and R. Binder

EPL: BEST OF 2008


80. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS & RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY P A G E

Molecular-dynamics computer simulation of crystal growth and melting in Al50Ni50 13A. Kerrache, J. Horbach and K. Binder

A minimal model for the evolution of cooperation through evolving heterogeneous games 13H. Fort

Cyclic motion and inversion of surface flow direction in a dense polymer brush under shear 14M. Müller and C. Pastorino

90. GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS P A G E

Polarization of superluminal γ-rays: Tachyonic flare spectra of quasar 3C 279 14R. Tomaschitz

The geodynamo as a low-dimensional deterministic system at the edge of chaos 14D. A. Ryan and G. R. Sarson

Contents

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EPL: BEST OF 2008


00. GENERAL

Abstract The ground-state energy for a dilute hard “sphere” Bose gas in various dimensions is studied theoretically through the pseudopotential method. Earlier analysis has not been mathematically rigorous so the current treatment uses new technologies and powerful computers. The 1D and 2D systems have been studied experimentally and qualitative and quantitative features exhibited for these and other dimensions.

PACS numbers: 03.75.Hh, 05.30.Jp, 67.85.BcC. N. Yang 2008 EPL 84 40001

Pseudopotential method and dilute hard “sphere” Bose gas in dimensions 2, 4 and 5C. N. Yang

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

10. ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND FIELDS

Abstract The constraint implied by the unitarity relation AT*A is derived for a three-body production amplitude A that consists of a complex linear combination of elements of the two-body scattering amplitude T. We conclude that the unitarity relation does not impose a realness condition on the coefficients in the expansion of A in terms of T.

PACS numbers: 11.80.Gw, 11.55.Ds, 13.75.LbE. van Beveren et al 2008 EPL 81 61002

The complex relation between production and scattering amplitudesE. van Beveren1 and G. Rupp2

1 Centro de Física Teórica, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra - P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal

2 Centro de Física das Interações Fundamentais, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract Exact calculations of the electron-positron pair production by a single photon in the Coulomb field of a nucleus with simultaneous capture of the electron into the K-shell are discussed for different nuclear charges. Using the equivalent photon method of Weizsäcker and Williams, a simple expression for the bound-free production of e+e- pairs by colliding very-high-energy fully stripped heavy ions is derived for nuclei of arbitrary charge.

PACS numbers: 12.20.-m, 25.75.-q, 29.20.dbA. Aste 2008 EPL 81 61001

Bound-free pair production cross-section in heavy-ion colliders from the equivalent photon approachA. Aste

Department of Physics, University of Basel - Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland

a positive cosmological constant, a bosonic quantum field is coupled to the curvature scalar. In the Bose-Einstein condensed ground state an exact, self-consistent solution for the metric is presented. It is regular with a specific shape at the origin. The redshift at the horizon is finite but large, z~1014M M. The binding energy remains as an additional parameter to characterize the BH; alternatively, the mass observed at infinity can be any fraction of the rest mass of its constituents.

PACS numbers: 04.70.Bw, 04.20.Cv, 04.20.JbTh. M. Nieuwenhuizen 2008 EPL 83 10008

Abstract The Schwarzschild metric has a divergent energy density at the horizon, which motivates a new approach to black holes. If matter is spread uniformly throughout the interior of a supermassive black hole, with mass M~M2.34 108M, it may arise from a Bose-Einstein condensate of densely packed H atoms. Within the relativistic theory of gravitation with

Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam - Valckenierstraat 65, 1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EU

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract We report the achievement of an optically guided and quasi-monomode atom laser, in all spin projection states (mF-1, 0 and 1) of F1 in rubidium 87. The atom laser source is a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a crossed dipole trap, purified to any one spin projection state by a spin-distillation process applied during the evaporation to BEC. The atom laser is outcoupled by an inhomogenous magnetic field, applied along the waveguide axis. The mean excitation number in the transverse modes is n0.650.05 for mF0 and n0.80.3 for the low-field seeker mF-1. Using a simple thermodynamical model, we infer from our data the population in each excited mode.

PACS numbers: 03.75.Pp, 03.75.Mn, 37.10.GhA. Couvert et al 2008 EPL 83 50001

A quasi-monomode guided atom laser from an all-optical Bose-Einstein condensate

Supermassive black holes as giant Bose-Einstein condensates

A. Couvert1, M. Jeppesen1,2, T. Kawalec1, G. Reinaudi1, R. Mathevet3 and D. Guéry-Odelin1,3

1 Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, CNRS UMR 8852, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, EU

2 Australian Centre for Quantum Atom Optics, Physics Department, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia

3 Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, CNRS UMR 5589, IRSAMC, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France, EU


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20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Abstract We report the observation of γ-γ-correlations from 119Sn using nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation, extending nuclear resonant spectroscopy with 119Sn to vanishing recoilless fractions and new applications. The 23.87 keV M1 E2 Ig12pIe32 Mössbauer transition was excited from the ground state, and the time differential correlations between the incident and the scattered photons were recorded for different angles in the plane perpendicular to the incident beam. The experiments were performed on samples of tributyltin-fluoride, which has a very low Lamb-Mössbauer factor at ambient temperature. In the time spectra we observed quantum beats from the static perturbation through electric quadrupole interaction.

PACS numbers: 23.20.En, 76.80.+y, 81.05.LgC. Strohm et al 2008 EPL 81 52001

Synchrotron-radiation–based perturbed angular correlations from 119Sn C. Strohm1,2, I. Sergueev2 and U. van Bürck1

1 Physik-Department E13, Technische Universität München - 85748 Garching, Germany

2 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) - P.O. Box 220, 38043 Grenoble, France


Abstract A theoretical model is presented which describes the time evolution of strong-field photoionization as studied in recent XUV pump-IR probe attosecond tunneling (attosecond chronoscopy) experiments. The excitation of intermediate weakly bound states by an ultra-short XUV pulse (pump) is described within a sudden approximation. The photoionization of these states by a delayed strong IR pulse (probe) is described by solving the non-stationary Schrödinger equation. The results of the calculations show that the coherence of the excited states plays an important role resulting in quantum beats when the XUV pulse precedes the IR pulse. For a large overlap of the pulses a pronounced fine structure in the cross-section is revealed. The calculations for Ne agree qualitatively with the experiment.

PACS numbers: 32.80.Fb, 32.80.Rm, 42.65.Re A. K. Kazansky et al 2008 EPL 82 13001

Quantum beats and fine structure in attosecond chronoscopy of strong-field photoionization of atomsA. K. Kazansky1,2, N. M. Kabachnik3,4 and I. P. Sazhina4

1 Fock Institute of Physics, State University of Sankt Petersburg - Sankt Petersburg 198504, Russia

2 Donostia International Physics Center - E-20018 San Sebastian/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain, EU

3 Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld - D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, EU4 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University - 119991 Moscow, Russia


30. ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Frequency spectrum of the Casimir force: Interpretation and a paradoxS. A. Ellingsen

Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway


Abstract Measurements are reported of the acceleration of the first-forbidden beta decay of 137Cs by exposure to intense, low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Two separate experiments were done: one in a coaxial cavity, and the other in a coaxial transmission line. The first showed an increase in the beta decay rate of (6.83.2)104 relative to the natural rate, and the other resulted in an increase of (6.52.0)104. In addition, a Fourier analysis of the rate of 662 keV gamma emission following from the beta decay in the standing-wave experiment showed a clear indication of the frequency with which the external field was switched on and off. A simultaneously detected gamma emission from a placebo nucleus showed no such peak.

PACS numbers: 23.40.-s, 23.90.+w, 28.90.+i H. R. Reiss 2008 EPL 81 42001

Abstract The frequency spectrum of the Casimir force between two plates separated by vacuum as it appears in the Lifshitz formalism is reexamined and generalised as compared to previous works to allow for imperfectly reflecting plates. As previously reported by Ford (Phys. Rev. A, 48 (1993) 2962), the highly oscillatory nature of the frequency dependence of the Casimir force points to possibilities for very large and indeed negative Casimir forces if the frequency-dependent dielectric response, (), of the materials could be tuned. A paradox occurs, however, because an alternative calculation of the effect of a perturbation of () involving a Wick rotation to imaginary frequencies indicates only very modest effects. A recent experiment appears to convincingly rule out the reality of Ford’s optimistic predictions, although given the enormous technological promise of such frequency effects, further theoretical and experimental study is called for.

PACS numbers: 34.20.-b, 12.20.-m, 03.70.+k S. A. Ellingsen 2008 EPL 82 53001

Observation of the acceleration by an electromagnetic field of nuclear beta decayH. R. Reiss

American University - Washington, DC 20016-8058, USA and Max Born Institute - 12489 Berlin, Germany












EPL: BEST OF 2008


Abstract We investigate the spontaneous triboelectrification of similar materials. This effect, first reported in 1927, has been little studied but is easily reproduced. We find in two separate experimental systems, where materials are prepared in the same way and rubbed symmetrically, that symmetry breaking occurs so that one material becomes positive and the other negative. Curiously, the distribution of charges on the materials appears to be self-similar, with different charge patterns on the positive and the negative surface. We propose a mechanism in which an initial localized charge may spawn the production of smaller localized charges of the same polarity.

PACS numbers: 45.70.Mg, 05.45.Df, 65.40.gpT. Shinbrot et al 2008 EPL 83 24004

40. ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS & FLUID DYNAMICS

Spontaneous tribocharging of similar materialsT. Shinbrot1,2, T. S. Komatsu3 and Q. Zhao4

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University - Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA

2 Institut für Baustoffe, ETH-Zürich - Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

3 Department of Physics, Gakushuin University - Mejiro 1-5-1, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan

4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University - Princeton, NJ, USA


Abstract During experiments performed on a laser-plasma–based accelerator, correlation of the electron output angle with the electron energy has been observed. These spectral oscillations of the electron beam centroid are attributed to betatron oscillations of the electron beam during its propagation. An analytical model for betatron oscillations including constant longitudinal acceleration is described and used to validate the scenario and retrieve physical parameters. The oscillations can arise from an off-axis injection of the electrons, which can be reproduced using an asymmetric laser intensity profile in Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. This study emphasizes the influence of non-ideal interaction conditions inherent to experiments.

PACS numbers: 41.75.Jv, 52.35.-g, 52.38.KdY. Glinec et al 2008 EPL 81 64001

Direct observation of betatron oscillations in a laser-plasma electron acceleratorY. Glinec1, J. Faure1, A. Lifschitz1, J. M. Vieira2, R A. Fonseca2, L. O. Silva2 and V. Malka1

1 Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, ENSTA, UMR 7639, CNRS, École Polytechnique - 91761 Palaiseau, France

2 GoLP/Centro de Física dos Plasmas, Instituto Superior Técnico - 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract We demonstrate radiation-pressure cavity-cooling of a mechanical mode of a micromirror starting from cryogenic temperatures. To achieve that, a high-finesse Fabry-Pérot cavity (F ≈2200) was actively stabilized inside a continuous-flow 4He cryostat. We observed optical cooling of the fundamental mode of a 50 µm50 µm5.4 µm singly clamped micromirror at m3.5 MHz from 35 K to approximately 290 mK. This corresponds to a thermal occupation factor of n≈1104. The cooling performance is only limited by the mechanical quality and by the optical finesse of the system. Heating effects, e.g. due to absorption of photons in the micromirror, could not be observed. These results represent a next step towards cavity-cooling a mechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state.

PACS numbers: 42.50.-p, 07.10.Cm, 42.50.Wk S. Gröblacher et al 2008 EPL 81 54003

Radiation-pressure self-cooling of a micromirror in a cryogenic environmentS. Gröblacher1, S. Gigan1,3, H. R. Böhm1,2, A. Zeilinger1,1 and M. Aspelmeyer1

1 Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

2 Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna - Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

3 Permanent address: Laboratoire Photon et Matière, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, CNRS-UPR A0005 - 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.

Abstract We determine the limit to the maximum achievable sensitivity in the estimation of a scalar parameter from the information contained in an optical image in the presence of quantum noise. This limit, based on the Cramer-Rao bound and valid for any image processing protocol, is calculated for a shot noise limited image, for a locally squeezed light, and for a single-mode squeezed light in a well-defined “noise mode”. In addition, we exhibit an image processing protocol that allows us to reach the limits in the different cases.

PACS numbers: 42.50.Dv, 42.30.-d, 42.50.LcV. Delaubert et al 2008 EPL 81 44001

Quantum limits in image processingV. Delaubert1,2, N. Treps1, C. Fabre1, H. A. Bachor2 and P. Réfrégier3

1 Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, CC74 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France

2 ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

3 Physics and Image processing group, Fresnel Institute, UMR 6133, Domaine Universitaire de Saint-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France

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Figure 3. Slice of electron density, in the middle of the 3D simulation box, after 190 µm of propagation, showing the structure of the wake, and off-axis injection. The dashed white line shows the axis of null radial field. In this picture, the laser propagates along (x1) and the polarization is along (x3). The inset shows a zoom of the injection region.







EPL: BEST OF 2008


50. PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES

Abstract The radial origin and the process of formation of the velocity shear layer (VSL) in the stellarator TJ-II have been investigated. Results show that the VSL starts its formation in the region of maximum density gradient and then expands radially outwards, until it is fully established and shows the universal properties of edge sheared flows observed in fusion plasmas. A two-step process in the edge shear formation is proposed: 1) a seeding mechanism linked to plasma gradients and 2) an amplification process in which edge shearing rates and fluctuations are self-organized near marginal stability.

PACS numbers: 52.35.Ra, 52.25.Xz, 52.70.Gw T. Happel et al 2008 EPL 84 65001

First experimental observation of a two-step process in the development of the edge velocity shear layer in a fusion plasmaT. Happel, T. Estrada and C. Hidalgo

Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación Euratom-CIEMAT - Madrid, Spain, EU


Abstract Resonant wave-particle interaction in collisionless unmagnetized plasmas is numerically investigated by means of a Fermi-like model, focusing on the linear and nonlinear regimes of the well-known bump-on-tail instability. Within this toy model, particle trapping effects are described through elastic collisions of particles with two barriers separated by a fixed length and whose amplitude (proportional to the wave energy) can increase or decrease in time, due to the sequence of stochastic collisions. The systematic comparison of the toy model numerical results with those obtained from Vlasov-Poisson simulations as well as with the predictions of kinetic theory, shows that the nonlinear map, on which the Fermi-like model is based, captures the basic physics of the linear growth of the bump-on-tail instability and of the particle trapping effects which produce the saturation of the instability and drive the nonlinear phase of wave-particle interaction.

PACS numbers: 52.20.-j, 52.65.Ff, 52.65.PpF. Valentini et al 2008 EPL 83 55001

Linear and nonlinear regimes of bump-on-tail instability through Vlasov and toy model simulationsF. Valentini1, R. De Marco2, V. Carbone1,3 and P. Veltri1

1 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, and CNISM, Sezione di Cosenza - Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy, EU

2 CNR - IRPI Istituto per la protezione idrogeologica Sezione di Cosenza - Via Cavour, 4/6, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy, EU

3 Licryl/INFM Regional Laboratory - Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy, EU


Radial structures and nonlinear excitation of geodesic acoustic modesF. Zonca1 and L. Chen2,3

1 Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.R. Frascati - C.P. 65, 00044 Frascati, Italy, EU

2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA

3 Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Zhejiang University - Hangzhou 310027, PRC


Abstract Geodesic acoustic modes (GAM) are shown to constitute a continuous spectrum due to radial inhomogeneities. The importance and theoretical as well as experimental implications of this fact are discussed in this work. The existence of a singular layer causes GAM to mode convert to short-wavelength kinetic GAM (KGAM) via finite ion Larmor radii; analogous to kinetic Alfvén waves (KAW). Furthermore, it is shown that KGAM can be nonlinearly excited by drift-wave (DW) turbulence via 3-wave parametric interactions, and the resultant driven-dissipative nonlinear system exhibits typical prey-predator self-regulatory dynamics, consistent with recent experimental observations on HL-2A. The degeneracy of GAM/KGAM with beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAE) is demonstrated and discussed, with emphasis on its important role in the complex self-organized behaviors of burning plasmas.

PACS numbers: 52.35.Fp, 52.35.Mw, 52.35.LvF. Zonca et al 2008 EPL 83 35001

Data adaptive control parameter estimation for scaling laws for magnetic fusion devicesR. Preuss, H. Dreier, A. Dinklage and V. Dose

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM-Association - Wendelsteinstr. 1, Greifswald, Germany, EU

Abstract Data Adaptive Planning determines the expected utility of a single new measurement using existing data and a data descriptive model. The method can be used for experimental planning. It is applied to scaling laws for magnetic fusion devices. Explicitly, the scaling of the stellarator W7-AS is examined for a subset of 13 data. In control parameter space regions of high utility are identified and serve for fixing discharge and machine parameters for upcoming discharges. It will be shown that a skillful analysis of experimental uncertainties is of utmost importance for significant results.

PACS numbers: 52.55.-s, 52.25.Fi, 02.50.-rR. Preuss et al 2008 EPL 81 55001

Figure 3 (top). EU as a function of density n and heating power P for the W7-AS data set. Figure 6 (below). The influence of the measurement uncertainty on the encircled datum in fig. 3 (see article for complete captions).

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Effect of velocity diffusion on the propagation of nonlinear plasma wavesF. Valentini and P. Veltri

Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, and CNISM, Sezione di Cosenza - 87036 Rende (CS), Italy

Abstract The propagation of plasma waves in unmagnetized plasmas has been the subject of several numerical and analytical studies since long time and surely represents a problem of crucial importance in plasma physics. In this paper we focus on the production of nonlinear plasma waves as the result of the so-called nonlinear Landau damping phenomenon in a realistic situation, where particle velocity diffusion is taken into account. The nonlinear Landau damping phenomenon of plasma waves has been recently analyzed in laboratory experiments with pure electron plasmas; we numerically reproduce this real experimental situation by means of collisional particle in cell (PIC) simulations that allow us to answer important questions: when and how do collisions affect the launching of nonlinear plasma waves?

PACS numbers: 52.35.Fp, 52.35.Mw, 52.65.FfF. Valentini et al 2008 EPL 81 15002

60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL & THERMAL PROPERTIES

Evidence for a disorder-driven phase transition in the condensation of 4He in aerogelsF. Bonnet1, T. Lambert1, B. Cross1, L. Guyon1, F. Despetis2, L. Puech1 and P. E. Wolf1

1 Institut Néel, CNRS-UJF - BP 166, 38042 Grenoble-Cedex 9, France, EU2 Groupe d’Etude des Semiconducteurs, CNRS-UMR 5650, Université Montpellier

II - Case Courrier 074, 34095 Montpellier-Cedex 5, France, EU


Abstract We report on thermodynamic and optical measurements of the condensation process of 4He in three silica aerogels of different microstructures. For the two base-catalysed aerogels, the temperature dependence of the shape of adsorption isotherms and of the morphology of the condensation process show evidence of a disorder-driven transition, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. This transition is not observed for a neutral-catalysed aerogel, which we interpret as due to a larger disorder in this case.

PACS numbers: 64.60.-i, 64.70.F-, 67.25.bhF. Bonnet et al 2008 EPL 82 56003

High multipole transitions in NIXS: Valence and hybridization in 4f systemsR. A. Gordon1, G. T. Seidler2, T. T. Fister2, M. W. Haverkort3, G. A. Sawatzky4, A. Tanaka5 and T. K. Sham6

1 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University - Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada2 Department of Physics, University of Washington - Seattle, WA, 98105, USA3 II. Physikalisches institut, Universität zu Köln - Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln,

Germany4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia -

Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada5 Department of Quantum Matter, ADSM, Hiroshima University - Higashi-Hiroshima

739-8530, Japan6 Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario - London, Ontario, N6A

5B7, Canada


Abstract Momentum-transfer q dependent non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements were made at the N4,5 edges for several rare-earth compounds. With increasing q, giant dipole resonances diminish, to be replaced by strong multiplet lines at lower energy transfer. These multiplets result from two different orders of multipole scattering and are distinct for systems with simple 4ƒ0 and 4ƒ1 initial states. A many-body theoretical treatment of the multiplets agrees well with the experimental data on ionic La and Ce phosphate reference compounds. Comparing measurements on CeO2 and CeRh3 to the theory and the phosphates indicates sensitivity to hybridization as observed by a broadening of 4ƒ0-related multiplet features. We expect such strong, non-dipole features to be generic for NIXS from ƒ-electron systems.

PACS numbers: 61.05.cf, 78.20.Bh, 61.05.cjR. A. Gordon et al 2008 EPL 81 26004

Bose-Einstein condensation on a superconducting atom chipC. Roux1, A. Emmert1, A. Lupascu1, T. Nirrengarten1, G. Nogues1, M. Brune1, J.-M. Raimond1 and S. Haroche1,2

1 Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS - 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

1 Collège de France - 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France


Abstract We have produced a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on an atom chip using only superconducting wires in a cryogenic environment. We observe the onset of condensation for 1·104 atoms at a temperature of 100 nK. This result opens the way for studies of atom losses and decoherence in a BEC interacting with a superconducting surface. Studies of dipole-blockade with long-lived Rydberg atoms in a small and dense atomic sample are underway.

PACS numbers: 67.85.-d, 37.10.Gh, 03.75.GgC. Roux et al 2008 EPL 81 56004

yo u r d i r e c t r o u t e t o t h e F r o n t i e r s o F p h y s i c s

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70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC & OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Relevance of solid solution randomness for long-range phase separation in highly correlated oxidesC. Frontera and J. L. García-Muñoz

Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain, EU


Abstract We have studied the role of the intrinsic disorder, introduced by the presence of two different cations at the same crystallographic position, for promoting phase separation in highly correlated oxides. We focus on perovskites with strong phase competition and dilute chemical doping (X’), in which the presence of X’ instead of X is able to produce a local modification of the ground state (for instance, from insulating charge order to ferromagnetic metal). Our results prove that in the dilute case, a low density of X’ cations promoting a local change of state in a volume as small as the first coordination sphere, generates large phase separated regions instead of a diluted distribution of ferromagnetic nanoclusters. Our results demonstrate that diluted chemical disorder can promote phase separation at the microscopic scale in a large variety of oxides with competing states.

PACS numbers: 71.28.+d, 71.30.+h, 75.47.Lx C. Frontera et al 2008 EPL 84 67011

Dimerization transition of alkali-TCNQ salts: Charge degrees of freedom near the CDW boundaryManoranjan Kumar1, S. Ramasesha1, R. A. Pascal jr.2 and Z. G. Soos2

1 Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore 560012, India

2 Department of Chemistry, Princeton University - Princeton, NJ 08544, USA


Recommended by G. A. Sawatzky

Abstract Stacks of TCNQ radical ions in 1 1 alkali salts are shown to be near the charge-density-wave (CDW) boundary, where charge degrees of freedom induce strong dimerization . Charge-transfer absorption and V are obtained for a one-dimensional (1D) Hubbard model with long-range Coulomb interactions V that ranges from spin-Peierls at V0 to the CDW boundary at Vc and beyond. Cation dimerization lifts the degeneracy of Peierls systems and confers 3D contributions to the dimerization transition of alkali-TCNQ salts.

PACS numbers: 71.10.Fd, 71.30.+h, 71.45.Lr Manoranjan Kumar et al 2008 EPL 83 37001

Kalobaran Maiti

Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai - 400005, India


Abstract We investigate the influence of impurities and vacancies in the formation of the magnetic moment in CaB6 using full-potential ab initio band structure calculations. CaB6 is found to be a band insulator with a band gap of about 0.2 eV. The calculated results indicate that carbon and oxygen substitutions in boron sublattice, usually expected as impurity in low-purity borons, do not play a significant role in the local moment formation. The boron vacancy in the boron sublattice, on the other hand, leads to the formation of an impurity band in the vicinity

of the Fermi level, which exhibits finite exchange splitting and magnetic moment. All these results provide a remarkable representation of the experimental results. This finding of the role of vacancies in the sublattice responsible for electronic conduction is an important revelation in the understanding of ferromagnetism in the diluted electron system.

PACS numbers: 75.50.Pp, 71.55.-i, 75.10.Lp Kalobaran Maiti 2008 EPL 82 67006

Observation of Fermi-surface–dependent nodeless superconducting gaps in Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2

Role of vacancies and impurities in the ferromagnetism of semiconducting CaB6

H. Ding1, P. Richard2, K. Nakayama3, K. Sugawara3, T. Arakane3, Y. Sekiba3, A. Takayama3, S. Souma2, T. Sato3, T. Takahashi2,3, Z. Wang4, X. Dai1, Z. Fang1, G. F. Chen1, J. L. Luo1 and N. L. Wang1

1 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

2 WPI Research Center, Advanced Institute for Material Research, Tohoku University - Sendai 980-8577, Japan

3 Department of Physics, Tohoku University - Sendai 980-8578, Japan4 Department of Physics, Boston College - Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA


Abstract We have performed a high-resolution angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study on the newly discovered superconductor Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 Tc37 K. We have observed two superconducting gaps with different values: a large gap ∆~12 meV on the two small hole-like and electron-like Fermi surface (FS) sheets, and a small gap ~6 meV on the large hole-like FS. Both gaps, closing simultaneously at the bulk transition temperature Tc, are nodeless and nearly isotropic around their respective FS sheets. The isotropic pairing interactions are strongly orbital dependent, as the ratio 2∆kBTc switches from weak to strong coupling on different bands. The same and surprisingly large superconducting gap due to strong pairing on the two small FSs, which are connected by the , 0 spin-density-wave vector in the parent compound, strongly suggests that the pairing mechanism originates from the inter-band interactions between these two nested FS sheets.

PACS numbers: 74.25.Jb, 74.70.-b, 79.60.-i H. Ding et al 2008 EPL 83 47001

Figure 1. The unit cell considered for the calculations containing 2 formula units of CaB6. All the borons are labeled to identify the borons around the defect site. B12 is removed/replaced to introduce vacancy/impurity.









EPL: BEST OF 2008


80. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS & RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Molecular-dynamics computer simulation of crystal growth and melting in Al50Ni50

A. Kerrache1, J. Horbach1,2 and K. Binder1

1 Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany

2 Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany

Abstract The melting and crystallization of Al50Ni50 are studied by means of molecular-dynamics computer simulations, using a potential of the embedded atom type to model the interactions between the particles. Systems in a slab geometry are simulated where the B2 phase of AlNi in the middle of an elongated simulation box is separated by two planar interfaces from the liquid phase, thereby considering the (100) crystal orientation. By determining the temperature dependence of the interface velocity,an accurate estimate of the melting temperature is provided. The value k0.0025 m/s/K for the kinetic growth coefficient is found. This value is about two orders of magnitude smaller than that found in recent simulation studies of one-component metals. The classical Wilson-Frenkel model is not able to describe the crystal growth kinetics on a quantitative level. We argue that this is due to the neglect of diffusion processes in the liquid-crystal interface.

PACS numbers: 81.10.Aj, 64.70.D-, 02.70.Ns A. Kerrache et al 2008 EPL 81 58001Abstract

Based on experimental data on the newly synthesized iron-based superconductors and the relevant band structure calculations, we propose a minimal two-band BCS-type Hamiltonian with the interband Hubbard interaction included. We illustrate that this two-band model is able to capture the essential features of unconventional superconductivity and spin-density-wave (SDW) ordering in this family of materials. It is found that bound electron-hole pairs can be condensed to reveal the SDW ordering for zero and very small doping, while the superconducting ordering emerges at small finite doping, whose pairing symmetry is qualitatively analyzed to be of nodal d-wave. The derived analytical formulas not only give out a nearly symmetric phase diagram for electron and hole doping, but also are likely able to account for existing main experimental results. Moreover, we also derive two important relations for a general two-band model and elaborate how to apply them to determine the band width ratio and the effective interband coupling strength from experimental data.

PACS numbers: 74.20.-z, 75.30.Fv, 74.25.-q Q. Han et al 2008 EPL 82 37007

Large optical gain from four-wave mixing instabilities in semiconductor quantum wellsS. Schumacher, N. H. Kwong and R. Binder

College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona - Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Abstract Based on a microscopic many-particle theory, we predict large optical gain in the probe and background-free four-wave mixing directions caused by excitonic instabilities in semiconductor quantum wells. For a single quantum well with radiative-decay limited dephasing in a typical pump-probe setup we discuss the microscopic driving mechanisms and polarization and frequency dependence of these instabilities.

PACS numbers: 71.35.-y, 78.47.+p, 42.65.Sf S. Schumacher et al 2008 EPL 81 27003

A minimal model for the evolution of cooperation through evolving heterogeneous gamesH. Fort

Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República - Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay

Abstract How did cooperative behavior evolve is a big open question in both biology as well as in social sciences. This problem is frequently addressed through the evolutionary game theory. However, very often it is not obvious which game is the more appropriate to use. Furthermore, an empirical determination of the payoffs can be very difficult while variations in the payoff values can dramatically alter theoretical predictions. Here, to overcome the above difficulties, I propose a very minimal model without payoff parameters. Instead, starting with random heterogeneous distributions of payoffs, by the process of natural selection itself, definite payoff matrices are produced. The system evolves from a completely heterogeneous distribution of payoffs to a situation in which very few payoff matrices coexist. When the initial set of games consists of dilemma games, the emerging game is the “Stag Hunt”. The fraction of cooperator agents converges in all the cases examined to non-zero values.

PACS numbers: 87.23.Cc, 87.23.Kg, 87.23.Ge H. Fort 2008 EPL 81 48008

A generic two-band model for unconventional superconductivity and spin-density-wave order in electron- and hole-doped iron-based superconductorsQ. Han1, Y. Chen2 and Z. D. Wang3

1 Department of Physics, Renmin University - Beijing, China2 Department of Physics and Lab of Advanced Materials, Fudan University -

Shanghai, China3 Department of Physics and Center of Theoretical and Computational Physics,

The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]




Figure 1. Snapshot of a simulated configuration with two crystal-melt interfaces of the system Al50Ni50 at the temperature T = 1500 K. Al and Ni atoms are shown as black and white spheres, respectively.









90. GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

EPL: BEST OF 2008


Cyclic motion and inversion of surface flow direction in a dense polymer brush under shearM. Müller1 and C. Pastorino2

1 Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August Universität - Friedrich Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany

2 Departamento de Física, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, CNEA-CONICET - Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina


Abstract Using molecular simulations, we study the properties of a polymer brush in contact with an explicit solvent under Couette and Poiseuille flow. The solvent is comprised of chemically identical chains. We present evidence that individual, unentangled chains in the dense brush exhibit cyclic, tumbling motion and non-Gaussian fluctuations of the molecular orientations similar to the behaviour of isolated tethered chains in shear flow. The collective molecular motion gives rise to an inversion of the hydrodynamic flow direction in the vicinity of the brush-coated surface. Utilising Couette and Poiseuille flow, we investigate to what extent the effect of a brush-coated surface can be described by a Navier slip condition.

PACS numbers: 83.50.Lh, 61.25.Hq, 82.20.Wt M. Müller et al 2008 EPL 81 28002

The geodynamo as a low-dimensional deterministic system at the edge of chaosD. A. Ryan and G. R. Sarson

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University - Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, EU


Abstract We perform non-linear time series analysis tests on the SINT 2000 paleomagnetic record of the Earth’s virtual axial dipole moment for the past 2 Ma, and find evidence of low-dimensional deterministic chaos. We reconstruct the phase space attractor using embedded time delay vectors, and compare the result with reconstructions from time series of a turbulent mean-field dynamo model, which exhibits a similar attractor structure. Considered alongside evidence of 1ƒ noise and lognormality in the paleomagnetic record, this suggests an important role for multiplicative noise, which may maintain the dynamo at the edge of chaos. In contrast to characterisations of geomagnetic reversals as stochastic processes, this work supports their interpretation as the outcome of a deterministic dynamical system.

PACS numbers: 91.25.Cw, 05.45.Ac, 05.45.Tp D. A. Ryan et al 2008 EPL 83 49001

Polarization of superluminal -rays: Tachyonic flare spectra of quasar 3C 279R. Tomaschitz

Department of Physics, Hiroshima University - 1-3-1 Kagami-yama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan


Abstract The polarization of superluminal radiation is studied, based on the tachyonic Maxwell equations for Proca fields with negative mass-square. The cross-sections for the scattering of transversal and longitudinal tachyons by electrons are derived. The polarized superluminal flux vectors of dipole currents are calculated, and the power transversally and longitudinally radiated is obtained. Specifically, the polarization of the γ-ray spectrum of quasar 3C 279 is studied. Two flare spectra of this blazar at redshift 0.538 are fitted with tachyonic cascades generated by the thermal electron plasma in the active galactic nucleus. The transversal and longitudinal radiation components and the thermodynamic parameters of the ultra-relativistic plasma are extracted from the spectral map. An extended spectral plateau typical for tachyonic γ-ray spectra emerges in the MeV and low GeV range. The curvature of the adjacent GeV spectral slope is shown to be intrinsic, caused by the Boltzmann factor of the electron plasma rather than by intergalactic absorption.

PACS numbers: 95.30.Gv, 13.88.+e, 42.25.Ja R. Tomaschitz 2008 EPL 84 19001







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