e2 motors and motor starting #1 fan motors -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: E2 Motors and Motor Starting #1 Fan Motors - Homesteadhvacrknowlagecenter.homestead.com/E2_Subject1_Fan_Motors_.pdf© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5ace41167f8b9a56098b8fd9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
E2 Motors and Motor Starting
#1 Fan Motors
![Page 2: E2 Motors and Motor Starting #1 Fan Motors - Homesteadhvacrknowlagecenter.homestead.com/E2_Subject1_Fan_Motors_.pdf© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5ace41167f8b9a56098b8fd9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 2
Basic Electric Motor
• Stator– Stationary electromagnet
• Rotor– Rotating magnet
• Movement of the rotor– Rotates by repulsion and attraction of stator
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 3
ROTOR(with shaft)
STATOR(with windings)
Exploded View of Motor
![Page 4: E2 Motors and Motor Starting #1 Fan Motors - Homesteadhvacrknowlagecenter.homestead.com/E2_Subject1_Fan_Motors_.pdf© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5ace41167f8b9a56098b8fd9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 4
Two-pole stator motor
NN S
_+
SN S
Stator(Stationary)
When stator is energized the rotor will make a half turnwith each half of current cycle
Rotor(Rotates)
Polarity reverses (N to S) on stator
Stator repels & attracts rotor into
motion
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 5
Second half of cycle
NS
+ _
N S
The alternating current nowchanges direction
NSPolarity reverses (N to S) on stator
Stator continues motion by repelling
and attracting
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Motor Starting
All motors need a phase shift to start rotation
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Stator
S
N
Stator
Rotor
S
NEqual and opposite attraction
Equal and opposite attraction
Opposite attractionRotor will NOT move
Power applied to stators
Motor Tries to Start
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Stator
S
N
Stator
Rotor
S
NA magnetic field isformed at a slightlydifferent angle
This phase shift can be caused by:A shaded poleA start windingA capacitor3 separate phases
A phase shift causes rotation
A Phase Shift is Needed
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Shaded-Pole Motors
• Low starting torque• Low efficiency• Low cost
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Examples of Shaded-Pole Motors
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Starting a Shaded-Pole Motor
• Each pole has a copper band attached– The shaded-pole provides the phase shift
needed to start rotation• Usually impedance protected
– A stalled blade will not cause burned windings
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Rotation toward the Shaded Pole
S NN S
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Shaded-Pole Motor Wiring
GREEN GROUND
BLACK LINE
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Changing Motor Rotation
• Shaded-pole motors can be reversed:– First, turn stator around– Second, turn blade around
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Interesting Motor Fact
Motor efficiency:A 100 watt 50% efficient motor will put out
50 watts of work, and 50 watts of heat.
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 16
Shaded-pole C-frame Motor
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To Reverse Rotation
Turn Stator Around
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Turn fan bladearound
Rotation is now reversed
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 19
Multi-speed Shaded-Pole Motors• Speed depends on winding resistance
– Low speed: most resistance– High speed: least resistance
• Motor speed is based on where power is connected into the winding
CommonHigh
SpeedMedium Speed
Low Speed
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BLACK LINE
Shaded-Pole 3-Speed Motor Wiring
GREEN GROUND
BLACK-HIGH
BLUE-MED
RED-LOW
LINE
Common Wire is White (115v) or Black (230v)
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 21
Split Phase Motors
• Have two separate windings, a run and a start
• The start winding provides the phase shift for starting
• More efficient and have more torque than shaded pole motors
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 22
Start
Start
A Split Phase Motor is a Two-pole stator motor …
RunRun
with Start Windings added
TO RUN WINDINGS
TO STARTWINDINGS
R
CS
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ΩΩΩ
Start & Run Winding Resistances
RS
C
COM V/Ω
Ω VAC
DC
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 24
Windings of a split phase motor
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 25
Split Phase Motor
LINE
RUN WINDINGSTART WINDING
C RS
This motor needs power to the run winding
to run
This motor needs power to the start winding to start
This motor needs a start winding for
a phase shift
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 26
Fan Motor with Centrifugal Switch
• A mechanical switch is used to de-energize the start winding
• The switch is attached to the motor shaft• After the motor starts, centrifugal force opens
the switch• The start winding circuit remains open as long
as the motor is running
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Split Phase Motor with Centrifugal Switch
LINE
RUN WINDINGSTART WINDING
S C R
Centrifugal switch opens start winding
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 28
Fan Motor with Centrifugal Switch
• The next slide is a picture of a fan motor with the motor cover removed
• The centrifugal switch is attached to the motor shaft
• The switch contacts are attached to the end bell (motor cover)
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To Start Winding
Motor with Centrifugal Switch
Start winding energized
Motor Speed Increases
Weights shift, disk moves back
Centrifugal SwitchFrom Run
Winding
Contacts Open
Disk
Before starting, disk pushes bar, closing contacts
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 30
Permanent Split Capacitor Motors
• A run capacitor is “permanently” wired into the start winding circuit
• The capacitor provides partial voltage to the start winding, during start and run
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PSC Motor with run capacitor
Low Starting Torque
Low to Medium Cost
Medium Efficiency
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Split Phase Motor + Run Cap = PSC Motor
R
C
S
Run Capacitor
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 33
Interesting Motor Fact
A PSC motor with a bad run capacitor will act like an overloaded motor
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 34
PSC Motor Wiring Diagram
GREEN GROUND
BLACK LINE
BROWN
CAPACITOR
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Motor Speeds
• The synchronous, or “nominal” speed of a motor can be determined by the number of its poles
• The more poles, the lower the speed
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Courtesy ofCopeland7200 ÷ 2 = 3600 RPMTw
o Po
le M
otor
Win
ding
s
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Calculating Motor Speeds
• One cycle has two current flow reversals• 60 cycles has 120 flow reversals• Speed = (60 Hz x 120 reversals) ÷ PolesExample: 7200 ÷ 2 Motor poles = 3600 RPM
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Courtesy ofCopeland
1
2
3
4
2
34
1
7200 ÷ 4 = 1800 RPM
Four
Pol
e M
otor
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Actual Motor Speed
• Slippage is the loss of speed from motor load• The actual speed is less than the calculated
speedCommon motor speeds: Calculated: Actual:
2 Pole motor: 3600 34504 Pole motor: 1800 17506 Pole motor: 1200 10508 Pole motor: 900 850
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Multi-Speed Split Phase Motors
• Actually they are “Multi-horsepower”• The windings are tapped so the motor is
weaker, running slower under load• Example of a 3-speed 1/3 HP motor:
– High speed is 1/3 HP– Medium speed is 1/4 HP– Low speed is 1/6 HP
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Single-Speed PSC Motor
R
C
S
Run Capacitor
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 42
Single-Speed PSC Motor
R
C
S
Run Capacitor
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Multi-speed PSC Motor
RL
RM
R
C
S
RH
High Speed
Medium Speed
Low Speed
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 44
3-Speed PSC Motor Wiring Diagram
GREEN GROUND
BROWN
BLACK LINEBLACK-HIGH
BLUE-MED
RED-LOW
LINE
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Single-Speed CSCR Motor
© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 45
R
C
SRun Capacitor
Start Capacitor
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Multi-speed CSCR Motor
RL
RM
R
C
S
RH
High Speed
Medium Speed
Low Speed
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Capacitor Start Capacitor Run
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Interesting Motor Fact
• Multi-speed motors must be under a load to change speeds– Example: A multi-speed blower removed from
the blower compartment will run at high speed, no matter which speed tap is used
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Common WireHigh
Speed (black)
Medium Speed (blue)
Low Speed (red)
PSC 3-speed Motor
Leads for changing motor
rotation
Run Capacitor
Leads
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Three Phase Motors
• High starting torque• High efficiency• Medium to high cost
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Three Phase Motors
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Three Phase Motor Starting
• No start windings or capacitors needed• High torque because the windings are
120° out of phase
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3Ø Motor – Wye Connections
208 V
208 V
208 V
T1
L1
L3
L2T2T3
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3Ø Motor – Delta Connections
T1
T3 T2
L1
L3
240 VL2
240 V
240 V
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Describing Common Motors
• Motor descriptions include the following information:– Type– Enclosure– Mounting
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Common Motor Types
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Motor Enclosure Types
• Open• Dripproof• Totally enclosed • Totally enclosed fan cooled
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Open Enclosure Types
Open Dripproof Totally Open
Clean and Dry Locations
Note: Prevents direct entry of moisture
Clean and Mostly Dry Locations
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Enclosed Type Motors
Totally Enclosed Air Over
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled
Cooling from system air passing over the motor body
Cooling from fan forced air passing over the motor body
Totally Enclosed are good for wet and dirty conditions
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Motor Mounting
• Some of the more common mounts:– Rigid – Cradle – Belly band– Stud– C-frame– Unit bearing
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Cradle Mount
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Rigid Mount
Motor housing is welded to the base
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Belly Band Mounting
Motor slides into ring. Then band is tightened
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Stud Mounts
Studs are bolted to fan guard or
housing.
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Other Motor Mounting Styles
Unit bearingC-frame
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Motor Nameplate
• Nameplates contain essential information
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© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E2#1 Fan Motors v1.1 67Motor Nameplate explained
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Motor Nameplate wiring diagram
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Interesting Motor Facts
• An overloaded motor (too small for the job):– Lower speed, amperage above 10% of RLA, and
overheating• An under-loaded motor (too big for the job):
– Little change in speed, amperage 25% below RLA, and overheating
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