JUNE 2009 • VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2

ISSN 1612-9202 (Print)

ISSN 1612-9210

(Electronic)

Conservation Medicine • Human Health • Ecosystem Sustainability

ECOHEALTH2018 • VOLUME 15 NUMBER 1

ISSN 1612-9202 (Print)ISSN 1612-9210 (Electronic)10393 • 15(1 ) 000-000 (2018)

One Health • Ecology & Health • Public Health

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ECOHEALTH

ECOHEALTH

IN TH I S I SSUE 1

FORUMS

Using a Harm Reduction Approach in an Environmental Case Study of Fish and Wildlife Health 4Craig Stephen, Julie Wittrock, Joy Wade

The Era of Human-Induced Diseases 8Anne-Lise Chaber

ORIG INAL CONTR IBUT IONS

Factors Influencing Uptake of Sylvatic Plague Vaccine Baits by Prairie Dogs 12Rachel C. Abbott, Robin E. Russell, Katherine L.D. Richgels, Daniel W. Tripp,

Marc R. Matchett, Dean E. Biggins, Tonie E. Rocke

Evaluating Efficacy of Landsat-Derived Environmental Covariates for Predicting Malaria Distribution in Rural Villages of Vhembe District, South Africa 23Oupa E. Malahlela, Jane M. Olwoch, Clement Adjorlolo

Brucellosis Risk in Urban and Agro-pastoral Areas in Tanzania 41Shingo Asakura, George Makingi, Rudovick Kazwala, Kohei Makita

Translating Predictions of Zoonotic Viruses for Policymakers 52Seth D. Judson, Matthew LeBreton, Trevon Fuller, Risa M. Hoffman, Kevin Njabo,

Timothy F. Brewer, Elsa Dibongue, Joseph Diffo, Jean-Marc Feussom Kameni, Severin Loul,

Godwin W. Nchinda, Richard Njouom, Julius Nwobegahay, Jean Michel Takuo,

Judith N. Torimiro, Abel Wade, Thomas B. Smith

A Qualitative Stakeholder Analysis of Avian Influenza Policy in Bangladesh 63Kaushik Chattopadhyay, Guillaume Fournié, Md. Abul Kalam, Paritosh K. Biswas,

Ahasanul Hoque, Nitish C. Debnath, Mahmudur Rahman, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, David Harper,

David L. Heymann

Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Migratory Birds Inhabiting Remote Alaska 72Andrew M. Ramey, Jorge Hernandez, Veronica Tyrlöv, Brian D. Uher-Koch, Joel A. Schmutz,

Clara Atterby, Josef D. Järhult, Jonas Bonnedahl

Environmental Factors Associated with the Carriage of Bacterial Pathogens in Norway Rats 82Jamie L. Rothenburger, Chelsea G. Himsworth, Nicole M. Nemeth, David L. Pearl,

Claire M. Jardine

Space Use and Social Mating System of the Hantavirus Host, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus 96Ernesto E. Juan, Maria Cecilia Provensal, Andrea R. Steinmann

Common Cutaneous Bacteria Isolated from Snakes Inhibit Growth of Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola 109Aubree J. Hill, Jacob E. Leys, Danny Bryan, Fantasia M. Erdman, Katherine S. Malone,

Gabrielle N. Russell, Roger D. Applegate, Heather Fenton, Kevin Niedringhaus,

Andrew N. Miller, Matthew C. Allender, Donald M. Walker

Using Gene Transcription to Assess Ecological and Anthropological Stressors in Brown Bears 121Lizabeth Bowen, A. Keith Miles, Shannon Waters, Dave Gustine, Kyle Joly, Grant Hilderbrand

Viral Communities Among Sympatric Vampire Bats and Cattle 132Marina Escalera-Zamudio, Blanca Taboada, Edith Rojas-Anaya, Ulrike Löber,

Elizabeth Loza-Rubio, Carlos F. Arias, Alex D. Greenwood

Volume 15, Number 1

2018

On the Cover: “Trapped - Portrait ofTuberculosis” by Christopher Sorenson,2013, 40x60 acrylic on canvas. This artwork was sponsored by the generoussupport of EcoHealth Alliance.

ECOHEALTH

SHORT COMMUNICAT ION

Zoonotic Enterobacterial Pathogens Detected in Wild Chimpanzees 143Matthew R. McLennan, Hirotake Mori, Aongart Mahittikorn, Rapeepun Prasertbun,

Katsuro Hagiwara, Michael A. Huffman

REV I EWS

Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Great Apes is a Growing Threat to Primate Conservation 148Emily Dunay, Kathleen Apakupakul, Stephen Leard, Jamie L. Palmer, Sharon L. Deem

Global Diversity and Distribution of Hantaviruses and Their Hosts 163Matthew T. Milholland, Iván Castro-Arellano, Gerardo Suzán, Gabriel E. Garcia-Peña,

Thomas E. Lee Jr., Rodney E. Rohde, A. Alonso Aguirre, James N. Mills

Quantitative Outcomes of a One Health approach to Study Global Health Challenges 209Laura C. Falzon, Isabel Lechner, Ilias Chantziaras, Lucie Collineau, Aurélie Courcoul,

Maria-Eleni Filippitzi, Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios, Carole Peroz, Jorge Pinto Ferreira,

Merel Postma, Pia G. Prestmo, Clare J. Phythian, Eleonora Sarno, Gerty Vanantwerpen,

Timothée Vergne, Douglas J.C. Grindlay, Marnie L. Brennan

WHAT’S NEW? 228

COVER ESSAY

Life and Death in Bloom 229Hongying Li, Peter Daszak

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements 233

Abstracted or indexed in: Academic OneFile, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Business Source,CSA/Proquest, Current Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (CABS), CurrentContents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Elsevier Biobase, EMBASE, EMBiology,Environment Index, Gale, GeoRef, Google Scholar, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, OCLC,PubMed/Medline, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), SCOPUS, Summon by Serial Solutions,TOC Premier, Zoological Record

In This Issue

VACCINATING PRAIRIE DOGS

Sylvatic plague vaccine is a bait-delivered vaccine that can

protect prairie dogs from plague. Abbott et al. distributed

SPV-laden baits within prairie dog colonies and observed

that bait uptake improves if baits are distributed later in the

season. Considering these factors can aid in development of

sylvatic plague vaccine baiting strategies that maximize bait

uptake and subsequent immunization of prairie dog popu-

lations against plague, stabilizing prairie dog populations to

enhance prairie dog and black-footed ferret conservation.

PREDICTING MALARIA IN SOUTH AFRICA

Malahlela et al. explore the utility of Landsat 5 data for

studying the distribution of malaria in a semiarid envi-

ronment. It was found that vegetation greenness and

moisture were highly correlated with malaria distribution

in Vhembe District of South Africa. The highest correlation

was found at pseudo-absences generated at 10 km from the

occurrence points, which aids in efforts aimed at eradi-

cating malaria through early-warning system.

BRUCELLOSIS IN TANZANIA

Asakura et al. conducted a study for brucellosis to compare

urban and agro-pastoral areas in the Morogoro region of

Tanzania. In total, 123 cattle farms were studied in urban

and agro-pastoral areas, highlighting risk factors such as

abortion, cattle grazing, and age of cows. Behavioral risks

stemming from cultural practices such as drinking cow

blood were common in agro-pastoral areas, where proper

education of biological risks would be beneficial to reduce

brucellosis prevalence.

PATHOGENS THREATENING PRIMATES

In this review paper, Dunay et al. perform a meta-analysis

on the literature of threats to non-human great ape con-

servation due to the transmission of pathogens from hu-

mans to other great apes. The authors identified 33

individual occurrences of probable or confirmed pathogen

transmission from humans to great apes; the majority of

occurrences involved chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) or

mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). These findings

have implications for conservation efforts and management

of endangered great ape populations.

DETECTING DIARRHEAL DISEASE IN CHIMPS

Enteric bacterial pathogens including Salmonella, Shigella,

and certain strains of Escherichia coli are leading causes of

diarrheal disease in humans and are potentially transmis-

sible among people, livestock, and wild animals. To date,

only a handful of studies have investigated enterobacterial

infections in wild great apes. McLennan et al. used a

multiplex PCR kit to screen for these pathogens in feces of

wild chimpanzees coexisting with villagers in Bulindi,

Uganda. All three pathogens were detected in one or more

chimpanzees, warranting further investigation of enter-

obacterial pathogens in people, primates, and livestock.

KNOWLEDGE TO ACTION

Predictive maps of zoonotic viruses could be useful to poli-

cymakers for allocating resources for disease surveillance and

outbreak response. Even though many of these maps have

been published, little is known about how these predictions

compare with each other or how they are perceived by na-

EcoHealth 15, 1–3, 2018https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1326-5

In This Issue

� 2018 EcoHealth Alliance

tional experts in low and middle income countries. Judson

et al. aggregated models for five high priority viruses and

assessed these predictions with experts in Cameroon. They

found that involving national experts could help elicit data to

improve existing predictions, repackage these maps for

policymakers, and identify knowledge gaps.

BIRD FLU IN BANGLADESH

Chattopadhyay et al. conducted a stakeholder analysis to

develop policy recommendations to prevent and control

avian influenza and other poultry-related zoonotic diseases

in Bangladesh. Although most of the recommendations are

geared toward the government, other sectors including

research and poultry production play a major role to in-

form policymaking and actively participate in a multi-

sectoral effort to reduce poultry-related disease outbreaks.

REDUCING HARM TO WILDLIFE

Craig et al. introduce the concept of harm reduction as a

useful framework for addressing complex and contentious

environmental issues, using declines in Fraser River sockeye

salmon health and conservation as their test case. Devel-

oping this concept from a public health to an environ-

mental health and sustainability context could prove an

effective approach to address future harms when the haz-

ards cannot be eliminated.

AMR IN ALASKA

Using samples collected from wild birds inhabiting remote

sites in Alaska, Ramey et al. identified antibiotic-resistant

E. coli in feces collected from glaucous-winged gulls (Larus

glaucescens). The infrequent detection of antibiotic-resis-

tant E. coli in migratory birds sampled at remote sites in

Alaska is consistent with the premise that anthropogenic

inputs into the local environment, or the relative lack

thereof, influence the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant

bacteria among birds inhabiting the area.

NORWAY RATS? NO-WAY

In cities worldwide, Norway rats carry pathogens that may

result inhuman illness.Here,Rothenburger et al. analyze how

factors in the urbanmicroenvironment and weather influence

zoonotic pathogens in rats. Temperature, precipitation, alley

pavement condition, food gardens, and institutional buildings

were factors associatedwith several bacterial pathogens carried

by rats. Since no factors were the same for the pathogens, no

single characteristic can be used to target surveillance or

control, yet this study adds to our understanding of how up-

stream factors influence pathogens in their hosts.

GLOBAL HANTAVIRUSES HAUNTING HOSTS

Hantaviruses are hosted by several groups of rodents serving

as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases relevant to human health.

Knowing the identity, diversity, geographic distribution, and

host-hantavirus relationships is essential for predicting and

mitigating outbreaks, but an up-to-date systematic review of

this information was lacking. Herein, Milholland et al.

document diversity and distribution of rodent species that

host Hantaviruses. Their review indicates the paradigm that

each virus is associated with a single host species does not

hold true. Behavioral interactions and patterns of space use

are factors that affect viral transmission through reproduc-

tion, social organization, and population dynamics. Further,

Juan et al.’s research provides the first documentation of

spacing and mating systems in Oligoryzomsy longicaudatus

(long-tailed pygmy rice rat), the major host of Andes Han-

tavirus, the etiological agent of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syn-

drome in Argentina. They attempt to elucidate O.

longicaudatus’ mating system by examining its home range

size and reproductive overlap.

HUMAN-INDUCED DISEASES

Anne-Lise Chaber introduces Human-Induced Disease as

the label for both infectious and non-infectious diseases

caused by human activities and their environmental im-

pact. The term Human-Induced Disease emphasizes the

role of humans in disease transmission and could serve to

reshape our approach to disease management and pre-

vention by bringing together scientists, politicians, and

industrials in common pursuit.

OUTCOMES OF ONE HEALTH

This paper reports the quantifiable outcomes that have

been generated from employing a One Health approach

2

when addressing numerous global health issues via a rig-

orous and extensive systematic review. Falzon et al. pro-

vide robust scientific evidence of the measureable benefits

that can be obtained through the implementation of an

One Health framework, and highlight the need for a shift in

systems thinking to facilitate this more efficient approach

when tackling global health challenges.

STRESSED OUT BROWN BEARS

Bowen et al. used gene transcriptions to analyze 130 brown

bear samples from three National Parks in Alaska for

ecological and anthropogenic stressors. Although the

populations they studied are apparently stable and exist

within protected and intact environments, differences in

transcript profiles among locations were noted, likely

reflecting the influence of environmental factors, including

nutritional status, disease, and xenobiotic exposure.

A NEW FUNGUS AMONG US

Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola is a newly emerging fungal pa-

thogen with the potential to cause severe declines in snake

populations. Epidemiology of the fungus is poorly under-

stood, and to date no effective treatments have been

developed. Hill et al. were able to develop methods for

proper diagnosis of snake fungal disease and confirm the

first case of the disease in a black racer in Tennessee. The

authors isolated culturable microbiota from the skin of all

snakes and found that 16 strains of bacteria inhibit the

funguses growth and may be used in future treatment trials.

NO SPILLOVER FROM VAMPIRE BATS

Vampire bats are the only mammals known to feed on the

blood from its prey, commonly from cattle. Escalera-Za-

mudio et al. tested the hypothesis that such feeding would

have resulted in shared viral communities between the two,

by analyzing the presence of different viruses in sample

populations, searching for shared viruses between taxa. A

limited number of DNA viral groups were detected within

each species, although there was no evidence for shared

viral communities among the vampire bat and cattle pop-

ulations tested.

3

What’s New?

OUTBREAK: EPIDEMICS IN A CONNECTED

WORLD

The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History

will deliver a major exhibition and public program initia-

tive prompted by the Ebola outbreak, heightened in

importance by the Zika epidemic, and coinciding with the

100th anniversary of the Spanish influenza pandemic, the

project’s goal is to raise public awareness and under-

standing about the inter-connectedness of human, animal,

and environmental health.

Opens May 18, 2018, Washington, DC, USA

https://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/new-smithsonian-exhi

bition-explores-pandemics-and-emerging-infectious-

diseases

THE 2018 PLANETARY HEALTH ANNUAL

MEETING

Building on the successful inaugural Planetary Health

Meeting in Boston, the goal of the second Planetary Health

Annual Meeting in Edinburgh is to bring together new

communities around the world to stimulate interdisci-

plinary and intersectoral collaboration towards ground-

breaking solutions to major planetary health challenges.

May 29–31, 2018, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

https://planetaryhealthannualmeeting.org

EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE SUMMER INSTITUTE

(EMSI)

The goal of EMSI is to introduce core evolutionary con-

cepts to a wide range of topics in human health and disease,

including public health, and train physicians and medical

scientists in evolutionary and ecological methods. Evolu-

tion is largely absent from medical and public health

training, yet is vital to tackling our most urgent health

challenges, including emerging infectious diseases, the

evolution of microbial resistance, increasing prevalence of

autoimmune diseases, the obesity epidemic, threats to food

safety, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer.

June 3–9, 2018, Duke University, North Carolina, USA

https://sites.duke.edu/emsi/

THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL ONE HEALTH

CONGRESS

The One Health Congress is the world’s premier conference

for the worldwide One Health community. One Health

advocates from all over the globe will gather for four days

of lectures, debates, workshops, and symposia. To capture

the multifaceted One Health paradigm, the Congress will

have distinct program tracks on One Health Science,

Antimicrobial Resistance, and the Science/Policy Interface.

June 22–25, 2018, Saskatoon, Canada

https://onehealthplatform.com/international-one-health-

congress

ECOHEALTH 2018 CONGRESS

The overall theme of Ecohealth 2018 is ‘‘Environmental

and Health Equity: Connecting Local Alternatives in a

Global World’’. This theme emphasizes the need to connect

local initiatives in a world with global drivers that threaten

healthy ecosystems and populations, and makes a call to

tackle these forces and pursue justice.

August 15–18, 2018, Cali, Colombia

http://ecohealth2018.co

EcoHealth 15, 228, 2018https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1314-9

What’s New

� 2018 EcoHealth Alliance

EcoHealth 15, 229–231, 2018https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1333-6

Cover Essay

� 2018 EcoHealth Alliance

Life and Death in Bloom

Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like

autumn leaves.

Rabindranath Tagore

Tuberculosis (TB) has a long history as one of our

most feared diseases. Its stealthy, creeping control over a

persons’ health; its dominance in the crowded urban cen-

ters of the industrial revolution; and in the pre-antibiotic

era, the complete absence of a cure, led to tuberculosis

becoming the quintessential disease to remove a character

in classical fiction. The symptoms of tuberculosis, a light

fever, bloody cough, and weight loss, have been used to

create delicate, talented, and sympathetic characters who

often are the object of romantic love with abbreviated,

tragic lives. Mimi in La Boheme, Fantine in Les Miserables,

and Ingrid Bergman’s Sister Benedict in The Bells of St.

Mary’s. Indeed, it was once erroneously believed that the

symptoms experienced by those with TB predisposed them

to artistic genius. In the twentieth and twenty-first century,

the oversized societal impact of TB has continued, with

complex links among poverty, HIV/AIDS, social class,

overcrowded prisons and TB. Effective antibiotic therapies

are prolonged, expensive and often lead to serious side

effects, such that low rates of treatment course completion

have increased the problems of drug resistance. Finally, the

appearance of new multi-drug-resistant strains and exten-

sively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) has continued the

stigmatization of TB patients that we first saw in reality,

and then as a literary motif in the eighteenth and nine-

teenth centuries.

Christopher Sorenson’s Trapped—Portrait of Tubercu-

losis depicts the brutality of our existence. Bright, large

sunflower blooms pour forth from the ribcage and skull of

a human skeleton; they even appear to be tattooed on the

bone. What should be emblems of summer warmth and

beauty instead proliferate over a human carcass, perhaps

mockingly using it as just some substrate to grow on. The

melancholy skull’s eye sockets try, but fail, to detract from

the tangle and burst of flowers. Could Sorenson be showing

us the beauty of death in the regeneration of life, or is this a

darker expression of a battle against a pathogen, lost?

Sorensen is an advocate of homeopathy, and in an-

other series, Flowers as Minerals, he uses the sunflower to

represent the homeopathic view of minerals. Here, sun-

flowers appear to represent the cause of tuberculosis—the

pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis—rather than any

proposed cure. The flowers, which have a hard, sharpened

appearance, cover the ribcage, the mouth, suffocating the

skeletal remains as the pathogen does in life. Aquamarine

glass shards point menacingly at the torso, just as the pa-

thogen’s growth squeezes and cuts into lung tissue.

Sorensen’s sunflower-riddled skeleton echoes the

individual tragedy of TB, while reminding us that our

species is not yet free from this infectious foe. The sun-

flowers are mere vegetation, yet they bloom on the bones of

our skeletal remains. Perhaps, in a final irony, the remains

of a poet, a composer, or even a scientist.

230

ABOUT THE ART AND ARTIST

Christopher Sorenson is an artist from Minneapolis, Min-

nesota. Coming from a background of homeopathic med-

icine, Sorenson uses his knowledge and understanding of

the human body and naturalistic remedies to create visually

complex and dream-like pieces. ‘‘Trapped—Portrait of

Tuberculosis’’ is just one from his series, entitled ‘‘Dis-

Ease,’’ that creates visual representations and embodiments

of various illnesses, including AIDS/HIV, gonorrhea,

malaria, cancer, psoriasis, and syphilis. Sorenson’s work

asks the viewer to inspect their own feelings about disease

and death—and to examine how the reality of death and

suffering propels us in life. Rather than staying with disease

as a dark and morbid experience, the work invites the

viewer to think about how one finds life throughout suf-

fering.

https://christophersorenson.squarespace.com.

231

Acknowledgements

The Editors of EcoHealth would like to thank and acknowledge the contribution of the following reviewers for their

generous assistance with peer-review during the course of 2017:

Jessie Abbate

Krishna Acharya

James Adelman

Cecile Aenishaenslin

Belkisyole Alarcon de Noya

Robyn Alders

Kathleen Alexander

Alonzo Alfaro-Nunez

Emily Almberg

Karie Altman

Hellen Amuguni

Werner Apt

Zbigniew Arent

Rafael Avila-Flores

Mehmet Fatih Aydin

Laurie Baeten

Karoun Bagamian

Gilles Balanca

Meredith Barrett

Arindam Basu

Brooke Bateman

Sarah Baum

Jude Bayham

Wendy Beauvais

Eric Benbow

Laura Bergner

Kevin Berry

Paul Bessell

Sarah Bevins

Kirsten Beyer

Tabea Binger

Brian Bird

John Boland

Rebecca Borchering

Benny Borremans

Stewart Breck

Andrew Breed

Roberto Brenes

Bryan W. Brooks

Mieghan Bruce

Jesse Brunner

Salome Bukachi

Bonnie Buntain

Patricia A. Burrowes

Alexandre Caron

Ricardo Castillo-Neyra

Marcia Chame

Jeff Chandler

Colin Chapman

Tina Cheng

James Childs

Richard Chipman

Irina Chis Ster

Gerardo Chowell

D. L. Clifford

Heather Coletti

Carol Colfer

Tim Colston

Lucy Coyne

Michael Cranfield

James Crooks

Mathew Crowther

Ipsita Das

Lesley Daspit

Gregg Davis

Ludmilla Moura de Souza Aguiar

Monika Dolejska

Jamie Donatuto

Patricia Dorn

Colleen Downs

Jan Drexler

Megan Drysdale

Julie Duboscq

Amanda Duffus

Peter Durr

David Eads

Luis Escobar

Agustin Estrada-Pena

Eli Fenichel

Brock Fenton

Jorlan Fernandes

Peyton Ferrier

Mustafa Fevzi Dikici

Richard Fielding

Janet Foley

Jean-Christophe Foltete

Kris Forbes

Maria J. Forzan

Alan Franklin

Sagan Friant

Mariana Furtado

Paul Gale

Marıa Ines Gamboa

Andres Garchitorena

Julian Everardo Garcıa-Rejon

Allie Gardner

EcoHealth 15, 233–235, 2018https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1328-3

Acknowledgements

� 2018 EcoHealth Alliance

Carolyn Gates

Stephanie Gervasi

Pria Ghosh

Kirsten Gilardi

Amy Gilbert

Tamara Giles-Vernick

Thomas Gillespie

Cyrille Goarant

Tony Goldberg

Mary Katherine Gonder

Erin Gorsich

Yoshitaka Goto

Nicole Gottdenker

Marissa Grossman

Sebastian Guenther

Christopher Gustafson

Leticia Gutierrez Jimenez

Edward Hackett

David Hadrill

Micah Hahn

Cindy Hall

Gabriel Hamer

Diego Hancke

Shimon Harrus

Jan Hattendorf

Mary Hayden

David Hayman

Trevor Hefley

Sonia Hegde

Heikki Henttonen

Sonia Hernandez-Divers

Graham Hickling

Alison Hillman

Stephanie Hing

Jacob Hochard

Erik Hofmeister

Richard Horan

Jean-Luc Hornick

Anwar Huq

Ausraful Islam

Sarah I. Jayme

Martyn Jeggo

Erica Johnson

Leah Johnson

Lisa Jones-Engel

Devin Jones

Karina Jones

Colleen Jonsson

David Jordan

William Karesh

Aidan Keith

Chris Kennedy

Alison Ketz

Marm Kilpatrick

Amy Kirby

Anne Kjemtrup

Sarah Knutie

Richard Kock

Jonathan E. Kolby

Kibii Komen

Michael Kosoy

Sarah Kramer

Amy Kuenzi

Kiersten Kugeler

Divya Kumar

Susan Kutz

Shelly Lachish

Kate Langwig

Chris Lease

Hakan Leblebicioglu

Dana N. Lee

Jimmy Lee

Katherine Lee

Fabian Leendertz

Siv Aina Leendertz

Zee Leung

Eliza Liang

Jeff Lorch

Eleuza Machado

Catherine Machalaba

Noreen Machila

Maxime Madder

Pablo Manrique-Saide

Sarah Martin-Solano

Micaela Martinez

Stephanie Martinez

Ana Cristina Matos

Ro McFarlane

Joanna Mckenzie

Valerie McKenzie

Taegan McMahon

Matthew Medeiros

Negesse Mekonnen

Ian Mendenhall

Sebastian Menke

Anita Michel

Elizabeth Miller

James Mills

Serge Morand

Muhammad Morshed

Michael Muehlenbein

Kristin Muhldorfer

Thomas Muller

Dishon Muloi

Kris Murray

Denys Muzyka

Janet Nackoney

Ard Nijhof

Birgit Nikolay

Jacqui Norris

Mark Novak

Mark O’Dea

Nick H. Ogden

Marinda C. Oosthuizen

John Openshaw

Marcela Orozco

Richard Ostfeld

Carlo Pacioni

Annie Page-Karjian

Sarah Paige

Sarah Paige

Michele Parsons

Ilaria Pascucci

David Paterson

Charles Perrings

Anna Peterson

Stacy Pfaller

Kendra Phelps

David Pigott

Jamison Pike

Sue Pollock

Thibaud Porphyre

Tim Portas

I. Porvaznik

Elaine Power

Stephen Price

Marıa Provensal

Ali Turk Qashqaei

Cassandra Quave

Rosalyn Rael

Malavika Rajeev

Andrew Ramey

Juan David Ramirez

Darren Ranco

234 Acknowledgements

Heather Randell

Luzia Rast

Andre Ravel

David Redding

William K. Reisen

Nicholas Reo

Alexis Ribas

Ariel Rivas

Helen Roberts

Tonie Rocke

Manuel Rodriguez-Valle

Louise Rollins-Smith

Jeff Root

Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen

Allen G. P. Ross

Piklu Roy Chowdhury

Andre Rubio

Mason Ryan

Diafuka Saila-Ngita

Tony Sainsbury

Dan Salkeld

Johanna Salzer

B. V. Schmid

Krysten Schuler

Albrecht I. Schulte-Hostedde

Bruce Seal

Catherine Searle

Jordi Serra-Cobo

Iker A. Sevilla

Juliana Shimabukuro

Susan Shriner

Sheetal P. Silal

Ellen Silbergeld

Graham Smith

Jesus Sotomayor-Bonilla

Paul Stapp

Barry Stemshorn

Susanna Sternberg Lewerin

Patrick Stevens

Anna Stewart-Ibarra

Aaron Stoler

Rebeca Sultana

William Sutton

Ibon Tamayo

Xiao Tan

Samantha Teixeira

Kimberly A. Terrell

Weerapong Thanapongtharm

Gertrude Thompson

Annelise Tran

Steve Unwin

Nathalie van vliet

Liz Van Wormer

Timothee Vergne

Marion Vittecoq

Ad Vos

Jamie Voyles

Timothy Wade

Brooke Watson

Caitlin Werrell

Allison White

Karissa Whiting

Chris Whittier

Richard Whittington

Susan Williams

Craig Willis

Sara Woldehanna

Greg Woods

Katie Worsley-Tonks

Steve Yool

Dawn Zimmerman

Jakob Zinsstag

Paolo Zucca

Hector Zumbado-Ulate

Acknowledgements 235