earl arthurs - effective disaster preparedness: caribbean approaches to civil-military coordination

Effective Disaster Preparedness: Caribbean Approaches to Civil-Military

Coordination

Brigadier General (R) Earl Arthurs, MVO MBE JP Preparedness and Contingency Planning Specialist, Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency

CDEMA, Saint Michael, Barbados

Civil-Military Interaction Seminar 2011 (CMIS 2011) Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW

Australia7-10 November, 2011

AgendaPart A: Caribbean approaches to civil-military

coordination Caribbean Realities – Challenges & limitations

of Civil military in the Caribbean Practical steps necessary to translate

guidance into better practice Part B: The Future Conclusions Part C: Background on the Caribbean Disaster

Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA)

The Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) Framework

The Regional Response Mechanism

2Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW AustraliaApr 8, 2023

The CDRU for 2009/2010

Caribbean approaches to civil-military coordination

Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 3

Caribbean RealityCaribbean RealityNine of the eighteen CDEMA Participating States do

not have a Defence Force/Military.Three of the nine defence forces are small with

limited manpower and assets.The Police Services in the region have a dedicated

unit called the“ Special Services Unit”. They train and operate as paramilitary units.

The Disciplined Forces (Military, Police and Fire Service) are key Institutions in the National Disaster Management Plan. CDEMA Article of Association refers (Article XXI ).

CDEMA Coordinates the Regional Response Mechanism in the Caribbean.


ChallengesChallenges


International/Regional Defence Cooperation is not merely operational, but strategic and political as well.

Foreign military assets can raise heightened sovereignty concerns for affected States, particularly if these are armed

External mechanisms for mobilising foreign military assets are designed primarily for response in failed or ineffective States

Concern that foreign military assets may become dominant player at the expense of traditional mechanisms and even the national government’s coordination role

Key IssuesIf there is a national system, we should support

it. Marginalising/weakening national institutions in

the long-run is counter-productive.Maintaining the right balance between security

and humanitarian concerns post-disaster.Potential blurring of distinctions between military

and civilian relief actors. The cost of not asserting national leadership on

these issues. Merging the National, Regional and Global

mechanisms – work in support of the national.Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 6

Some Key Questions Who are the key actors and what are their roles ? Who is best equipped to lead the Civ-Mil process? How should the disaster management community

and their partners prepare for and respond to complex disasters with the military in support?

When is it not efficient or effective to use foreign military assets?

What kinds of response tools and resources must be employed to ensure maximum benefits?

How do we determine this (timeframe, tasks)? What type of coordination and cooperation

arrangements are necessary (HOC, OSCC)? Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 7


1. In the Caribbean Disciplined Forces include: The Defence Force, The Coast Guard, The Police Service and The Fire Department2. Roles and responsibilities covered in National

Disaster Plans and Disaster legislation. 3. Units regularly train and exercise with the

civil authorities.4. Commitment at the highest level5. Forced to work together due to scarce

resources.

How we meet the Challenge

STRATIGIC GROUPINGS


CARICOM Battalion

Regional Search and

Rescue (Light Level Team)

Caribbean Disaster Emergency

Management Agency

Regional Security System (RSS)

Conference of Caribbean

Chiefs of Staff (CCCS)

Caribbean Association

of Fire Chiefs (CAFC)

CARICOM DISCIPLINED FORCES

CARICOM Maritime

Units Association of Caribbean

Commissioners of Police (ACCP)

CARICOM Disaster Relief

Unit (CDRU

Special Coordinator

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=CARICOM+logo

REGIONAL UNITSThe CARICOM Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU)

[Police, Military & Fire]The Regional Security System (RSS) [Police

& Military]. Also an Air Wing wit 2 X C20 aircrafts.

The Regional Urban Search & Rescue Light Level Team (USAR LL) [Police, Military, Fire]

The CARICOM Battalion [Military]The CARICOM Maritime Units [Coast Guard

& Police]Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 10

Key Regional Entities1. CARICOM (Caribbean Community)2. THE CARIBBEAN DISASTER EMERGENCY

MANAGEMNT AGENCY (CDEMA)3. THE CARICOM DISASTER RELIEF UNIT (CDRU)4. THE REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM (RSS)5. THE CONFERENCE OF CARIBBEAN CHIEFS OF

STAFF (CCCS)6. THE ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN

COMMISSIONERS OF POLICE (ACCP)7. CARIBBEAN ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHIEFS

(CAFC)Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 11

STRATIGIC GROUPINGS


CARICOM Battalion

Regional Search and

Rescue (Light Level Team)

Caribbean Disaster Emergency

Management Agency

Regional Security System (RSS)

Conference of Caribbean

Chiefs of Staff (CCCS)

Caribbean Association

of Fire Chiefs (CAFC)

CARICOM DISCIPLINED FORCES

CARICOM Maritime

Units Association of Caribbean

Commissioners of Police (ACCP)

CARICOM Disaster Relief

Unit (CDRU

Special Coordinator


THE CARICOM DISASTER RELIEF

UNIT (CDRU)Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 13


What is the CDRU? A unit of 35 multi-skilled Police, Fire and Military

personnel who are trained in DM. From CDEMA 18 Participating States. Ready and available at short notice (deploable in 24

hours). Trained, disciplined and equipped (Self-contained). Able to function with limited resources for 2-3 weeks in

theatre. Skill sets includes: Emergency Communications, SAR,

Logistics, Relief Supply Management Damage Assessment, Medical, ICS, Civil Engineer)

Unarmed (Functions in the Humanitarian Assistance role).


CDRU’S MissionThe CDRU’s mission is to conduct disaster response and relief operations on behalf of CDEMA in support of any CDEMA Participating State stricken by natural or technological hazards. Its main tasks includes the management of relief supplies, emergency telecommunications support and the provision of appropriate personnel for repairing critical lifeline facilities.


CDRU in Training & on Operations


CDRU Training 2011

CDRU Contingent deployed to Haiti - 2010CDRU Stand-By Team for 2011/2012

THE REGIONAL SECURITY

SYSTEM (RSS)Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 17


The Regional Security System

The Regional Security System• RSS has been in existence since October 1982• The System comprises of seven Member States

(Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and The Grenadines)

• Ten Forces (i.e. 7 X Police and 3 X Defence Forces)• The Central Liaison Office is the Secretariat and is

located in Barbados• Activates the CDRU on behalf of CDEMA• Conducts Joint Operations, Exercises and Training

within the Eastern CaribbeanApr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 19

The Regional Security SystemSer Country Military Police Coast Guard Fire

1. Antigua & Barbuda Yes Yes Yes Yes

2. Barbados Yes Yes Yes Yes3. Dominica no Yes no Yes

4. Grenada no Yes no Yes

5. Saint Kitts & Nevis Yes Yes Yes Yes

6. Saint Lucia no Yes no Yes

7. Saint Vincent & the Grenadines

no Yes no Yes


There is also a Special Services Unit (Para military) in each of the Police Service

ARTICLE 10 of the RSS TreatyCommand and DisciplineFor the purposes of this Treaty

– the requesting state shall have operational control over all service personnel participating in operations in that State,

– the senior officer of a sending state shall exercise tactical command over service personnel, and

– the officer commanding service personnel of a sending State shall be responsible for the conduct and discipline of subordinate service personnel of that State.


THE CONFERENCE OF

CARIBBEAN CHIEFS OF STAFF


The CCCSBrainstorming group of the heads of the defence

forces in the region.Meets annually to share ideas and organize

support for each other (Trg, Exercises, Ops, Staff exchange).

Extra-ordinary/Special meetings in anticipation of; during or after an event.

Was influential with the Multi-national force, 1995 – US led mission in Haiti (Gen Cedras).

Provided the United Nations in Haiti with a CARICOM Peacekeeping Battalion from 1995 to 1997


1. Antigua & Barbuda2. Bahamas3. Barbados4. Belize5. Guyana6. Jamaica7. St. Kitts and Nevis8. Suriname9. Trinidad & Tobago


CARICOM STATES WITH MILITARY UNITS

Some states have signed a “Status of Forces Agreement” with the Regional Security System in 2007 prior to the region hosting Cricket World Cup. A “Sunset Legislation” was also passed in some states to accommodate it.

Notable DeploymentsJamaica – Hurricane Gilbert, 1988Antigua – Hurricane Hugo, 1989Bahamas – Hurricane MarilynBelize – Hurricane Keith 2000 (Engineer

Troops only)Grenada – Hurricane Ivan, 2004Nine States – Hosting Cricket World Cup,

2007 Haiti – “January 12” Earthquake, 2010


CARICOM Base HQ in Haiti


January 2010


Relief Supplies

BN HQ

Admin Office


ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN

COMMISSIONERS OF POLICE (ACCP)

THE ACCPThis is the network for Regional Police

Commissioners to share information and coordinate crime and security issues.

They also meet annually and is guided by a CARICOM agency – IMPACS (Implementing Agency for Crime and Security in the Caribbean.

They were able to pool their resources and support the region during Cricket World Cup in 2007.


ASSOCIATION OF Caribbean Commissioners of Police (ACCP)

1. Anguilla 2. Antigua &

Barbuda3. Aruba 4. Bahamas 5. Barbados 6. Belize 7. Bermuda 8. British Virgin

Islands 9. Cayman Islands


10. Curacao 11. Dominica12. French Antilles 13. Grenada 14. Guyana 15. Haiti16. Jamaica 17. Montserrat 18. Saint Kitts &

Nevis

19. St. Lucia 20. St. Marteen 21. St. Vincent &

the Grenadines 22. Suriname 23. Trinidad and

Tobago 24. Turks and

Caicos Islands 25. U.S. Virgin

Islands

Caribbean Association of

Fire Chiefs (CAFC)


THE CAFCThe CAFC also meets annually to share

experiences and discuss new equipment and tactics.

Has many areas now emerging under their portfolio in addition to fire:Search and RescueChemical Spills Hazardous MaterialsHowever, they are not as organized as the other 2

agencies.


APPOINTING A SPECIAL

COORDINATOR (CIVIL-MILITARY)


Special CoordinatorSECTION XXI OF THE CDEMA AGREEMENT:Where, in response to a request for assistance by any Participating State, members of the disciplined forces of another Participating State are dispatched to any part of the territory of the requesting State, the Executive Director shall, subject to the express prior agreement of the competent authority of the receiving State, designate a Special Coordinator from among the senior officers of such forces, acting after consultation with the Chiefs of Staff or Commanding Officers of the disciplined forces concerned.The Special Coordinator shall be charged with the responsibility for coordinating the disaster relief efforts of the disciplined forces in the affected Participating State.


History of Civil-Military Cooperation in the Caribbean


CARICOM has long-engaged in the civil/military dialogue

It is the accepted principle that the military responds in support of the needs of civil systems

Civil/military cooperation began over 30 years ago in response to devastation caused by Hurricanes Gilbert, Jamaica, 1988 and Hugo, Eastern Caribbean, 1989.

Ad-hoc system at that time not governed by protocols or a system of coordination

Evolution of Civil-Military Cooperation in the Caribbean


• Civil/Military partnerships have evolved

• National Governments and inter-governmental organizations such as CDEMA and the RSS have developed an approach and political balance for securing support from donors and civil-military actors

Evolution of Civil-Military Cooperation in the Caribbean


• Roles now embedded and anchored in the formalised operational framework of Regional Response Mechanism (RRM):– Protocols:

• Conditions of engagement (OPs Orders)• Regional Plans (RCP, CDERA CU Contingency Plan, Functional

Annexes)• Partner agreements (ECDG, NWCDG)• Standing Funding sources – Emergency Assistance Fund

– Agreed Standards and Tools:• Damage and Needs Assessment (DANA)• Model Integrated Relief Policy (MIRP)• Warehousing• Shelter Management• Model Legislation and Regulations

• Evaluation of the Regional Response Mechanism (RRM) (Hurricane Ivan, 2004; Hurricane Ike, 2008, Haiti Earthquake, 2010) reflects ongoing dialogue.

Existing ChallengesForeign Military interactions whenthere there is no

Military/Defence Force.Different management cultures:

– Military are good planners– Instructions are not questioned – Invest heavily on scenario planning– Language/terminology different– Reciprocal unfamiliarity of actors with systems/needs/constraints

Different resource environments:– Cost centres for support are not always clear at first– No budget/insufficientPrimary Task for Military – Protection of the relm


Future TrendsIncreased recognition of trans-boundary and

complex threats will accelerate the intensity and evolution of civil-military engagement in disaster response

Recognition and appreciation of the different but potentially complementary roles of civil-military actors in emergencies

Strategic proactive engagement has made and will continue to make a difference – Get them on board before there is a crisis.

More/better merging of the National, Regional & Global systems.


ConclusionsThe use of the “Disciplined Forces” in disaster

management in the Caribbean is NOT A LOST RESORT, but is entrenched in our legislation and disaster management plans.

To ensure that any “Foreign Assistance” reinforce your national response plan – There must be a plan and it must be used.

National Disciplined Forces must ensure that they don't lose their PRIMARY skills as a result of supporting the civil authorities in disaster management.


41Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW AustraliaApr 8, 2023

THANK

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THE CARIBBEAN DISASTER EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT AGENCY (CDEMA)


The Caribbean Disaster Emergency management Agency (CDEMA):CDEMA was established in 2009 through an Agreement of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community. It replaces CDERA which was established in 1991.

CDEMA is Responsible for 18 Participating States.

CDEMA Coordinates the Regional Response Mechanism (RRM) in the Caribbean.

CDEMA is the Champion for Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) in the Caribbean Region.


BACKGROUND ON CDEMA

CDEMA is established on principles of inter-governmental cooperation

A number of small states with large vulnerabilities and limited individual capacity

Rationalizing diverse actions towards a common goal was central to operationalizing the Agreement


INTRODUCTION TO CDEMA

CDEMA’S Structure


Executive Director

CDEMA CU Staff

Technical Advisory Committee

Council of Ministers

Coordinating Unit

National Governments

International Agencies

Regional Agencies

National Disaster Offices

Deputy

Management Committee of Council

CDEMA’S MISSIONWe, the premier disaster management agency, exist to empower our participating states in achieving sustainable loss reduction. To this end we will cultivate strategic partnerships for the development, enhancement, delivery and maintenance of policies and programmes which build regional and national capacity for loss reduction


CDEMA’s FunctionsCDEMA’s Functions


(a) mobilising and coordinating disaster relief;(b) mitigating or eliminating, as far as

practicable, the immediate consequences of disasters in Participating States;

(c) providing immediate and coordinated response by means of emergency disaster relief to any affected Participating State;

(d) securing, coordinating and providing to interested inter-governmental and nongovernmental organisations reliable and comprehensive information on disasters affecting any Participating State;

CDEMA’s Functions (cont’dCDEMA’s Functions (cont’d))


(e) encouraging –(i) the adoption of disaster loss reduction

and mitigation policies and practices at the national and regional level;

(ii) cooperative arrangements and mechanisms to facilitate the development of a culture of disaster loss reduction; and

(iii) coordinating the establishment, enhancement and maintenance of adequate emergency disaster response capabilities among the Participating States.

CDEMA Partipating States


1. Anguilla2. Antigua & Barbuda3. Bahamas4. Barbados5. Belize6. British Virgin

Islands7. Dominica8. Grenada9. Haiti

10. Guyana11. Jamaica12. Montserrat13. St. Kitts and Nevis14. Saint Lucia15. St Vincent & the

Grenadines16. Suriname17. Trinidad & Tobago18. Turks and Caicos


Map of the Caribbean

Sub-Regional Focal GroupsSub-Regional Focal Groups


CDEMA

JamaicaTrinidad

& Tobago

Antigua &

Barbuda

AnguillaBahamas

Belize

Haiti

Turks & Caicos Islands

Suriname

Guyana

Grenada

St. Vincent & the

Grenadines

Saint Lucia

Dominica

Virgin Islands

Saint Kitts & Nevis

Montserrat

Barbados

Southern Central EasternNorth Western

Regional Partnerships Regional Partnerships


The Caribbean Development BankThe Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance FacilityThe Caribbean Water & Waste Water AssociationThe Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and

Hydrology The Caribbean Agriculture Research & Development

instituteThe Inter American Development BankThe Pan American Health OrganizationThe Regional Security SystemThe University of the West indiesThe West Indies Cricket BoardThe Regional Security System (RSS)Plus CARICOM Agencies (IMPACS, etc)

Intra-Regional Partnerships Intra-Regional Partnerships


Information Sharing Conferences, Workshops & Exercises:CEPREDENAC – The Central American Centre for the Coordination & Prevention of Natural Disasters:

Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador & Panama

CAPADRE – The South American Northern Zone Committee for Disaster Prevention and Assistance:

Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru & Venezuela

MERCOSUR (Southern Cone) – The Committee for the Prevention and Handling of Disasters:

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay & Uruguay

International PartnershipsInternational Partnerships


A number of international partners provide support in:Project sponsorshipsTraining WorkshopsRegional ExercisesRelief SuppliesWarehouses & Emergency Operations Centre ConstructionAssessments Missions


COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT (CDM) –MANAGEMENT (CDM) –

A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATION AND FOR COOPERATION AND RESOURCE SHARING IN RESOURCE SHARING IN

DISASTER MANAGEMENTDISASTER MANAGEMENT

Experiences have revealed that …

“Each natural disaster leaves in its wake an overwhelming volume of evidence of how planning and investment decisions contribute to vulnerability ” Natural Hazard Risk Management in the Caribbean Revisiting the Challenge CGCED 2002


What is Comprehensive Disaster Management?

Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) is Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) is the management of all hazardsthe management of all hazards

through all phases of the disaster management through all phases of the disaster management cycle – prevention and mitigation, preparedness, cycle – prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitationresponse, recovery and rehabilitation

by all peoples public and private sectors, all by all peoples public and private sectors, all segments of civil society and the general segments of civil society and the general population in hazard prone areas.population in hazard prone areas.

CDM involves risk reduction & management and CDM involves risk reduction & management and integration of vulnerability assessment into the integration of vulnerability assessment into the

development planning process. (CDERA/CDEMA development planning process. (CDERA/CDEMA 2001, 2006 & 2007 - 2012)2001, 2006 & 2007 - 2012)


CDM – A Paradigm Shift


Reactive Anticipatory

Disaster Office Shared Responsibility

FROM: a focus on individual hazards

TO: viewing hazard exposure as an ongoing process and aims to reduce vulnerability across all sectors

(CGCED 2002)


CDM Governance Structure

CDEMA Executive Director

Technical Advisory Council

Council of Ministers

CDM Strategy SummaryCDM Strategy Summary


Goal Regional Sustainable Development

enhanced through Comprehensive Disaster Management

Purpose To strengthen regional, national and

community level capacity for the mitigation, management and

coordinated response to natural and anthropological hazards, and the effects

of climate change


Clarendon Jamaica Flood Event May 2002 (Acknowledgement JDF)

Palmiste, Grenada – Hurricane Lenny, 1999

Volcanic Eruption, Montserrat(Montserrat Volcano Observatory)

Grenada - Hurricane Lenny, 1999Dominica Earthquake, 2004

THE REGIONAL RESPONSE

MECCHANISM (RRM)


REMEMBER“No State, no matter how powerful, can by its own efforts alone make itself invulnerable to today’s threats.Every State requires the cooperation of other States to make itself secure.It is in every State’s interest, accordingly, to cooperate with other States to address their most pressing threats, because doing so will maximize the chances of reciprocal cooperation to address its own threat priorities.”(Report of United Nations High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change December 2004 – A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility.)


WHAT IS THE RRM?WHAT IS THE RRM?• The Regional Response Mechanism The Regional Response Mechanism

(RRM) (RRM) is an arrangement for the coordination of disaster response among CDEMA Participating States, Regional and International Agencies

• Seeks to deliver speedy response and effective, efficient use and management of resources

• Tried and tested mechanism for emergency coordination – familiarity of actors and processes.


Overview of the RRM


• The RRM is:– A number of Plans, Procedures &

Guidelines– A group of Response Units, agencies

and organizations– A collection of Agreements, Memoranda

of Understanding and Protocols• Executed by the CDEMA Coordinating

Unit on behalf of CDEMA Participating States

Components of the RRMComponents of the RRM


The Regional Coordination Centre (RCC) The Regional Coordination Plan (RCP) The Regional Telecommunications Plan Response Teams

– The CARICOM Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU)– The Rapid Needs Assessment Team (RNAT)– The Regional Urban Search & Rescue Light Level Team (USAR LL) Caribbean Electricity Company (CARILEC) Caribbean Water and Waste Water Association (CWWA) Technical support teams

The Eastern Caribbean Donor Group (ECDG) The North Western Caribbean Donor Group (NWCDG) National Disaster Plans, Specialized Plans, etc. Regional Warehouses MOU, Acts, SOPs

The Regional Response Mechanism


National Disaster Plans

Regional Coordination

Plan

Specialized Plans

North Western Caribbean

Donor Group

(Sub-)Regional Warehouses

Regional Coordination Centre

CARICOM Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU) Operational

Order

• Response Teams

• MOUs• SOPs• Agreements• Acts of

Parliament

REGIONAL RESPONSE

MECHANISMEastern Caribbean

Donor Group

(Sub-)Regional Focal Points

Regional Security System

Core Actors

Apr 8, 2023

Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 68

Regional Regional Level:Level:– CDEMA CU– RSS/CLO– CDRU– ECDG/

NWCDG– PAHO– UNDP– UWI– Specialised

Regional Agencies

National National Level:Level:– NEMOs– Other

National Agencies

– Other Resource Providers (private sector)

– Media Houses

Sub-Regional Sub-Regional Level:Level:– Sub-

Regional Focal Points (SRFPs)

o Antiguao Barbadoso Jamaicao Trinidad

International International Level:Level:– Donor

Nations– Donor

Agencies– Red Cross– NGOs– Other

resource providers

Triggering the MechanismTriggering the MechanismThe Regional Coordination Plan defines the

framework for effecting the multi-lateral agreements of CDEMA PS to assist each other in times of disasters

Organized in 2 Parts:◦ Basic Plan: triggering mechanism for activating plan (3

levels) and concept of operations◦ Functional Annexes: SOPs for specific response functions

(SAR) or specialized groups (ECDG, CDRU); References (CDEMA Agreement, MOU)

The RCP is in support of National Plans and as such the National Plans must make provisions for triggering the RRM

System based on a three tiered response mechanism


Levels of ResponseSystem based on a three tiered response mechanism: LEVEL I - Local Incident - no external assistance

required. LEVEL II- Event does not overwhelm national

capacity to respond but some external assistance required (Specialized equipment, Experts, etc.)

LEVEL III – Event overwhelms capacity of affected State to respond. Major external operation mounted. Possible request for additional support from other regions and international agencies anticipated.


Scenarios for Triggering Mechanism

1. Impacted State notifies CDEMA CU, indicates scope and magnitude of impact and makes request for regional assistance

2. Verified Reports from credible sources to CDEMA CU

3. If neither the above is available, CU will make decision to deploy recon mission to verify status of impacted State.


CONCLUSIONSMuch have been done in the

(Caribbean) region, but much more is yet to be done.

Disaster management is not a destination, but a journey – You should always be better off today than you were yesterday, but not as good as tomorrow.

It is better to prepare and prevent than to repair and repent.


Apr 8, 2023 Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW Australia 7373Watersedge, Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney, NSW AustraliaApr 8, 2023

THANK

THE ENDTHE END

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earl arthurs - effective disaster preparedness: caribbean approaches to civil-military coordination

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