EUROPEAN EXPLORATION & EXPANSION

1450-1650

PEOPLE IDENTIFICATIONS: IDENTIFY THE KEY CONTRIBUTION(S) AND COUNTRY FOR WHOM EACH WORKED.

1. Prince Henry “the Navigator” (destiny & Oreen, melody)

2. Bartholomew Diaz (janice)

3. Vasco da Gama (Sonja & Geena )

4. Pedro Alvares Cabral (henri & Amanda)

5. Christopher Columbus (Eden and Kadance)

6. Amerigo Vespucci ( Sarah & Carissa)

7. Ferdinand Magellan (Rory & Josh)

8. John Cabot (Danielle, Angel & Corinne)

9. Jacques Cartier (Brice)

10. Hernando Cortés (James, Zack & Liza)

11. Francisco Pizarro ( Herson & Ivan)

EXPLORER PROJECT (DUE MONDAY)

You are advertising your accomplishments Your making a poster of yourself and your

accomplishments Needs to be on poster board 22x28

Things Needed on your board Biography (1st person)- who you are,

where you are from, who you represent, how did you get money to explore

Where you explored- Details of your expedition (how long did it take, who did you take, what route did you take)

What were the results of your exploration- (how was Europe (your country) impacted from your explorations, how was the population you encountered impacted?

Pictures: Map of the area you explored Flag of the country you represent Picture of yourself (Explorer not you) Picture or drawing of some things that

you impacted (trade of a product. . .etc)

DOCUMENT BASED QUESTION (ESSAY) In the Mid-1400’s, Europeans were cut off from

direct access to Asian trade via the eastern Mediterranean sea. Europeans turned south and west in search of new trade routes. Through trade, travel, and missionary work, Europeans increasingly came into contact with peoples and places of whom they had previously had little or no knowledge of. From the documents you are to answer the following

question Were the European explorers’ first impressions of the new

land and people negative or positive? Needs introduction and conclusion paragraph Needs to have references to all of the documents (5

document references) 2 Articles on slave trade can be a combined reference.

WORLD CONTACTS BEFORE COLUMBUS

What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?

INDIAN OCEAN TRADING WORLD

The center of pre-Columbian world trade.

INDIAN OCEAN TRADING WORLD

AFRICA

AFRICA – KINGDOM OF MALI

Mansa Musa (14th c.)

A mosque in Timbuktu

Africa – Legend of Prester John

Prester John enthroned on a map of East Africa, in an atlas prepared by the Portuguese for Queen Mary of

England, 1558.

Prester John’s kingdom in what is now Ethiopia, map issued in Antwerp, 1570s.

The Middle East: Ottoman & Persian Empires

OTTOMAN EXPANSION

1453 – captured Constantinople = end of Byzantine empire 1526 – defeat of Hungary 1529 – siege on Vienna

control of luxury trade with the East

support for Crusades brought land & trading privileges

Goods:o Eastern luxury goods:

spices, silks, carpetso Balkan slaveso Euro. products: wool,

metal, textiles

Venice and Genoa

EUROPE AND THE WORLD AFTER COLUMBUS

What effect did overseas expansion have on the conquered societies, on enslaved Africans, and on world trade?

SPANISH SETTLEMENT & INDIGENOUS POPULATION 16th c. ≈200k Spaniards settle in New World

est. cattle ranches, sugar plantations, silver mines

encomienda system = Amerindians labor for Spaniards

o de facto slaveryo high death rate

WITH DEATHS OF AMERINDIANS, WHERE WILL THE SPANISH FIND LABORERS?

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE (HEIGHT IN 18TH C.)

1650-1870: 10 million African slaves

brought to Americas

SLAVERY

slavery in Europe predates Atlantic slave trade

slaves from Balkans, Thrace, southern Russia, central Anatolia (mostly white)

WHY, THEN, DID EUROPE TURN TO AFRICA?

Ottoman capture of Constantinople (1453):halted flow of white slaves

SUGAR & SLAVERY

demand for sugar in 15th c.

sugar plantations est. 1st in Atlantic islands close to Europe African slaves brought in

later this pattern was transferred to the Caribbean

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEplace of

origin/item CULTIVATED CROPS DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

OLD WORLD

(EUROPE)

wheat rye oat rice soybeans chickpeas peas cabbage lettuce radish

onion olive melons oranges lemons grapes (for wine) bananas coffee sugarcane almonds, nuts

horses cows pigs sheep goats donkeys dogs cats chickens

smallpox, influenza, gunpowder

NEW WORLD

(AMERICAS)

potato sweet potato corn beans green pepper chili pepper squashes, pumpkin tomato

pineapple papaya guava avocado peanut cocoa vanilla tobacco

llama alpaca guinea pig turkey dog

SPAIN’S GOLDEN CENTURY (16TH C.)

Major cause: New World silver

Why it ended: price revolution = inflation

Debate over reason for inflation:o Flood of silver??o Unable to keep up with rising demand

- pop. (demand )- new American colonies (demand )- 1492 expulsion of Jews & Muslims (supply )

Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: 3 COMMERCIAL EMPIRES

1. Portuguese (16th c.)- Indian Ocean sea empire- Brazil - sugar

2. Spanish (16th c.)- New World land empire- Philippines sea empire – silk trade

3. Dutch (1650-1700)- Indonesian spice trade

***1570-1630: worldwide commercial boom***

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE, AT MAXIMUM EXTENT, 16TH C.

SPANISH EMPIRE IN 1770

DUTCH COLONIES, 17TH C.

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION, 1450-1650

MOTIVES – THE 3 “G’S”

God

Gold

Glory

MORE MOTIVES

government sponsorship

Renaissance curiosity

spices

Which motive played the most important role?

TECHNOLOGY

cannon caravel (vs. galley) magnetic compass astrolabe improved maps;

portolans

caravelgalley

0000

PORTUGAL TAKES THE LEAD!

1415 – Portugal takes Ceuta, Morocco Prince Henry “the Navigator”

EXPLORERS

Explorer Discovery

Bartholomew Diaz

1488 – round Cape of Good Hope (S. Africa)

Christopher Columbus

1492 – reach W. Indies in “New World”

Vasco de Gama 1498 – reach India by sailing around southernmost tip of Africa

Pedro Alvares Cabral

1500 – claim Brazil for Portugal en route to India

Amerigo Vespucci

1501-1502 – explore S. America & first to realize “New World” was separate from Asia

Ferdinand Magellan

1519-1522 – first circumnavigation of the world

Hernando Cortés 1519 – conquest of Aztecs in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro 1531-1536 – conquest of Incas in Peru

CHRIS COLUMBUS: GOOD OR BAD?

Good (old scholarship) Bad (new scholarship)

- discovered the New World - hero (has his own US holiday)- so influential that the history of the Americas before 1492 is “pre-Columbian”

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two,

Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

- not the first to “discover” the New World- exploitation of indigenous peoples

In fourteen hundred and ninety-three,

Columbus stole all he could see.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEplace of

origin/item CULTIVATED CROPS DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

wheat rye oat rice soybeans chickpeas peas cabbage lettuce radish

onion olive melons oranges lemons grapes (for wine) bananas coffee sugarcane almonds, nuts

horses cows pigs sheep goats donkeys dogs cats chickens

OLD WORLD

(EUROPE)

smallpox, influenza, gunpowder

NEW WORLD

(AMERICAS)

potato sweet potato corn beans green pepper chili pepper squashes, pumpkin tomato

pineapple papaya guava avocado peanut cocoa vanilla tobacco

llama alpaca guinea pig turkey dog

SPAIN’S GOLDEN AGE (16TH C.) Major cause: gold & silver from New World Why it ended: price revolution = inflation Debate over reason for inflation:

Unable to keep up with rising demand pop. (demand ) new American colonies (demand ) expulsion of Jewish & Muslim farmers/businessmen

(supply ) Influx of American silver bullion

Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

MERCANTILISM

economic system, ca. 1500-1800 or 1776 wealth is based on nation’s supply of bullion exports > imports colonies exist for benefit of mother country

quinto = Spanish Crown receives 1/5 of precious metals mined in South America

SPANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

16th c. Spanish New World possessions divided into 4 viceroyalties, or administrative divisions