e theodosiou the pyramids of greece.pdf

8/18/2019 E Theodosiou The pyramids of Greece.pdf

1/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh; Mgobhgt lhrbnbmgcjshrvmtcrbhs3

Hestrmtbcs ^dhcncssbcu=,Umssbabcs G. Lmgblmgbs=,Lbamg _. Nblbtrbkhvb¾o:, Lmroc Imtsbctbs?

= Nhpmrtlhgt ce Mstrcpdysbos, Mstrcgcly mgn Lhodmgbos Pdysbos Emouaty,Xgbvhrsbty ce Mtdhgs-[cfrmecs =86 4>, Mtdhgs

: Mstrcgclboma Cjshrvmtcry, Ucafbgm 6, ==050 Jhafrmnh?

Gmtbcgma ^hodgboma Xgbvhrsbty ce Mtdhgs, Pcaythodgbcpcab [cfrmpdcu, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

(Zhshmrod rhpcrt. Moohpthn cg :=.=:.:0==)

Mjstrmot. Pyrmlbns, "Nrmfcg Dcushs" ("Nrmicspbtm") mgn lhfmabtdbo struoturhs bg fhg-hrma orhmth mawmys m sphobma bgthrhst. Vh pcstuamth tdmt, ms dmpphgs wbtd tdh Nrmicspbtmce Hujchm, tdh pyrmlbn-abih struoturhs ce Mrfcabs (Hmsthrg Phacpcgghsh) whrh ocgstruothnjy tdh Nrycps. Bt bs igcwg tdmt, bg mnnbtbcg tc Hujchm mgn sclh Oyoamnhs bsamgns, tdbsprhdhaahgbo phcpah dmn masc shttahn bg Mrfcabs, wdhrh tdhy ecugnhn tdh obty ce Msbgh. Vh mascprcpcsh tdmt tdh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs mgn bg pmrtbouamr tdh pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg vbaamfhwhrh vhry abihay, jhsbnhs jhbgf m jurbma lcgulhgt cr fumrn dcush, lbfdt jh shrvhn masc ecrmstrcgclboma cjshrvmtbcgs.Ihy wcrns; Mrodmhcmstrcgcly, Frhhi pyrmlbns, Dhaabgbicg, Nrmicspbtm, Nrycps

Гдрабдодъи ма Пырхду ‟ орикмд бирдодаммд знэиркаъзрдд3

Июэъраъдзэ Ъизозэдя, Каэдйдзэ М. Бамдбамдэ,Бдйам Э. Одбдърдвикдц, Барлз Лахдзъдэ

Гдрабдодъи, "оралзмзкдъи озбзки" ("оралзэгдъд") д бипайдъмдъи эърялъярд грио-джкдлкаъ кдмапд эгhхдайим дмъириэ. Мди грдибаби, ци лалъз грд оралзэгдъа ма зэързкИянзиа, гдрабдозкдомдъи эърялъярд к Арпзйдэ (Джъзцим Гийзгзмиэ) эа ндйд гзэързимдзъ Ордзгдъи. Джкиэъмз h, ци зэким к Иянзиа д мулзд зъ Хдлйаоэлдъи зэъракд, ъзждгрио-ийдмэлд марзо и гриндкакай д к Арпзйдэ, лыоиъз и зэмзкай прао Аждм. Мдигриогзйапаби ци гдрабдодъи к Арпзйдэ, д к цаэъмзэъ гдрабдоаъа к эийдтиъз Шийдмд-лзм, ниж оа эа гзпринаймд бзмябимъд дйд зшрамдъиймд гзэързвлд, эа ъкырои гзознмдгзбиеоя эд д эа бзпйд оа эйяеаъ д жа аэързмзбдциэлд манйчоимду.

Bgtrcnuotbcg

^dh hxbsthgoh ce pyrmlbns, cr rmtdhr pyrmlbn-abih jubanbgfs, bg Frhhoh dms gctjhhg wbnhay igcwg, ms lcst phcpah, hvhg lcst rhshmrodhrs wcranwbnh igcwcgay ce tdh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns. Rht, bt shhls tdmt tdhrh mrh shvhrma mgobhgtpyrmlbn-abih jubanbgfs bg scutdhrg Frhhoh, tdh lcst blprhssbvh ce wdbod bstdh struoturh ghmr tdh vbaamfh Dhaabgbicg bg Mrfcabs (Hmsthrg Phacpcgghsh)._clh ce tdhsh jubanbgfs dmvh suffhrhn lmkcr mgn brrhpmrmjah nmlmfhs, mstdhbr amrfh stcghs whrh ushn tdrcufd tdh ohgturbhs ms rmw lmthrbma ecr tdhocgstruotbcg ce ctdhr jubanbgfs, suod ms odurodhs, cr hvhg ecr tdh prcnuotbcgce ablh bg ablhibags.

Bg tdh abthrmturh ecr tdbs tcpbo, tdh ecaacwbgf pyrmlbns mrh lhgtbcghn bgFrhhoh (Amzcs, =228);

Juafmrbmg Mstrcgclboma Kcurgma =5, :0==


2/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh ‟ mgobhgt lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs3 =?=

^mjah B

Gmlh Acomabty Zhlmris=. Dhaabgbicg Dhaabgbicg mgn Ihpdmamrb ^dh jhst-prhshrvhn cgh:. Abfcurbc Hpbnmurus Cgay bts jmsh hxbsts?. Nmamlmgmrm Hpbnmurus Cgay trmohs rhlmbg>. Imljbm < tcwhr ecr rh-sbfgmabgf Ghm Hpbnmurus Prhshrvhn tc sclh dhbfdt8. _biycg (3) Ocrbgtdbm (3) Cgay trmohs rhlmbg (3)5. Ubfamm Ghmpcab (Amocgbm) Cgay bts jmsh hxbsts6. Mlc ghmr ̂ dhjhs (^dbvm) somamr

Bg mnnbtbcg tc tdh mjcvh, twc ctdhr sbgfuamr struoturhs dmvh jhhg rhehrrhntc ms pyrmlbn-abih jubanbgfs; tdh ocgh-abih pyrmlbn bg Idmgbm (Orhth), mgntdh Zcoi Pyrmlbn ecrlbgf tdh phmi ce Lt. ^myfhtcs9 dcwhvhr, tdh amtthr bs

kust tdh gmturma phmi ce tdh lcugtmbg, tdh tmaahst bg Phacpcgghsh (:,>06 l).Prce. B. Abrbtzbs (=228 & =226), mssbnucus rhshmrodhr ce suod mgobhgt lhfmabtdbostruoturhs, suppcrts tdh vbhw tdmt tdhrh mrh cvhr :0 mgobhgt Frhhi pyrmlbns9tdhy rhehr tc pyrmlbn-abih struoturhs bg Mstrcs (bg Iygcurbm, tc tdh scutd ce Mrfcabs), bg Ghcodcrb ce Pdtdbctbnm (tdhy hvhg nmth bt bg ==,000 JO), bg MfbcsMgnrhms ce Lt. Pmrgmsscs, bg Umtdy (ce Mvabs, bg gcrtdhrg Jchctbm), mgn bgctdhr pamohs.

Ercl maa tdh mjcvh struoturhs, cgay tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn tc tdh scutd-hmsthrg hnfh ce Mrfbvh pambg bs prhshrvhn bg m rhamtbvhay fccn ocgnbtbcg. Ecr

sclh ce tdhsh struoturhs, tdh nmtm ushn bg tdbs stuny oclh ercl nhsorbp-tbcgs mgn rhehrhgohs jy mgobhgt trmvhahrs, ecr hxmlpah tdh nhsorbptbcg mgnocllhgts ce Pmusmgbms (=248) ecr tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn, cr ercl ecrhbfgtrmvhahrs ce tdh =2td ohgtury MN (Jacuht M. mgn Zmvcbsb¾h, M., =4?=, Ourtbus,H.Z., =48=).

= Zhehrhgohs, stunbhs mgn hxomvmtbcgs

Matdcufd tdh pyrmlbn-abih jubanbgfs ce Mrfcabs stmgn cut nuh tc tdhbr ecrlmgn sdmph, tdh rhehrhgohs tc tdhl, hvhg ercl Frhhi mgtbqubty, mrh rmtdhrsomroh.

Cgay tdh Frhhi trmvhahr mgn fhcfrmpdhr Pmusmgbms (=248), wrbtbgf bg tdh

:

gn

gn ohgtury MN, lhgtbcgs tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn bg dbs Ocrbgtdbmim (:,:8, 6);

“^rmvhabgf ercl Mrfus tc tdh rhfbcg ce Hpbnmurus, tdhrh bs m jubanbgf tctdh rbfdt tdmt rhshljahs vhry luod m pyrmlbn mgn jhmrs rhabhe omrvhn sdbhans ce tdh sdmph ce tdh Mrfcabo sdbhans. Bg tdbs pamoh Prchtus dmn jmttahn wbtd Morbsbus ecr tdh tdrcgh mgn tdhy smy tdmt tdh jmttah hgnhn wbtdcut m wbgghr9 ecr tdbs rhmscg tdhy whrh amthr rhocgobahn, ms gcgh ocuan modbhvh m nhobsbvh vbotcry. Bt bs smbn tdmt tdbs wms tdh rst tblh tdmt lhg mgn mrlbhs hqubpphn wbtd sdbhans oamsdhn9 ecr tdcsh tdmt ehaa bg tdbs jmttah ercl jctd mrlbhs, sbgoh tdhy whrh oclpmtrbcts mgn hvhg rhamtbvhs, m ocllcg tclj wms jubat bg tdmt pamoh.“

^dus, moocrnbgf tc Pmusmgbms, tdh pyrmlbn wms m ocllcg tclj, jubatlcst prcjmjay jy Prchtus mgn Morbsbus ecr tdh scanbhrs wdc nbhn bg m jmttah


3/14

=?: H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

jhtwhhg tdhl9 m jmttah bg wdbod scanbhrs ushn sdbhans ecr tdh rst tblh. ^dbsrhehrhgoh tc lytdboma furhs (Prchtus, Morbsbus) bgnbomths tdmt tdh jubanbgfwms ocgsbnhrhn tc jh vhry can.

Ebf. =. ^dh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn. Prce. H. ^dhcncssbcu (ahet) mgn tdh pdysbobst G. _mrbnmibs(rbfdt)

Pmusmgbms masc lhgtbcgs (Ocrbgtdbmim :, :>, 6) tdmt bg mnkmohgt mrhmstdhrh whrh sclh pcaymgnrbm (lmss tcljs) ce tdh Mrfbvhs ibaahn bg tdh jmttahmfmbgst tdh _pmrtmgs tdmt wms dhan bg Dysbmh (mg morcpcabs ghxt tc tdh lcnhrgvbaamfh Midamncomlpcs) bg 552 JO;

“Mgn pcaymgnrbm hxbst dhrh ecr Mrfbvhs wdc wcg bg m jmttah mfmbgst tdh Amohnmhlcgbmgs ghmr Dysbmh“ (Ocrbgtdbmim :, :>, 6).

_c tdh mgobhgt mutdcr ocgsbnhrhn tdh ‒pyrmlbn‒ ms cgh ce tdhsh jurbmalcgulhgts. Ctdhr rhshmrodhrs dmvh suffhsthn nbffhrhgt pcssbjah ushs (Acrn,=2?2, pp. 64-4>).

^dh pyrmlbns ecugn bg Frhhoh mrh tdh cgay omshs ce pyrmlbnma mrodbtho-turh bg tdh jrcmnhr Hurcphmg rhfbcg. ^dh sdmph ce tdh pyrmlbn-abih juban-bgfs, tdhbr stmtbo mgn mrodbthoturh, prcjmjay oamssbey sclh ce tdhl bg tdhprh-Phamsfbo phrbcn (Amzcs, =246 & =228). Dcwhvhr, bg m ocugtry rbod bg mr-odmhcacfboma gnbgfs tdh rubgs ce tdhsh struoturhs nbn gct mttrmot tdh bgthrhstce rhshmrodhrs. ^dus, tdhbr stuny bs malcst gcghxbsthgt mgn m lysthry sur-rcugns tdhl nuh tc amoi ce mnhqumth igcwahnfh. ^dhrh bs stbaa m odmgoh tdmtsclh rhehrhgoh ocuan stbaa jh nbsocvhrhn bg Jyzmgtbgh thxts. Ourrhgtay, tdhghxt igcwg rhehrhgoh tc tdh ‒Frhhi pyrmlbns‒ methr Pmusmgbms (:gn ohgtury


4/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh ‟ mgobhgt lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs3 =??

MN) bs ercl tdh rst nhomnh ce =2td ohgtury. Vbaabml Lmrtbg Ahmih tcurhnPhacpcgghsh bg =405, wdhg Frhhoh wms stbaa ugnhr tdh Cttclmg ruah, mgn dhlhgtbcgs tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn, wdbod dh vbsbthn cg Lmrod =>, =405, bg dbsjcci ^rmvhas cg tdh Lcr¾hm (vca. BB, pp. ?>0, ?>>). Bg bt, dh fbvhs twc nrmwbgfs,ercgt vbhw mgn tcp vbhw ce tdh jubanbgfs.

Ebf. :. ^dh hgtrmgoh ce tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn wbtd tdh hmsthrg sbnh. ^dh hgtrmgoh bsghxt tc tdh _H ocrghr. ^dh wbntd ce tdh hgtrmgoh bs =.?8 l, wdbah bts tcp ocgsbsts ce twcocgvhrfbgf stcghs tdmt ecrl m amrfh ompbtma Frhhi ahtthr Ι.

Bg =4:2 tdh Erhgod _obhgtbo Lbssbcg bg Lcrhms (Phacpcgghsh) stunbhn tdhtwc pyrmlbns (bg vbaamfhs Dhaabgbicg mgn Abfcurbc) mgn pujabsdhn tdh rhsuatsbg =4?= - bg tdh tdrhh tclhs ce Mjha Jacuht mgn Zmvcbsb¾h, Mlmjah; Hxphnbtbcg _obhgtbquh nh Lcr¾hh , vca. BB, =06.

Bg =20=, ^d. Vbhfmgn ocgnuothn m prhablbgmry hxomvmtbcg (tdh rst cgh,=20=, pp. :>=-:>5) ce tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn. Vbhfmgn rhlcvhn maa tdh aaercl tdh ccr ce tdh pyrmlbn, wdbah tdh rst Frhhi sobhgtbst wdc stunbhn btwms tdh mrodmhcacfbst Mpcstcacs _. Mrvmgbtcpcuacs bg =2=5 (pp.6:-22). Mpcs-tcacs Mrvmgbtcpcuacs jhabhvhs tdmt tdh lcgulhgt nmths tc tdh Lyohghmg hrm(=500 JO-==00 JO), wdbah tdh mrodmhcacfbst Odrbstcs ^scugtms (=486-=2?>),


5/14

=?> H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

tdh ecugnhr ce Frhhi prhdbstcrbo mrodmhcacfy, jhabhvhs bt bs ercl tdh 5td ohg-tury JO (=42?).

Lcrh hxomvmtbcgs ecaacwhn bg tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn jy Z. Hdrbod mgnLrs. Mgg Dcsibg-Hdrbod, cg Mufust =2?6, ce tdh Mlhrbomg _odcca ce Oamssbo_tunbhs mgn Mrodmhcacfy bg Mtdhgs, wdbah mt mjcut tdh smlh tblh Z. _ormg-tcg (=2?4) wms hxomvmtbgf tdh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn. Acubs Acrn, tdhg nbrhotcrce tdh Mlhrbomg _odcca ce Oamssbo _tunbhs bg Mtdhgs, hnbthn tdh rhpcrt (=2?4,pp. >4=-8:6) ce tdhsh hxomvmtbcgs jmshn cg tdh ocgoausbcgs ce tdh tdrhh mr-

odmhcacfbsts lhgtbcghn mjcvh, wdbah dh sujshquhgtay rhshmrodhn dblshae mgnnbsocvhrhn shvhrma jubanbgfs bg Mrfcabs, lmbgay squmrh mrodmbo tcwhrs, wdbodwhrh lcst prcjmjay tdh pcaymgnrbm ce Pmusmgbms (Acrn, =2?2, pp. 64-4>).Mlcgfst tdh gnbgfs bg tdh pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg whrh m jbf pbtdcs, tdhccr ce tdh acgf ocrrbncr mgn tdh rccl, rh-omrvhn ercl rhpmbrs hgtrmgoh nccrmgn pmrts ce tdh wmaa, bgaa ercl hmrabhr hxomvmtbcgs, sclh ohrmlbos ce Prctc-dhaamnbo BB phrbcn (:400-:800 JO), masc rccl ecugnmtbcgs mgn lcrtmas erclamthr ushs ce tdh pyrmlbn, ms whaa ms lbxturh nbsturj shnblhgts wbtd ohrml-bos ce oamssboma phrbcn, suod ms amlps, dcush wmrh mgn ehw ocmrsh sdmrns ce ncujteua mfh mgn sclh rclmg amlps. ^dh bgaa mt tdh ccr vmrbhs jhtwhhg:0-50 ol (Acrn, =2?4, pp. 804-8?4).

Acubs Acrn ocgsbnhrs tdmt tdh pyrmlbns whrh gct tcljs, jhomush tdhbrnccrs whrh cphgbgf ercl bgsbnh9 gcr whrh tdhy tcwhrs ecr rh-sbfgmabgf, mstdhy whrh gct jubat bg hahvmthn pcsbtbcgs wbtd m vbhw. Acrn jhabhvhs tdhy whrhpcsts ompmjah ce dcusbgf m fumrn ce m ehw lhg, wdbod ocuan ocgtrca tdh rcmntc ^hfhm. Dcwhvhr, dh strhsshs tdmt tdh phouabmr pyrmlbn-abih ocgstruotbcg bsm emot tdmt rhlmbgs ughxpambghn (=2?4). ^dhrh wmsg‒t m rhmscg tc juban tdbsecrl ce struoturh ecr tdbs purpcsh, ms mg cutpcst wbtd m slmaa wmaa wcuanjh tdh gcrlma tdbgf tc nc. Vdmt ocuan jh tdh purpcsh ce tdhsh sbgfuamr,pyrmlbn-abih ocgstruotbcgs3 Masc, Acrn suppcrts tdh bnhm tdmt tdh pyrmlbnwms ercl tdh hmray Dhaahgbstbo hrm, lcrh sphobomaay amth >tdtd ohgtury JO.

^dh tcpbo mpphmrhn tc oacsh ercl mg mrodmhcacfboma pcbgt ce vbhw, ms tdhMlhrbomg mrodmhcacfbsts dmn ncgh m fccn kcj. ^dh Fhrlmg mrodmhcacfbst _.Cpphrlmgg, wbtd m rhamtbvh pujabomtbcg bg Fhrlmg (=26=, pp. >8-8:), lmnhigcwg tdh twc pyrmlbns, bg Dhaabgbicg mgn Abfcurbc, tc m wbnhr Fhrlmg-sphmibgf pujabo, wbtdcut mnnbgf sclhtdbgf tc tdh tcpbo ercl m rhshmrod pcbgtce vbhw.

Methr mjcut =8 yhmrs ecaacwhn tdh rhshmrodhr mgn mutdcr Odrbstcs Amzcs,wbtd twc pujabomtbcgs cg Frhhi pyrmlbns (=24>, =246), mgn mg mrtboah jyDhahgm Ermoodbm ce tdh Xgbvhrsbty ce ^crcgtc (=248, pp. 54?-542), bg =245Prcehsscr B. Abrbtzbs pujabsdhn dbs jcci Mrodmhclhtry - Lhtdcns ce nmtbgf bg mrodmhcacfy , mgn bg =22> tdh obvba hgfbghhr U. Imtsbmnrmlbs lmnh m stmtbostuny ce tdh twc pyrmlbns mgn tdh ocrrhspcgnbgf furhs (=22>, pp. 2:=8-2:?5). Bg =22> mpphmr m pmphr jy Prcehsscr Bcmggbs Abrbtzbs mgn mgctdhrcgh jy tdh momnhlbobmg ^dhcodmrbs ht ma. (=22>, pp. ?22->08) mgn tdh twcjccis, mfmbg jy mrodmhclhtrbst Prcehsscr Bcmggbs Abrbtzbs (=228) mgn jy mu-tdcr O. Amzcs (=228), wdbod hxdmust tdh tcpbo ercl tdh nhsorbptbvh pcbgt ce vbhw. Ebgmaay, Prcehsscr Bcmggbs Abrbtzbs, bg =226, pujabsdhn mg mrtboah mjcuttdh lysthry ce tdhsh pyrmlbns mgn sblbamray Prcehsscr ^dhcncrh _pbrcpcuacs(:00?).


6/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh ‟ mgobhgt lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs3 =?8

Bg prmotboma, tdh rhma rhshmrod wcri cg tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns stmrthn ugnhrtdh suphrvbsbcg ce tdh mrodmhclhtrbst Prcehsscr Bcmggbs Abrbtzbs mgn dbs frcup.^dh nmtbgf ce tdh pyrmlbn wms mpprcmodhn tdrcufd vh suj-prckhots;

=) Fhcpdysboma prcsphotbcg bgsbnh mgn mrcugn tdh twc lmbg pyrmlbns mtDhaahgbicg mgn Abfcurbc, wdhrh jurbhn lcgulhgts whrh nbsocvhrhn (^dhcodmrbsht. ma., =226, pp. 82?-5=4).

:) ^dh rhsuats ce tdh mjcvh thml nbrhothn tdh mrodmhcacfboma hxomvmtbcgsomrrbhn cut jy mrodmhcacfbst M. _mlpscg (=225, pp. 85-5=) mgn mrodmhcacfbsts

ce tdh Mrodmhcacfboma Lushul ce Gmupabcg (Pbicuams, =225, pp. 50-5?9 Pbthrcs,=228, pp. ==-=?, mgn Pbthrcs, =224, pp. ?>>-?2>). Mlcgfst tdh ghw gnbgfswhrh ecugnmtbcgs ce rccls, ohrmlbos ce Oamssboma, Dhaahgbstbo, Zclmg mgnPrctcodrbstbmg phrbcns, mgn Prctcdhaamnbo BB bg tdh hxthrbcr ecugnmtbcgs ce Dhaahgbicg pyrmlbn mjcvh tdh jhnrcoi. M oclpmrmtbvh stuny ce lmscgrbhswms masc lmnh (Abrbtzbs, =228 & =226, pp. ?:-?>).

?) Mstrcgclboma crbhgtmtbcg ce tdh acgf hgtrmgoh ocrrbncr wms ecugn rh-amthn tc tdh rbsh ce Crbcg‒s jhat coourrbgf bg obrom :000-:>00 JO (Abrbtzbs,=224, pp. =0-:=).

>) ^dh nmtbgf ce sclh pmrts ce tdh cvhr abhn amrfh lhfmabtdbo jacois bgtdh wmaa, wbtd tdh gcvha tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh nmtbgf lhtdcn ce rcoi suremohs._mlpabgf wms odcshg ecr tdhbr rlghss mgn amoi ce sug hxpcsurh ce bgthr-gma ocgtmot suremohs, jy rhlcvbgf m ehw lbaabfrmls ce pcwnhr ercl pbhohs

bg rl ocgtmot. _hvhg pbhohs fmvh mg mfh rmgfh ce obrom :000-:800 JO. Abr-btzbs, =22>m, pp. 50?-50>9 =22>j, ?5=-?559 ^dhcodmrbs ht ma. =22>, ?22->08),wdbah twc ohrmlbo sdmrns ce gcg-nbmfgcstbo typcacfy cgh ercl Dhaahgbicg mgncgh ercl Abfcurbc pyrmlbns nmthn jy ^A (^dhrlcAulbghsohgoh) mgn C_A(Cptbomaay _tbluamthn Aulbghsohgoh) fmvh ocgocrnmgt mfhs ce ?000½:80 JOmgn 550½:00 JO rhsphotbvhay (Abrbtzbs ht ma., =22>, pp. =42-=24). ^dh gcvhanmtbgf lhtdcn dms jhhg whaa pujabsdhn jy tdh bgbtbmtcr mgn ctdhrs Abrbtzbs ht ma. =226, pp. >62->25)9 Abrbtzbs mgn Fmaacwmy, =222, pp. ?5=-?549 Dmjhrlmgg,:000, pp. 4>6-48=9 Frhbabod ht ma. :008, pp. 5>8-5589 Lcrfhgsthbg ht ma. :00?,pp. 80?-8=49 Abrbtzbs mgn Ummncu, :008, pp. :8-?4).

8) ^dh lytdcacfboma fhghmacfy ce Mrfcabn dms jhhg omutbcusay bgthrprhthn.Bt bgvcavhs Bgmodus mgn dbs nhaufh mgn dbs nhsohgnmgts ce Prchtus mgn Morbs-sbus tdmt moocrnbgf tc mgobhgt trmvhahr Pmusmgbms (:gn o. MN) tdhy ecufdt ecr

nclbgmtbcg jut dmn m nrmw mgn hrhothn Dhaahgbicg pyrmlbn, sdcwg tc jh mto. :400 JO ([mgffhr, =22?9 Abrbtzbs mgn Zmetcpcuacu, =222, pp. 46-22)

: ^dh ush ce tdh pyrmlbns

Pmusmgbms, ms bs hvbnhgt ercl dbs thxt, moigcwahnfhs tdmt tdh purpcsh shrvhnjy tdh pyrmlbns dmn jhhg ecrfctthg bg dbs mfh (obrom =80 MN) mgn ecr tdbsrhmscg dh wrbths mjcut wdmt tdh phcpah whrh ‒smybgf‒ mjcut bt, lhgtbcgbgftdh dypctdhshs ce jhbgf tcljs mgn slmaa lbabtmry cutpcsts.

^dh ocgstruotbcg ce tdhsh jubanbgfs, tdhbr nblhgsbcgs mgn bgoabgmtbcg,jhbgf mnnhn tc tdh emot tdmt gc tclj-msscobmthn gnbgfs (suod ms jcghs crnhmtd crgmlhgts) whrh ecugn, ahmn tc tdh ocgoausbcg tdmt tdhsh struoturhswhrh rmtdhr m ibgn ce slmaa ecrt cr mg cjshrvmtcry (Imaahybm, =228).


7/14

=?5 H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

^dh pyrmlbns mrh nmthn jy sclh mrodmhcacfbsts (Ahmih, =4>59 Acrn, =2?49Ermoodbm, =2489 Pbthrcs, =224), jmshn cg tdhbr wmaa struoturh, bg tdh >td ohg-tury JO9 tdh smlh mrodmhcacfbsts ocgsbnhr tdmt tdhy bgnbomth tdh rhamtbcgsjhtwhhg Hfypt mgn Mrfcs, m trmnbtbcg rhbgecrohn jy tdh lbssbcg ce ?000 Mr-fbvh lhrohgmrbhs bg Hfypt bg ?>2 JO.

Dcwhvhr, tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns shhl tc dmvh gc rhamtbcg tc Hfyptbmg cghs(bgthrbcr pamg, lmscgry, sacph, sbzh), tdcufd tdhrh whrh trmnh ocgtmots jhtwhhgtdh phcpah ce _H Lhnbthrrmghmg hvbnhgohn mt ahmst jy tdh hmray prhshgoh ce

Lbgcmgs, Lyohghmgs mgn amthr cg Frhhi ocacgbzmtbcgs, bg tdh Vhst, Msbm Lb-gcr mgn tdh Ahvmgt mgn Hfypt, h.f. ^ha Imjrb, Mvmrbs, Lhffbnc hto. (Jmrjmrmmgn Vcae-Nbhtrbod Ghblhbhr, =226, pp. 65?-40:).

Ahmih (=4>5, pp. ??>->4?), Ubsodhr Vbadhal (=486, pp. ?:8-?:4) mgn ctd-hrs suppcrt tdh jurbma lcgulhgts tdhcry, wdbod bs rhkhothn jy Vbhfmgn (=20=,pp. :>=-:>5), wdc suffhsts tdmt tdhy omg‒t jh tcljs jhomush ce tdh lcrtmrushn bg tdhbr ocgstruotbcg, m lmthrbma dbgtbgf ecr dbl m jubanbgf nmth bg tdh=st ohgtury JO. Ctdhr rhshmrodhrs, tdcufd, suffhst tdmt tdh lcrtmr prcjmjaynchs gct jhacgf tc tdh crbfbgma jubanbgf jut tc m pcsthrbcr ocgshrvmtbcg wcri.

^dh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns whrh Pdmrmcds‒ jurbma lcgulhgts, jut tdhy mascshrvhn ecr mstrcgclboma purpcshs; Odhcps Pyrmlbn wms m dufh lhrbnbmg bg-strulhgt, tdh amrfhst hvhr ocgstruothn, wdbah bts lmbg pmssmfh‒s nbrhotbcg wmstcwmrns tdh pcah stmr ce bts mfh, ^dujmg cr Mapdm Nrmocgbs (ν Nrm).

Dhahgm Ermoodbm (=248) suppcrts tdh vbhw tdmt tdh Mrfcabs pyrmlbns whrhhrhothn ecr tdh nhehgsh ce tdh rhfbcg, ms ecrtbomtbcgs bgocrpcrmthn bgtc sclhamrfh emrls, ms sdh jhabhvhs ercl dhr rhshmrod ce mgobhgt emrls bg Mttbom.

Obvba hgfbghhr U. Imtsbmnrmlbs (=22>), methr dbs stmtbo stuny ce tdh wdcahDhaabgbicg lcgulhgt, nrmws tdh ocgoausbcg tdmt tdbs jubanbgf wms bg bts bgbtbmaecrl lcst prcjmjay m trugomthn pyrmlbn ?.50 l dbfd. Dh suffhsts tdmt bt wmsghvhr oclpahth up tc bts prckhothn sullbt wbtd stcghs cr m rcce ce sclh ibgn,gct jhbgf mg Hfypt-abih, lmtdhlmtboma pyrmlbn. Dh mnns tdmt tdh trugomthnpyrmlbn sdmph ‒bs m vhry mgobhgt wcrsdbppbgf trmnbtbcg bg Frhhoh. . . . . . tdbs hxmot sdmph ce tdh Haabgbic jubanbgf wms bgthgtbcgmaay odcshg, ms bt ocljbghn stmtbo mgn mhstdhtbo rhqubrhlhgts wbtd tdh Frhhi wcrsdbppbgf trmnbtbcg‒ (Imt-sbmnrmlbs, =22>). Dh, tdus, ocgsbnhrs m wcrsdbppbgf ush ecr tdh jubanbgf9 bgdbs vbhw, bt wms m rcchss smgotumry.

^dh Mrfcabs pyrmlbns ocgtbguh tc mttrmot tdh bgthrhst ce rhshmrodhrs. Prc-ehsscr B. Abrbtzbs bg dbs jcci (=228) mrfuhs tdmt tdhbr lhfmabtds whrh ushnms ocgstruotbcg lmthrbmas ecr odurodhs mgn ecr ablh prcnuotbcg, bg crnhr tchxpambg tdh rhmscg ecr tdh nbsmpphmrmgoh ce tdh Mstrcs, _biycg mgn Ubfammpyrmlbns, wdbod whrh rhpcrthn jy ecrhbfg trmvhahrs bg hmray =2td ohgtury. O.Amzcs, mg mutdcr sphobmabzhn bg tdh rhshmrod mgn rhocrnbgf ce tdh ehmts ce mgobhgt Frhhi thodgcacfy, bg dbs jcci Pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh (=228), prcvbnhs moclpahth abst ce tdh Frhhi pyrmlbn-abih struoturhs.

Cur thml vbsbthn tdh Dhaabgbicg mgn Ayfcurbc pyrmlbns mgn pdctcfrmpdhntdhl9 tdh mrodbthot, Lmrocs Imtsbctbs lhmsurhn tdh nblhgsbcgs ce tdh Dhaabgb-icg pyrmlbn mgn nrhw tdh tcp vbhw, m shotbcg mgn phrsphotbvh nrmwbgf ce tdbspyrmlbn, wdbod bs tdh jhst prhshrvhn cgh. Jut, gmaay, wh ushn tdh nrmwbgfslmnh jy tdh obvba hgfbghhr Umssbabcs Imtsbmnrmlbs, wdbod hxbst bg tdh ourrhgtJbjabcfrmpdy (=22>, p. 2:::).


8/14


? ^dh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn

^dh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn bs acomthn 8 tc 5 il tc tdh scutdhmsthrg hnfh ce tdhpambg ce Mrfcabn, bg tdh nbrhotbcg ce tdh mgobhgt rcmn tc Mromnbm, jhtwhhgtdh vbaamfhs Dhaabgbicg mgn Ihemamrb, wdhrh tdh Hrmsbgcs Zbvhr scurohs mrh(gcwmnmys Ihpdmamrb). ^dbs bs tdh jhst prhshrvhn pyrmlbn (Ebf. =).

Ebf. ?. Phrsphotbvh nrmwbgf ce tdh trugomthn pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg, lmnh jy obvba hgfbghhrUmssbabcs Imtsbmnrmlbs (=22>, p. 2:::).

Dcwhvhr, mrodmhclhtrbo lhmsurhlhgts jmshn cg cptboma tdhrlcaulbghs-ohgoh ocgnuothn jy prce. B. Abrbtzbs mt tdh Guoahmr Nmtbgf Amjcrmtcry ce tdhXgbvhrsbty ce Hnbgjurfd mgn mt tdh Mrodmhclhtry Amjcrmtcry ce NhlcorbtcsOhgthr (^dhcodmrbs ht ma. =228) sdcwhn tdmt mt ahmst tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn bsluod canhr; obrom :600 JO. ^dh cptboma tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh lhtdcn bs jmshncg amshr thodgcacfy tdmt omg jh mppabhn cg stcghs ercl wmaas9 ugecrtugmthay,tdbs lhtdcn, ushn jy Abrbtzbs sbgoh =245, matdcufd bt bs tdhcrhtbomaay moohpthn,dmn gct yht jhhg euaay omabjrmthn bg tdmt tblh (=228) mgn ncujts omg jh rmbshnmjcut tdbs nmtbgf. Mt tdbs pcbgt, be cgh rhlhljhrs tdh fhcfrmpdhr mgn trmv-hahr Pmusmgbms, wdc fbvhs m dbgt ecr tdbs lcgulhgt mjcut jhbgf jubat bg tdhLyohgmbo phrbcn, cgh ocuan gn lcst prcjmjah tdbs phrbcn ms jhbgf bg tdhlbnnah ce tdh twc nmtbgfs lhgtbcghn mjcvh; ercl =500 tc ==00 JO.

^dh nblhgsbcgs ce tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn mrh =>.80 x =:.50 x =0.40 x =0.50l. Lmgy rhshmrodhrs dmvh wcgnhrhn wdhtdhr tdhrh bs mgy rhamtbcgsdbp wbtdtdh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns, ecr hxmlpah m ocrrhamtbcg bg tdhbr nmtbgf. ^rmnbtbcgmamrodmhcacfboma rhshmrod, ms wh smw, nmthn tdhsh struoturhs bg tdh >td ohgturyJO, m luod lcrh rhohgt nmth tdmg tdh nmths ce tdh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns.

Acbs Acrn (=2?4) nmthn jctd Dhaabgbicg mgn Abfcurbc bg tdh nmwg ce tdhDhaahgbstbo phrbcn, b.h. bg tdh hgn ce >td ohgtury JO. ^dh Frhhi mrodmhcacfbstsH. _pmtdmrb, Odr. Pbthrcs mgn F.M. Pbicuams masc suffhsthn (Odr. Pbthrcs,


9/14

=?4 H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

=2289 F.M. Pbicuams, =225) tdmt jctd pyrmlbns whrh jubat bg amth > td ohgturyJO mgn tdmt tdhy whrh fumrndcushs cr cutpcsts. ^d. Vbhfmgn (=20=) nmthntdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn bg =st ohgtury JO. Dcwhvhr, tdhsh nmtbgfs lust gctorhmth m jbms tcwmrn m lcrh rhohgt phrbcn, ms mrodmhcacfbst mgn Prcehsscr ce Prhdbstcrbo Mrodmhcacfy mt tdh Xgbvhrsbty ce Mtdhgs ^dhcncrh _pbrcpcuacs(=24=), wdc nbsocvhrhn m pyrmlbn bg tdh sdmph ce tdh Mlpdhbc dbaa bg ^dhjhs,nmths bt obrom :800 JO.

Ebf. >. Nrmwbgf ce tdh trugomthn pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg, lmnh jy tdh obvba hgfbghhr UmssbabcsImtsbmnrmlbs (=22>, p. 2:::).

> ^dh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn

^dh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn bs acomthn bg tdh ecct ce Lt. Mrmodgmhc, tc tdh ahetsbnh ce tdh rcmn ahmnbgf ercl Mrfcs tc Hpbnmurus, =.8 il Vhst ce tdh vbaamfhce Abfcurbc. Bts nblhgsbcgs mrh mpprcxblmthay => (gcrtd sbnh) x =: x =: x =:l. Pmusmgbms nchs gct lhgtbcg tdbs pyrmlbn mt maa mgn tdh rst rhehrhgohtc bt oclhs ercl tdh “Erhgod _obhgtbo Lbssbcg bg Lcrhms“ (Jacuht, M. mgnZmvcbsb¾h, M., =4?=). Bg tdh yhmrs tdmt pmsshn sbgoh tdh hmray =2td ohgtury tdhpyrmlbn, lmnh ce smgnstcgh jacois, nhthrbcrmthn tc tdh pcbgt bt bs gcw malcstahvhahn. Cgay m ocupah ce jubanbgf stcghs dmvh rhlmbghn bg tdhbr crbfbgma pc-

sbtbcgs9 tdh rhst whrh ushn ecr tdh ocgstruotbcg ce ctdhr jubanbgfs bg Abfcurbc,wdbah sclh stcghs mrh bgocrpcrmthn bg tdh Jyzmgtbgh odurod ce Mfbm Lmrbgm(_t. Lmrbgm).

^dh rst hxomvmtbcgs bg tdh rhfbcg whrh ocgnuothn jy tdh Mlhrbomg _odccace Oamssbo _tunbhs ce Mtdhgs, ercl 2 tc =4 Nhohljhr =2?5 mgn amthr ercl =tc 2 Mufust =2?6.

Mlcgf tdh gnbgfs ce tdh =2?6 hxomvmtbcg, ahn jy Z. _ormgtcg (=2?4,6.>, pp. 8:4-8?4), wms m stcgh mxh (ihatbs ) nmthn bg tdh Ghcabtdbo Mfh, tdmt bsprbcr tc ?000 JO, m lcst bgtrbfubgf emot tdmt orhmthn ohrtmbg ocggctmtbcgs._ormgtcg wrbths tdmt “tdh ihatbs, mg bscamthn prhdbstcrbo mrtbemot, nchs gct prcvh tdh hxbsthgoh ce m Ghcabtdbo shttahlhgt mt tdh sbth. Bt wms prcjmjay kust trmgspcrthn tdhrh ercl m nbstmgt pamoh ms sclhtdbgf ourbcus“.

Dcwhvhr, sclh rhshmrodhrs mrh sihptbo mjcut tdbs vbhw; Dcw bs bt pcssbjahecr tdh Ghcabtdbo mxh tc dmvh jhhg prhshrvhn mt m nbffhrhgt sbth ecr :800 yhmrs,


10/14


tc dmvh jhhg trmgspcrthn ms sclhtdbgf ourbcus tc tdh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn bg tdh>td ohgtury JO mgn sujshquhgtay prhshrvhn mt bts ghw pcsbtbcg ecr mgctdhr:?00 yhmrs3 Bt bs m nbouat quhstbcg.

Ebf. 8. Nrmwbgf ce tdh trugomthn pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg, lmnh jy tdh obvba hgfbghhr UmssbabcsImtsbmnrmlbs (=22>, p. 2:::).

Ghvhrtdhahss, lcst rhshmrodhrs nmth tdh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn macgf wbtd tdhDhaabgbicg pyrmlbn, mrcugn tdh >td ohgtury JO.

Ebf. 5. ^dh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn, ms blmfhn jy tdh Erhgod _obhgtbo Lbssbcg bg Lcrhms (Hx-phnbtbcg _obhgtbquh nh Lcr¾hh, =4?=).


11/14

=>0 H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

Bg =228 momnhlbobmg Phtrcs ^dhcodmrbs mgn dbs ocaahmfuhs mggcugohn tdmttdh cptboma tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh lhtdcn fbvhs mg mfh ecr tdh Abfcurbc pyrm-lbn ce >=00 ½ 500 yhmrs, tdmt bs bt wms jubat obrom :=00 JO cr mjcut 500yhmrs ‒ycugfhr‒ tdmg tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn ms nmthn wbtd tdh smlh lhtdcn,matdcufd ms emr ms bt omg jh nbsohrghn tdh twc pyrmlbns mrh vhry sblbamr.^dh smlh rhshmrodhrs suppcrthn tdh vbhw tdmt jctd tdhshs pyrmlbns whrhmstrcgclboma cjshrvmtcrbhs!

Cg tdh ocgtrmry, mrodmhcacfbst Odrbstcs Pbthrcs, ourmtcr ce mgtbqubtbhs bg

Gmepabc, suppcrts (=228) m nmtbgf ce tdh pyrmlbns bg tdh >td

ohgtury JO- nhgbtbvhay gc canhr tdmg >80 JO. Ms ecr tdhbr purpcsh, dh jhabhvhs tdmttdhy whrh ecrtbhn cut-pcsts-lbabtmry cjshrvmtcrbhs. Pbthrcs bs hsphobmaay orbt-boma mfmbgst tdh vbhws ce ^dhcodmrbs ht ma. (=228). Dh strcgfay mrfuhs tdmttdhbr vbhws mrh lbsahmnbgf(!), sbgoh tdhy rhkhot ocgscabnmthn vbhws ce mrodmh-cacfbsts sblpay jmshn cg m ‒lmfboma ugprcvhn pdysboma lhtdcn ecr m purhaymrodmhcacfboma bssuh‒.

^dh mrodmhcacfbsts hxomvmtcrs mrh rhshrvhn tc moohpt wbtdcut ncujts tdhOamssboma cr Dhaahgbstbo mfh, wdbah M. _mlpscg (=225, pp. 85-5=) suppcrtssuod m ycugfhr mfh jut dbs rhshrvh tc rhkhot mg hmrabhr mfh bs mppmrhgt.

_c, up tc gcw, tdhrh bs gc smtbseybgf hxpamgmtbcg ce tdh rhmscg jhdbgn tdhocgstruotbcg ce shvhrma rhpcrthn slmaa sbzhn pyrmlbns bg Frhhoh mgn mjcut tdhodcboh ce tdhbr sdmph ms m lhssmfh tcwhr cr hash. ^c sullmrbzh, tdh ecaacwbgf

vbhws dmvh jhhg suppcrthn mjcut tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns;

m) Purpcsh

=. Jurbma lcgulhgts - pcaymgnrbm (Pmusmgbms, :gn ohgtury MN9 Ahmih,=4>59 Ubsodhr, =486).

:. M ‒tclj bnhgtbhr‒, bgnbomtbgf tdh hxbsthgoh ce mg blpcrtmgt phrscg‒stclj mt m ghmrjy sbth (dbaa), cr hvhg ugnhr bt (Mrvmgbtcpcuacs, =2=5).

?. Ecrtbhn lbabtmry cutpcsts-fumrndcushs (Acrn, =2?4 & =2?29 Vbhfmgn,=20=9 Ermoodbm, =2489 _pmtdmrb-Pbthrcs-Pbicuams, =228 & =225).

>. ^cwhrs ecr rh -cr slcih- sbfgmabgf (Ourtbus, =48=).8. Mstrcgclboma cjshrvmtcrbhs - wbtd mg hvbnhgt mstrcgclboma crbhgtmtbcg,

methr m rhamtbvh stuny (^dhcodmrbs ht ma., =22> & =2269 Imaahybm, =2289 ^dhc-

ncssbcu ht ma., :00:).5. _mgotumrbhs (Imtsbmnrmlbs, =22>).

j) Nmtbgf

=. =500 tc ==00 JO (Pmusmgbms, :gn ohgtury MN9 Mrvmgbtcpcuacs, =2=5).

:. 5td ohgtury JO (^scugtms, =42?9 Ourtbus, =48=).

?. >td ohgtury JO (Ahmih, =4>59 Acrn, =2?4 & =2?29 Ermoodbm, =2489_pmtdmrb-Pbthrcs-Pbicuams, =228 & =225).

>. =st ohgtury JO (Vbhfmgn, =20=).8. :=00 JO ecr tdh Abfcurbc pyrmlbn mgn :6?0 JO ecr tdh Dhaabgbicg

pyrmlbn (^dhcodmrbs ht ma., =22> & =226).


12/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh ‟ mgobhgt lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs3 =>=

8 Ocgoausbcg

Vdhg hxomvmtbcgs whrh lmnh mrcugn tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns bg tdh hmray =200s,pctthry ermflhgts ercl tdh >td ohgtury JO whrh ecugn, mgn bt wms prhsulhntdmt tdh pyrmlbns whrh masc ocgstruothn tdhg9 tdmt bs, mjcut tdh tblh ce Mahxmgnhr tdh Frhmt. Zhohgt nmtbgf ce orystmas ercl bgthrgma suremohs ce tdhablhstcgh jacois usbgf tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh puts tdh ocgstruotbcg tblhs jmoitwc lbaahggbm. ^dh Dhaahgbicg pyrmlbn nmths tc :6?0 J.O.9 tdh Abfcurbc, tc

:=00 JO. ^dbs lhmgs tdmt tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns whrh jubat bg rcufday tdh smlhtblh ermlh ms tdh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns (Dmllcgn, =226).

Vdy wcuan tdh mgobhgt Frhhis wmgt tc juban lbgbmturh pyrmlbns3 ^dhoamssboma sodcamr Pmusmgbms wrcth bg tdh :gn ohgtury MN tdmt tdh Dhaahgbicgpyrmlbn wms m ohgctmpd ecr tdh nhmn emaahg bg m ermtrbobnma jmttah >,000 yhmrsmfc. Gcjcny jhabhvhn dbs stcry ugtba gcw (Ocrabss, =224).

^dh nmth mgn tdh purpcsh ce hvhg tdh twc lmbg Frhhi pyrmlbns mrh gctigcwg wbtd mgy ohrtmbgty. Vdmt bt omg jh smbn bs tdmt tdhsh mrh omrvhn mgngct somamr9 lcrhcvhr tdhy masc nbffhr ercl tdh Hfyptbmg cghs bg tdh sacphbgoabgmtbcg.

Mrodmhcacfbsts suffhst tdmt tdh Dhaabgbicg pyrmlbn omg‒t jh m jubanbgfce tdh ?rn lbaahggbul JO9 bt lust dmvh jhhg ocgstruothn mt ahmst methr :=00JO. ^dh amthr ocrcaamry ecaacws ercl m gnbgf ce tdh hxomvmtbcg ocgnuothn ecr

tdh Momnhly ce Mtdhgs‒ rhshmrod; m prctc-Dhaahgbo nbtod bg tdh ecugnmtbcgsce tdh jubanbgf. ^dh prctc-Dhaahgbo phrbcn ocgvhgtbcgmaay hgns bg obrom :=00JO, tdhrhecrh mrodmhcacfbsts ocgoaunh tdmt tdh pyrmlbn wms jubat nhgbthaymethr :=00 JO.

Mrodmhcacfbsts masc strhss tdmt gct hvhg cgh ohrmlbo ermflhgt wms nbs-ocvhrhn bg tdh pyrmlbn sbths nmthn ercl tdh twc sujshquhgt phrbcns, tdhlhsc-Dhaahgbo mgn tdh Lyohgmhmg phrbcn. Be tdh pyrmlbn wms bgnhhn m ?rn-lbaahgbul ocgstruotbcg, tdhg tdh amoi ce ohrmlbos wcuan jh m ugbquh omsh.

^dh vmst lmkcrbty ce mrodmhcacfbsts suppcrt tdh vbhw tdmt tdh pyrmlbnsmrh jubanbgfs ce tdh >td ohgtury JO.

^dh nbsmfrhhlhgt mlcgf tdh hxphrts hxthgns tc tdh purpcsh tdhsh struo-turhs shrvhn. Cur thml hxprhsshs bts mfrhhlhgt wbtd prcehsscr ^dhcodmrbs mgndbs ocaahmfuhs tdmt tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns ocuan dmvh mg mstrcgclboma sbfgb-

omgoh, prcjmjay bg mnnbtbcg wbtd tdhbr ush ms jurbma lcgulhgts cr lbabtmrycutpcsts. Vh dmvh masc prcpcsh tdmt tdh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs mgn bg pmrtbouamrtdh pyrmlbn ce Dhaabgbicg vbaamfh whrh vhry abihay, jhsbnhs jhbgf m jurbma lcg-ulhgt cr fumrn dcush, cgh ce tdh rst lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs (^dhcncssbcuht ma., :00:).

^c suppcrt tdbs vbhw tdhrh bs tdh omsh ce mgctdhr Frhhi lhfmabtdbo struo-turh, tdh ‒Nrmicspbtc‒ (< nrmfcg dcush) cg tcp ce Lt. Codh, wdbod wmsstunbhn jy cur thml mgn wms sdcwg tc dmvh mg mgobhgt _brbus-rbsh mstrc-gclboma crbhgtmtbcg (^dhcncssbcu ht ma. :002). Jhsbnhs, shvhrma mstrcgclbomaocggctmtbcgs dmvh jhhg prcvhn bg tdh omsh ce tdh Hfyptbmg pyrmlbns.

Ecr tdh Frhhi pyrmlbns, tdh omsh bs stbaa cphg. Vh jhabhvh tdmt m occr-nbgmthn hffcrt ce mrodmhcacfbsts, dbstcrbmgs, mstrcgclhrs, mrodbthots mgn mr-odmhclhtrbsts bs ghhnhn bg crnhr tc rhmod nhgbth ocgoausbcgs ms emr ms tdhush ce tdh pyrmlbn-abih struoturhs bg Frhhoh bs ocgohrghn.


13/14

=>: H. ^dhcncssbcu ht ma.

Moigcwahnfhlhgts

^dbs stuny ecrlhn pmrt ce tdh rhshmrod mt tdh Xgbvhrsbty ce Mtdhgs, Nh-pmrtlhgt ce Mstrcpdysbos Mstrcgcly mgn Lhodmgbos, mgn wh mrh frmtheua tctdh Xgbvhrsbty ce Mtdhgs ecr gmgobma suppcrt tdrcufd tdh _phobma Moocugtecr Zhshmrod Frmgts. Bt bs masc suppcrthn jy tdh Lbgbstry ecr Hnuomtbcg mgn_obhgoh ce _hrjbm tdrcufd tdh prckhot BBB >>00:.

Zhehrhgohs

Mrvmgbtcpcuacs, M._.; =2=5, “Zhshmrod bg Mrfcabs nurbgf tdh yhmr =2=5“, Prcohhnbgfs ce tdh Mrodmhcacfboma _cobhty ce Mtdhgs Ybg Frhhi\.

Jacuht, Mjha mgn Zmvcbsb¾h, Mlmjah; =4?=, Hxp¾hnbtbcg sobhgtbquh nh Lcr¾hh, crncgg¾hh pmr ah Fcuvhrghlhgt Ermgombs. Mrodbthoturh, _ouapturhs, Bgsorbptbcgs ht Uuhs nu P¾hacpcgh̀sh,nhs Oyoamnhs ht nh a‒Mttbquh , Ebrlbg Nbnct, (? vcaulhs), Pmrbs. Ybg Erhgod\.

Ocrabss, V. Z.; =224, _obhgoh Ercgtbhrs , ==5, Lmrod-Mprba (cg-abgh rhehrhgoh).Ourtbus, H. Z.; =48=, Phacpcgghscs, hbgh dbstcrbsod-fhcfrmpdbsodh Jhsodrhbjugf nhr Dma-

jbgsha , jmgn BB. Habjrcg Oamssbos Ybg Fhrlmg\.Ermoodbm, D.; =248, “^dh Phacpcgghsbmg Pyrmlbns Zhocgsbnhrhn“, Mlhrbomg Kcurgma ce

Mrodmhcacfy , 42.Frhbabod, _., Famslmodhr, F. M., Vmfghr, F. M.; :008, “Cptboma nmtbgf ce frmgbtbo stcgh

suremohs“, Mrodmhclhtry , >6, gc. ?.Dmjhrlmgg, K., _odbaahs, ^., Imaodfrujhr, Z., Vmfghr, F. M.; :000, “_thps tcwmrns suremoh

nmtbgf usbgf aulbghsohgoh“, Zmnbmtbcg Lhmsurhlhgts , ?:.

Dmllcgn, Gcrlmg; =226, “Nbn tdh Hmray Frhhis _blpay Ocpy tdh Pyrmlbns ce Hfypt3“,Acgncg ^blhs , Mufust =.

Imaahybm, M.; =228, bg Pmpyrcs-Amrcussh-Jrbtmggbom Hgoyoacpmhnbm , vca. ??, p. 6? Ybg Frhhi\.Imtsbmnrmlbs, U.; =22>, “^dh mgobhgt pyrmlbn-abih struoturhs ce Dhaabgbicg mgn Abfcurbc bg

Mrfcs - M thodgboma mgn mrodmhcacfboma stuny“, Nmvacs , =85 Ybg Frhhi\.Amzcs, O.; =24>, “^dh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs“, Bstcrbm Bicgcfrmlhgb , =42 (Lmrod), Ybg Frhhi\.Amzcs, O.; =246, “^dh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs“, Mghxbfbtc, ?? (Lmy) Ybg Frhhi\.Amzcs, O.; =228, Pyrmlbns bg Frhhoh , Mtdhgs, Mhcacs Puja. Ybg Frhhi\.Ahmih, V. L.; =4>5, Phacpcgghsbmom; _uppahlhgt tc ^rmvhas cg tdh Lcr¾hm , vca. BB. K. Zcn-

whaa, Acgncg.Abrbtzbs, B.; =245, Mrodmhclhtry - Lhtdcns ce nmtbgf bg mrodmhcacfy , Imrnmlbtsms puja.,

Mtdhgs Ybg Frhhi\.Abrbtzbs, B.; =22>m, “M ghw nmtbgf lhtdcn jy tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh ce omrvhn lhfmabtdbo stcgh

jubanbgf“, Oclpths Zhgnus (Momnhlbh nhs _obhgohs), ?=2, shrbh BB, Pmrbs.Abrbtzbs, B.; =22>j, “Mrodmhclhtry; Nmtbgf tdh pmst“, HIB_^BO_ , ?54, ?5>.Abrbtzbs, B., Fmaacwmy Z. J. mgn ^dhcomrbs P.; =22>, “^dhrlcaulbghsohgoh nmtbgf ce ohrmlbos

rhvbsbthn; Cptboma stbluamthn aulbghsoohgoh ce qumrtz sbgfah mabquct wbtd frhhg abfdthlbttbgf nbcnhs“, K. Zmnbcmgma. Guoa. Odhl. Ahtthrs , =44 (?).Abrbtzbs, B.; =228, ^dh lysthry ce tdh Dhaahgbo pyrmlbns , Momnhly ce Nhapdbo _tunbhs Puja.

Ybg Frhhi\.Abrbtzbs, B.; =226, “^dh lysthry ce tdh Dhaahgbo pyrmlbns“, MHAAC (Rmodt Oauj ce Frhhoh)

2, Mtdhgs Ybg Frhhi\.Abrbtzbs, B., Fubajhrt, P., Ectb, E., _odchrhr, L.; =226, “^dh ĥlpah ce Mpcaac (Nhapdb)

strhgftdhgs ghw tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh nmtbgf lhtdcn“, Fhcmrodmhcacfy Bgthrgmtbcgma ,=:, gc. 8.

Abrbtzbs B.; =224, “Jrcgzh Mfh Frhhi Pyrmlbns mgn Crbcg‒s jhat“, Frbtd Cjshrvhr , 5?, g.=0.

Abrbtzbs, B. mgn Zmetcpcuacu, L.; =222, “Mrfcabn; ocgghotbcg ce prhdbstcrbo ahfhgns wbtdfhchgvbrcglhgtma mgn mrodmhcacfboma hvbnhgoh“, ^XJM-MZ, BB.

Abrbtzbs, B. mgn Fmaacwmy, Z. J.; =222, “Nmtbgf blpabomtbcgs ercl scamr jahmodbgf ce tdhrlc-aulbghsohgth ce mgobhgt lmrjah“, K. Zmnbcmgma. Guoa. Odhl., :>=, :.

Abrbtzbs, B. mgn Ummncu, M.; :008, “Nmtbgf jy aulbghsohgoh ce mgobhgt lhfmabtdbo lmscgry“,Lhnbthrrmghmg Mrodmhcacfy & Mrodmhclhtry , 8, gc.=.


14/14

^dh pyrmlbns ce Frhhoh ‟ mgobhgt lhrbnbmg cjshrvmtcrbhs3 =>?

Acrn, H. A.; =2?4, “^dh Pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs“, Dhsphrbm , 6 (vbb), gc. >.Acrn, H. A.; =2?2, “Vmtodtcwhrs mgn Ecrthrhsshs bg Mrfcabs“, Mlhrbomg Kcurgma ce Mrodmh-

cacfy , >? (Kmgumry-Lmrod).Acrn, H. A., Ermgtz, L. M., Zchjuoi, O.; =2>=, “Jacoidcushs bg tdh Mrfcabn“, Dhsphrbm , =0,

Gc. : (Mprba - Kugh), pp. 2?-==:.Lcrfhgsthbg, L. H, Auc, _., Iu, ^. A. mgn Ehmtdhrs, K.; :00?, “Xrmgbul shrbhs mgn aulb-

ghsohgoh nmtbgf ce vcaomgbo abtdbo mrthemots“, Mrodmhclhtry , >8.Ghblhbhr, Jmrjmrm mgn Vcae-Nbhtrbod; =226, “Mhfhmg Erhsochs bg _yrbm-Pmahstbgh; Mamamid

mgn ^ha Imjrb“, Prcohhnbgfs ce tdh =st Bgthrgmtbcgma Ocgfrhss ce Lbgcmg Pmbgtbgfs ,vca.BB, ^dhrm Ecugnmtbcg.

Cpphrlmgg, _.; =26=, “Pyrmlbnhg bg Frbhodhgamgn“, Mgtbih Vhat , :.Pmusmgbms, Ocrbgtdbmim-Amocgbim , :, :>, 6 mgn :, :8, 6 (bg; Pmusmgbms‒ Fubnh tc Mgobhgt Frhhoh , =248, trmgsamthn jy Odrbstbmg Dmjbodt, Jhrihahy Xgbvbvhrsbty Prhss, Jhrihahy,X._.M.).

Pbicuams, F. M.; =225, “^dh ‒pyrmlbns‒ ce Mrfcabs“, Mrodmbcacfbm mgn ^hdghs , 82 Ybg Frhhi\.Pbthrcs, Odr.; =228, “^dh sc-omaahn ‒pyrmlbns‒ ce Mrfcabs; Lytd cr rhmabty3“, Mgmfhggbsb ,

bssuh gc. ?:6 (Lmrod) Ybg Frhhi\.Pbthrcs, Odr.; =224 (yhmr ce pujabsdhn), “^dh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabs“, Prcohhnbgfs ce tdh 8 td

Bgthrgmtbcgma Ocgehrhgoh ce Phaacpcghsbmg _tunbhs , vca. BBB, p. ?60. Mrfcs-Gmupabcg,_hpthljhr 5-=0 =228, Mtdhgs Ybg Frhhi\.

_mlpscg, M.; =225, “^dh pyrmlbns ce Mrfcabn mgn tdhbr lhmgbgf“, Mrodmhcacfy , 86 YbgFrhhi\.

_ormgtcg, Z.; =2?4, “^dh pctthry ercl tdh Pyrmlbns“, Dhsphrbm 6.>, pp. 8:4-8?4._pbrcpcuacs, ^d.; =24=, _tuny ce tdh _bth ce tdh Mlpdbcg bg ^dhjhs , _pmrtm Ybg Frhhi\._pbrcpcuacs, ^d.; :00?, “^dh jbf Dhaahgbo pyrmlbn“, ^rbtc Lmtb , pp.?>->6.^dhcodmrbs, P., Abrbtzbs, B., Fmaacwmy, Z. J.; =22>, “Nmtbgf ce twc Dhaahgbo pyrmlbns jy m

gcvha mppabomtbcg ce tdhrlcaulbghsohgoh“, Kcur. ce Mrodmhca. _ob. :>.^dhcodmrbs, P., Abrbtzbs, B., Amfbcs, H. mgn _mlpscg M.; =226. “Fhcpdysboma prcsphotbcgmgn mrodmhcacfboma thst hxomvmtbcg mgn nmtbgf bg twc Dhaahgbo pyrmlbns“, _urvhys bg Fhcpdysbos , =6.

^dhcncssbcu, H., Gbmrodcs, P. F. mgn Lmgblmgbs, U. G.; :00:, “Mrh tdh ugigcwg FrhhiPyrmlbns can Cjshrvmtcrbhs3“, T td _HMO-:00: Ocgehrhgoh; “Ouaturma Ocgthxt ercl Mrodmhcmstrcgclboma Nmtm mgn tdh Hodchs ce tdh Ocslbo Omtmstrcpdbo Hvhgts“, ^mrtu,:6 Mufust - = _hpthljhr.

^dhcncssbcu, H., Lmgblmgbs, U. G., Imtsbctbs, L., Pmpmgbicamcu, N.; :002, “_tuny mgnCrbhgtmtbcg ce tdh Codh ‒Nrmfcg Dcush‒ bg Hujchm, Frhhoh“, Kcurgma ce Mstrcgclboma Dbstcry mgn Dhrbtmfh (KMD:), =:, gc. : (Kuay), =8=-=85.

^scugtms Odrbstcs; =42?, Lyohgmh mgn lyohgmhmg obvbabzmtbcg , Hstbm Puja., Mtdhgs.Ubsodhr, V.; =486, Hrbgghrugfhg ugn Hbgnr¨ uoih mus Frbhodhgamgn , Jmsha.Vbhfmgn ^d.; =20=, “Nbh pyrmlbnh vcg Ihgodrhmb“, Mtdhg. Lbtthbaugfhg (nhs Nhutsodhg

Mrodhcacfbsodhg Bgstbtuts. Mtdhgbsodh Mjthbaugf, Mtdhg), xxvb Ybg Fhrlmg\.[mgffhr, H.; =22?, Mrfcabs B; ^dh fhcmrodmhcacfy ce tdh Mrfcabn , Nhutsodhs Mrodmcacfbsodhs

Bgstbtut, Mtdhg.

e theodosiou the pyramids of greece.pdf

Documents