eadom2_study guide.docx

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VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT ELECTRONIC ENGINEERINGSTUDY/LECTURER GUIDE

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION II EADOM2B

INDEX

1 Word of welcome 12 Qualification information 2

3 Subject / Module information 3

4 Learning material / Textbook 3

5 Assessment 4

6 How to study 4

7 Time schedule 4

8 Syllabus - Chapter outline, Chapter outcomes & due/completion dates 5

1 WORD OF WELCOMEThe Department of Electronic Engineering welcomes you as a student to the Faculty of Engineering and

Technology at the Vaal University of Technology.

The Vision of the Department is to be A Leading Department in Electrical Engineering.

The core values of this Department are:

Professionalism

Commitment

Compassion

Integrity

Honesty and Trust

Excellence

CONTACT DETAILS

Mr SWJ Bekker Vaal University of Technology

083 734 7079 Private bag X021

016 971 3439 Vanderbijlpark

[email protected] 1900

REVISION DATESDOCUMENT REVISION January 2011

ADVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVED November 2010

COMPILED BY Mr Sarel W J Bekker
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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2 QUALIFICATION INFORMATION

NAME & CODE National Diploma: Engineering: Electrical DoE 208083

NQF LEVEL 6

PURPOSE OF THE QUALIFICATION

The purpose of this qualification is to build the necessary knowledge, understanding, abilities and skillsrequired for further learning towards becoming a competent practicing electrical engineering technician.Specifically, the qualification provides:

A thorough grounding in mathematics, basic sciences, engineering sciences, engineering modelling,engineering design and the abilities to enable applications in fields of emerging knowledge together withan appreciation for the world and society in which engineering is practiced.

Preparation for a career in digital engineering itself and areas that potentially benefit from digitalengineering skills, for achieving technical proficiency and to make a contribution to the economy andnational development.

The educational base required for registration as a Professional Engineering Technician with ECSA. For graduates with an appropriate level of achievement, the ability to enter a BTech degree programme.

The digital engineering technician completing this qualification will be competent and able to display thefollowing learning outcomes:

Solving well defined digital engineering problems.

Applying scientific and digital engineering knowledge.

Performing digital engineering designs.

Conduct investigations, experiments and collate data analysis.

Using appropriate engineering methods, skills and tools.

Communicating technical information in a professional manner.

Demonstrating critical awareness of the impact of the engineering activity.

Effectively working as an individual and in teams. Engaging in independent learning.

Acting professionally and ethically at all times.

Engaging in engineering practice via work integrated learning.

QUALIFICATION KNOWLEDGE PROFILE NATED151: 2 credits

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15% 0,3

BASIC SCIENCES 15% 0,3

ENGINEERING SCIENCES 40% 0,8

ENGINEERING DESIGN 15% 0,3

COMPUTING AND IT 10% 0,2

COMPLEMENTARY STUDIES /ETHICAL ISSUES 5% 0,1

ENGINEERING PRACTICE 1 year P1 & P2


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5 ASSESSMENT MARK DISTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE FINAL MARK

Assessment takes place on a continuous basis by means of a variety of methods and may include thefollowing:

Active participation in class discussions

Tutorials Assessments: three class tests

Class assignments

Laboratory assessments

One examination first or second opportunity

SUMMARY

ASSESSMENT 1 Determined by lecturer



ASSIGNMENTS Determined by lecturer

PRACTICAL ASSESSMENTS Practical assignments Written reports

FINAL ASSESSMENT First nine chapters and practical work. Closed book exam

FINAL MARK CALCULATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TOTAL

TESTS 3 x 1 hour 25% 25% 25% 75%

50%

ASSIGNMENTS 0

PROJECT WORK 0

LABORATORY Assessments 25%

OTHER 0

EXAMINATION 1 x 3 hour 100% 100% 50%

6 HOW TO STUDY

When you study Industrial Electronics 2 you should:

Understand what the outcome for each chapter is.

Ensure that you attain the outcome for each chapter since you must be declared competent in order toreceive the credit for the subject.

The learning that takes place in every chapter forms the basis for the practical applications done in thepractical sessions.

Do all learning activities (exercises) at the end of each chapter of the learning guide;

The date and time of assessment of each section of work will be given in advance. Ensure that you prepareproperly and be on time.

Be well prepared for all laboratory work and report to the laboratory on time.

Each laboratory assignment will be assessed separately.

Successful completion of each of the laboratory assignments is compulsory.

Submit fully completed assignments according to the time schedule.

7 TIME SCHEDULE

You must make sure that you adhere to all dates of classes, tutorials, practical, dates for the submission ofassignments, assessment dates etc.This is a scheduler for your use to ensure punctuality.

A column is provided for due dates or completion dates in each chapters outcomes. Fill these dates in as andwhen given by the lecturer. It is important to comply with all dates as set by the lecturer.


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8 SYLLABUS DIGITAL COMMUNICATION II

The expanded syllabus is a reflection of the textbook and the page references must be taken from the contents

listing in the beginning of the book. Attending the classes will ensure that the focus of the examiner towardsthe material will be clear to the student.

Additional information will be mentioned in class discussions. The campus library as well as the Internet mustalways be utilised to gain a wider understanding of the related work.

1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The student must be able to distinguish fundamentally between analogue and digital signals

and representations.

The student must be able to calculate typical signal level indications in terms of variousdecibel-referencing figures.The student must be able to define various types of analogue and digital signals.

2 ANALOGUE MODULATION TECHNIQUES

The student must ascertain the difference between analogue and digital modulation

methodologies.

The student must be able to identify various modulation techniques, frequencies and

applications.

3 SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEMS

The student must ascertain the reasons for, difference between and applications of the main

types of spread spectrum systems.

The student must be able to design a basic frequency hopping transmission system.

The student must describe problems, issues and applications surrounding spread spectrumsystems.

4 DATA ENCODINGThe student must ascertain the reasons for the use of different modulation systems.

The student must fundamentally design any digital modulation system. According to the basicstructures discussed.

The student must describe the full aspects surrounding the issues of bandwidth implications onmodulated signals.


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5 PULSE CODE MODULATIONThe student must ascertain the effects of sampling rate on data quality in full..

6 EFFECTS OF NOISE AND DISTROTION ON ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

The student must be extremely familiar with the effects of noise, bandwidth and other

influences has on the quality of digital signals.

7 DETERMINATION OF BIT ERROR RATES

The student must further knowledge in the effects of distortion and other external influences on

digital signals to the level of determining the eventual breakdown of communications.

8 SOURCE CODING TECHNIQUES

The student must design and explain the full Huffmann coding process.

The student must design and explain simple single bit error determination techniques.

9 BIT ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION

The student must describe, design and decode simple RS232 asynchronous techniques.

10 LINE AND INTERFACE CODING

The student must ascertain the typical requirements of signals relating to transmission

methodologies.

11 ISO OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECT SEVEN LAYER MODEL

The student must identify and describe typical protocol methodologies.


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CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Frequencies 1

1.3 Types of signals 2

1.4 Analogue signals. 2

1.5 Digital signals. Fig1.2 3

1.6Waveforms. Fundamental, Harmonics; Square wave; Saw tooth wave; Noise

spikes.5

1.7 Measurement of signal level. The decibel, dBm, dBr, dBmO. 8

1.8 Review questions. nos.1.3-1.6 13

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

CHAPTER 2 ANALOGUE MODULATION TECHNIQUES

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

2.1 Introduction. 15

2.2Frequency band classifications. Focus on Bands and typical

applications15

2.3Modulation techniques. Modulation technique classification

lists.17

2.4 Amplitude modulation. Review only. 17

Sidebands, Line graph, sideband transmission, comparison of

SSB and DSB transmission (table 2.2).

2.5 Frequency division multiplexing. 24

12MHz coaxial cable system detailall figures and tables as

indication of shortcomings of analogue FDM and wide BW.

2.6 Modulation depth. 28

2.7 Practical circuits. 35

2.8 Angle modulation. 39

2.9 Comparison of amplitude, phase and frequency modulation. 45

2.1 Review questions. nos. 2.1; 2.6; 2.7 45


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CHAPTER 3 SPREADSPECTRUMSYSTEMS

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES


3.2 Spread spectrum systems. 46

3.3 Spread spectrum system criteria. 47

3.4 Reasons for use of spread spectrum systems. 47

3.5 Pseudorandom code generators, scramblers and de-scrambler possibilities. 47

pseudorandom noise code generators; scramblers and de-scramblers. Focus

on different circuit possibilities.

3.6Types of spread spectrum techniques - direct sequence spread spectrum;Frequency hopping; time hopping.

50

Combination of these technologies as a complete system will be the focus of

the assessments.

3.7 Advantages and disadvantages of spread spectrum techniques. 57

3.8 Review questions, nos. 3.1-3.8 58

CHAPTER 4 DATAENCODING

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

4.1 Introduction. Simplified 5-block communication system 59

4.2 Amplitude shift key modulation. 60

4.3

Frequency shift key modulation. Transmitter; Receiver;

Frequency modulation generalities; Example 4.1 with

variations.

61

4.4Phase-shift key modulation - practical 8 PSK; Sixteen-phase

shift key modulation; All calculations in examples.66

2 PSK modulation; 4 PSK modulation; 8 PSK modulation;

Theoretical and practical 8 PSK; 16 PSK modulation.

4.5Sixteen-quadrature amplitude modulation. Derivation of 6dB

pads.76

4.6Bandwidths. Nyquist definition; Spectrum analyzer

comparisons; Description.81

4.7Differential phase modulation. Sixteen-quadrature amplitude

differential modulation.83



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CHAPTER 5 PULSE CODE MODULATION

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES5.1 Introduction. 97

5.2 Time division multiplexing. 97

5.3 Principle of operation. Time division multiplexed signal. 100

5.4 Recommended standards. Identify the standards. 100

5.5The 30/32-channel CEPT and PCM system: p101-104;

Frame and multiframe structure; Time durations.

Timeslot usage on a 30/32-channel CEPT PCM system.

5.6Aliasing distortion. ITU recommended sampling; Nyquist

sampling; Aliasing distortion defined. VERY IMPORTANT

5.7Quantising and encoding. Quantising definition/description;

Encoding definition/description.106

5.8The 30/32-channel CEPT PCM system operation. Overview

description.106

5.9Importance of frame and multiframe alignment. Typical

problems and causes.116

5.1 Alarms. 121

5.11 Dependent regenerative repeaters. Description and figures. 122

5.12 Power feeding. Reasons for different methods. 124

5.13 Review questions, nos. 5.1-5.4; 5.6 125

CHAPTER 7 EFFECTS OF NOISE AND DISTROTION ON ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

7.1 Introduction. 1467.2 Amplitude distortion. 147

7.3 Frequency distortion. 147

7.4 Amplitude and frequency distortion. 148

7.5 Limited bandwidth. 149

7.6 Effects of noise. Fig. 7.6 as summary of chapter. VERY IMPORTANT 149

7.7 Review questions, no. 7.4 154


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CHAPTER 8 DETERMINATION OF BIT ERROR RATES

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

8.1 Introduction. Show redundancy and why it is important. 155

8.2Entropy. Function and Calculations, relevance to chapter 9 (Huffman Coding

methodology)156

8.3 Causes of errors on digital signals. 158

8.4Probability of bit error rate. Gausian white noise; Probability; Data rates and

signal-to-noise ratio calculations;159

8.5 Shannon and Hartley capacity theorem. Formula and example 8.5-8.6 164

8.6 Comparison of unipolar and bipolar bit streams. 168

8.7 Review questions, nos. 8.1; 8.2; 8.3 169

CHAPTER 9 SOURCE CODING TECHNIQUES

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES


9.2Asynchronous and synchronous transmission. Short

descriptions only170

9.3 Codes used in computers. ASCII; EBCDIC. 171

9.4Huffman coding. Examples; Design, Usage and

Advantages/disadvantages.173

9.5 Hamming coding. Examples; Design, Usage andAdvantages/disadvantages.

179

9.6 Review questions. nos. 9.1-9.5 184


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CHAPTER 10 BIT ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES


10.2Error detection using parity bits. Parity determination; Error detection;

Advantages and disadvantages.185

Disadvantages of using asynchronous transmission to send each character

individually. VERY IMPORTANT

10.3 Block check codes. Advantages and disadvantages. 190

10.4Frame check sequence or cyclic redundancy check. Error bursts; Advantages

of cyclic redundancy checks. 193

Common cyclic redundancy code polynomials; Binary prime number.

Advantages and disadvantages.

10.5The CRC process. Generation in transmitter; Checking process at receiver.

Advantages and disadvantages.196

10.6Convolutional encoding. Connection pictorial; Connection vectors or

polynomials; State and tree diagrams.

The Trellis diagram. Advantages and disadvantages. 203


CHAPTER 11 LINE AND INTERFACE CODING

DUE/COMPLETION

DATES

11.1

Introduction.

231

11.2 Requirements of line and interference codes. List and describe 231

11.3 Non-return to zero codes. NRZ-L; NRZ-S; NRZ-M. 232

11.4 Return to zero. URZ; PRZ; RZ-AMI; HDB-n 235

11.5The phase-encoded group. Bi-phase-Mark; Bi-phase-Level; Bi-phase-

Space; Delay modulation.240

11.6 Pulse modulation. PPM; PDM. 245

11.7 Frequency distribution. Description from fig. 11.4 245

11.8 Review questions. nos. 11.1, 11.2 246


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